Ores are typically sorted to increase the efficiency of other refining processes, by reducing the amount of material to be processed while simultaneously increasing its purity. This module explains the ore separation processes.
Ores are typically sorted to increase the efficiency of other refining processes, by reducing the amount of material to be processed while simultaneously increasing its purity. This module explains the ore separation processes.
Presented by METS Consulting Metallurgist, this presentation covers flotation history, reagents, equipment and circuit configuration. The requirements of metallurgical testwork programs will be discussed, for ores requiring flotation processing techniques for extraction of minerals
Treatments of ores to concentrate their valuable constituents (minerals) into products (concentrate) of smaller bulk, and simultaneously to collect the worthless material (gangue) into discardable waste (tailing), are called as ore dressing/ mineral processing methods. This module explains the methods adopted in mineral processing.
Solution Mining; Technology of the Salt Production; Rock salt (NaCl); Sylvinite; Solution mining of carnallitite with; two wells; selective dissolution; hot leaching; Methods to control the size of the caverns; INTRODUCTION; TECHNOLOGY OF SOLUTION MINING; FRASCH PROCESS-SULFUR PRODUCTION; TECHNOLOGY OF THE SALT PRODUCTION; What is Rock salt ?; Evaporite deposits ; Rock salt; Sylvinite; Carnallite; HEAP LEACHING; Heap leach production model; Important parameters during metallurgical testing; Staged Approach to Heap Leach Testwork and Design; Uranium Heap Leaching; Uranium Ore Minerals; Basic Geochemistry of Uranium Minerals; Copper Heap Leaching; Layout of copper bio-heap pilot plant; Laterite heap leaching; Nickel Laterite Deposits; Proposed counter-current heap leach arrangement; Neutralizing potential of laterites in 6 meter column; Advantages and Problems of Solution Mining
MAGNETIC TYPES. ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION, Electrostatic separation advantages over any other processes ,types of equipment ,Application Electrostatic separation.
Presented by METS Consulting Metallurgist, this presentation covers flotation history, reagents, equipment and circuit configuration. The requirements of metallurgical testwork programs will be discussed, for ores requiring flotation processing techniques for extraction of minerals
Treatments of ores to concentrate their valuable constituents (minerals) into products (concentrate) of smaller bulk, and simultaneously to collect the worthless material (gangue) into discardable waste (tailing), are called as ore dressing/ mineral processing methods. This module explains the methods adopted in mineral processing.
Solution Mining; Technology of the Salt Production; Rock salt (NaCl); Sylvinite; Solution mining of carnallitite with; two wells; selective dissolution; hot leaching; Methods to control the size of the caverns; INTRODUCTION; TECHNOLOGY OF SOLUTION MINING; FRASCH PROCESS-SULFUR PRODUCTION; TECHNOLOGY OF THE SALT PRODUCTION; What is Rock salt ?; Evaporite deposits ; Rock salt; Sylvinite; Carnallite; HEAP LEACHING; Heap leach production model; Important parameters during metallurgical testing; Staged Approach to Heap Leach Testwork and Design; Uranium Heap Leaching; Uranium Ore Minerals; Basic Geochemistry of Uranium Minerals; Copper Heap Leaching; Layout of copper bio-heap pilot plant; Laterite heap leaching; Nickel Laterite Deposits; Proposed counter-current heap leach arrangement; Neutralizing potential of laterites in 6 meter column; Advantages and Problems of Solution Mining
MAGNETIC TYPES. ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION, Electrostatic separation advantages over any other processes ,types of equipment ,Application Electrostatic separation.
Froth Flotation_1 presentation includes flotation fundamentals, performance calculation, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, and also particle or bubble contact. Next, Front Flotation_2 will brightly discuss about collection in the froth layer, reagents and flotation's equipment.
Zeolites are microporous, three-dimensional crystalline solids of aluminium silicate. Zeolites have small openings of fixed size in them, which allow small molecules to pass through them easily. In this notes provide all data about application of zeoities
zeolites, types, nature, synthetic, processes, Deposits and properties;Physical characteristics of some naturally occurring zeolites; molecular sieves;Adsorption and related molecular sieving; zeolite catalysts
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
3. HISTORY
1869 - WILLIAM HAYNES patented a process of
separation of minerals and gangue using oil, which he
called “Bulk Flotation”.
1896-97 - FRANK ELMORE and STANLEY ELMORE
set up the “Glasdir Copper Mine” at Llanelltyd, Dolgellau
in North Wales, where they carried out the world’s first
commercial Flotation process in 1897.
1900(s) - In this era, C.V.PATTER and
G.D.DELPRAT independently, in Australia,
invented the “Modern Froth Flotation” process, in
which initially fatty acids and oil were the flotation
reagents to enhance hydrophobicity of the valuable
minerals.
3
4. INTRODUCTION
Flotation is the separation of particles from a mixture by
causing some particles to collect on the surface of bubbles.
Floatation is an extractive process where various minerals
can be selectively extracted. For example, in poly-metal ores
such as Pb-Zn-Cu, floatation allows separate extraction of Pb,
Cu and Zn.
The process of separation of mineral includes three important
mechanisms :
1. TRUE FLOTATION, i.e., selective attachment to air bubbles.
2. ENTRAINMENT in the water which passes through the froth.
3. AGGREGATION, i.e. physical entrapment between the particles
in froth.
4
5. CONT..
True flotation dominates the recovery of the valuable
minerals and the other two decide the separation efficiency
between the valuable and the gangue.
FLOTATION process can be applied to relatively fine particles,
because if the particles are coarse and heavy, their weight will
be greater than the adhesion between the particle and the air
bubble and the particle will detach from the bubble.
There are two ways of flotation :
1. DIRECT FLOTATION- In which the mineral is attached to
the froth and the gangue remains in the tailing.
2. REVERSE FLOTATION- in which the gangue is attached
to the froth and minerals remain in tailing. 5
6. BASIC PRINCIPLES
This process commences with Comminution (to increase
the surface area of the ore).
The ore is ground to fine powder and wetted with water
to form a Slurry.
A Surfactant chemical (known as COLLECTOR) is mixed
with slurry to render the desired mineral
HYDROPHOBIC.
This slurry (now PULP) is then placed in the water bath
containing FROTHER, which is aerated to create bubbles.
The desired mineral escape water by getting attached to
the air bubbles, which rise to the surface and form what
is called FROTH. This Froth is then removed and the
concentrated mineral is refined. 6
8. MECHANICS OF FLOTATION
The basis of Froth Flotation is the difference in the
WETTABILITY of the mineral and gangue particles.
On the basis of Wettability of particles are classified as
HYDROPHOBIC and HYDROPHILIC.
The valuable minerals can attach to the air bubbles , only if
they are Hydrophobic. Once they reach the surface, due to
the buoyancy of the air bubbles, the particle-bubble contact
can sustain only if they form a stable froth.
The stability of the froth depends on the strength of the
attachment of the bubble to the mineral surface. This
strength can be estimated with the help of YOUNG-DUPRE
EQUATION, which relates the strength of attachment to the
interfacial energies. 8
9. Floatation Column
Typical industrial column cell
comprises a steel tank equipped with
a feed inlet pipe near the top of the
column, a system of internal and
external launders to collect and
remove froth and a slurry outlet near
the bottom of the tank to remove
non-floating material.
Drain nozzle and a series of re-
pulping nozzles are also located at
the bottom
Depending on the tank geometry, it
may contain several internal baffles
to control the mixing characteristics
within the tank.
A gas sparging system used to
generate the bubbles required for the
flotation process is located at the
bottom of the vessel. A froth
washing system, used to cleanse the
froth of entrained impurities, is
installed at the top of the tank.
9
10. Cont…
This process is used for
sulphide ores. Oils can wet
sulphides. Oil floats on water.
Sulphide ores are first ground to
powder and water is added.
Then pine oil is added and the
emulsion is agitated by passing
compressed air. Oil and froth
float on the surface along with
the sulphide ore.
The gangue particles being
insoluble in oil remain at the
bottom of the water tank. The
froth is removed and allowed to
settle down.
This is called the froth-floating
process. This process is used for
sulphide ores of Cu, Pb and Zn 10
11. CHEMICALS OF FLOTATION
Chemicals are required,
1. To control the relative Hydrophobicities between the
particles.
2. To maintain proper froth characteristics.
The different types of chemicals involved are
COLLECTORS
FROTHERS
REGULATORS,
ACTIVATORS
DEPRESSANTS
pH MODIFIERS 11
12. Collectors
These are Organic compounds used for enhancing the
Hydrophobicities of the selected minerals, by Adsorption
of its molecules or ions to the mineral surface and
reducing the stability of the hydrated surface separating
the mineral surface and air bubble.
They are added to the Pulp, and sufficient time for
adsorption is provided during agitation. This period is
known as the CONDITIONING PERIOD.
The different types of Collectors are tabulated as
follows,
12
14. These are required to enhance the hydrophobicities of
the partially hydrophobic minerals surfaces (e.g. coal),
by selectively adsorbing on their surface.
Fuel and Kerosene oil are some of the non-ionic
collectors.
These have complex molecules, which are assymetric in
nature and are Heteropolar, i.e., molecules have a non-
polar hydrocarbon group (which is water repellant in
nature) and a polar group (which reacts with water).
Ionic collectors are classed into:-
14
15. These collectors possess non-polar and a polar group in
the Anionic part, and the Cationic part has no significant
role in the reagent-surface reaction.
Carboxylates (OXYHYDRYL):-
These are also called Fatty Acids or Soaps.
Examples are salts of oleic acid and linoleic acid.
Soaps have an advantage over other ionic collectors
that though they have long carbon chains, they are
soluble in water.
These are strong in nature and have low selectivity.
They are used for flotation of Ca, Ba, Sr, Mg and salts
of alkali and alkaline earth metals. 15
18. These collectors have the Cationic part as their
significant role player in the reagent-surface reaction.
The Polar group is based on PENTAVALENT NITROGEN
(commonly amines).
They follow the principle of Physisorption and attach to
the mineral surface through electrostatic attraction.
Hence, they are weak collectors.
Active in slightly acidic solutions and inactive in strongly
alkaline and acidic media.
There requirement can be reduced by adding a non-
polar agent (eg. Kerosene), that gets pre-adsorbed.
18
19. Frothers
These are heteropolar surface-active reagents capable
of being adsorbed on the air-water interface.
This chemical has the following functions:
1.To stabilize the formation of bubble in the Pulp phase.
2.To create a stable froth to allow selective drainage
from the froth of entrained gangue .
To increase the flotation kinetics.
A good Frother should have negligible collecting
properties and should form such a froth, which is stable
enough to transfer of floated mineral from cell to the
collecting launder. They should have enough solubility in
water, so that they are evenly distributed & effective. 19
21. The most effective frothers include Hydroxyl, Carboxyl,
Carbonyl, Amino group and Sulpho group in their
composition. Alcohols having no collector properties is
preferred over other frothers.
There are two types of frothers,
NATURAL (eg. Pine Oil, Cresol etc.)
SYNTHETIC (eg. MIBC [Methyl IsoButyl Carbinol],
Cytec Oreprep 549)
The synthetic frothers are much stable in their
composition and thus advantageous over the natural.
21
22. These reagents Activate the mineral surface towards the
action of the Collectors, by altering their chemical
properties. Thus, they are referred as the FRIENDS of
Collectors.
They are soluble salts which get ionised easily and the
ions react with the mineral surface.
A classical eg. of Activation is in case of the SPHALERITE
ORE.
Xanthates cannot effectively float the ZnS ore
particles, due to the formation of readily soluble
Zinc- Xanthate compound on the surface.
22
23. These reagents Deactivate the mineral surface towards
the action of Collectors, by altering their chemical
properties. Hence, they are referred as the ENEMIES of
the Collectors.
Their typical use is to increase the Selectivity of
flotation, by preventing one mineral from flotation while
allowing other mineral to float unimpeded.
There are mainly two categories of depressants,
INORGANIC [eg. Sodium cyanide, Zinc sulphate
etc.]
ORGANIC (or POLYMERIC) [eg. Starch, tannin,
Quebracho, Dextrin etc.]
23
24. Cyanides are the most commonly used in the selective
flotation of Lead-Copper-Zinc and Copper-Zinc systems
as Depressants for Sphalerite and pyrite ores.
An eg. of the Cu-Zn system can be considered to
understand the action of a Depressant,
The Cu ions present in the mineral leads to
unintetional activation of the Sphalerite (i.e. Zn
mineral) and thereby preventing selective flotation.
Hence, Sodium Cyanide is added to Desorb the
surface Copper and react with the Copper ions in the
solution to form soluble complexes.
The reactions proceed as follows, 24
25. These are advantageous as they are less hazardous than
the inorganic ones.
They do not ionize in the solution, but prevent flotation
forming a thin coating over the mineral particles.
They are used in less amounts for depressing Talc,
Graphite and Calcite.
Starch and Dextrin also act as supplementary Lead
depressants in Copper-Lead systems.
Other applications include the selective depression of
polymetallic sulphide ores in the processing of iron ore.
25
26. The selectivity in complex flotation processes is dependent
on a delicate balance between the reagent concentration and
the pH.
This pH factor is modified with the help of the substances
called pH MODIFIERS. Alkalinity in a solution is maintained by
the addition of Lime, Sodium carbonate, and to a lesser
extent NaOH and Ammonia. Sulphurous and Sulphuric acids
are used to lower the pH.
Lime is widely used in the form of Milk of Lime, to maintain
the pulp alkalinity. It is added to the slurry prior to the
flotation. It precipitates heavy metal ions from the solution
thereby acting as Deactivators. But they dissociate to a
greater extent into OH- and Hydrogen ions, which further
modify the zeta potential and hence, the floatability of the
mineral.
26
27. For any concentration of Collector, there is a CRITICAL
pH value, below which a given mineral will float and
above which it will not.
This critical value depends on the mineral’s nature,
collector’s nature and concentration, and the
temperature.
COLLECTOR’S
CONCENTRATION(inmg/L)
pH VALUE
27
28. ADVANTAGES OF FLOTATION OVER SEDIMENTATION
High rise velocity permits small tankage.
Ability to handle variable solids loading (can adjust
air flow).
Can provide high float concentration (good
thickening).
Can remove low density particles which would
require long settling periods.
28