The presentation slide is on stock valuation. We have tried to present the various techniques to stock valuation under which different methods are discussed with illustrations. Key concepts:
Zero Growth Model
Balance sheet Technique
Constant Growth Model
Two-stage growth Model
Feel Free to comment.
What is Dividends
Types of cash dividends
Procedure for Dividend Payment
Ex-Dividend Date Is Important
Do Dividends Matter ?
DIVIDEND THEORIES
DIVIDENDS AND THE REAL WORLD
Dividends And Signaling
CLIENTELE EFFECT HYPOTHESIS
DIVIDEND POLICY PRACTICE
Residual dividend policy
DIVIDEND AND INVESTMENT POLICY
KEY FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DIVIDEND POLICY
Fixed Income securities- Analysis and Valuation. Very useful for CFA and FRM level 1 preparation candidates. For a more detailed understanding, you can watch the webinar video on this topic. The link for the webinar video on this topic is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9j6Bu3aUNI
The presentation slide is on stock valuation. We have tried to present the various techniques to stock valuation under which different methods are discussed with illustrations. Key concepts:
Zero Growth Model
Balance sheet Technique
Constant Growth Model
Two-stage growth Model
Feel Free to comment.
What is Dividends
Types of cash dividends
Procedure for Dividend Payment
Ex-Dividend Date Is Important
Do Dividends Matter ?
DIVIDEND THEORIES
DIVIDENDS AND THE REAL WORLD
Dividends And Signaling
CLIENTELE EFFECT HYPOTHESIS
DIVIDEND POLICY PRACTICE
Residual dividend policy
DIVIDEND AND INVESTMENT POLICY
KEY FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DIVIDEND POLICY
Fixed Income securities- Analysis and Valuation. Very useful for CFA and FRM level 1 preparation candidates. For a more detailed understanding, you can watch the webinar video on this topic. The link for the webinar video on this topic is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9j6Bu3aUNI
This presentation covers the basics of Dividend Discount Model (DDM). Firstly, fundamental formula for valuing a stock using DDM is discussed. After that, 3 cases i.e DDM for zero growth, constant growth, and variable growth stocks, are discussed.
In financial markets, stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks. The main use of these methods is to predict future market prices, or more generally, potential market prices, and thus to profit from price movement – stocks that are judged undervalued (with respect to their theoretical value) are bought, while stocks that are judged overvalued are sold, in the expectation that undervalued stocks will, on the whole, rise in value, while overvalued stocks will, on the whole, fall.
STOCKS, SHARES, EQUITY SHARES, PREFERENCE SHARES, BONDS, DEBENTURES, STOCK VALUATION, FEATURES OF COMMON STOCK, DETERMINING COMMON STOCK VALUES, EFFECTIVE MARKETS, etc.
This presentation covers the basics of Dividend Discount Model (DDM). Firstly, fundamental formula for valuing a stock using DDM is discussed. After that, 3 cases i.e DDM for zero growth, constant growth, and variable growth stocks, are discussed.
In financial markets, stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks. The main use of these methods is to predict future market prices, or more generally, potential market prices, and thus to profit from price movement – stocks that are judged undervalued (with respect to their theoretical value) are bought, while stocks that are judged overvalued are sold, in the expectation that undervalued stocks will, on the whole, rise in value, while overvalued stocks will, on the whole, fall.
STOCKS, SHARES, EQUITY SHARES, PREFERENCE SHARES, BONDS, DEBENTURES, STOCK VALUATION, FEATURES OF COMMON STOCK, DETERMINING COMMON STOCK VALUES, EFFECTIVE MARKETS, etc.
1.A proxy fight occurs when a competitor offers to sell t.docxhacksoni
1.
A proxy fight occurs when:
a competitor offers to sell their ownership interest in the firm.
the board of directors disagree on the members of the management team.
a group solicits voting rights to replace the board of directors.
the firm is declared insolvent.
the firm files for bankruptcy.
2.
The process of planning and managing a firm's long-term assets is called:
capital structure.
capital budgeting.
working capital management.
financial depreciation.
agency cost analysis.
3.
Which one of the following actions by a financial manager creates an agency problem?
agreeing to pay bonuses based on the market value of the company’s stock
refusing to borrow money when doing so will create losses for the firm
agreeing to expand the company at the expense of stockholders' value
increasing current costs in order to increase the market value of the stockholders' equity
refusing to lower selling prices if doing so will reduce the net profits
4.
Which one of these is a cash outflow from a corporation?
sale of an asset
dividend payment
profit retained by the firm
sale of common stock
issuance of debt
5.
First City Bank pays 6 percent simple interest on its savings account balances, whereas Second City Bank pays 6 percent interest compounded annually.
If you made a $66,000 deposit in each bank, how much more money would you earn from your Second City Bank account at the end of 10 years?
(Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
Difference in accounts
6.
Gerold invested $125 in an account that pays 5 percent simple interest. How much money will he have at the end of 7 years?
$160.31
$168.75
$155.00
$175.50
$162.50
7.
What is the present value of $12,450 to be received 5 years from today if the discount rate is 4.75 percent?
$10,340.78
$9,871.86
$13,105.26
$9,761.00
$9,773.15
8.
One year ago, you purchased 300 shares of IXC stock at a price of $22.05 per share, received $460 in dividends over the year, and today sold all of your shares for $29.32 per share. What was your dividend yield?
5.87%
5.23%
1.92%
6.95%
2.48%
9.
One year ago, you purchased a stock at a price of $32.50. The stock pays quarterly dividends of $.40 per share. Today, the stock is worth $34.60 per share. What is the total dollar return per share to date from this investment?
rev: 06_21_2016_QC_CS-54260
$2.50
$3.40
$2.10
$3.70
$3.80
10.
Which one of these accounts is classified as a current asset on the balance sheet?
accounts payable
preferred stock
net plant and equipment
inventory
intangible asset
11.
Net working capital is defined as:
current assets plus stockholders' equity.
current assets minus current liabilities.
fixed assets minus long-term liabilities.
total assets minus total liabilities.
current assets plus fixed assets.
12.
Which one of the following accounts is included in stockholders' equity?
intan ...
This is the fourth presentation for the University of New England Graduate School of Business unit, GSB711 - Managerial Finance. This presentation looks at returns on different types of investment.
by- g 6 envensebles
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Dip Murmu & Md. Abadullah Miah
Neamur Rabbi & Md. Azad Khan
Anik Costa & Tanvir Hasan Plabon
Tarikul Islam Tarif
Md. Jakir Hossain Khan & Dilruba Jahan
Shanjida Afrin & Md. Rajib
ACC 291 GENIUS Become Exceptional--acc291genius.comkopiko119
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
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1. The term “receivables” refers to cash to be paid to debtors. merchandise to be collected from individuals or companies. cash to be paid to creditors. amounts due from
RUNNING HEAD: TEAM 1 TASK 9 1
TASK 9
Team 1:
Adetolani Adeosun
Lawrence Henderson
Ayoub Mfinanga
Brittany Raines
Matthias Wurster
Memo to CFO
Executive Summary:
Goodwill is an intangible asset that is recorded when a company purchases another company. The amount the company pays beyond the book value of these assets is recorded as a separate asset known as “goodwill”. Acme Iron is considering buying Martin & Sons for $60 million. Martin & Sons has $4.2 million in net working capital. The firm has total assets with a book value of $48.6 million and a market value of $53.4 million. Goodwill is calculated by taking the sum of the market value of assets and net working capital and subtracting that number from the cash acquisition. Based on the following calculation, Acme’s amount of goodwill will be recorded on its balance sheet as $2.4 million. Goodwill is recorded as a noncurrent asset on the balance sheet. Acme does not have the liquidity available to finance this acquisition using cash, so they will have to issue debt or equity for the same. This will reduce liquidity risk. A liquidity issue could damage Acme’s finances to the point where bankruptcy is a potential. A company experiencing liquidity problems is an indicator that there are underlying problems in its practice and this leads to an investment risk.
Analysis:
Goodwill = cash acquisition – (market value of assets + net working capital).
= $60 million – ($53.4 million + $4.2 million)
= $60 million - $57.6 million
= $2.4 million
Goodwill recorded is $2.4 million.
I recommend that the whole consideration should not be paid in cash rather issue debt or equity for the same which reduces liquidity risk.
Yes, there is a liquidity issue which could damage their finances to the point that bankruptcy becomes a potential.
Conclusion:
Goodwill will be reported at $2.4 Million. Paying for this investment using debt or newly issued equity will reduce the liquidity risk of the investment, so this is recommended. This investment should not threaten bankruptcy as long as liquidity is maintained using the above recommended financing options.
RUNNING HEAD: TEAM 1 TASK 8 1
TEAM 1 TASK 8 7
TASK 8
Team 1:
Adetolani Adeosun
Lawrence Henderson
Ayoub Mfinanga
Brittany Raines
Matthias Wurster
Memo to CFO
Executive Summary:
It is the opinion of this advisory committee that a share repurchase be done instead of a dividend distribution. Strictly by increase in EPS, a share repurchase will add more value than a dividend distribution. As shown below, a dividend distribution of the $5,000,000 would add $0.3333 to EPS, while the share repurchase adds $0.3378 per share. This along with tax savings to our shareholders makes the share repurchase the better option. This is even more advisable if it is likely our share price will increase i ...
UOPFIN 370 NEW Become Exceptional--uopfin370.comkopiko142
For more course tutorials visit
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FIN 370 Week 1 Apply: Finance and Financial Statement Analysis Homework Review the Week 1 “Practice: Finance and Financial Statement Analysis Quiz” in Connect®.
FIN 534 – FINANCIAL MANAGEMENTwithDr. charity ezenwa.docxcharlottej5
FIN 534 – FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
with
Dr. charity ezenwa
WELCOME
1
Chapter 3:
ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
WEEK 2
2
Course Learning Outcome(s)
Analyze financial statements for key ratios, cash flow positions, and taxation effects.
3
Topics
Ratio analysis
DuPont equation
Effects of improving ratios
Limitations of ratio analysis
Qualitative factors
4
Why Financial Statement Analysis?
To facilitate comparison of:
One company over time
One company versus other companies
Uses: How can stakeholders benefit and why?
Lenders to determine creditworthiness
Stockholders to estimate future cash flows and risk
Managers to identify areas of weakness and strength
Financial statement analysis involves (1) comparing a firms; performance with that of the other firms in the same industry; and (2)Evaluating trends in the firm’s financial position over time.
Financial statement analysis is used by managers to identify situations needing attention. Potential lenders use financial statement analysis to determine whether a company is credit worthy, and stockholders use it to help them predict future earnings, dividends, and free cash flow.
5
Ratio Analysis
Used to extract information not obvious from simply examining financial statements.
Provides standardized comparison of firms
Example: Giant owes $10 million in debt while Safeway owes $20 million in debt. Which firm has a stronger financial position?
It is very difficult to answer this question without first determining each company's debt relative to its assets, earnings, and interests. Ratio analysis allows us to standardize these debts so as to easily compare the two forms.
6
The Income Statement Example
20162017ESales$5,834,400 $7,035,600COGS except depr.4,980,000 5,800,000Other expenses720,000 612,960Deprec.116,960 120,000 Tot. op. costs5,816,960 6,532,960 EBIT17,440 502,640Int. expense176,000 80,000 EBT(158,560)422,640Taxes (40%)(63,424)169,056Net income($ 95,136)$ 253,584
7
The Balance Sheet – Assets Example
20162017ECash$ 7,282 $ 14,000S-T invest.20,000 71,632AR632,160 878,000Inventories1,287,360 1,716,480 Total CA1,946,802 2,680,112 Net FA939,790 836,840Total assets$2,886,592 $3,516,952
8
The Balance Sheet – Liabilities & Equity
20162017EAccts. payable$ 324,000 $ 359,800Notes payable720,000 300,000Accruals284,960 380,000 Total CL1,328,960 1,039,800Long-term debt1,000,000 500,000Common stock460,000 1,680,936Ret. earnings97,632 296,216 Total equity557,632 1,977,152Total L&E$2,886,592 $3,516,952
9
Other Data
20162017EStock price$6.00$12.17# of shares100,000 250,000EPS-$0.95$1.01DPS$0.11$0.22Book val. per sh.$5.58$7.91Lease payments$40,000$40,000Tax rate0.40.4
10
What are Liquidity Ratios?
Measures a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations.
Current Ra.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
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how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
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2. OUTLINE
1. Common & Preferred Stock
A. Rights
B. The Annual Meeting & Voting
C. Dividends
2. Stock Valuation
A. Zero Growth Dividends
B. Constant Growth Dividends
C. Non-constant Growth Dividends
D. Benchmarking
3. The Stock Market
2
4. COMMON STOCK
COMMON STOCK is a unit of ownership in a public corporation;
therefore, STOCKHOLDERS or SHAREHOLDERS are owners of the
firm.
These shares are units of equity without priority for dividends or
a payout during bankruptcy.
COMMON & PREFERRED STOCK 4
5. COMMON STOCK HOLDERS’ RIGHTS
As owners, stockholders are generally entitled to:
1. Voting rights at the firm’s Annual Meeting
2. Dividends, if they are paid
3. Assets after liabilities are paid in the event of liquidation
(residual claimant)
4. PREEMPTIVE RIGHTS in some cases to share proportionally in
any new stock issuance
COMMON & PREFERRED STOCK 5
6. THE ANNUAL MEETING & VOTING
Voting for directors happens at a firm’s annual meeting,
where investors gather to cast their votes, ask questions,
and hear management discuss the outlook of the firm.
Let’s look at Google’s parent company, Alphabet.
COMMON & PREFERRED STOCK 6
7. VOTING RIGHTS
Votes are generally one share, one vote, so larger shareholders can
exert more influence. Some DUAL-CLASS SHARE structures offer
shares with more than one vote per share, possibly to preserve
power for founders.
Voting for Directors:
STRAIGHT VOTING is when a shareholder cannot cast more than one
vote per share per director.
CUMULATIVE VOTING is when a shareholder may cast all their votes for
a director giving smaller shareholders more power.
COMMON & PREFERRED STOCK 7
8. VOTING RIGHTS- DIRECTOR EXAMPLE
You own 500 shares and there are 4 directors up for election.
With straight voting (the norm), you get can vote up to 500 times
for each director. With cumulative, you could vote up to 500 x 4 =
2000 for one candidate (forfeiting votes for other candidates), or
divide up your vote anyway you’d like.
COMMON & PREFERRED STOCK 8
9. OTHER VOTE ITEMS
Approving executive compensation (an advisory vote)
Frequency of executive compensation vote
Approving new stock issuance
Auditor approval
COMMON & PREFERRED STOCK 9
10. VOTING DEFINITIONS AND FEATURES
PROXY: granting the authority to another to vote your
shares if you can’t make it to the meeting (most voting
done this way).
PROXY FIGHT: outside shareholders try to obtain votes
via proxy to vote against management.
DUAL CLASS SHARES: Some firms offer multiple classes,
with voting power concentrated to a certain class.
Alphabet’s Proxy StatementCOMMON & PREFERRED STOCK 10
11. DIVIDENDS
DIVIDENDS are payments made by a corporation to
shareholders, either in cash or more stock.
1. Not a liability (can’t go bankrupt for not paying)
2. Not a business expense (and thus not tax
deductible)
3. Taxable income to shareholders (even though taxes
already paid at the corporate level)COMMON & PREFERRED STOCK 11
12. THE DIVIDEND DECISION
Some firms pay dividends; others don’t.
1. Retaining earnings can be used to finance
growth.
2. Dividends are taxable; capital gains aren’t
unless realized.
Why would you hold a stock that doesn’t pay
dividends? COMMON & PREFERRED STOCK 12
13. PREFERRED STOCK
PREFERRED SHARES are equity shares with dividend
priority over common stock, sometimes without
voting rights, and commonly with CUMULATIVE
DIVIDENDS.
CUMULATIVE DIVIDENDS require that unpaid
dividends be carried forward and paid first to
preferred stock holders before any common share
dividends are paid. Not a liability.
COMMON & PREFERRED STOCK 13
14. TO SUMMARIZE
Common stock represents ownership in a firm. Rights
include a residual claim to assets and voting ability at
annual meetings. Dividends need not be paid and are not
a liability, even for preferred shares.
COMMON & PREFERRED STOCK 14
16. COMMON STOCK VALUATION
Valuation for common stock can be challenging for three
reasons:
1. Cash flows for stocks (the dividends) are not
promised like cash flows for bonds (coupons)
2. There is no maturity
3. No easy way to determine the rate of return for
discounting
STOCK VALUATION 16
17. COMMON STOCK VALUATION EXAMPLE
You are considering buying one share of Nike. You
forecast that you will be able to sell that share for $70 in
one year’s time. Further, Nike is expected to pay a $10
dividend at the end of the year. You think that the
company is relatively risky, so you require a 25% return
on this investment.
What is the value of 1 share of Nike?
STOCK VALUATION 17
18. COMMON STOCK VALUATION EXAMPLE
With a calculator:
N = 1, FV = 10 + 70, I/Y = 25, CPT PV = -64
Therefore, you should pay no more than $64.
STOCK VALUATION 18
19. VALUING STOCK CASH FLOWS- 1 PERIOD
We can rewrite the calculation we’ve done as:
P0 is the price now, D1 is the dividend in 1 year, P1 is the price in
1 year, R is the required return.
STOCK VALUATION 19
20. VALUING STOCK CASH FLOWS- 2
PERIODS
What if we want to sell after 2 years?
Because…
STOCK VALUATION 20
22. VALUING STOCK CASH FLOWS- MANY
PERIODS
Continue to add dividends for each period, pushing back the predicted
stock price so far that it hardly has an impact on P0.
Therefore, the price of a stock today is equal to the present value of all
future dividends.
STOCK VALUATION 22
23. VALUING STOCK CASH FLOWS- MANY
PERIODS EXAMPLE
What is the value of one share of Adidas, given it pays an annual
dividend of $10 and the required return is 15%? Assume Adidas
will (1) cease to exist in 30 years, (2) 40 years, (3) 100 years
(1) PMT= 10, I/Y = 15%, N = 30, CPT PV = $65.67
(2) PMT= 10, I/Y = 15%, N = 40, CPT PV = $66.42
(3) PMT= 10, I/Y = 15%, N = 100, CPT PV = $66.66
STOCK VALUATION 23
24. WHAT ABOUT COMPANIES THAT DON’T
PAY DIVIDENDS?
From Ross, Westerfield, and Jordan (11th ed, pg. 241):
“When we say that the value of the stock is equal to the
present value of the future dividends, we don’t rule out the
possibility that some number of those dividends are zero.
They just can’t all be zero.”
STOCK VALUATION 24
25. SPECIAL CASES OF STOCK VALUATION
We have some special cases where we can directly solve for the
value of the shares (though, unfortunately, these cases are rare
in practice):
1. Dividends are always the same forever (zero growth rate)
2. Dividends grow at a constant rate.
3. Dividends growth is not constant originally, but after some
periods becomes constant.
STOCK VALUATION 25
26. CASE 1: DIVIDENDS WITH ZERO GROWTH
In this case, the dividends are the same in each period,
effectively making the stock a perpetuity.
which is analogous to…
STOCK VALUATION 26
27. CASE 1 EXAMPLE
Starrbuxx Koffee has a policy of paying a $10 per share dividend
every year. If this will continue forever, what is the value of a
share assuming you require a return of 20%?
STOCK VALUATION 27
28. CASE 2: CONSTANT GROWTH
In this case, the dividends are expected to grow at a constant
rate forever.
Using the future value formula, we can find the dividends in each
period:
…and so on.
STOCK VALUATION 28
29. CASE 2: CONSTANT GROWTH
We can plug in these values of D1 and D2 into:
which simplifies to…
STOCK VALUATION 29
30. CASE 2: CONSTANT GROWTH
This is called the dividend growth model.
Note that R must be greater than g. The rate of return you
require must be greater than the rate at which the dividends
grow.
STOCK VALUATION 30
31. CASE 2 EXAMPLE
Amuhzahn Inc. just paid a dividend of $2.30. Management believes the
company is doing well, so they announce they will pay dividends annually,
growing 5% per year indefinitely. Currently, the shares sell at $36. The
required return is 13%. Would you buy these shares?
You would not buy these shares, because $30.19 < $36.
STOCK VALUATION 31
32. CASE 2 EXAMPLE CONTINUED
Suppose we want to determine what the price for Amuhzahn shares will be
in 5 years.
STOCK VALUATION 32
33. CASE 3: NONCONSTANT GROWTH
An example of nonconstant growth would be a firm that is paying
no dividends for a period then begins paying at a constant
growth rate.
Here, we first calculate the value of the constant growth portion,
then discount that value to the present.
STOCK VALUATION 33
34. CASE 3 EXAMPLE
Faysbuk is a newer company that isn’t quite ready to pay dividends.
However, in 5 years, you think the company will be confident enough to
pay a dividend of $0.50 per share to grow at 10% indefinitely. What should
the price of that share be today? The required return is 20%.
Step 1: Constant growth formula:
Step 2: Discount to present:
STOCK VALUATION 34
35. CASE 3 EXAMPLE (2)
Hahrlee-Dayvidsin Moeturs will pay a dividend of $1, then $2, then $2.50
for the next three years. At that point, dividends will grow at 5% per year.
The required returns is 10%. What is the value of the stock today?
Step 1: Constant growth formula:
Step 2: Discount to present:
STOCK VALUATION 35
36. THE REQUIRED RETURN
What about growth in the value of the shares?
The REQUIRED RETURN is the return investors demand to receive before they will
commit money to an investment given a level or risk.
A formulaic definition can be found by using the equation of P0 and solving for
the required return:
D1/P0 is the DIVIDEND YIELD
g is the CAPITAL GAINS YIELD
STOCK VALUATION 36
37. THE REQUIRED RETURN
Thus, the required return consists of the stock’s dividend
portion and the rate at which the value of the shares are
expected to rise.
STOCK VALUATION 37
38. USING EPS WHEN NO DIVIDENDS
If the company doesn’t pay dividends, we can also consider
multiplying some BENCHMARK PE RATIO by the EARNINGS PER
SHARE of the company.
STOCK VALUATION 38
39. BENCHMARK EXAMPLE
Jinrel Elektrik doesn’t pay dividends. It operates in an industry with a
median PE ratio of 29x’s. Last year, its net income was $1,240,000
and there were 500,000 shares outstanding. What is your estimate
price per share for this company?
Therefore, you may want to buy this share if it is selling in the market
for less than $71.92
STOCK VALUATION 39
40. TO SUMMARIZE
We consider the value of a share to be the present value
of future dividends. Special cases we can calculate
include when dividends stay the same, grow at a constant
rate, or begin growing at a constant rate in the future. The
required return for these calculations includes a dividend
and capital gains portion. Finally, we can use
benchmarking when dividends are not paid.
STOCK VALUATION 40
42. BASIC TERMINOLOGY
PRIMARY MARKETS: Where companies sell equity shares
to raise money.
SECONDARY MARKETS: Where shares are traded among
investors.
DEALER: An agent who buys and sells securities from an
inventory.
BROKER: An agent who arranges transactions between
buyers and sellers and does not hold an inventory.THE STOCK MARKET 42
43. EXAMPLE
To understand what dealers do, think of a campus bookstore:
If they sell you a new book, this is a primary market
transaction.
If you buy a used book, this is a secondary market
transaction, and you pay the store’s ask price.
If you sell a used book to them, this is a secondary
market transaction, and you receive the store’s bid price.
The store makes money by charging more than cost for
new books and on the bid-ask spread for used books.
THE STOCK MARKET 43
44. STOCK MARKETS: NYSE AND NASDAQ
NYSE
DESIGNATED MARKET MAKERS (dealers) hold certain stocks and
remain at their post auctioning off shares to brokers and
maintaining order.
FLOOR BROKERS get a call from the brokerage company (say
Merrill-Lynch) to buy a certain number of shares of a company on
behalf of a client.
THE STOCK MARKET 44
45. STOCK MARKETS: NYSE AND NASDAQ
NASDAQ
National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations
System.
Purely electronic market with no physical location.
A dealer market, where bid and ask prices are posted.
THE STOCK MARKET 45
46. STOCK MARKET INDICES
The Dow Jones Industrial Average and the S&P 500 are popular
examples of stock market indices.
These are groups of popular companies, and the performance of
the stocks in each INDEX can give us an idea of how the stock
market is performing overall.
When the stock market is “up” or “down”, it usually means that
the DJIA or the S&P 500 has gone “up” or “down”.
https://markets.wsj.com/us
THE STOCK MARKET 46
47. TO SUMMARIZE
The NYSE and NASDAQ are secondary markets where
trading of shares takes place. Dealers have an inventory
of stocks whereas brokers match buyers and sellers.
THE STOCK MARKET 47
49. TAKEAWAYS
1. Common stock is an ownership interest in a company that
generally comes with voting rights and a residual claim.
2. Dividends don’t need to be paid and are not a liability nor tax
deductible as interest expense is.
3. Preferred stock has dividend priority over common stock.
4. We determine the value of a share by finding the present
value of dividends.
5. The required return has both a dividend yield and capital
gains component.
6. The stock market is a secondary market where owners
exchange shares. TAKEAWAYS 49