The document discusses the cost of capital and its components. It defines the cost of capital as the minimum return required for an investment. It is made up of the cost of equity, determined using the dividend growth model or CAPM, and the cost of debt, which is the yield to maturity. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) weights the costs of equity and debt by their proportions of the firm's total market value to determine the overall required return for the firm. The WACC can then be used as the discount rate when evaluating projects through net present value analysis.
This document discusses risk and return relationships in financial markets. It introduces concepts like expected return, variance, diversification, systematic and unsystematic risk, beta, the security market line (SML), and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The SML shows the positive relationship between expected return and systematic risk (beta). The CAPM says the expected return of an asset is determined by the risk-free rate, the market risk premium, and the asset's beta. Understanding these risk/return models allows setting appropriate discount rates for valuing companies.
This document discusses lessons learned from capital market history. It finds that risky assets have historically earned a higher average return, known as a risk premium, compared to risk-free assets like Treasury bills. It also shows that higher risk investments have greater variability of returns, with potential for both higher gains and losses. The document contrasts arithmetic and geometric averages, noting geometric averages better account for compounding effects. Finally, it introduces the concept of market efficiency, where security prices quickly reflect all available public information.
This document discusses relevant cash flows for capital budgeting decisions. It begins by outlining key topics like opportunity costs, side effects, and taxes. An example of Amazon building a new distribution center is provided. The relevant cash flows are the incremental cash flows between having the project and not. Sunk costs and cash flows that would exist without the project should be excluded. The document also discusses using pro forma financial statements to project a project's cash flows over multiple years. It provides an example of Whole Foods considering a new drink product, showing the pro forma income statement and cash flow timeline. Key terms discussed include depreciation, net working capital, and the depreciation tax shield.
The document discusses capital budgeting and methods for evaluating investment projects, including net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), payback rule, and discounted payback rule. It provides examples to illustrate how to calculate NPV and IRR. The key points are:
- NPV is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and outflows, and a project should be accepted if NPV is positive and rejected if negative.
- IRR is the discount rate that makes NPV equal to zero, and a project should be accepted if IRR exceeds the required rate of return.
- Payback period is the number of years to recover the initial investment, and the payback
Common stock valuation methods include:
1. Discounting future dividends using the required return rate for the stock. This works best when dividends are constant or grow at a known rate.
2. Using the earnings per share and an industry benchmark PE ratio when dividends are not paid, as the PE ratio captures expected future earnings and dividend growth.
3. Special cases exist when dividends are constant forever or grow at a constant rate, allowing the stock value to be directly calculated using perpetuity or dividend growth models. However, these ideal cases are rare in practice.