The document discusses fluid mechanics and provides recommended books and course contents on the topic. It covers the scope and applications of fluid mechanics, the branches of fluid mechanics including fluid statics, kinematics and fluid dynamics. It also discusses the British Gravitational and SI systems of units commonly used in fluid mechanics.
This presentation outlines the different storage technology options available to cope up with the intermittent nature of the Renewable energy like wind and solar.
This presentation includes introduction to run off river (ROR) plant and pumped storage plants, comparison between traditional and run off river plant, Classification of ROR Plants, Advantages and disadvantages of ROR Plants, Introduction to Pumped Storage Power (PSP) Plants, Classification of PSP, and Advantages and disadvantages of PSP
This presentation outlines the different storage technology options available to cope up with the intermittent nature of the Renewable energy like wind and solar.
This presentation includes introduction to run off river (ROR) plant and pumped storage plants, comparison between traditional and run off river plant, Classification of ROR Plants, Advantages and disadvantages of ROR Plants, Introduction to Pumped Storage Power (PSP) Plants, Classification of PSP, and Advantages and disadvantages of PSP
Fluid Dynamics describes the physics of fluids at level of Undergraduate in science (physics, math, engineering). For comments or improvements please contact solo.hermelin@gmail.com. Thanks.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
THE CENTRAL QUESTION ...
An electric car is still a car, right? What is it that makes it so different, and should I be worried that what makes it different makes it really complicated?
COURSE ABSTRACT
A discussion of the Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) architecture and the component elements that must be present within a BEV system. The battery, the electric motor, control electronics and regenerative braking are all discussed. To obtain a copy of the EVU study guide for this and other available EVU courses, please complete the form on this page.
Course level: Introductory
B.TECH. DEGREE COURSE
SCHEME AND SYLLABUS
(2002-03 admission onwards)
MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY,mg university, KTU
KOTTAYAM
KERALA
Module 1
Introduction - Proprties of fluids - pressure, force, density, specific weight, compressibility, capillarity, surface tension, dynamic and kinematic viscosity-Pascal’s law-Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids-fluid statics-measurement of pressure-variation of pressure-manometry-hydrostatic pressure on plane and curved surfaces-centre of pressure-buoyancy-floation-stability of submerged and floating bodies-metacentric height-period of oscillation.
Module 2
Kinematics of fluid motion-Eulerian and Lagrangian approach-classification and representation of fluid flow- path line, stream line and streak line. Basic hydrodynamics-equation for acceleration-continuity equation-rotational and irrotational flow-velocity potential and stream function-circulation and vorticity-vortex flow-energy variation across stream lines-basic field flow such as uniform flow, spiral flow, source, sink, doublet, vortex pair, flow past a cylinder with a circulation, Magnus effect-Joukowski theorem-coefficient of lift.
Module 3
Euler’s momentum equation-Bernoulli’s equation and its limitations-momentum and energy correction factors-pressure variation across uniform conduit and uniform bend-pressure distribution in irrotational flow and in curved boundaries-flow through orifices and mouthpieces, notches and weirs-time of emptying a tank-application of Bernoulli’s theorem-orifice meter, ventury meter, pitot tube, rotameter.
Module 4
Navier-Stoke’s equation-body force-Hagen-Poiseullie equation-boundary layer flow theory-velocity variation- methods of controlling-applications-diffuser-boundary layer separation –wakes, drag force, coefficient of drag, skin friction, pressure, profile and total drag-stream lined body, bluff body-drag force on a rectangular plate-drag coefficient for flow around a cylinder-lift and drag force on an aerofoil-applications of aerofoil- characteristics-work done-aerofoil flow recorder-polar diagram-simple problems.
Module 5
Flow of a real fluid-effect of viscosity on fluid flow-laminar and turbulent flow-boundary layer thickness-displacement, momentum and energy thickness-flow through pipes-laminar and turbulent flow in pipes-critical Reynolds number-Darcy-Weisback equation-hydraulic radius-Moody;s chart-pipes in series and parallel-siphon losses in pipes-power transmission through pipes-water hammer-equivalent pipe-open channel flow-Chezy’s equation-most economical cross section-hydraulic jump.
Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Solar Energy
3. Wind Energy
4. Hydropower
5. Biomass Energy
6. Geothermal Energy
7. Wave and Tidal Energy
Note: This is only the introduction part of a very big presentation. Please download the full version from here:
https://goo.gl/bXRLGd
Fluid Dynamics describes the physics of fluids at level of Undergraduate in science (physics, math, engineering). For comments or improvements please contact solo.hermelin@gmail.com. Thanks.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
THE CENTRAL QUESTION ...
An electric car is still a car, right? What is it that makes it so different, and should I be worried that what makes it different makes it really complicated?
COURSE ABSTRACT
A discussion of the Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) architecture and the component elements that must be present within a BEV system. The battery, the electric motor, control electronics and regenerative braking are all discussed. To obtain a copy of the EVU study guide for this and other available EVU courses, please complete the form on this page.
Course level: Introductory
B.TECH. DEGREE COURSE
SCHEME AND SYLLABUS
(2002-03 admission onwards)
MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY,mg university, KTU
KOTTAYAM
KERALA
Module 1
Introduction - Proprties of fluids - pressure, force, density, specific weight, compressibility, capillarity, surface tension, dynamic and kinematic viscosity-Pascal’s law-Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids-fluid statics-measurement of pressure-variation of pressure-manometry-hydrostatic pressure on plane and curved surfaces-centre of pressure-buoyancy-floation-stability of submerged and floating bodies-metacentric height-period of oscillation.
Module 2
Kinematics of fluid motion-Eulerian and Lagrangian approach-classification and representation of fluid flow- path line, stream line and streak line. Basic hydrodynamics-equation for acceleration-continuity equation-rotational and irrotational flow-velocity potential and stream function-circulation and vorticity-vortex flow-energy variation across stream lines-basic field flow such as uniform flow, spiral flow, source, sink, doublet, vortex pair, flow past a cylinder with a circulation, Magnus effect-Joukowski theorem-coefficient of lift.
Module 3
Euler’s momentum equation-Bernoulli’s equation and its limitations-momentum and energy correction factors-pressure variation across uniform conduit and uniform bend-pressure distribution in irrotational flow and in curved boundaries-flow through orifices and mouthpieces, notches and weirs-time of emptying a tank-application of Bernoulli’s theorem-orifice meter, ventury meter, pitot tube, rotameter.
Module 4
Navier-Stoke’s equation-body force-Hagen-Poiseullie equation-boundary layer flow theory-velocity variation- methods of controlling-applications-diffuser-boundary layer separation –wakes, drag force, coefficient of drag, skin friction, pressure, profile and total drag-stream lined body, bluff body-drag force on a rectangular plate-drag coefficient for flow around a cylinder-lift and drag force on an aerofoil-applications of aerofoil- characteristics-work done-aerofoil flow recorder-polar diagram-simple problems.
Module 5
Flow of a real fluid-effect of viscosity on fluid flow-laminar and turbulent flow-boundary layer thickness-displacement, momentum and energy thickness-flow through pipes-laminar and turbulent flow in pipes-critical Reynolds number-Darcy-Weisback equation-hydraulic radius-Moody;s chart-pipes in series and parallel-siphon losses in pipes-power transmission through pipes-water hammer-equivalent pipe-open channel flow-Chezy’s equation-most economical cross section-hydraulic jump.
Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Solar Energy
3. Wind Energy
4. Hydropower
5. Biomass Energy
6. Geothermal Energy
7. Wave and Tidal Energy
Note: This is only the introduction part of a very big presentation. Please download the full version from here:
https://goo.gl/bXRLGd
Applied Fluid Dynamics Course. Part 1 - Incompressible Flow
---
This is a Course Overview of Applied Fluid Dynamics Course.
The course is based in Engineering Applications
---
The course is structured in 7 Blocks
AFD1 The Mechanical Energy Equation
AFD2 Pipe, Fittings and Valves
AFD3 Energy Loss due to Friction
AFD4 Flow Measurement Equipment
AFD5 Pumps
AFD6 Incompressible Flow Applications
AFD7 Agitation and Mixing
Visit www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com/Courses for more information!
Finding Money - 4YFN, Barcelona, 25 Feb 2014Volker Hirsch
The slides to my talk "Finding Money" delivered at 4YFN ("Four Years From Now"), the GSMA's Entrepreneurship Conference in Barcelona as part of the Mobile World Congress.
TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of WorkVolker Hirsch
TEDx Manchester talk on artificial intelligence (AI) and how the ascent of AI and robotics impacts our future work environments.
The video of the talk is now also available here: https://youtu.be/dRw4d2Si8LA
Unit 5 Open Channel flowUnit 5 Open Channel flowUnit 5 Open Channel flowUnit 5 Open Channel flowUnit 5 Open Channel flowUnit 5 Open Channel flowUnit 5 Open Channel flowUnit 5 Open Channel flow
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. • Recommended Books:
“Fluid Mechanics with Engineering
Applications” 10th Edition
By: E. John Finnemore & Joseph B.
Franzini
“Fluid Mechanics with Engineering
Applications” SI Metric edition
By: Robert L. Daugherty, Joseph B.
Franzini & E. John Finnemore
“Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics”
FLUID MECHANICS-I By: Musen Young
** Useful links:
Engr. AURANGZEB • http://www.civil.canterbury.ac.nz/
00923459026940 pubs/FM4CE.pdf
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 1
2. COURSE CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Fluid Statics
3. Forces on Immersed bodies
4. Fluid Kinematics
5. Hydrodynamics
6. Flow measurement
7. Steady Flow through pipes
8. Uniform flow in open channels
9. Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 2
4. Contents
• Scope of Fluid Mechanics
1. Applications
2. Branches of Fluid mechanics
3. Advancement with advent of computers
• Dimensions and Units
1. British Gravitational System
2. System International
3. Scope of above mentioned systems
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 4
5. Scope of Fluid Mechanics
• Fluid Mechanics is involved in:
1. Movement of clouds in atmosphere
2. Flight of birds through air
3. Flow of water in streams
4. Breaking of waves at seashore
• F.M include “gases” and “liquids”, with air
and water as most prevalent.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 5
6. Scope of Fluid Mechanics
• Some other aspects that include F.M are:
Flow in pipelines and channels
Movements of air and blood in body
Air resistance or Drag
Wind loading on buildings
Motion of projectiles, jets, shock waves
Lubrication
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 6
8. Scope of Fluid Mechanics
• A knowledge of Fluid mechanics is required to
properly design:
a) Water supply systems
b) Wastewater Treatment facilities
c) Dam Spillways
d) Valves, Windmills, Turbines, Pumps
e) Flow meters, Heating & Air-conditioning system
f) Hydraulic shock absorbers and brakes
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 8
9. Scope of Fluid Mechanics
g) Automatic transmissions
h) Aircrafts, Ships, Submarines
i) Windmills, Turbines, Pumps etc.
It is clear that every body’s life is affected by
Fluid mechanics in variety of ways. All
engineers should have at least a basic
knowledge of fluid phenomenon.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 9
10. A substance which is Interaction of forces
capable of flowing
More about Fluids….
They have no definite Ideal fluids are those that
have no viscosity and
shape of their own but A fluid may be in liquid or surface tension and they are
conforms to the shape of gaseous form. compressible. In practice
containing vessel such fluids don’t exist.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 10
11. Fluid Mechanics is the science of mechanics of liquids
and gases, and is based on the same fundamental
principles that are employed in the mechanics of
solids.
The mechanics of fluids is more complicated subject
than mechanics of solids, however, because with
solids one deals with separate and tangible
elements, while with fluids there are no separate
elements to be distinguished.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 11
13. Fluid Statics is the study
of mechanics of fluids at
REST.
Fluid Dynamics
Kinematics deals
deals with velocities
with velocities and
& accelerations and
streamlines without
forces exerted by or
considering FORCES
upon fluids in
or ENERGY.
MOTION.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 13
14. Scope of Fluid Mechanics
• HYDRODYNAMICS: In mathematics, it is a
subject that deals with an imaginary ideal fluid
that is completely frictionless.
• When dealing with liquids, this subject is
called HYDRAULICS.
• Ideal fluids + Real fluids = Fluid Mechanics
Ideal: Hydrodynamics
Real: Liquids (Hydraulics) and gases
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 14
15. Dimensions and Units
• To properly define a physical property or a
fluid phenomenon, one must express the
property or phenomenon in terms of some
sets of units.
For example, the diameter of a pipe might be 160 mm
and the average flow velocity 8 m/s. A different sets of
units might have been used, such as diameter of 0.16 m
and velocity of 800 cm/s.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 15
16. Scope of Fluid Mechanics
• Modern Fluid Mechanics: The basic principles
of hydrodynamics are combined with
experimental data.
With advent of computer, during last couple of decades
the entirely new field of COMPUTATIONAL FLUID
DYNAMICS has been developed.
Various numerical methods such as Finite
differences, Finite elements, Boundary elements and
Analytical elements are now used to solve problems in
Fluid mechanics.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 16
17. Dimensions and Units
• We will be dealing with two systems of units:
1. English Units (British Gravitational i.e. BG System or
US Customary System or FPS System)
2. Metric Units (Systeme Internationale d’ Unites i.e.
S.I System)
Because English units have been used in the technical
literature for so many years and as S.I system, nowadays, is
been used by almost every country all over the world; it is
essential for engineer to be familiar with both the systems.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 17
18. Dimensions and Units
• In fluid mechanics, the basic dimensions are:
1. Length (L)
2. Mass (M)
3. Time (T)
4. Force (F)
5. Temperature (Ѳ)
First three are the basic units e.g. In F = ma , “a” i.e.
acceleration is expressed by its basic dimensions as LT-2
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 18
19. In the two systems of units that we will be dealing, the
commonly used units for the basic five dimensions are:
Dimension BG System SI Unit
Length (L) Foot (ft) Meter (m)
Mass (M) Slug ( = lb.sec2/ft) Kilogram (kg)
Time (T) Second (sec) Second (sec)
Force (F) Pound (lb) Newton (N) (= kg.m/s2)
Temperature (Ѳ)
Absolute Rankine (°R) Kelvin (K)
Ordinary Fahrenheit ( °F) Celsius ( °C)
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 19
20. Dimensions and Units
• S.I system employs L,M and T and derives F
from MLT-2.
• Force in S.I is defined as NEWTON. Newton is
defined as “ The force required to accelerate
one kilogram of mass at rate of one meter per
second” 1 Newton = (1 kg) (1 m/s2)
• On the other hand, the British Gravitational
system employs L,F and T and derive Mass as
F/a = FL-1T2
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 20
21. Dimensions and Units
• Mass in BG system is defined as SLUG. Slug
can be defined as “ Mass that accelerates at
one foot per second when acted upon by a
force of one pound”
• 1 Slug = (1 lb) (1 ft/sec2) = 1 lb.sec2/ft
• 1 lb = (1 slug)(1 ft/sec2)
We see that the definition of mass in BG system depends on definition of
pound, which is “ The force of gravity acting on a platinum standard whose
mass is 0.45359243 kg.”
Weight is defined as “ The gravitational force F between two bodies of masses
m1 and m2, given by Newton’s law of Gravitation.” F = G.(m1m2)/r2
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 21
22. Dimensions and Units
• Where, “G” is Universal constant of
Gravitation and “r” is distance between the
centers of two masses.
• If “m” is mass of object on earth and “ M” is
mass of earth, then “r” is radius of earth, so
that;
• F = m.(GM)/r2
• Weight of object is; W = m.g
where g = GM/r2
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 22
23. Dimensions and Units
• Clearly, “g” varies slightly with altitude and
latitude on earth, since the earth is not truly
spherical, while in space and in other planets
it is much different.
• Also, the earth’s rotation by centrifugal action
reduces the apparent weight of an object by
at most 0.35 % at the equator.
• Because the force depends on value of “g”,
which in turn varies with location.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 23
24. Dimensions and Units
• BG system based on Length, Force and Time is
referred as Gravitational system.
• S.I system based on Length, Mass and Time is
Absolute system because it is independent of
the gravitational acceleration “g”.
A partial list of derived quantities encountered in Fluid
mechanics and their commonly used dimensions in
terms of L,M,T & F is:
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 24
25. Quantity Commonly used BG Unit SI Unit
dimensions
Acceleration (a) LT-2 Ft/sec2 m/s2
Area (A) L2 Ft2 m2
Density ML-3 Slug/ft3 Kg/m3
Energy, Work or Heat FL Ft.lb N.m = J
Flow rate (Q) L3T-1 Ft3/sec (cfs) M3/sec
Frequency T-1 Cycles/sec (sec-1) Hz (Hertz, s-1)
Kinematic L2T-1 Ft2/sec M2/sec
Viscosity(ν)
Power FLT-1 Ft.lb/sec N.m/sec = W
Pressure(p) FL-2 Lb/in2 N/m2 = Pa
Specific weight (ɣ) FL-3 Lb/ft3 N/m3
Velocity (V) LT-1 Ft/sec m/s
Viscosity (μ) FTL-2 Lb.sec/ft2 N.s/m2
Volume L3 ft3 m3
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 25
26. Dimensions and Units
• Radians don’t have dimensions, because they
are defined as the arc length divided by
radius.
• On earth’s surface, variation in “g” is very
small and by international agreement, the
standard gravitational acceleration at sea level
is 32.1740 ft/sec2 or 9.80665 m/sec2 (for
problem solving we usually use 32.2 ft/s2 or
9.81 m/s2)
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 26
27. Dimensions and Units
• For unit mass (I slug or 1 kg) on the earth’s
surface, we note that:
• In BG Units; W = mg = (1 slug)(32.2 ft/s2) =
32.2 N
• In S.I Units; W = mg = (1 Kg)(9.81 m/s2) =
9.81 N
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 27
28. Dimensions and Units
• Other systems of units are:
1. English Engineering System (lb-f and lb-m)
2. Absolute Metric System (CGS System)
3. MKS Metric System (Kg-f and Kg-m)
• Both EE & MKS system are “Inconsistent
systems” whereas BG & S.I systems are
“Consistent systems”.
CGS system is both consistent and non gravitational, it is little used for
engineering applications because its unit of force dyne is so small;
1 Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal 2) = 10-5 Newtons.
Dyne = (1g)(1 cm/s Fluid Mechanics-I 28
29. Dimensions and Units
• Non standard or Traditional abbreviations
used by engineers sometimes e.g.
fps, gpm, cusec etc.
• Acres, Tons, and Slugs are not abbreviated.
• When units are named after people, they are
capitalized. E.g. newton (N), joule (J), pascal
(Pa) etc.
• The abbreviation capital L for liter is a special
case. (to avoid confusion with 1)
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 29
30. Dimensions and Units
• We will use kg for kilogram mass and lb for
pound force. The abbreviation lb for pound is
taken from Latin word “libra”.
• The units second, minute hour, day and year
are correctly abbreviated as s, min, h, d and y
in the S.I system, and although in BG system
they should be abbreviated as sec, min, hr,
day and yr.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 30
31. Dimensions and Units
• Kelvin (K) is also abbreviated without a
degree.
• UK & US Gallons. UK ( = 4.55 Liters) US (= 3.78
Liters). If not specified, assume the US gallon.
• When dealing with very large or small
numbers, series of prefixes is adopted in S.I
units. e.g. mega, milli, kilo etc.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 31
32. Dimensions and Units
• Often we need to convert quantities from BG
units into S.I units, and vice versa. Conversion
factors may be used.
In SI units, LENGTHS are commonly expressed in
millimeters, centimeters, meters or
kilometers, depending on the distance being
measured.
AREAS are usually expressed in square cm, square
meters or hectares (ha), depending on the area being
measured. 1 hectare = 10,000 m2 = 2.5 Acres
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 32
33. Dimensions and Units
• 1 N = 0.225 lb
• Units for stress in S.I are N/m2 i.e. Pascal (Pa)
• 1 Pa = 0.021 lb/ft2 = .00015 psi
• Units of Energy is Joule. 1 joule = 1 N.m
• Unit of power is Watt (W). W = J/s = N.m/s
When we have to work with less usual units, like
centipoise (for viscosity) or ergs (for energy), It is best
to convert them into S.I or BG units as soon as
possible.
Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 33