VCE Environmental Science: Unit 4 - Pollution and Environmental Management Systems. Case Study of Portland Aluminium Fluoride Mitigation Strategies using the A398 Fluoride Recovery System.
This document summarizes production processes for phosphoric acid. It describes three main wet processes that use sulphuric acid to decompose phosphate rock: the dihydrate, hemihydrate, and di-hemihydrate (double stage) processes. These processes differ in the form of the resulting calcium sulphate byproduct - dihydrate, hemihydrate, or a combination. The document provides an overview of the raw materials, chemical reactions, production equipment and methods, emissions controls, and byproduct handling for phosphoric acid production.
2018 06 baboo caking of urea in summer seasonPrem Baboo
The document summarizes a case study on urea caking in the summer season in India. High ambient temperatures cause urea prill temperatures to rise significantly during production. Several factors influence urea caking, including moisture content, free ammonia levels, temperature, and relative humidity. The main causes of caking are the formation of crystal bonds between prills and the transfer of moisture through piled urea. Methods to reduce caking discussed include controlling moisture and temperature during production, installing bulk flow coolers to lower prill temperatures, and reducing free ammonia levels in prills.
In Lorne on August 4th and 5th, 400 students, teachers and passionate environmentalists came together for a "kids teaching kids" conference, including student workshops, celebratory dinner, discussion panel and hands-on environmental projects.
"Wild Action" visited Hawkesdale P12 College on the 15th and 16th of September. Students had the opportunity to see and touch a variety of Australina native fauna including lizards and snakes.
The document describes different parts of the eye including the lens, iris, pupil, cornea, retina, and optic nerve. The lens makes letters appear bigger when placed on paper. The iris is the colored part that surrounds the pupil and controls the size of the pupil to regulate how much light enters the eye. The retina contains rods and cones that are responsible for black-and-white and color vision, respectively.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document summarizes key facts about volcanoes and volcanic eruptions. It explains that volcanoes form when tectonic plates collide or move apart, causing magma to rise from deep within the Earth. During an eruption, volcanoes expel hot lava, rock fragments, volcanic dust and ash, and gases. The size of ejected material can range from fine volcanic dust to large volcanic bombs the size of basketballs.
This document summarizes production processes for phosphoric acid. It describes three main wet processes that use sulphuric acid to decompose phosphate rock: the dihydrate, hemihydrate, and di-hemihydrate (double stage) processes. These processes differ in the form of the resulting calcium sulphate byproduct - dihydrate, hemihydrate, or a combination. The document provides an overview of the raw materials, chemical reactions, production equipment and methods, emissions controls, and byproduct handling for phosphoric acid production.
2018 06 baboo caking of urea in summer seasonPrem Baboo
The document summarizes a case study on urea caking in the summer season in India. High ambient temperatures cause urea prill temperatures to rise significantly during production. Several factors influence urea caking, including moisture content, free ammonia levels, temperature, and relative humidity. The main causes of caking are the formation of crystal bonds between prills and the transfer of moisture through piled urea. Methods to reduce caking discussed include controlling moisture and temperature during production, installing bulk flow coolers to lower prill temperatures, and reducing free ammonia levels in prills.
In Lorne on August 4th and 5th, 400 students, teachers and passionate environmentalists came together for a "kids teaching kids" conference, including student workshops, celebratory dinner, discussion panel and hands-on environmental projects.
"Wild Action" visited Hawkesdale P12 College on the 15th and 16th of September. Students had the opportunity to see and touch a variety of Australina native fauna including lizards and snakes.
The document describes different parts of the eye including the lens, iris, pupil, cornea, retina, and optic nerve. The lens makes letters appear bigger when placed on paper. The iris is the colored part that surrounds the pupil and controls the size of the pupil to regulate how much light enters the eye. The retina contains rods and cones that are responsible for black-and-white and color vision, respectively.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document summarizes key facts about volcanoes and volcanic eruptions. It explains that volcanoes form when tectonic plates collide or move apart, causing magma to rise from deep within the Earth. During an eruption, volcanoes expel hot lava, rock fragments, volcanic dust and ash, and gases. The size of ejected material can range from fine volcanic dust to large volcanic bombs the size of basketballs.
This document discusses strategies used by Portland Aluminium to reduce fluoride pollution from its smelting operations, including implementing an EPA licensing system, internal and external monitoring of fluoride levels, a fluoride recovery system, and achieving some of the lowest fluoride emissions in the world through various improvement efforts. It outlines monitoring of workers, air, water, vegetation, and animals to ensure compliance with emission limits and protect human and environmental health.
Portland Aluminium uses several methods to control fluoride emissions from its aluminum smelting operations, including a fluoride recovery system, laser air monitoring, evacuation procedures, and emissions scrubbers. It works to minimize emissions through an environmental improvement program and monitors local fauna, flora, and worker exposure to ensure impacts remain low. Nearby "Smelter in the Park" acts as a buffer zone to further protect surrounding areas from gaseous emissions.
This document discusses options for removing fluoride from drinking water on the island of Ambrym, Vanuatu. It identifies the key requirements for an effective fluoride removal system for the local context, including high removal efficiency, low cost, and ease of use. Current methods like activated alumina and the Nalgonda technique are assessed against these requirements. Potential natural materials are also considered, with preliminary testing showing promise for holy basil. The document recommends further testing holy basil under local conditions before considering it for a fluoride removal system on Ambrym.
Estimation of fluoride concentration in vegetations in ikot abasi, akwa ibom ...Alexander Decker
This document reports on a study that estimated fluoride concentrations in vegetation around an aluminum smelting plant in Ikot Abasi, Nigeria. Vegetation samples including cassava, bitterleaf, and wire grass were collected in 2010 and 2011 from locations near the plant and analyzed for fluoride content using an ion selective electrode. Results found fluoride contents in the vegetation were far higher than background levels, with increases of over 1000% in some cases. As daily fluoride intake should not exceed 10mg per person, the study concludes there is a need for routine monitoring of fluoride emissions and controls around the smelting plant to prevent potential health impacts from fluorosis.
This document summarizes a study that measured emissions of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor from five swine finishing barns operated by E & L Harrison Enterprises. Emission rates varied between barns and correlated with animal population size, with the most populated barn having the highest emission rates. Emission rates of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from all barns were below averages from Minnesota barns. Odor levels were slightly above Minnesota averages but odor was contained near the barns and at non-annoying levels at property lines. Air quality modeling found the facilities did not pose public health risks from ammonia or hydrogen sulfide. A full report of the study is available online.
This document summarizes a study that measured emissions of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor from five swine finishing barns operated by E & L Harrison Enterprises. Emission rates varied between barns and correlated with animal population size, with the most populated barn having the highest emission rates. Emission rates of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from all barns were below averages from Minnesota barns. Odor levels were slightly above Minnesota averages but odor was contained near the barns and at non-annoying levels at property lines. Air quality modeling found the facilities did not pose public health risks from ammonia or hydrogen sulfide. A full report of the study is available online.
Fluoride has been an long going issue and there are still researches undergone for its mitigation.Some of the useful technologies that can be applied which are both cost and time effective.These are been carried out for reduction in the fluoride content in ground water and also to provide an better drinking water quality.
IRJET- Synthesis of Carbon Dots and Detection of Fluoride Ions using Spectrop...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that synthesized carbon dots and used them to detect fluoride ions in water samples through fluorescent quenching. Carbon dots were synthesized using calcium citrate as a carbon source. Different water samples with varying fluoride ion concentrations were prepared and their fluorescence measured using a spectrophotometer. The fluorescence intensity decreased with increasing fluoride ion concentration, demonstrating the potential of this technique for fluoride ion detection using a simple, low-cost optical setup.
How does the air quality of the pig barns affect the pigs.docxfeed arshine
Arshine Feed Biotech Co.,LTD. (Arshine Feed) is the wholly owned subsidiary of Arshine Group. Our products cover a wide range of feed additives, such as Amino acids, Vitamins, Probiotics, Enzymes, Antiseptic, Antioxidant, Acidifier, Neutraceuticals and Coloring Agents etc. The company is committed to improving the nutritional intake for Broilers, Layers, Swines, Ruminants as well as fish-prawn-crab through scientific breeding programs and formulations.
source:https://www.arshinefeed.com/
1. Community water fluoridation involves adding fluoride to public water supplies at optimal levels of 1 part per million to reduce dental caries. It provides both topical and systemic protection as fluoride is incorporated into developing teeth and also contacts teeth through drinking water.
2. Studies such as the Grand Rapids-Muskegon study and Newburgh-Kingston study showed reductions in dental caries of 40-60% with the addition of fluoride to water supplies. The WHO recommends a level of 1 ppm fluoride for dental caries prevention.
3. Defluoridation refers to the removal of excess naturally occurring fluoride from drinking water to reduce dental fluorosis. Methods include ion exchange resins and the Nal
This document provides an analysis of the fluorspar industry and projected prices for acidspar, the highest grade form of fluorspar. It finds that demand for acidspar will generally increase due to growth in steel production, aluminum smelting, fluoropolymers and fluorochemicals. However, additional supply entering the market over the next two years may cause a slight price decrease. The analysis projects average annual acidspar contract prices to be $441/tonne through 2020, with prices trending upward overall due to increasing demand tied to global GDP growth.
This document discusses the manufacturing processes and safety aspects of fertilizer industries. It describes how the main components of fertilizer - nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium - are derived. The production of urea involves a two-step process of ammonia and carbon dioxide reacting to form ammonium carbamate, which is then dehydrated to urea. It outlines hazards from chemicals like ammonia and urea dust, and safety measures like protective equipment. Controls are in place to minimize exposure to hazardous materials during handling, storage, and transportation.
This document discusses techniques for defluoridation or removing excess fluoride from drinking water. It begins by explaining the health risks of both inadequate and excessive fluoride intake. The main techniques discussed are adsorption using materials like activated alumina or bone char, ion exchange using resins, precipitation using chemicals like those in the Nalgonda technique, and other methods like reverse osmosis or electrolysis. The Nalgonda technique, which involves adding alum, lime and bleach to precipitate fluoride, is highlighted as being effective, simple and economical for community water supplies in India. Maintenance and modifications to the techniques are also reviewed.
Fluoride occurs naturally in drinking water and is also added to promote dental health, though high levels can cause health issues. A study found fluoride in 23 of 25 water samples tested, all below EPA and WHO standards. Excess fluoride intake, especially during tooth development, can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. Dental fluorosis causes tooth discoloration and pitting, while skeletal fluorosis damages bones and joints. Methods for removing fluoride include distillation, reverse osmosis, activated alumina filtration, and bone char carbon filtration, which can remove 90-98% of fluoride but require maintenance.
Utilizing Acid-tolerant Nitrifying Bacteria to Generate the Acidity Needed to...LPE Learning Center
This document summarizes research on developing an ammonia scrubber system for poultry and swine facilities that uses acid-tolerant nitrifying bacteria to generate the acid needed to capture ammonia. Key points:
1) The researcher developed acid-tolerant nitrifying bacteria that can generate acid via nitrification at low pH levels.
2) This bacteria was used to inoculate an ammonia scrubber, which successfully captured ammonia using the acid produced by the bacteria.
3) However, the bacteria only thrive at warm temperatures, so further research is needed to develop strains that can also tolerate colder conditions to make the system practical year-round.
I got this from Wikipedia per February 2017, using one of their feature (on-wiki book rendering service) thas has been withdrawn a while ago. You still can make a pdf like this using their available print/export feature.
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) rigid insulation manufactured by PermaTherm is a sustainable product with several environmental benefits. It requires little energy to manufacture compared to alternatives, can be up to 25% recycled material, and is fully recyclable at the end of its life. PermaTherm's manufacturing process does not use ozone-depleting chemicals, toxins, or solvents. Their EPS insulation provides maintenance-free performance for about 20 years and improves indoor air quality and energy efficiency in buildings.
Interest in, and indeed mandates for, environmentally responsible
(sustainable) building and packaging products continues to grow. While
many product manufacturers may promote their products as "green”, many
fail to be able to back up their claims.
The document discusses mercury pollution in Pakistan. It finds mercury levels exceeding standards, harming the environment and increasing lung and cancer diseases. Major sources are factories near Lahore. It estimates total mercury releases of 36898.77 kg/year in Pakistan, or 637.76 mg of mercury exposure per capita annually, which is highly alarming. It aims to develop awareness, replace mercury products, and reduce exposure through identification of uses and contaminated areas.
Removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption onto Activated Alumina ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on removing fluoride from drinking water using adsorption onto activated alumina and activated carbon. It describes how the rate of fluoride removal was examined under different experimental parameters such as contact time, fluoride concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH. The maximum fluoride removal was achieved using activated carbon at a dosage of 2g/L, contact time of 40 minutes, and pH of 7. Optimal fluoride removal from more concentrated solutions required higher dosages. Activated alumina also effectively removed fluoride when tested under various conditions.
This document outlines the five steps to conducting a risk assessment: 1) identify hazards, 2) decide who may be harmed and how, 3) assess the risks and take action, 4) make a record of findings, and 5) review the risk assessment. It then provides tables to guide rating the likelihood, consequences, control effectiveness, and trend of identified risks. Risks should be documented along with the responsible person, likelihood and consequence scores, current control measures, and effectiveness of controls.
This document provides information about assessment tasks for core and elective units including literacy, numeracy, food safety, and using social media. It then discusses elements of art such as line, value, shape, texture, form, space, and color. Finally, it provides guidance on creating a picture story book including starting with a concept, brainstorming ideas, and providing examples of picture book ideas and styles including simple sketches, collage, using real materials, and telling a narrative about changes to the landscape.
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Similar to Fluoride Mitigation strategies at Portland Aluminium
This document discusses strategies used by Portland Aluminium to reduce fluoride pollution from its smelting operations, including implementing an EPA licensing system, internal and external monitoring of fluoride levels, a fluoride recovery system, and achieving some of the lowest fluoride emissions in the world through various improvement efforts. It outlines monitoring of workers, air, water, vegetation, and animals to ensure compliance with emission limits and protect human and environmental health.
Portland Aluminium uses several methods to control fluoride emissions from its aluminum smelting operations, including a fluoride recovery system, laser air monitoring, evacuation procedures, and emissions scrubbers. It works to minimize emissions through an environmental improvement program and monitors local fauna, flora, and worker exposure to ensure impacts remain low. Nearby "Smelter in the Park" acts as a buffer zone to further protect surrounding areas from gaseous emissions.
This document discusses options for removing fluoride from drinking water on the island of Ambrym, Vanuatu. It identifies the key requirements for an effective fluoride removal system for the local context, including high removal efficiency, low cost, and ease of use. Current methods like activated alumina and the Nalgonda technique are assessed against these requirements. Potential natural materials are also considered, with preliminary testing showing promise for holy basil. The document recommends further testing holy basil under local conditions before considering it for a fluoride removal system on Ambrym.
Estimation of fluoride concentration in vegetations in ikot abasi, akwa ibom ...Alexander Decker
This document reports on a study that estimated fluoride concentrations in vegetation around an aluminum smelting plant in Ikot Abasi, Nigeria. Vegetation samples including cassava, bitterleaf, and wire grass were collected in 2010 and 2011 from locations near the plant and analyzed for fluoride content using an ion selective electrode. Results found fluoride contents in the vegetation were far higher than background levels, with increases of over 1000% in some cases. As daily fluoride intake should not exceed 10mg per person, the study concludes there is a need for routine monitoring of fluoride emissions and controls around the smelting plant to prevent potential health impacts from fluorosis.
This document summarizes a study that measured emissions of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor from five swine finishing barns operated by E & L Harrison Enterprises. Emission rates varied between barns and correlated with animal population size, with the most populated barn having the highest emission rates. Emission rates of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from all barns were below averages from Minnesota barns. Odor levels were slightly above Minnesota averages but odor was contained near the barns and at non-annoying levels at property lines. Air quality modeling found the facilities did not pose public health risks from ammonia or hydrogen sulfide. A full report of the study is available online.
This document summarizes a study that measured emissions of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor from five swine finishing barns operated by E & L Harrison Enterprises. Emission rates varied between barns and correlated with animal population size, with the most populated barn having the highest emission rates. Emission rates of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from all barns were below averages from Minnesota barns. Odor levels were slightly above Minnesota averages but odor was contained near the barns and at non-annoying levels at property lines. Air quality modeling found the facilities did not pose public health risks from ammonia or hydrogen sulfide. A full report of the study is available online.
Fluoride has been an long going issue and there are still researches undergone for its mitigation.Some of the useful technologies that can be applied which are both cost and time effective.These are been carried out for reduction in the fluoride content in ground water and also to provide an better drinking water quality.
IRJET- Synthesis of Carbon Dots and Detection of Fluoride Ions using Spectrop...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that synthesized carbon dots and used them to detect fluoride ions in water samples through fluorescent quenching. Carbon dots were synthesized using calcium citrate as a carbon source. Different water samples with varying fluoride ion concentrations were prepared and their fluorescence measured using a spectrophotometer. The fluorescence intensity decreased with increasing fluoride ion concentration, demonstrating the potential of this technique for fluoride ion detection using a simple, low-cost optical setup.
How does the air quality of the pig barns affect the pigs.docxfeed arshine
Arshine Feed Biotech Co.,LTD. (Arshine Feed) is the wholly owned subsidiary of Arshine Group. Our products cover a wide range of feed additives, such as Amino acids, Vitamins, Probiotics, Enzymes, Antiseptic, Antioxidant, Acidifier, Neutraceuticals and Coloring Agents etc. The company is committed to improving the nutritional intake for Broilers, Layers, Swines, Ruminants as well as fish-prawn-crab through scientific breeding programs and formulations.
source:https://www.arshinefeed.com/
1. Community water fluoridation involves adding fluoride to public water supplies at optimal levels of 1 part per million to reduce dental caries. It provides both topical and systemic protection as fluoride is incorporated into developing teeth and also contacts teeth through drinking water.
2. Studies such as the Grand Rapids-Muskegon study and Newburgh-Kingston study showed reductions in dental caries of 40-60% with the addition of fluoride to water supplies. The WHO recommends a level of 1 ppm fluoride for dental caries prevention.
3. Defluoridation refers to the removal of excess naturally occurring fluoride from drinking water to reduce dental fluorosis. Methods include ion exchange resins and the Nal
This document provides an analysis of the fluorspar industry and projected prices for acidspar, the highest grade form of fluorspar. It finds that demand for acidspar will generally increase due to growth in steel production, aluminum smelting, fluoropolymers and fluorochemicals. However, additional supply entering the market over the next two years may cause a slight price decrease. The analysis projects average annual acidspar contract prices to be $441/tonne through 2020, with prices trending upward overall due to increasing demand tied to global GDP growth.
This document discusses the manufacturing processes and safety aspects of fertilizer industries. It describes how the main components of fertilizer - nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium - are derived. The production of urea involves a two-step process of ammonia and carbon dioxide reacting to form ammonium carbamate, which is then dehydrated to urea. It outlines hazards from chemicals like ammonia and urea dust, and safety measures like protective equipment. Controls are in place to minimize exposure to hazardous materials during handling, storage, and transportation.
This document discusses techniques for defluoridation or removing excess fluoride from drinking water. It begins by explaining the health risks of both inadequate and excessive fluoride intake. The main techniques discussed are adsorption using materials like activated alumina or bone char, ion exchange using resins, precipitation using chemicals like those in the Nalgonda technique, and other methods like reverse osmosis or electrolysis. The Nalgonda technique, which involves adding alum, lime and bleach to precipitate fluoride, is highlighted as being effective, simple and economical for community water supplies in India. Maintenance and modifications to the techniques are also reviewed.
Fluoride occurs naturally in drinking water and is also added to promote dental health, though high levels can cause health issues. A study found fluoride in 23 of 25 water samples tested, all below EPA and WHO standards. Excess fluoride intake, especially during tooth development, can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. Dental fluorosis causes tooth discoloration and pitting, while skeletal fluorosis damages bones and joints. Methods for removing fluoride include distillation, reverse osmosis, activated alumina filtration, and bone char carbon filtration, which can remove 90-98% of fluoride but require maintenance.
Utilizing Acid-tolerant Nitrifying Bacteria to Generate the Acidity Needed to...LPE Learning Center
This document summarizes research on developing an ammonia scrubber system for poultry and swine facilities that uses acid-tolerant nitrifying bacteria to generate the acid needed to capture ammonia. Key points:
1) The researcher developed acid-tolerant nitrifying bacteria that can generate acid via nitrification at low pH levels.
2) This bacteria was used to inoculate an ammonia scrubber, which successfully captured ammonia using the acid produced by the bacteria.
3) However, the bacteria only thrive at warm temperatures, so further research is needed to develop strains that can also tolerate colder conditions to make the system practical year-round.
I got this from Wikipedia per February 2017, using one of their feature (on-wiki book rendering service) thas has been withdrawn a while ago. You still can make a pdf like this using their available print/export feature.
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) rigid insulation manufactured by PermaTherm is a sustainable product with several environmental benefits. It requires little energy to manufacture compared to alternatives, can be up to 25% recycled material, and is fully recyclable at the end of its life. PermaTherm's manufacturing process does not use ozone-depleting chemicals, toxins, or solvents. Their EPS insulation provides maintenance-free performance for about 20 years and improves indoor air quality and energy efficiency in buildings.
Interest in, and indeed mandates for, environmentally responsible
(sustainable) building and packaging products continues to grow. While
many product manufacturers may promote their products as "green”, many
fail to be able to back up their claims.
The document discusses mercury pollution in Pakistan. It finds mercury levels exceeding standards, harming the environment and increasing lung and cancer diseases. Major sources are factories near Lahore. It estimates total mercury releases of 36898.77 kg/year in Pakistan, or 637.76 mg of mercury exposure per capita annually, which is highly alarming. It aims to develop awareness, replace mercury products, and reduce exposure through identification of uses and contaminated areas.
Removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption onto Activated Alumina ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on removing fluoride from drinking water using adsorption onto activated alumina and activated carbon. It describes how the rate of fluoride removal was examined under different experimental parameters such as contact time, fluoride concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH. The maximum fluoride removal was achieved using activated carbon at a dosage of 2g/L, contact time of 40 minutes, and pH of 7. Optimal fluoride removal from more concentrated solutions required higher dosages. Activated alumina also effectively removed fluoride when tested under various conditions.
Similar to Fluoride Mitigation strategies at Portland Aluminium (20)
This document outlines the five steps to conducting a risk assessment: 1) identify hazards, 2) decide who may be harmed and how, 3) assess the risks and take action, 4) make a record of findings, and 5) review the risk assessment. It then provides tables to guide rating the likelihood, consequences, control effectiveness, and trend of identified risks. Risks should be documented along with the responsible person, likelihood and consequence scores, current control measures, and effectiveness of controls.
This document provides information about assessment tasks for core and elective units including literacy, numeracy, food safety, and using social media. It then discusses elements of art such as line, value, shape, texture, form, space, and color. Finally, it provides guidance on creating a picture story book including starting with a concept, brainstorming ideas, and providing examples of picture book ideas and styles including simple sketches, collage, using real materials, and telling a narrative about changes to the landscape.
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Presentation for the South Australian Science Teacher's Association conference at Brighton Secondary College on Monday 18th and Tuesday 19th April, 2016.
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Fluoride Mitigation strategies at Portland Aluminium
1. Fluoride Mitigation Strategies at Portland Aluminium An evaluation of the strategies used to reduce fluoride pollution emitted by the “Smelter in the Park”.
2.
3. EPA Licensing of Fluoride Emissions Portland Aluminium has an EPA Licence outlining emission limits for fluoride. These limits are set to ensure that the design criteria are met where people may be exposed. Fluoride is measured inside the facility’s emission points (or stacks) and reported annually to EPA Victoria. Licence limits set out in EPA licences require emissions to be well within safe levels. This means that concentrations of fluoride in air around industrial facilities meet the levels that have been set to protect vegetation and grazing animals and therefore human health.
5. Inside Monitoring Workers are asked to submit blood and urine samples on a regular basis to test for fluoride absorption. A monitoring badge may be worn to test daily exposure rates. Laser-light monitoring in the pot-rooms shows green-amber-red lights for different levels of fluoride emissions (measured in parts per billion). If the level reaches the critical ‘red’ amount, alarms sound and workers are evacuated form the pot rooms. This only happens when smelter workers have not followed correct procedures and opened too many pots at one time.
7. “FLUORIDE DISPERSION IN A COASTAL ENVIRONMENT” John Hill and Peter Hurley “Gaseous and particulate fluorides emitted from the potroom roof vents have the potential to injure vegetation and degrade ecosystem health. Fluoride dispersal is monitored within the heath, adjacent farmland and the city area.” “A continuous air monitoring station is maintained to the north of the smelter and supplemented with a network of rainfall monitoring sites.” “An updated model of fluoride dispersal using The Air Pollution Model (TAPM) was prepared to enable a review of the current monitoring program.” “Preliminary modelling of gaseous fluoride did not show good correlation with monitoring data until exponential decay was incorporated into the model (that is fluoride was progressively removed using an arbitrary time-based factor).” “This was rationalised on the basis of the reactivity of gaseous fluoride and the high aerosol load in coastal air.”
8. Atmospheric Monitoring There are many external atmospheric monitors that measure fugitive emissions from the pot rooms. These are located at different distances and compass points around the pot room buildings to measure fluoride (and other pollutants) during varying environmental conditions (temperature, wind speed and direction, precipitation and humidity will all effect these levels).
10. Environmental Monitoring - Animals Bone, tooth and horn samples are taken from the cattle that graze within the smelter boundaries, to test for fluorosis. Kangaroos have been affected in the past, so tail bone samples are also taken from kangaroos that have died in the area. Fluoride tends to replace calcium in bone and tooth enamel causing discolouration and thickening. Vegetation and grazing animals are more sensitive to fluoride than humans. Industry Licence limits set by EPA Victoria require emissions to be well within safe levels for vegetation and grazing animals. Therefore, human health is also protected.
12. Environmental Monitoring - Plants In the 600 hectares of land surrounding the smelter, which acts as a buffer zone between the point source of emissions and residential properties, a great variety of vegetation has been planted. Because plants are sensitive to fluoride emissions, it is likely that they will show the first impacts of excessive fluoride pollution. Each year an expert botanist visits to take plant surveys to check for chlorosis (damage to leaf chlorophyll causing plants to turn yellow).
13. Fluoride compounds, which occur as both gases and aerosol, cause damage to plants at concentrations about 1000 times lower than those that cause detectable human health effects. Certain plants, such as grapevines, are particularly sensitive. The Australia and New Zealand Environment Conservation Council has recommended environmental guidelines (based on damage to plants) for fluorides (ANZECC 1990) http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/atmosphere/atmosphere05-9.html
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15. Fluoride levels in the bones of some kangaroos near Portland Aluminium have been above desirable concentrations. The problem may be compounded by fluoride present in some fertilisers used in the region. Significant reductions in fluoride emissions from the refinery have been achieved recently through modifications to refining methods and improved pollution. There have been consistently low atmospheric fluoride concentrations near the Alcoa smelters in Victoria since 1993.
16. Monitor – Plan – Implement - Check All the effective monitoring is of no use unless a plan to reduce emissions has been prepared and implemented. Portland Aluminium’s plan includes the A398 fluoride recovery system, which recovers 99.8% of fluoride emissions from the pot rooms. Recovery and recycling of Spent Pot Lining also reduces the fluoride emissions.
18. A398 Fluoride Recovery System The covered pots reduce the amount of particulates and gaseous emissions that escape into the pot rooms. The gases produced during electolysis are trapped and then piped to the A398 Recovery System which consists of a bed of fluidized alumina, which traps the fluoride emissions as they are pumped through from underneath the conveyor. The fluoride-rich alumina is then conveyed to the smelting pots. Fluoride helps to lower the melting point of the alumina so that less energy is required to produce molten aluminium. Less fluoride inputs are required as the about 99.8% of the fluoride is recycled in this manner.
20. Portland Aluminium has the lowest fluoride emissions of any of the six primary aluminium smelters in Australia, according to the Australian Government “State of the Environment” report (2001). (120 tonnes/year) http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/atmosphere/atmosphere05-9.html
21. Alcoa Portland Plant Total Fluoride (Portland Internal Limit = 0.63 in kgF/tonneAl) (EPA limit = 418 gF/min)
22. Environmental Improvement Report The Point Henry and Portland Aluminium smelters are working to reduce anode effects which produce perfluorocarbon emissions. Anode effects are caused by low alumina levels in smelting pots and are a main source of direct greenhouse gas emissions from aluminium smelting. Point Henry has seen a 55% reduction in PFC emissions since 2005, while Portland Aluminium has seen a 75% reduction since 2005. http://www.alcoa.com/australia/en/pdf/Sustainability_Report_2009_Final.pdf
24. Lowest Fluoride Emissions During 2009, both Point Henry and Portland Aluminium smelters continued to focus on minimising and sustaining fluoride emissions within internal (Alcoa) targets, which is reflected in the long-term historical trends. Alcoa’s internal targets are more stringent than those set by the Victorian Environmental Protection Authority. Portland Aluminium continued to progress a long-term management program for fluoride emissions in 2009, to further understand and manage the effects of low level fluoride emissions on local fauna inhabiting the land surrounding the smelter. Fluoride emissions were sustained at around 0.3kg/tonne of aluminium produced, making Portland Aluminium one of the lowest fluoride-emitting smelters in the world.
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26. Sustainability Goals Through the “Sustainability Strategic Framework”, Alcoa set itself some challenging goals, including: Zero fatalities and lost work day or recordable injuries. 25% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2010, compared to the base year of 1990. 10% reduction in energy intensity by 2010, compared to 2000. 70% reduction in process water use by 2010, compared to 2000. 50% of Alcoa‟s fabricated aluminium output produced from recycled metal by 2020. 40% of Alcoa employees contributing to their communities through volunteering.