Fits & fatigue
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This document provides information on first aid for epileptic seizures and fatigue. It defines epileptic seizures as abnormal brain activity that causes loss of awareness and describes common symptoms like confusion and muscle jerking. It lists various causes of seizures at different ages. It also describes different types of seizures and provides first aid steps like protecting the person and calling for help if a seizure lasts over 5 minutes. The document then defines fatigue as the decline in a muscle's ability to generate force, often from vigorous exercise. Main causes of fatigue include lack of calcium, decreased nerve signals, low blood flow, and high potassium levels. It recommends strengthening muscles through exercise, staying hydrated, and eating a nutritious diet to prevent fatigue.
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DISCLAIMER-
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This document discusses headache disorders and their evaluation and classification. It notes that headaches are among the most common neurological disorders, affecting around 47% of adults annually. The most common types of benign headaches are migraine, tension-type, and cluster headaches. A thorough patient history is the most important part of the evaluation, to help identify headache type and risk factors for underlying conditions. Physical examination may include neurological and general examination, with attention to danger signs in the history that suggest further investigation is needed.
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This document provides an overview of headaches for optometrists. It discusses the prevalence and burden of common headaches like migraines and tension-type headaches. Migraines affect 12-15% of the population, especially women during their working lives, and cause significant disability. Tension-type headaches are also very common. The document reviews potential visual or ocular symptoms associated with different headache types and lists red flags that could indicate more serious underlying causes. It provides guidance on evaluating headaches, making a diagnosis, explaining the condition to the patient, and discussing appropriate management and treatment goals.
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This document discusses different types of headaches including their causes, symptoms, and characteristics. It describes tension headaches, migraines, sinus headaches, and toxic headaches. It explains that headaches can be caused by issues inside or outside the skull, such as problems with blood vessels, muscles, eyes, sinuses, infections, or toxic exposures. The majority of headaches are benign and self-limiting, but some rare headaches can signal serious underlying conditions.Traumatic Brain Injury
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1. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures from abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. Common symptoms include involuntary muscle contractions and shaking. Treatment was historically based on nervous system depressants, but now focuses on newer antiepileptic drugs.
2. Alzheimer's disease causes memory loss and cognitive impairment. Early symptoms are subtle memory loss worsening over time. Currently there is no cure, but medications can help control symptoms.
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The document discusses major signs and symptoms of traumatic brain injury (TBI), including sensory issues like blurred vision, hearing issues like tinnitus, speech problems, nausea/vomiting, headaches, fatigue/drowsiness, difficulty sleeping, dizziness/loss of balance, memory/concentration problems, mood swings, and depression/anxiety. It emphasizes that any sign of head trauma or loss of consciousness requires immediate medical attention.
Amnestic disorders [2013]
1) Amnestic disorders are characterized by memory impairment alone, most commonly caused by identifiable medical conditions that damage memory centers in the brain like the hippocampus.
2) Organic amnesic syndrome is memory loss due to brain injury or disease, with anterograde amnesia preventing new learning and retrograde amnesia involving inability to recall events prior to the onset of amnesia.
3) Common causes include alcoholism leading to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, head trauma, viral infections, hypoxia, and strokes affecting memory areas like the medial temporal lobes.
Amnestic diorder wani
1) Amnestic disorders can be divided into three categories: those due to a general medical condition, substance-induced, or amnestic disorder not otherwise specified.
2) The most common causes are alcohol use disorders, head injuries, and thiamine deficiency from alcohol dependence. Memory impairment involves an inability to learn new information or recall past events while other cognitive abilities remain intact.
3) Diagnosis involves determining the etiology based on history, exam, and labs. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying medical condition causing the amnesia through supportive measures or psychotherapy after resolution.
Traumatic brain injury
This document summarizes traumatic brain injury (TBI), including its causes, types, symptoms, treatment and outcomes. It discusses the epidemiology of TBI, noting it is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. It describes the two main types of TBI - open and closed head injuries. It also summarizes the potential psychiatric issues after TBI like depression, mania, psychosis, OCD, PTSD and personality changes. Finally, it discusses factors that can influence outcomes, noting that 30-35% of severe brain injury cases result in death.
Epilepsy
Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can cause involuntary muscle movements, sensory disturbances, and altered consciousness. There are two main types of seizures - partial seizures which affect only one part of the brain and generalized seizures which affect the whole brain. Seizures have many potential causes including birth injuries, infections, genetic factors, head trauma, tumors, and alcohol or drug withdrawal. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, EEG and sometimes CT or MRI scans. Treatment primarily involves anticonvulsant medications to control seizures.
Amnestic disorders
1) Amnestic disorders involve memory disturbances, especially amnesia, caused by organic brain damage or disease.
2) There are several types of amnestic disorders including those due to alcoholism (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome), head trauma, viral infections, and transient global amnesia.
3) The disorders are characterized by difficulties forming new memories (anterograde amnesia) and sometimes retrieving old memories (retrograde amnesia) due to lesions in areas like the hippocampus and mammillary bodies. People may also experience confabulation.
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This document summarizes common symptoms of brain tumors. It lists general symptoms like headache, nausea, and vomiting as well as specific neurological symptoms. These include mental status changes such as confusion, mood swings, and behavioral changes. Temporal lobe tumors can cause vision, smell, and sensory disturbances while acoustic neuromas typically present with hearing loss and tinnitus. Brain tumors are also commonly associated with seizures, visual field cuts, speech difficulties, and intellectual disturbances. The document provides references for further information on brain tumors and their effects.
Headache or cephalalgia
Headaches can result from a wide variety of causes and there are over 200 types. They are generally classified as either primary or secondary headaches. Primary headaches like migraines and tension-type headaches usually have no underlying medical cause, while secondary headaches are caused by problems in the head or neck like infections, injuries, or tumors. Treatment depends on the type and cause of the headache, and may include lifestyle changes, medications, and treating any underlying medical conditions.
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The document discusses the key steps in agricultural practices: soil preparation using tools like ploughs and cultivators, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weeding, harvesting, and storage. Soil preparation is the first and most important step, involving loosening the soil. Sowing involves choosing high quality seeds. Manure and fertilizers are added to provide nutrients. Irrigation uses sources like wells, lakes and rivers. Weeding removes unwanted plants competing with crops. Harvesting cuts mature crops using sickles or combine harvesters. Storage protects crops in structures like silos and granaries.
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Common causes of fits include epilepsy, head injury, and high fever in infants. Signs of fits are clenching of teeth, uncontrolled limb movements, and potentially incontinence or unconsciousness. When witnessing a fit, keep sharp objects away, do not restrict movements or place anything in the mouth, and seek medical help after the episode ends. ST John Ambulance provides first aid, safety, and health training and is located in Chennai.
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2. A strain occurs when a muscle is stretched beyond its normal range of motion, tearing the muscle. It causes sharp pain, extreme tenderness and slight swelling, making movement difficult.
3. First aid for fractures, sprains and strains focuses on immobilization of the injured area. Closed fractures are splinted in the position found, while open fractures are covered with sterile dressing before splinting.
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The document provides information about headaches including:
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This document provides information about epilepsy and seizures. It defines epilepsy as a brain disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. It discusses common seizure types like generalized and focal seizures. It outlines risk factors, treatments including medications, surgery, diets and vagus nerve stimulators. It describes potential side effects of treatments and seizure emergencies. The document seeks to educate about recognizing, responding to and managing epilepsy and seizures.
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This document provides information about epilepsy and seizures. It defines epilepsy as a brain disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. It discusses the prevalence of epilepsy, common causes, seizure types including generalized and focal seizures, seizure emergencies, treatment options such as medications, surgery, diets and vagus nerve stimulators, and potential risks and side effects of seizures and treatments. The document is an educational guide covering many aspects of living with and managing epilepsy.
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Fits & fatigue
- 1. First Aid
- 2. FITS
- 3. Epileptic Seizures (or fits) is abnormal activity in the brain The common effect is loss of awareness After a first seizure, treatment is generally not needed
- 4. A victim will be confused and will not respond to stimuli Jerking activity may start in muscles last from a few seconds to more than five minutes common symptoms include: feeling tired, headache, difficulty speaking, and abnormal behavior
- 5. During the infancy the causes include central nervous system (CNS) infections, trauma and metabolic disorders. During adulthood causes are alcohol related, strokes, trauma and CNS infections. Other causes are CNS tumors, head trauma, and other diseases that are common in older age medication and drug overdoses low blood sugar, low blood sodium, high blood sodium, low blood calcium and high blood urea levels parasitic infections such as cerebral(brain affecting) malaria
- 6. Synchronized brain activity can cause overload Focal seizures begin in one hemisphere of the brain Generalized seizures begin in both hemispheres
- 7. Stay active Avoid high places or moving machinery at if you have seizures. Avoid alcohol Avoid contact sports like wrestling, boxing etc.
- 8. Loosen clothing around the person's neck. Do not try to hold the person down Protect him from injury Remove sharp items from around the person After the seizure, give the person room to breathe Call 108 if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes
- 9. FATIGUE
- 10. It is the decline in ability of a muscle to generate force result of vigorous exercise Commonly associated with tiredness
- 11. weakness of muscle such that it can barely support you leg muscles may twitch uncontrolled trembling
- 12. Main cause is the lack of calcium decreased of the nerve’s ability to generate a synchronized signal Lack of blood flow High concentrations of potassium causes the muscle cells to decrease in efficiency
- 13. Spend some time strengthening the muscles(exercising). Stay hydrated while doing heavy work Eat a balanced, nutritious diet that includes protein, fruits and vegetables.