This grant proposal seeks funding for a program to reduce smoking and smoking-related deaths in Gallatin County, Kentucky. According to data, smoking rates and lung cancer deaths are higher in Gallatin County than statewide averages. The proposal outlines a series of evidence-based interventions targeting adolescents and adults, including educational sessions addressing media influences, stress management, and social influences on smoking. The goal is to reduce adult smoking rates by 30% and the number of households with smokers by 50% by 2020 to ultimately lower lung cancer mortality in the county. A needs assessment provides background on the county's demographics, health indicators, and behavioral and environmental factors related to tobacco use.
FIGHTING THE EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE BY ADOLESCENTS: A CASE STUDY OF ZENGEZA 4 ...John1Lorcan
The main objective of the study was to identify the effects of drug use and abuse at Zengeza 4 High School in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design. The study employed a mixed method approach. The study used interviews and surveys as data collection tools. The study revealed that poor academic performance, school drop-outs, early marriages, aggressive and violent behaviour are the major effects of drug use/abuse by adolescents in schools. The study recommended that both parents and teachers should strongly educate and encourage adolescents in school to desist from all forms of drug use or abuse for whatever reasons. Adolescents should always seek help from caregivers and parents whenever they face any life threatening situations
FIGHTING THE EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE BY ADOLESCENTS: A CASE STUDY OF ZENGEZA 4 ...John1Lorcan
The main objective of the study was to identify the effects of drug use and abuse at Zengeza 4 High School in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design. The study employed a mixed method approach. The study used interviews and surveys as data collection tools. The study revealed that poor academic performance, school drop-outs, early marriages, aggressive and violent behaviour are the major effects of drug use/abuse by adolescents in schools. The study recommended that both parents and teachers should strongly educate and encourage adolescents in school to desist from all forms of drug use or abuse for whatever reasons. Adolescents should always seek help from caregivers and parents whenever they face any life threatening situations
Recognition of the role local public health departments play has risen sharply since 2018, according to a national poll conducted by Public Opinion Strategies for the de Beaumont Foundation. 73 percent of voters say public health departments play an important role in making communities healthy, compared with 56 percent in 2018. And 61 percent say they'd be willing to pay more in state and local taxes to provide funding for public health services.
Read more at debeaumont.org/2020poll.
How did we get here the evolving epidemic of addictive disease in the united ...Mrsunny4
The opioid crisis in the US is part of the larger epidemic of Substance Use Disorder, an equal opportunity brain disease, affecting over 40 million children, teens and adults. Addiction does not respect age, gender, ethnicity, income or zip code
Behavioral Vaccines and Evidence Based Kernels: Non-Pharmaceutical Approaches Dennis Embry
In March of 2009, the Institute of Medicine issued a new report on the Prevention of Mental, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People.1 Fundamentally, the report calls for ending the rationing of prevention of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders (MEBs) among America’s children, youth and young adults. Continued rationing of access to scientifically proven prevention causes a serious threat to the country’s national security2 and to our economic competitiveness compared to 22 other rich countries.3 Such MEBs are also the leading preventable cost center for local, state and the federal governments.1, 4 These preventable MEBs cause health-care costs to continue to spiral up.
The IOM Report calls for a public-health approach to MEBs—basically like how America and Canada dealt with the polio epidemic, measles, mumps, car passenger injuries to children, and accidental poisoning from medications and toxic chemicals. Why is this necessary? America’s rates of some of these mental, emotional and behavioral problems are worse than other developed countries,5, 6 and rates of some of these problems have objectively increased over the past 20-50 years in America.7 The attributes of a public-health approach for MEBs are defined in the paper.
The paper discusses multiple examples of how public health approaches might reduce or prevent MEBs using low-cost evidence based kernels, which are fundamental units of behavior. Such kernels can be used repeatedly, which then act as “behavioral vaccines” to reduce morbidity or mortality and/or improve human wellbeing. This document calls for six key policy actions to improve mental, emotional and behavioral health in young people—with resulting wellbeing and economic competiveness of North America and reducing health-care costs.
This essay is prepared with an aim to investigate into the difficulties arises while dealing
with alcoholic patients in primary care in Europe. In this context, the researcher will evaluate the
issues concerned with doctors in tackling the psychological character of alcoholic patients.
Moreover, the discussion will provide how doctors motivate such patient to recover from their
lethal conditions. In spite of declining in the wine-producing nations, Europe remains the
province on the globe with largest production as well as consumption of alcoholic beverages
along with commensurately more levels of harm related to alcohol. In the survey of North
America it was found that over 4.5% of women and 23% of men are involved in the alcohol use
or dependence throughout their lifetime. The country is about the middle of the worldwide
league of intoxicating consumption. Thus, in all European Union’s member states the alcoholic
harms are considered as a major public health problem. The use of alcohol and its harm are
increasing sharply in the some recently independent regions of Eastern Europe.
CDC Update: Joining Forces to Reduce Tobacco and Cancer Among Behavioral Heal...sfary
From the the first Annual National Conference on Tobacco and Behavioral Health, which occurred May 19-20, 2014 in Bethesda, MD and was hosted by the Central East Addiction Technology Transfer Center, a program of The Danya Institute. You can see videos from the conference on our website www.ceattc.org (go to “Tobacco and Behavioral Health Resources” under “Special Topics”).
Tim McAfee, MD, MPH, is Director of CDC’s Office on Smoking and Health (OSH) within the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. He is responsible for providing leadership and direction for all scientific, policy, and programmatic issues related to tobacco control and prevention. Before ed his residency training at Group Health Cooperative in Seattle and completed a fellowship at the University of Washington. Dr. McAfee has been a principal investigator and co-investigator on numerous research studies focusing on questions related to the effectiveness and dissemination of telephone- and Web-based tobacco cessation programs in medical systems and through government-sponsored quitlines. He helped found and served on the Board of Directors of the North American Quitline Consortium as well as numerous state and national tobacco policy advisory groups. He also authored the World Health Organization’s quitline manual for low- and middle-income countries.
Causal Argument Essay
Qualitative Research Summary
Social Learning Theory
Teenage Alcohol Abuse Essay
Essay On Causal Argument
Jeremy Rifkin Enemies Of Promise
Confirmation Bias Essay
Causal Essay
Recognition of the role local public health departments play has risen sharply since 2018, according to a national poll conducted by Public Opinion Strategies for the de Beaumont Foundation. 73 percent of voters say public health departments play an important role in making communities healthy, compared with 56 percent in 2018. And 61 percent say they'd be willing to pay more in state and local taxes to provide funding for public health services.
Read more at debeaumont.org/2020poll.
How did we get here the evolving epidemic of addictive disease in the united ...Mrsunny4
The opioid crisis in the US is part of the larger epidemic of Substance Use Disorder, an equal opportunity brain disease, affecting over 40 million children, teens and adults. Addiction does not respect age, gender, ethnicity, income or zip code
Behavioral Vaccines and Evidence Based Kernels: Non-Pharmaceutical Approaches Dennis Embry
In March of 2009, the Institute of Medicine issued a new report on the Prevention of Mental, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People.1 Fundamentally, the report calls for ending the rationing of prevention of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders (MEBs) among America’s children, youth and young adults. Continued rationing of access to scientifically proven prevention causes a serious threat to the country’s national security2 and to our economic competitiveness compared to 22 other rich countries.3 Such MEBs are also the leading preventable cost center for local, state and the federal governments.1, 4 These preventable MEBs cause health-care costs to continue to spiral up.
The IOM Report calls for a public-health approach to MEBs—basically like how America and Canada dealt with the polio epidemic, measles, mumps, car passenger injuries to children, and accidental poisoning from medications and toxic chemicals. Why is this necessary? America’s rates of some of these mental, emotional and behavioral problems are worse than other developed countries,5, 6 and rates of some of these problems have objectively increased over the past 20-50 years in America.7 The attributes of a public-health approach for MEBs are defined in the paper.
The paper discusses multiple examples of how public health approaches might reduce or prevent MEBs using low-cost evidence based kernels, which are fundamental units of behavior. Such kernels can be used repeatedly, which then act as “behavioral vaccines” to reduce morbidity or mortality and/or improve human wellbeing. This document calls for six key policy actions to improve mental, emotional and behavioral health in young people—with resulting wellbeing and economic competiveness of North America and reducing health-care costs.
This essay is prepared with an aim to investigate into the difficulties arises while dealing
with alcoholic patients in primary care in Europe. In this context, the researcher will evaluate the
issues concerned with doctors in tackling the psychological character of alcoholic patients.
Moreover, the discussion will provide how doctors motivate such patient to recover from their
lethal conditions. In spite of declining in the wine-producing nations, Europe remains the
province on the globe with largest production as well as consumption of alcoholic beverages
along with commensurately more levels of harm related to alcohol. In the survey of North
America it was found that over 4.5% of women and 23% of men are involved in the alcohol use
or dependence throughout their lifetime. The country is about the middle of the worldwide
league of intoxicating consumption. Thus, in all European Union’s member states the alcoholic
harms are considered as a major public health problem. The use of alcohol and its harm are
increasing sharply in the some recently independent regions of Eastern Europe.
CDC Update: Joining Forces to Reduce Tobacco and Cancer Among Behavioral Heal...sfary
From the the first Annual National Conference on Tobacco and Behavioral Health, which occurred May 19-20, 2014 in Bethesda, MD and was hosted by the Central East Addiction Technology Transfer Center, a program of The Danya Institute. You can see videos from the conference on our website www.ceattc.org (go to “Tobacco and Behavioral Health Resources” under “Special Topics”).
Tim McAfee, MD, MPH, is Director of CDC’s Office on Smoking and Health (OSH) within the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. He is responsible for providing leadership and direction for all scientific, policy, and programmatic issues related to tobacco control and prevention. Before ed his residency training at Group Health Cooperative in Seattle and completed a fellowship at the University of Washington. Dr. McAfee has been a principal investigator and co-investigator on numerous research studies focusing on questions related to the effectiveness and dissemination of telephone- and Web-based tobacco cessation programs in medical systems and through government-sponsored quitlines. He helped found and served on the Board of Directors of the North American Quitline Consortium as well as numerous state and national tobacco policy advisory groups. He also authored the World Health Organization’s quitline manual for low- and middle-income countries.
Causal Argument Essay
Qualitative Research Summary
Social Learning Theory
Teenage Alcohol Abuse Essay
Essay On Causal Argument
Jeremy Rifkin Enemies Of Promise
Confirmation Bias Essay
Causal Essay
200 words for each respond1)Obesity has become a com.docxdomenicacullison
200 words for each respond
1)
Obesity has become a common and problematic epidemic within the United States in which communities are gathering in forces to provide prevention tactics for the individuals as well as family oriented to encourage healthier lifestyle choices. Currently today an estimate of about 39% of the population struggled with obesity and unfortunately about 18.5% of these overweight categories were centered on youth in particular (Kelly, 2019). Being obese adds to increased risk of various kinds of debilitating illnesses and the criteria for obesity has now been clearly defined by the measurement of the body mass index in which health providers can effectively begin aggressive prevention once diagnosed. Heart disease, diabetes, psychological, and lifestyle issues with supposed potential cancers have been researched in the overall illness range that obesity influences (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018). Contributing factors that increase the likelihood of overweight tendencies surface from genetic and socioeconomic influences. Those who have family that struggle with weight gain are highly likely to struggle also. Ethnic races have shown Hispanic and African American are the highest rates on obesity, 50% in both, while Caucasian and Asian are the lowest ranging scale of 37% to 12%. (Healthy People 2020, 2019).
Tactics to promote healthy lifestyles within a community are bringing awareness and prevention opportunities for families and individuals who acknowledged the risk factors of certain obesity formation. Individual or family adapted health behavior changes, prompts to encourage walking paths, trails, or public organizations that encourage healthy lifestyle such as the YMCA , enhanced school-based physical education with nutrition promotion and media campaigns that deliver the messages by television, social media, newspaper or radio are strong community strategies that can address the obesity epidemic today.
We as nurses can act as role models by educating the public on nutrition and obesity related problems. A healthy diet is a key component to reducing weight gain and overall health. As a community health nurse, the opportunity to closely work with people in providing education and healthier choices that help people feel they have options for nutrition can be seen as a personal counselor to develop goals and a plan for positive achievement. A form of exercise to complement the healthy diet can be applied by giving support to help individuals identify a safe and effective activity plan that they will stick to with encouragement to use public outlets. The community nurse can promote change by explaining the risk factors that cause obesity and provide more scientific elements of the health issue. By opening communication through means of community boards, social media, and leaflets or presentations in public areas such as YMCA or Health Department interest can be supported by.
Running head: PUBLIC HEALTH1
PUBLIC HEALTH
Public Health
Amanda Vallera
Arizona State University
Drugs, as discussed earlier, have been our primary topic of discussion. The drug requires a health campaign as it has brought about significant effects in each country, and it is even bringing a substantial drain to the economy of the states and the world at large. Drugs have also brought the loss of many people who the world would need for better improvement or major governorship. Because of this reason, drugs need to be dealt with and, most of all, done away thing. The same drugs are the reason why so many mental hospitals are getting full within years; the rate at which the mentally disturbed are being admitted is increasing daily, (Witte &Allen,2000). The rehabilitation centers put around the world are willing to help all those people who are having issues with drug addiction and are enthusiastic in helping those who must deal with drug addict problems and are unable to stop.
Statistics and research have shown that this is a problem affecting the youth. Statistics have also explained that the most abused drug by the child is alcohol. More than 70% of the drug addicts have shown that it is the youth, and their major addict is alcohol. At times these young people find themselves abusing other drugs as they are under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol tends to switch people's brains, and they tend not to think straight. People under the influence of liquor act like mentally ill people, and even in courts, any illegal action they take while in that condition is taken as that of a mad person; this explains how dangerous alcohol and how badly it can damage anyone's brain and his or her thinking capacity,(Witte & Allen, 2000). It has been noted that most of the youths affected by drug addiction are those who abuse drugs are aged 13-24. This shows that the most affected age group is teens. This is students in high schools, colleges, and universities. Drugs have affected them even in their studies because they are unable to concentrate on their work, and when it comes to those in colleges and universities, most of them do not also attend the lectures.
Since the target audience is based on the youths, the youths are people who are much digitalized and modernized, and this would mean that the words used or the language used should be the language used primarily by the children for them not to get bored with the campaign. This also should mean that the campaign should be accompanied by music. For the message to be relayed on the youths, it should be done through music, (Mangione-Smith, Elliott, Stivers, McDonald, Heritage &McGlynn, 2004). This is because young people are so obsessed with music and love listening to music even in their own free time. If the message is written.
Review Paper - Addiction of Cigarette Smoking.pdfRAlphabet18
This review paper investigates cigarette smoking addiction, covering its physical and mental mechanisms, societal influences on smoking habits, health risks, quitting difficulties, and cessation interventions.
37After the smoke clears…A Campaign for a Smoke Free Campu.docxrhetttrevannion
37
After the smoke clears…
A Campaign for a Smoke Free Campus
December 12, 2017
Gannon University
Table of Contents
Campaign Goal and Objectives …………………………………………... 2
Situation Analysis: Smoking Facts………………………………………... 2
Situation Analysis: Gannon Environment………………………………… 7
Primary Research…………………………………………………………. 12
Target Audiences…………………………………………………………. 17
Key Messages…………………………………………………………….. 20
Strategies and Tactics……………………………………………………. 20
Evaluation………………………………………………………………… 25
Appendices.................................................................................................... 27
References………………………………………………………………… 35
Goal and Objectives
To reduce smoking of tobacco by all Gannon students and employees as well as prevent smoking initiation.
Objective One: Reduce the number of students who smoke on campus by 35 percent by December, 2018.
Objective Two: 50% of employees who currently smoke will quit by April 2019.
Objective Three: 25% of smokers will have participated in the Smoking Cessation program by September, 2018.
Situation Analysis: Smoking Facts
Important Definitions:
Tobacco: Tobacco is a green, leafy plant that is grown in warm climates. After it is picked, it is dried, ground up, and used in different ways. It can be smoked in a cigarette, pipe, or cigar. It can be chewed (called smokeless tobacco or chewing tobacco) or sniffed through the nose (called snuff).
Nicotine: it is the chemical that makes tobacco addictive or habit forming. Once we smoke, chew, or sniff tobacco, nicotine goes into our bloodstream, and our body wants more. The nicotine in tobacco makes it a drug. This means that when we use tobacco, it changes our body in some way. Nicotine is a stimulant, it speeds up the nervous system, so we feel like we have more energy. It also makes the heart beat faster and raises blood pressure.
E-cigarettes: electronic cigarettes are battery-powered smoking devices often designed to look and feel like regular cigarettes. They use cartridges filled with a liquid into a vapor, which the person inhales. That is why using e-cigarettes is known as “vaping”.
Hookah: a single, multi-stemmed instrument for vaporizing and smoking flavored tobacco, or sometimes cannabis, whose vapor or smoke is passed through a water basin- often glass-based-before inhalation.
Smoke-free: an environment in which no people are smoking, or in which smoking is not permitted. The said environment does not emit or contain smoke.
Prevalence of Smoking
Prevalence of cigarette smoking has dropped to 17% nationally. In PA, 22% of adults smoke cigarettes. In Erie County, prevalence of cigarette smoking is higher- 27%. Men are more likely to smoke (32%) compared to females (22%) (Erie county community health needs assessment, 2015).
Higher rates of smoking are associated with lower annual incomes (38% of those who make less than 25K in Erie County) and less education (37% of those with less than a high school education vs 9% of those with a.
Chapter 5 5. Eaton Tool Company has fixed costs of $255,000,.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 5
5. Eaton Tool Company has fixed costs of $255,000, sells its units for $66, and has variable costs of $36 per unit.
Break-even analysis
(LO5-2)
a. Compute the break-even point.
b. Ms. Eaton comes up with a new plan to cut fixed costs to $200,000. However, more labor will now be required, which will increase variable costs per unit to $39. The sales price will remain at $66. What is the new break-even point?
c. Under the new plan, what is likely to happen to profitability at very high volume levels (compared to the old plan)?
10. The Sterling Tire Company’s income statement for 2013 is as follows:
Degree of leverage
(LO5-2 & 5-5)
STERLING TIRE COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
Sales (20,000 tires at $60 each)
$1,200,000
Less: Variable costs (20,000 tires at $30)
600,000
Fixed costs
400,000
Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)
$ 200,000
Interest expense
50,000
Earnings before taxes (EBT)
$ 150,000
Income tax expense (30%)
45,000
Earnings after taxes (EAT)
$ 105,000
Given this income statement, compute the following:
a. Degree of operating leverage.
b. Degree of financial leverage.
c. Degree of combined leverage.
d. Break-even point in units.
14. International Data Systems information on revenue and costs is only relevant up to a sales volume of 105,000 units. After 105,000 units, the market becomes saturated and the price per unit falls from $14.00 to $8.80. Also, there are cost overruns at a production volume of over 105,000 units, and variable cost per unit goes up from $7.00 to $8.00. Fixed costs remain the same at $55,000.
Nonlinear breakeven analysis
(LO5-2)
a. Compute operating income at 105,000 units.
b. Compute operating income at 205,000 units.
Chapter 6
Short-term versus longer-term borrowing
(LO6-3)
Intermediate Problems
9. Sauer Food Company has decided to buy a new computer system with an expected life of three years. The cost is $150,000. The company can borrow $150,000 for three years at 10 percent annual interest or for one year at 8 percent annual interest.
BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
9. Analyze violence, crime, and vandalism in schools.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 11:
Community Policing and Drugs
Chapter 12:
Bringing Youths into Community Policing
Unit Lesson
There are many correlations to crime. Correlations of crime include factors such as poverty, unemployment,
mental illness, IQ, and substance abuse. Many studies have been devoted to looking specifically at the
connection between drugs and crime. Youth throughout the entire United States are surveyed annually to
assess their initial and continued exposure to drugs through self, friends, and/or family use. Data describing
drug use across age groups report alarming trends. For example, more than half of young adults will have
tried at ...
ATTITUDES & PRACTICES OF SMOKING IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTSpaperpublications3
Abstract:Smoking is hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain & dangerous to the lungs. Smoking is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. Tobacco smoke contains different harmful chemicals which are injurious for health. Smoking causes different types of cancer like lung cancer, kidney cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer. Every year millions of people around the world die from diseases caused by the tobacco. Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.1 and 14.4 years of life, respectively. Each cigarette that is smoked is estimated to short life by an average of 11 minutes. Most of younger (High School Students) may start smoking as a fashion. The main target of the study was to determine the attitudes & practices of smoking in highly school students, in Peshawar, KPK. This study was carried out in 5 high schools located in Peshawar; KPK. The sample was constituted by 112 students. The data of the study was obtained through well structured questionnaires. Students with male gender, those whose parents had a low educational level and a smoking mother, father or sibling, had a higher frequency of smoking. The result demonstrated that the majority of students said that the smoking is harmful for health. Some have the view that smoking reliefs you from the stress and cause mental relaxation. About more than 61% of the students spend their full pocket money on smoking.
This is the ongoing project discussion portion of this class. My pop.docxglennf2
This is the ongoing project discussion portion of this class. My population is geriatric/elderly. The problem is BP...
I will attach previous discussions because it all needs to tie in together
350 words
at least 3 references cited in the discussion.
must be last 5 years
Overview: Dr. Marcia Stanhope (2020) explained that evidence-based public health practice refers to those decisions made by using the best available evidence, data and information systems and program frameworks; engaging community stakeholders in the decision-making process; evaluating the results; and then disseminating that information to those who can use the information.
Practicum Discussion: This week, your assignment will be to incorporate all of the information you have gathered from the community—including the population itself, health data, interviews/conversations with interested community members, and your community assessment, including your Windshield Survey—as well as what you have gathered from scholarly literature to propose measureable interventions. Measureable interventions mean that the results can be measured through some data that could be collected (Stanhope, 2020). This requires thinking in terms of actions and then measuring results. An evaluation of interventions is important to see whether or not they are effective in solving a health care problem. Remember, you will need to use the data you gathered to determine whether or not a problem exists in your community and to then determine whether your interventions might be effective.
Please discuss the following points in your Practicum Discussion:
Identify one evidence-based behavior change that would promote health in your selected population.
Suggest one specific culturally sensitive, evidence-based, measureable intervention to address the health problem for your selected population.
Think in terms of measuring outcomes. What outcomes would you expect to see once the intervention(s) are in place? Be specific.
By Day 4
Post
your response to this Discussion.
Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature.
GOAL of PRACTICUM PROJECT
Overall Purpose for Practicum:
Develop a potential project to improve the health of a specific population of interest or a population at risk.
This practicum is designed to help you develop as a scholar practitioner and health leader to promote positive social change in your own community. In this practicum experience you will focus on
primary prevention
of a health problem in your community (see text for definition.) You already possess the knowledge and skills to help those who are acutely ill. This experience will help learn how to prevent a health problem in a specific population at risk at the
community and system level of care
(see text for definition). Consequently, because you are well aware of how to care for individuals you will now develop leadership and advocacy skills to improve the health of the communi.
1. Revise your Persuasive Paper Part 1 A Problem Exists, using feed.docxMargaritoWhitt221
1. Revise your Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exists, using feedback fr=
om the professor and classmates.=C2=A0
Weight: 5%
2. Revise your Persuasive Paper Part 2:
Solution
to Problem and Advantages,=
using feedback from the professor and classmates.
Weight: 5%
3. Included a defensible, relevant thesis statement in the first paragraph.=
=C2=A0
Weight: 5%
4. State, explain, and support the first disadvantage (economic, social, po=
litical, environmental, social, equitable, ethical/moral, etc.) to your sol=
ution and provide a logical answer. This should be one (1) paragraph.
Weight: 10%
5. State, explain, and support the second (and third if appropriate) disadv=
antage (economic, social, political, environmental, social, equitable, ethi=
cal/moral, etc.) to your solution and provide a logical answer. This should=
be one or two (1 or 2) paragraphs.
Weight: 10%
6. Include one or two (1-2) relevant visuals that help illustrate an advant=
age.
Weight: 5%
7. Use effective transitional words, phrases, and sentences.
Weight: 5%
8. Provide a concluding paragraph to summarize the proposed solution, its a=
dvantages, possible disadvantages, and answers to the disadvantages. Repeat=
or paraphrase your thesis statement.=C2=A0
Weight: 10%
9. Develop a coherently structured paper with Use effective transitional wo=
rds, phrases, sentences, and an introduction, body, and conclusion.
Weight: 10%
10. Use one (1) or more rhetorical strategy (ethos, logos, pathos) to expla=
in claims.
Weight: 5%
11. Support disadvantages and answers with at least two (2) additional qual=
ity relevant references. Use at least eight (8) total for Parts 1, 2, and 3=
.
Weight: 5%
12. Clarity, writing mechanics, and APA formatting requirements (including =
in-text citations and reference page)
Weight: 25%
Tax alcohol and tobacco
Student’s name
Professor’s name
Course title
Date
Introduction
Drug substance has been used rampantly especially in this current generation compared to the past (Zanky, 1989). Despite having health, social and unethical impacts to individuals and society at large, people are continually using them. This paper will be focussing specifically onto alcohol and tobacco. Alcohol is a drink that is in form of a liquid while tobacco is a substance that is consumed through sniffing. According to a research done by world health organization on drug and substance abuse, six million people die as a result of using tobacco while 2.5M people die from alcohol consumption.
However, people still consume it and the governments have not specifically made it illegal. Governments have come up with strategies to reduce alcohol and tobacco use especially among teenagers and low-income earners by increasing duty on them and consequently raise revenues. These revenues would be used to finance early childhood education on the dangerous effects of alcohol and tobacco use.
Effects of alcohol and tobacco
Alcohol and tobacco use have effects on the environment, health, society and t.
2. Needs Assessment
Phase 1: Social Assessment:
Gallatin County, Kentucky was established in 1798 as Kentucky’s 33rd county. Its county
seat is Warsaw Located on the banks of the Ohio River; Gallatin is a part of the “Golden
Triangle,” of Cincinnati, Louisville and Lexington and covers 101.23 in land area in square
miles, (2010 US Census). According to the county website (2014), Gallatin County has been
proclaimed the Racecar Capital of the State, with the attraction of the Kentucky Speedway and
Bluegrass Motorsports Park. Also, with the Ohio River being located right next door, water
sports and boating is a popular attraction.
According to the U.S Census Bureau (2010), with a total population of 8,589, Gallatin
County shows little diversity with a majority of the county population being white (94%), 1.3%
African American, 0.1% American Indian and Alaska Native, and 0.2% being of the Asian race.
The male and female population is very close. This consists of a population of a male population
of 50.2% and a female population of 49.8%. Of the population ages 18 to 24 years, 28.9% had
less than a high school degree and 43% had a high school degree, while only 7.4% had a
bachelor’s degree or higher. In the population ages 24 or older, 13.4% didn’t earn a degree from
high school, 18.7% had some college, but no degree, and 6.8% had at least a bachelor’s degree.
The U.S census gave a poverty rate for the population 25 years and over for whom poverty status
is determined by educational attainment level (2010). Residents with less than a high school
diploma were 32.5% considered in poverty and only 2% with a bachelor’s degree had poverty
status. The median household income is estimated at $43,860. Overall, 19.5% of the population
lives below the poverty level while 80.5% live either right at or above the poverty level.
3. Phase 2: Epidemiological Assessment:
A. Health Assessment:
According to the Center for Disease Control (2014), cigarette smoking causes more than
480,000 deaths every year in the US. Smokers have an increased chance of developing
cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer.
Smoking can have an impact on someone’s quality of life. When a person begins to
smoke, damage to the body is happening right away. Of lung and bronchus cancer in Gallatin
County, the death rate is 98 deaths per 100,000 populations. Compared to Kentucky’s 75 cancer
deaths per 100,000 populations, Gallatin County is higher. In 2011, the Kentucky Cancer
Registry had reported 18 total cases of lung and bronchus cancer out of the 8,547 population at
risk throughout Gallatin County. (Kentucky Cancer Rates, 2010)
B. Behavioral/Environmental Assessment:
County Health Rankings & Roadmaps (2014) reported 45% of adults smoke >=100
cigarettes or are currently smoking. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)
analyzed a performance of all 3,143 US counties for smoking prevalence. The smoking
prevalence of females in Gallatin County had a value of 27.9% and national rank of 2,902. The
males on the other hand had a value of 31.9% and a national rank of 2,939. (IHME, 2013)
Although it may be a personal decision to start smoking or continue to smoke, the
environment around may influence your decision. A study at Dartmouth College found that
children who had at least one parent who smoked were four times more likely to buy cigarettes
versus the children who grew up in a household that was smoke free. According to the Healthline
website, there are environmental "triggers" that can cause an individual to smoke. These
4. behaviors began by casually smoking at parties when drinking alcohol. (Rufener, B. 2012)
The behavioral target is smoking. The environmental target is prevalence of households
in which adults smoke.
Phase 3: Educational & Ecological Assessment:
With smoking being the actual behavior that contributes to lung cancer, cardiovascular
disease, and other types of diseases, there are other contributing factors that can play a role in
beginning the smoking habit. Teens may start to smoke because they think they will look cool,
adults may smoke as a stress reliever; others may smoke because it helps to control their weight
or they enjoy smoking for the pleasure of it. However, the pressure to start smoking is
everywhere, especially in the media. (Health Literacy, Why People Smoke)
One specific type of contributing factor that may lead one to start smoking would be the
media advertises smoking everywhere. The tobacco industry spends billions of dollars every year
to make smoking look cool and safe. Two out of three box office hit movies include smoking in
them (American Cancer Society, 2014). The media usually targets adolescent populations, young
adult and college-aged populations, and in established smokers (The Society of Behavioral
Medicine, 2013).
Environmental factors for smoking are everywhere as well. Those who you are around
have the biggest influence on whether an individual picks up the smoking habit or not.
Regarding peer influences, reviews showed a strong association between friends’ smoking and
adolescent smoking. Adolescents with smoking friends are more likely to smoke than those with
only non-smoking friends. Also, children who had both parents who smoked were three times as
likely to smoke themselves. (Leonardi-Bee, Jere, Britton, 2011)
5. The targeted contributing factors in this case for individuals who smoke would be the
media advertising cigarettes and making them look glamorous, growing up in a household where
everyone smoked or having peers who smoked, and lastly stress on the individual.
Goals and Objectives
Goal: To reduce the number of premature deaths from smoking in Gallatin County residents.
Outcome Objective: By 2020, reduce the number of lung cancer deaths in the residents of
Gallatin County by 20%.
Behavioral Objective: By 2020, reduce the number of adult smokers by 30% in residents of
Gallatin County.
Environmental Objective: Reduce the number of households that contain adult smokers by
50% by the year 2016.
Learning Objective 1: Within one year, all middle school aged students will be able to spot 3
different techniques the media uses to advertise smoking.
Learning Objective 2: By the end of session 2, participants will learn 5 techniques on how to
cope with stress.
Learning Objective 3: By the end of session 3, participants will have an increased awareness of
family/friends influences on smoking.
Learning Objective 4: By end of session 3, participants will have an understanding of any
questions they may have on harmful effects of smoking.
Process Objective 1: By the end of 2015, participants will be able to recognize their own
intentions of wanting to smoke and be able to resist temptations.
Process Objective 2: At the end of session 2, students will be able to implement 4 healthy ways
to relieve stress without smoking.
Process Objective 3: At the end of session 1, participants will be able to combat 3 strategies that
will keep them from becoming irritable from withdrawals.
Process Objective 4: At the end of the 6 week program, participants will be able to list 5 harmful
chemicals in tobacco.
Implementation Plan
6. Phase 4: Intervention Alignment:
The first type of evidence-based intervention is known as Project EX. This intervention is
a school-based smoking-cessation clinic program for adolescents that stress motivation, coping
skills, and personal commitment. Project EX uses engaging and motivating activities such as
games and yoga to reduce or stop smoking among adolescents and teach self-control, anger
management, mood management, and goal-setting techniques. Adolescents are provided with
accurate information about the social, emotional, environmental, and physiological consequences
of tobacco use. (NREPP, Project EX, 2006) The two main outcomes for this intervention are
tobacco use and Motivation to quit tobacco use.
This type of intervention would be a great intervention for reducing the number of adult
smokers because eventually the adolescents who are currently smoking will grow into adult
smokers. Therefore, ending adolescent smokers and motivate them to not smoke again will be a
good way to reduce adult smokers in the future.
Since the media plays a huge role in the tobacco industry, another type of intervention
that deals with the media would be Media Ready. Media Ready is a media literacy education
program for children ages 6 to 17 years old. The goal of the program is to prevent or delay the
onset of tobacco use as well as alcohol by encouraging healthy beliefs and attitudes about
abstaining from these products. It also helps by enhancing the ability to apply critical thinking
skills in interpreting media messages. The objectives pertaining to tobacco are asking their
intentions to use tobacco. Because the media does play a big part in contributing to tobacco
users, educating the youth on how to spot these messages will hopefully keep them from falling
under their spell and reframe from buying into their product. (NREPP, Media Ready, 2010)
7. Template A: ActivityDescription
Activity title Questionnaire
Activity description (2-3 sentences describing what will
be done)
A questionnaire to examine the unique influences of media-related cognitions on adolescents’
currents substance use and intentions to use substances in the future, controlling for parental
and peer influences.
Learning/resource objective addressed by this
activity
Within one year, all middle schoolaged students will be able to spot 3 different techniques the
media uses to advertise smoking.
Target population 6-12 (Childhood) 13-17 (Adolescent),Male/Female, All Ethnic groups
Start and end date(s) of the activity 10 45-minute lessons
Location(s) of the activity School
List of staff and stakeholders/partners and their roles
in the activity
Health Educator
List of resources needed to complete the activity Questionnaires
Activity title “your cigarettes may be stressing you out”
Activity description (2-3 sentences describing what will
be done)
This activity is a talk show event.“Guests” include an ex-smoker, psychologist,and a
physician. Guests discuss how tobacco use actually increases, rather than decreases,stress.
Youth learn healthy ways (skills) to cope with stress.Also,they practice the “healthy
breathing” novel-type activity. They are instructed how smoking hurts one's breathing, and are
provided with exercises on healthy breathing.
Learning/resource objective addressed by this
activity
By the end of session 2, participants will learn 5 techniques on how to cope with stress.
Target population 13-17 (Adolescent) 18-25 (Young adult), Male/Female, All Ethnic groups
8. Start and end date(s) of the activity Session 2 held in a 2 week period
Location(s) of the activity Schools
List of staff and stakeholders/partners and their roles
in the activity
Ex-smoker, psychologist,physician
List of resources needed to complete the activity Statistics info, graphs,chairs, desk, overhead projector to showdemonstrations
Activity title “family and friends confront smokers about their habit”
Activity description (2-3 sentences describing what will
be done)
Session 1 imparts the ground rules for the clinic and discusses reasons forusing and quitting
tobacco.Also the talk show“family and friends confront smokers about their habit” is
completed. The smoker talks about being nagged, whereas the family expresses their worries
and how the smoker has become more irritable after becoming a smoker.
Learning/resource objective addressed by this
activity
By the end of session 3, participants will have an increased awareness of family/friends
influences on smoking.
Target population 13-17 (Adolescent) 18-25 (Young adult), Male/Female, All Ethnic groups
Start and end date(s) of the activity Session 1 held in a 2 week period
Location(s) of the activity Schools
List of staff and stakeholders/partners and their roles
in the activity
Family Members, Health educator
List of resources needed to complete the activity Bring items that may calm a smoker down when they become irritable, Family photos
Activity title “Is smoking on the menu?”
Activity description (2-3 sentences describing what will
be done)
Discusses the harmful substances in tobacco and how it can injure one's body. Youth also play
the game “is smoking on the menu.” Students create a menu of possible categories and order
questions regarding the dangers of passive smoke as a group competition.
9. Learning/resource objective addressed by this
activity
By end of session 3, participants will have an understanding of any questions they may have on
harmful effects of smoking.
Target population 13-17 (Adolescent) 18-25 (Young adult), Male/Female, All Ethnic groups
Start and end date(s) of the activity Session 3 held in a 2 week period
Location(s) of the activity Schools
List of staff and stakeholders/partners and their roles
in the activity
Heath Educator, group of student smokers,
List of resources needed to complete the activity Menus,tables set up like at a restaurant,board with questions answered on it
10. Template B: Expense Sheet
EXPENSE SHEET
Category Amount
Salaries $40,000.00
SUBTOTAL PERSONNEL$40,000.00
Teacher's manual with audio CD $360.00
Student workbook $35 for 5 $175.00
Student surveys Free
1-day, on-site training, $1,100-$1,300 for up to 25 participants $32,500.00
Teacher certification test $25 each $50.00
Limited phone and email consultation Free
Pre- and posttest outcome assessment instruments Free
Implementation design and monitoring consultation $175 per hour $1,050.00
Evaluation services consultation $175 per hour $1,050.00
SUBTOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES $35,185.00
TOTAL EXPENSES (PERSONNEL + OPERATING) $75,185.00
OPERATING EXPENSES (Non-staff costs of implementing programs)
PERSONNEL (include salary and fringe benefits in the amount)
11. Template C:Logic Model
→ → → →
→
INPUTS
-Supervisors
-Staff to conduct
training
-School systems
-money
ACTIVITIES
-Questionnaire
-“your cigarettes
may be stressing
you out”
- “family and
friends confront
smokers about
their habit”
-“is smoking on
the menu”
OUTPUTS
-An anonymous
questionnaire was
administered to
students regarding
the media
-Held spin-off of
talk show event
-Held an
intervention
involving the
family
SHORT-TERM
OUTCOMES
-increase awareness
in the advertising
techniques to
glamorize smoking
- increase participants
understanding on
families views of
smoking
-increase participants
knowledge on
harmful effects of
smoking
-decrease stress levels
in participants
LONG-TERM
OUTCOMES
-Reduce number
of premature
deaths
-Lung Cancer
INTERMEDIATE
OUTCOMES
-reduce the
number of adult
smokers
-Reduce the
number of
households that
have adult
smokers
Context or Conditions: Insert key points from the needs assessment:
- Cigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths every year in the U.S.
-Smokers have an increased chance of developing cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer.
-Of lung and bronchus cancer in Gallatin County, the death rate is 98 per 100,000 populations.
-In 2011, 18 total cases of lung and bronchus cancer out of 8,547 populations at risk throughout Gallatin
County.
Gallatin County Healthy Lungs Program
Goal: To reduce the number of premature deaths from smoking in Gallatin County residents.
12. Template D:Timeline
Project Start Date: February 9, 2015
Project End Date: March 23, 2015
Tasks Year 1
MONTHS
J F M A M J J A S O N D
X X
Your cigarettes may be stressing
you out X X
“family and friends confront
smokers about their habit” X X
“is smoking on the menu” X X
13. References:
Age-Adjusted Cancer Mortality Rates by in, - . (2010). Cancer-Rates.info. Retrieved Sep 22,
2014, from http://cancer-rates.info/ky/
"American FactFinder - Community Facts." American FactFinder - Community Facts. N.p., 22
July 2014. Web. 22 Sept. 2014.
County Health Rankings & Roadmaps. (2014, January 1). Retrieved September 23,
2014,http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/kentucky/2014/measure/factors/9/ map
Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. (2014,
February 6). Retrieved September 23, 2014.
Hiemstra M, Kleinjan M, van Schayck OCP, Engels RCME, Otten R (2014) Environmental
Smoking and Smoking Onset in Adolescence: The Role of Dopamine-Related Genes. A
Findings from Two Longitudinal Studies. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86497.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086497
Kentucky Institute of Medicine. The Health of Kentucky: A County Assessment. Lexington, KY;
2007. Authors' analysis of data from Kentucky State Police Crime in Kentucky annual
reports (1999-2003).
Leonardi-Bee J, Jere ML, Britton J (2011) Exposure to parental and sibling smoking and
the risk of smoking uptake in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-
analysis. Thorax 66:847–856.
Rufener, B. (2012, February 24). Quitting Smoking and Your Environment. Retrieved October
23, 2014.
Shadel, W., Martino, S., Setodji, C., & Scharf, D. (2013). Exposure to Pro-smoking Media in
College Students: Does Type of Media Channel Differentially Contribute to Smoking
Risk?. Annals Of Behavioral Medicine, 45(3), 387-392. doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9461-7
"Why Do People Start Smoking?" American Cancer Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2014.