This document discusses concepts in fluid statics including: - Fluid statics deals with fluids at rest with no relative motion between layers. - In fluid statics, only normal stresses exist and shear stresses are zero. - Pascal's law states that pressure is transmitted undiminished in all directions in a confined fluid and pressure can be measured using various instruments like manometers. - The forces on surfaces immersed in fluids depend on factors like the fluid properties, depth, and orientation of the surface.

1. CEE 205
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Statics

2. Fluid Statics
 At rest
 No relative motion
 Moving with same velocity
In statics the particles of fluid is at rest or there is no
relative motion between adjacent layers.
Hydrostatics
Aerostatics

3. Stress Acting in Fluid Statics
 No Shear stress
 Only normal stress
 Significant in gravity fields only

4. Pascal’s Law
Pascal's law states that pressure at any point is the same in all
directions and hence it is a scalar quantity in fluid statics.
Pascal's law states that any two points at same elevation in a
continuous mass of static fluid will be at the same pressure.
Pascal's law or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure is a
principle in fluid mechanics that states that pressure exerted
anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted
equally in all directions throughout the fluid such that the
pressure variations (initial differences) remain the same.

5. Pressure at a Point in Static Fluid

6. Pressure Measurement Reference
Absolute Zero or complete Vacuum
Absolute
Pressure
Local
Atmospheric
Pressure
Absolute
Pressure
Gauge
Pressure
Negative Gauge
Pressure or
Vacuum Pressure

7. Pressure Measurement
Barometer
Manometer

8. Pressure Measurement: Manometer
Piezometer
U tube manometer
Differential manometer
Multiple tube manometer
Multiple liquid manometer
Inclined tube manometer
Inverted U tube manometer
Manometer with enlarged ends

9. Inclined Tube Manometer

10. Manometer with Enlarged Ends

11. Example: As shown in figure water flows through pipe A and B. The
pressure difference of these two points is to be measured by multiple tube
manometers. Oil with specific gravity 0.88 is in the upper portion of inverted
U-tube and mercury with specific gravity 13.6 in the bottom of both bends.
Determine the pressure difference.

12. Pressure Variation in Static Fluid

13. Forces on a Plane Area Immersed in
Liquid

14. Total Force and Centre of Pressure

15. Forces on a Curves Surface Immersed in
Liquid
The horizontal force, FH equals the force on the plane area formed by the projection of the curved
surface onto a vertical plane normal to the component.
The vertical component equals to the weight of the entire column of fluid, both liquid and atmospheric
above the curved surface.

16. Fluid Under Rigid Body Motion
In rigid‐body motion, all particles are in combined translation and rotation, and
there is no relative motion between particles.
The pressure gradient acts in the direction of g – a and lines of constant
pressure (including the free surface, if any) are perpendicular to this
direction and thus tilted at a downward angle θ.

17. Fluid Under Rigid Body Motion

18. Fluid Under Rigid Body Motion

19. Fluid Under Rigid Body Motion: Forced Vortex

20. Fluid Under Rigid Body Motion: Forced Vortex
Equations

21. Archimedes Principle: Buoyancy

22. Swimming

23. Stability of Submerged Bodies
Unstable Equilibrium
Stable Equilibrium
Neutral Equilibrium

24. Stability of Floating Bodies
Stable Equilibrium GM>0 (M is above G)
Unstable Equilibrium GM<0 (M is below G)
Neutral Equilibrium GM=0 (M coincides with G)

25. Metacentric Height