Red palm weevils Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is becoming a serious insect pest on date palm in the Mediterranean region and in Palestinian territories. Naturally occurring enemies collected from several localities could have a great potential in controlling invasive insect species. An indigenous strain of Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) isolated from naturally infected Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae, pupae and adults were collected from several sites from the northern part of the West Bank. Identification and pathogenicity test were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions on module insect pests reared in the laboratories of Kadoorie Agriculture Research Center (KARC)/ PTUK, West-bank/ Palestinian territories. Laboratory results showed that indigenous strains of B. bassiana can infect target insect pest tested (LC50 was 120-132 conidia per ml). Field preventive bioassays on apple trees infected with aphid, confirmed the potential of this strain as a biological control agent under certain environmental conditions.
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
Usage spots of biological insecticides in consort with target insect pests or...Premier Publishers
The greatest risks to our environment and health come from chemical insecticides, therefore, overall objective of this article is to protect health of consumer and ensure fair practices in insect and vector controls. Biological insecticides are living organisms or toxins produced by bacteria, viruses and fungi having low toxicity to humans and non-target insects. Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and Baculo virus infect an insect when it ingests them. Others microorganisms, such as fungi, Beauveria bassiana, deposit themselves on insect’s carapace and infiltrate organism that is fatal to ravaging pests. The B. thuringiensis is an insecticidal bacterium, marketed worldwide for control of many important plant pests, mainly caterpillars of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), but also mosquitoes and simuliid blackflies vectors. Commercial Bt products are powders containing mixture of dried spores and toxin crystals used on crops and ornamental plants, around buildings, in aquatic settings, and in aerial applications that are commonly sprays, dusts, granules and pellets. Some crops have been engineered to make the Bt toxin and these plant-incorporated protectants include corn, cotton, and soybeans. Baculo viruses are widely used both as protein expression in vectors and as insect pest control agents, and progress has been made in genetic enhancement of baculo viruses for improved insecticidal efficacy. Treating of crops and stagnant water or pools with Bt can definitely decrease the number of pests and vectors larvae, and therefore, number of adults, but growers and householders may still need to use traps, repellants or other control methods to prevent all pests in an area.
Bio-pesticides are naturally occurring substances from living organisms (natural enemies) or their products (microbial products, phytochemicals) or their by products (semio-chemicals that can control pests by nontoxic mechanisms.
insect pest controlled via microbes, microbial control, bacteria used for control, fungi used for control, virus used for control, some other microbes used for control, name of microbes economically used
The effect of the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Nano- Beauvericin on the target insect pest show that, under laboratory condition the LC50s obtained 65.3x 104 and
x 104conidia/ml for B. tabaci after treated with different concentrations of Beauveria bassiana and nano- Beauvericin respectively. The LC50s for M. persicae
recorded 51.4 x 104 and x 104 conidia /ml after treated with the corresponding pathogen.
Under field condition in El Esraa (Nobarya) the data obtained detect tat, the M. persicae significantly decreased to 8±9.6, 18±9.1and 25±9.6 individuals after post
applications of Nano- Beauvericin treatments after 50, 90 and 120 days. When B. tabaci treated with Beauveria bassianathe individuals significantly decreased to
33±9.4, 38±6.4, and 47±8.2individuals as compared to 49±1.4, 79±4.9, 91±5.7 and individuals in the control after20, 50, 90 and 120 days respectively. El-
Kassaseen (Ismailia) governorate, both of the target insect pests significantly decreased.
The experiments in the field showed that, in two governorates, the tomato infesta tion with B. tabaci or M. psicae significantly decreased after treatments by
Beauveria bassianaand nano- Beauvericin as compared to control plants.
4068 isolation, identification and characterization of entomopathogenicSheena Prem
Control of white grub using entomopathogenic nematode (Heterorhabdtidae and steinernematidae )and entomopathogenic fungi Isolation of Symbiontic bacteria of antomopathogenic nematode .
Usage spots of biological insecticides in consort with target insect pests or...Premier Publishers
The greatest risks to our environment and health come from chemical insecticides, therefore, overall objective of this article is to protect health of consumer and ensure fair practices in insect and vector controls. Biological insecticides are living organisms or toxins produced by bacteria, viruses and fungi having low toxicity to humans and non-target insects. Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and Baculo virus infect an insect when it ingests them. Others microorganisms, such as fungi, Beauveria bassiana, deposit themselves on insect’s carapace and infiltrate organism that is fatal to ravaging pests. The B. thuringiensis is an insecticidal bacterium, marketed worldwide for control of many important plant pests, mainly caterpillars of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), but also mosquitoes and simuliid blackflies vectors. Commercial Bt products are powders containing mixture of dried spores and toxin crystals used on crops and ornamental plants, around buildings, in aquatic settings, and in aerial applications that are commonly sprays, dusts, granules and pellets. Some crops have been engineered to make the Bt toxin and these plant-incorporated protectants include corn, cotton, and soybeans. Baculo viruses are widely used both as protein expression in vectors and as insect pest control agents, and progress has been made in genetic enhancement of baculo viruses for improved insecticidal efficacy. Treating of crops and stagnant water or pools with Bt can definitely decrease the number of pests and vectors larvae, and therefore, number of adults, but growers and householders may still need to use traps, repellants or other control methods to prevent all pests in an area.
Bio-pesticides are naturally occurring substances from living organisms (natural enemies) or their products (microbial products, phytochemicals) or their by products (semio-chemicals that can control pests by nontoxic mechanisms.
insect pest controlled via microbes, microbial control, bacteria used for control, fungi used for control, virus used for control, some other microbes used for control, name of microbes economically used
The effect of the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Nano- Beauvericin on the target insect pest show that, under laboratory condition the LC50s obtained 65.3x 104 and
x 104conidia/ml for B. tabaci after treated with different concentrations of Beauveria bassiana and nano- Beauvericin respectively. The LC50s for M. persicae
recorded 51.4 x 104 and x 104 conidia /ml after treated with the corresponding pathogen.
Under field condition in El Esraa (Nobarya) the data obtained detect tat, the M. persicae significantly decreased to 8±9.6, 18±9.1and 25±9.6 individuals after post
applications of Nano- Beauvericin treatments after 50, 90 and 120 days. When B. tabaci treated with Beauveria bassianathe individuals significantly decreased to
33±9.4, 38±6.4, and 47±8.2individuals as compared to 49±1.4, 79±4.9, 91±5.7 and individuals in the control after20, 50, 90 and 120 days respectively. El-
Kassaseen (Ismailia) governorate, both of the target insect pests significantly decreased.
The experiments in the field showed that, in two governorates, the tomato infesta tion with B. tabaci or M. psicae significantly decreased after treatments by
Beauveria bassianaand nano- Beauvericin as compared to control plants.
4068 isolation, identification and characterization of entomopathogenicSheena Prem
Control of white grub using entomopathogenic nematode (Heterorhabdtidae and steinernematidae )and entomopathogenic fungi Isolation of Symbiontic bacteria of antomopathogenic nematode .
The effect of two isolated Bacillus thuringiensis Bt ,HD 210 and Bt HD128. were tested against the olive fruit pest Bactrocera oleae . data calculated , show that, the
Lc50 recoded , 128 and 137 Ug/ml Bactrocera oleae treated with different concentrations of Bt ,HD 210 and Bt HD128, respectively. The experiments carried out
under field conditions during two successive seasons 2015 and 2016. The results obtained show that during two panting seasons, 2015 and 2016 the infestations of the
olive trees with B. oleae were significantly decreased to 11±4.2 and 30±4.2 individuals after treated with the bacteria Bt ,HD 210 and Bt HD128, respectively as
compared to 99±9.9 individuals in the control during season 2015 after 120 days of treatments. During season 2016 the infestations significantly decreased to 17±9.9
and 33±9.4 individuals after treated with the corresponding pathogens as compared to 99±8.4 individuals in the control.
At the harvest time during season 2015, the weight of the olive fruits were significantly increased to 2777± 72.82, and 2831± 12.51 Kg/ feddan in plots treated with Bt,
HD 210 and Bt HD128, respectively as compared 2110± 12.51Kg/feddan in the control. During season 2016 the olive fruit significantly increased to Kg/ feddan in
plots treated with Bt ,HD 210.
Efficacy of Microbial Biopesticide Formulations in the control of Xanthomonas...Open Access Research Paper
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) occupies an important place in the world because of its cashew nut. However, its cultivation is confronted with bacteriosis, a bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae. This disease is one of the main causes of the low yield per hectare of cashew nuts, which fluctuates between 350 and 500 kg/ha. In view of this, it is wise to find ways of controlling this disease. It is in this context the objective of this work was to produce bio-formulations based on bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew trees, in order to evaluate their effectiveness on the growth of the agent responsible for cashew bacteriosis (Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae). Thus, two liquid formulations were made from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew. Stability, in vitro antagonism and biocontrol tests against Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae were performed. The results obtained showed an inhibition of the Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae bacterium with inhibition zones of 8.13 ± 2.1 and 25.20 ± 3.9 mm in diameter respectively for the products formulated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In biocontrol tests, both formulated products showed their ability to protect cashew plants against bacterial blight with reduction rates of 80.95 ± 2.3 % and 73.80 ± 5.2% for the Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis formulations, respectively. These two formulations of bacterial, once tested in cashew plantations, could be used in the biological control of cashew bacterial blight in Côte d’Ivoire.
Insecticidal and Anti-juvenile Hormone Activities of Precocene II against the...ijtsrd
The grasshopper Euprepocnemis plorans plorans caused a considerable damage to crops of the Nile Delta, Egypt. The present study was conducted aiming to assess the insecticidal and anti-hormonal effects of Precocene II on this grasshopper. The newly moulted 2nd or 4th (penultimate) instar nymphs were exposed to a series of doses: 60, 40, 20 and 10 -µg/cm2. Exposure of 2nd instar nymphs to the higher two doses resulted in complete mortality of nymphs within 24 h. At the lower two doses, PII exhibited a considerably extended low toxicity on the subsequently moulted instars and emerged adults. LD50 was calculated as 0.388 -µg/cm2. After exposure of the 4th instar nymphs to PII, no complete mortality was observed, but various mortality percentages among the treated nymphs, 5th instar nymphs and adults. LD50 was calculated as 17.022 -µg/cm2. PII exerted a slight inhibitory action on the nymphal growth of both 4th and 5th instars, after treatment of 2nd instar nymphs, regardless the dose level, but the growth rate was remarkably regressed after treatment of 4th instar nymphs with 40 and 20 -µg/cm2. Exposure of 2nd instar nymphs to PII led to 3.33% precociously moulted nymphs into 4th instar, skipping off the 3rd instar (only at the lowest dose). After exposure of 4th instar nymphs to PII, some treated nymphs precociously metamorphosed into adultoids, omitting the 5th instar, only at the higher tow doses. Another noticeable feature of the deranged development was permanent nymphs which induced in 2nd instar nymphs (3.85%) after exposure only to 20 -µg/cm2. Also, similar permanent nymphs were induced during the 4th instar. No permanent nymphs had been induced after exposure of 4th instar nymphs to PII. K. Ghoneim | A. Basiouny"Insecticidal and Anti-juvenile Hormone Activities of Precocene II against the Grasshopper Euprepocnemis plorans plorans (Charp.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd4603.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/4603/insecticidal-and-anti-juvenile-hormone-activities-of-precocene-ii-against-the-grasshopper-euprepocnemis-plorans-plorans-charp-orthoptera-acrididae/k-ghoneim
Morphological diversity, pathogenicity and biofungicides efficacity on Cercos...Open Access Research Paper
Fungal diseases are one of major constraints on groundnut production in Burkina Faso. Among these diseases, early leaf spot caused by Cercospora arachidicola (Hori.) is one of the most important economic diseases of groundnut. Aim of contributing to search effective control methods against this disease, we undertook the present study, which consisted in (i) study morphological diversity of different Cercospora arachidicola isolates (ii) study the level of pathogenicity of Cercospora arachidicola strains identified (iii) evaluate the efficacy of some bio-fungicides on the strains identified. The study was carried out in 14 villages in the Hauts Bassins and Boucle du Mouhoun regions of Burkina Faso with regard to prospecting and sample collection, and at the INERA Bobo Dioulasso plant pathology laboratory for isolation, identification, pathogenicity and biofungicide efficacy testing. A total of five strains of Cercospora arachidicola were identified. The pathogenicity test was used to classify the five strains according to their virulence. In decreasing order of virulence, the strains were Fara, Darsa, Logo, Santi and Kod. In vitro evaluation of biofungicide efficacy shows that PLANSAIN biofungicide provides better control of Cercospora arachidicola strains. Trichoderma hazanium, the active ingredient in PLANSAIN, inhibits the radial growth of Cercospora arachidicola strains to a greater extent.
Management of potato virus Y (PVY) in potato by some biocontrol agents under ...Open Access Research Paper
The study was conducted to test the activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhodotorula sp and fermented neem extract to protect potato plants against potato virusY disease development under field conditions. Infected potato tubers were soaked in P. fluorescens, Rhodotorula sp suspensions and in fermented neem extracts separately and sown in the field in completely randomized block design. The development of virus symptoms and the accumulation of virus in the plant based on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were followed. The results obtained showed that the treatment of potato tubers with the three agents have significantly accelerated plant emergence, 5-6 days early than non treated ones, and improved plant growth, the plant dry weights ranged from 120-177 g/plant compared to 42 g/plant in non treated plants. The enhancement of plant growth was found associated with reduction in disease severity based on symptoms development and restriction of virus concentration as proved by ELISA absorbance of 405 nm, 0.14-0.23 compared with 2.50 in non treated plants. The results indicated that the use of bioagent to induce systemic resistance provide an efficient tool, as insecticide alternative to manage potato virus Y in potato. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/management-of-potato-virus-y-pvy-in-potato-by-some-biocontrol-agents-under-field-conditions/
Ijoear jul-20Influence of secondary host plants on the embryonic and larval d...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of secondary host plants on the embryonic and larval development of C.maculatus. The influences of three secondary host plants were compared to the influence of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), the primary host plant in the life cycle of C. maculatus. For the experiments, C.maculatus adults were extracted from cowpea seeds and transferred to the seeds of the two secondary host plants used in this study: striped or white Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Transferred insects were maintained for two years on the seeds of these plants by regular rearings before being used in each of the different experiments. To determine embryonic development time, couples were brought into contact with different seeds for laying. The eggs that were laid were then observed until they hatched. To identify the different larval stages and determine their respective development time, the seeds were first infested and then dissected at specific intervals in time. The results show a reduction in the embryonic development time in white Bambara groundnut seeds compared to the seeds of the other plants. Development time of the two early instars for all strains was significantly long on the three secondary host plant seeds than on cowpea seeds. However the opposite trend was observed for the pupalstage. Of the three plants used in this experiment, pigeon pea provides the worst conditions for larval and pupalinstar development. These results lead to better understanding of post-embryonic development of C. maculates occurring within the seeds of secondary host plants. This research provides valuable insight into developing appropriate methods for pest control.
Efficacy of some Plant Essential Oils as Green Insecticides to Control Whitef...Premier Publishers
Ten plant essential oils were extracted and then tested for their activity as natural insecticides against the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). In-vitro bioassay, the contact toxicity of the tested essential oils to eggs and 3rd instar nymphs was determined. The most effective of tested essential oils as ovicides were Artemisia absinthium, Cyperus articulates, and Thyme vulgaris with LC50: 0.157, 0.305 and 0.334 ppm, respectively. Also, the most effective oils against 3rd instar nymphs were A. absinthium followed by C. articulates, and T. vulgaris with LC50: 7.268, 7.865 and 8.989 ppm respectively. Repellency effect and oviposition deterrency of the tested essential oils were studied through choice and no-choice tests. The most repellents and anti-oviposition oils were A. absinthium, T. vulgaris, C. articulates and Pluchea dioscoridis in both choice and no-choice tests. Also, the efficacy of the most effective oils in the laboratorial experiments were tested against B. tabaci in open field conditions. The most efficient one was A. absinthium which showed great reduction percentage of B. tabaci populations (87.6%), followed by C. articulates (85.0%), T. vulgaris (81.9%), Mentha longifolia (78.6%) then Syzygium aromaticum (51.7%).
Pigeon Excreta A Potential Source of Cryptococcus Neoformans and their Antifu...ijtsrd
Globally the pigeon droppings are a known ecologic niche for cosmopolitan pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, an etiological agent of deadly disease cryptococcosis. In this prospective study between 2015 2017, we analyzed the isolation of C. neoformans strains from a total of 305 pigeon excreta samples of caged pigeons with a pH of 6 8, from different sites of Central India. NCCLS broth microdilution methodology was employed on the isolated strains against amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and voriconazole. C. neoformans were found positive from fifty five dry guano feces. Maximum positive samples found for the pathogens were from caged pigeon excreta collected from the 12 different sites in city Jabalpur 23 46 , 9 18 from four sites katni, followed by 3 sites from each city Betul 8 16 , Satna 6 12 and Rewa 4 .08 . The highest frequency of C. neoformans was recorded from site 2 60 , followed by site 24 37.5 , site 17 27.27 , whereas site 3, 6, 10, 15 and 19 found negative for pathogenic yeast. the present study of antifungal susceptibility profile for C. neoformans revealed resistance against ketoconazole 25.5 and fluconazole 8.5 . The highest susceptibility was observed for amphotericin B 100 followed by voriconazole 97.9 and itraconazole 78.7 No resistance was found for polyene drug amphotericin B. Fluconazole 46.8 and ketoconazole 36.2 . This data of prevalence and colonization of this pathogen suggests that the dry excreta provides a more favorable environment for growth inside the cages and is more concerned with health hazards of the humans in proximity and further comprehensive study is required to reinforce the antifungal spectrum for the prudent therapy of cryptococcosis. Richa Gumasta | Shankar Mohan Singh | Ravi Prakash Mishra | Shesh Rao Nawange | Abhijeet Garg | Anuranjan Singh Rathore "Pigeon Excreta: A Potential Source of Cryptococcus Neoformans and their Antifungal Susceptibility Profile" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25250.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/25250/pigeon-excreta-a-potential-source-of-cryptococcus-neoformans-and-their-antifungal-susceptibility-profile/richa-gumasta
The Edibility, Methods of Preparation Of the Raphia Palm Beetle, Rhyncophorus...iosrjce
The microbiological quality of adult Rhychophorus phoeniciswas assessed revealing the presence of
some species of bacteria and fungi. A comparative study was also done to determine the presence of bacteria in
the larva, pupa, pith, adult Beetle (1 )and adult Beetle(2). The pith had the highest bacterial count followed by
the larva ,pupa ,adult B1 and adult B2.This same order was observed in the fungal count. Total bacterial and
fungal counts of the chitin of the adult beetle(1) were 1.24×106
cfu/ml and 2.0×104
cfu/ml respectively. Six
genera of bacteria, four genera of moulds and a species of yeast were observed. Bacterial isolates identified
included Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas,Micrococcus and Proteus species while the
fungal species included Penicillium, andAspergillus species. Saccharomyces cerevisae was the only species of
yeast present. The implication of Staphylococcus aureus to public health is of great significance.The larva of
Rhychophorus phoenicisis a rich source of protein.
Similar to First Records of Endogenous Bio-Agent of the Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Palestine (20)
When breeding diploid potatoes, tetraploid progeny can result from the union of 2n eggs and 2n pollen in 2x-2x crosses. Thirty-three crosses were made to examine tetraploid progeny frequency in 2x-2x crosses. All crosses were between S. tuberosum dihaploids and diploid self-compatible donors, M6 and DRH S6-10-4P17. Using chloroplast counting for ploidy determination, the frequency of tetraploid progeny was as high as 45% in one of the 33 crosses. Based upon single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, the tetraploid progeny were attributed to bilateral sexual polyploidization (BSP), which is caused by the union of 2n egg and 2n pollen. Dihaploids were identified that produce lower frequencies of 2n eggs. The results of this study suggest that S. tuberosum dihaploids with a high frequency of 2n eggs should be avoided in 2x - 2x crosses for diploid breeding programs.
This study developed a low cost and affordable to small-scale farmers’ indirect air-cooling combined with evaporative cooling (IAC+EC) system for storage of fruit and vegetables under both arid and hot; and humid and hot climatic conditions. Field heat from freshly harvested produce should be immediately removed through cooling to the desired storage temperature. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of IAC+EC system in terms of the cooling time requirement of the fresh tomato fruit. A fresh tomato cooling experiment to remove field heat during the summer month of September in Pietermaritzburg was conducted for 36 hours where the IAC+EC system was compared to storage under ambient conditions. The results showed that 16 hours was required to reduce the flesh temperature of tomatoes to 16.5°C while the flesh temperature for tomatoes under ambient conditions followed the ambient temperature profile with time of storage. The IAC+EC system reduced and maintained the microenvironment air temperature inside the coolers to 16.5°C - 19°C. The ambient temperature varied between 21 and 32°C. The results in this study are evidence that IAC+ EC system can be a choice for farmers, for cooling the fresh by reducing the field temperature after harvest.
Dioscorea rotundata is a staple food crop for millions of people in the tropical and subtropical regions. In vitro germplasm conservation is a very useful tool in yam improvement strategies but very little is known about the genetic integrity and stability of in-vitro conserved yam plants. In this study, 42 accessions from in vitro and field populations were genotyped using 11 microsatellite markers and 23 morphological descriptors to assess variability within and between accessions. Out of the 23 morphological variables used, 13 were identified as most discriminate and were used to cluster the accessions into 4 clusters using the unweighted pair group arithmetic mean average (UPGMA). Accession maintained in field as well as in in-vitro showed high genetic similarity (R2 = 0.91, p-value: 1e-04). Out of the 42 accessions analyzed, nine accessions maintained in the field and in-vitro displayed different genetic profiles. This study provided basic information on the possible somaclonal variation of yam accessions maintained through in-vitro. Further study with advanced tools such as next-generation sequencing is required to elucidate the nature of the observed variation within clones.
A study was carried out on plant density at the experimental field of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Nkolbisson, Yaoundé to determine the appropriate spacing to improve rainfed rice production in the bimodal rainfall forest zone of Cameroon. The experiment was conducted during the main cropping seasons of 2017 and 2018. The planting spacing used were 15cm x 15cm, 20cm x 20cm, 25cm x 25cm and 30cm x 30cm giving the plant populations of 444444, 250000, 160,000 and 111,111 plants / ha respectively using two varieties (Nerica 3 and Nerica 8). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant differences were observed in the growth and yield across the years. Treatments were highly significant concerning the number of days to the appearance of the first flower, the number of days to 50% flowering, and the number of days to 50 % maturity. Plants were taller with more tillers and gave higher yields in 2017 than those of 2018. The spacing significantly affected the plant height, number of tillers, and panicle length for both varieties. The interaction of spacing and variety was significant for the number of tillers per m2 and the number of seeds per panicle, however, it was not for the weight of 1000 grains and the percentage of full bales. The yield components determining yield increase were the number of panicles / m2 and the number of seeds/panicles. Nerica 3 variety gave higher yields compared to the Nerica 8, the closer the spacing, the higher the yield. There were a strong significance and positive correlation between yield, number of panicles, and the number of grain per panicle. The spacing that gives the highest number of panicle per m2 was 15 cm X 15 cm and this spacing gave good yield in the region where the study was carried out.
Intermolecular interaction is the material basis for cells to achieve their functions, and protein-protein interaction is an important approach to illuminate the regulation network of biological molecules and has important theoretical significance and potential application value for revealing the activity law of life in nature. This paper mainly summarizes and analyzes the new advances and applications of modern biotechnologies in the study of protein-protein interactions, including local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), yeast two-hybrid, GST-Pull-down, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and coimmunoprecipitation. At the same time, the principles of different research methods for protein-protein interaction and their other applications in the field of life sciences are also discussed, all of these will provide a reference value for the analysis of protein-protein interaction and the molecular regulation mechanism of biomacromolecules.
Field experiment involving five improved onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties and carried out at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center during the 2018 to 2019 cropping seasons under irrigated condition to identify the best performing variety for seed production to the target areas of Arsi Zone. The onion varieties included in the field experiment were (Nafis, Robaf, Nasic Red, Bombe Red, and Adama Red). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Phenological and growth parameters, seed yield, and yield components were studied. The result showed that Variety had a significant effect on most phonological and growth attributes as well as on yield attributes. The number of days to flowering and vigorously were significantly affected by variety; while plant height, days to boolting and branch number was not significantly influenced by variety. Flower stalks height and diameter, number of umbel per plant, and umbel diameter also significantly affected by variety. Seed yield per umbel and mean seed yield per hectare also showed a significance difference among varieties. The highest seed yield per hectare (1415.89 kg/ha) was recorded from Adama Red and followed by Nafis variety, whereas Nasic rerd, Bombe red and Robaf show no significance difference among each other, Therefore, it can be concluded that use of the improved onion varieties such as Adama red and Nafis is advisable and could be appropriate for onion seed production in the test area even though further testing is required to put the recommendation on a strong basis.
Rubber trees are among the important cultivated crops in Malaysia, and have contributed to the country’s overall economic growth since the 1950s. However, the existing anatomical and morphological studies are relatively insufficient. Currently, Hevea brasiliensis has been cultivated and planted commonly as a commercial planting clone, while Hevea camargoana remains to be a non-cultivated and underutilized rubber species. For many years, there only exists little information both in private plantations and government agencies that have carried out anatomical and morphological assessments on these underutilized species. There is little information about the characteristics of H.camargoana, thus raising the issue among plant breeders on how to best use this underutilized rubber species. This study attempts to investigate the taxonomic values and characteristics of Hevea brasiliensis and Hevea camargoana through anatomical and morphological studies.
Use of distributed electricity generation systems is currently increasing due to their economic and environmental benefits. Agricultural greenhouses require heat and electricity for covering their energy needs while their annual energy requirements vary significantly. Aim of the current work is the investigation of applying various distributed electricity generation systems in greenhouses. A review of different distributed generation systems currently used in various sectors as well as in greenhouses has been implemented. Various technologies are examined utilizing either renewable energies or fossil fuels in very efficient energy systems. Most of them are mature and cost-effective having lower environmental impacts compared with traditional centralized electricity generation technologies. Their use in greenhouses results in many benefits including the creation of an additional income for the farmer, reduction of carbon emissions into the atmosphere and increasing stability of the electric grid. It is suggested that distributed electricity generation systems should be used more in greenhouses when the necessary conditions are favorable.
Grain mold, considered the most important disease of sorghum, is associated with several fungal genera. The disease reduces both yield and quality. In this study, over 300 sorghum seed samples collected from Texas, Florida, and Georgia were evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, germination rate, and seed fungal community. Grain mold severity of the seed samples, except for those collected from Cameron, Texas, were rated 3 or higher, indicating that these sorghum lines were moderately susceptible under naturally-infected field conditions during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Seed weight across surveyed locations ranged from 1.1 g to 4.0g for samples collected in Texas during the same period. Percent germination rates for samples collected in Texas ranged from 59.6% to 86.7%. Sorghum samples collected from Florida and Georgia exhibited moderately susceptible response to grain mold infection. Mean seed weight was 1.9 g for samples collected from Florida, while in Georgia, mean seed weight was 2.3 g. Germination rate was low for samples collected from Florida and Georgia. Mycological analysis of sorghum seed samples collected from farmers’ fields in Central and South Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons showed Alternaria species as the most frequently isolated fungal genus, accounting for 40% and 42 % in 2016 and 2017, followed by Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex. In Florida and Georgia, Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex was the most frequently recovered fungal species, accounting for 77% and 72% of the total. genera/species isolated from seed samples. Other fungal species, including Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sp., Colletotrichum sublineola, F. verticillioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, F. thapsinum, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus niger were also isolated from sorghum seeds in various frequencies. In conclusion, the presence of large number of fungal genera associated with grain deterioration and their effect on other traits, makes management of this disease complex challenging. To identify grain mold resistant sources in a region, using the most dominant species in that region to screen the sorghum germplasm is recommended.
Potato is the second most important food crop in Kenya after maize. It is a valuable cash and food crop mainly grown by small-scale farmers. Potato is cultivated mainly under rainfed production conditions at altitudes between 1500 and 3000 metre above sea level (masl). Consequently, National Performance Trials (NPTs) test sites are located in these highlands. Recently, potato production has spread to the mid-highlands (1200-1500masl) mostly due to high food demand occasioned by population increase, and migration of small scale farmers from the densely populated highlands to the more spacious midlands. Consequently, there is increased need to breed potato varieties that can grow profitably in the warmer mid-altitudes. This development called for identification of new conventional NPT test sites located in the mid-altitudes. Six mid-altitude sites were identified and client-managed conventional NPTs carried out. Twenty six potato genotypes were evaluated for two seasons. First season crop was planted in 2016 while the second season crop was planted in 2017. There was a significant (p≤ 0.001) effect of genotypes, environments and genotype x environment interaction in the first season. Trans-Nzoia was the highest yielding site. All genotypes yielded between 10 and 25 ton/ha. In the second season, only environments showed significant (p≤ 0.001) effects. Again, Trans-Nzoia was the highest yielding site. Across the two seasons, Trans-Nzoia gave an average yield of 26.96 ton/ha followed by Kabete at 18. 21ton/ha. All the other four sites yielded less than 10 ton/ha. The high yields at Trans-Nzoia and Kabete could be due to higher altitudes in these two sites compared to the others. In order to develop potato varieties that can produce profitably in the warm mid-altitudes, breeding and early generation selections activities should be based in these areas.
The tests for the evaluation of seedling establishment, palatability and acceptability were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology and the Food Laboratory of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State. The experimental designs used were Randomized Complete Block Design and the Completely Randomized Design. Some of the parameters measured were percentage seedling establishment, palatability, and acceptability tests. The highest mean percentage seedling establishment was observed in 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powder treated shelled groundnut seeds (97.67, 97.00, and 94.00) at the three periods of storage. Percentage seedling establishment decreased with a decrease in levels of H. suaveolens whole powder. One of the major constraints to the use of plant materials as an alternative to synthetic insecticides is the issue of standardization in dosage of application. This work has suggested that, if groundnut seeds are to be used for sowing, they should be stored with a 12.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for three months. However, if they are to be used for consumption, they could be stored with a 6.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for at most three months. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated shelled groundnut seeds at the three periods of storage on the acceptability and palatability score of cooked groundnut at all dosages of application. All treatments were within the acceptable score rates even though the two rates of the synthetic insecticides, actellic dust were at the lowest acceptable score rate. The finding also showed that acceptability and palatability decreased with an increase in dosage of application. The periods of storage also had a significant impact on the mean percentage seedling establishment. It was observed that there was a higher percentage of seedling establishment when shelled groundnut seeds were stored from November- January. At this period of the year, the temperature and humidity are usually low and this might have necessitated the high state of inactivity and low performance of the bruchids compared to other periods of storage within the year.
Irrigation experiments of cocoa tend to concentrate on yield of matured cocoa trees compared to field establishment of young seedlings. Seedling survival leading to optimum population density are fundamental to obtaining maximum yield of crops. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of mulching and irrigation on survival of hybrid cocoa clone raised in three different growing media during the establishment phase. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arranged in a split-split plot design, with irrigation as the main plot factor, mulching as the subplot factor and growing media as the sub-sub plot factor with three replications. Cocoa pod husk (CPH) was used as the mulching material and each plant received 5kg at a rate of 5.6 t/ha. Irrigation was done daily by applying 4L of water except when it rains. Data was collected on soil moisture, plant height, leaf number, stem girth and plant survival. Results indicated that irrigation and mulching significantly (P<0.01) enhanced soil moisture. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated significantly (P<0.05) increased survival rate (94.5%) compared to seedlings raised in soil without irrigation and no mulching (47.1%). Similarly, the survival rate of seedlings raised in growing media M2, mulched and irrigated (93.0%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than similar seedlings without irrigation (73.4%). However, the survival rate of seedlings raised in M3 without mulching but irrigated was significantly (<0.05) higher 92.1% compared to seedlings raised in M3 mulched and irrigated 67.1%. Irrigation is very important in ensuring high survival rate during early field establishment. Mulching with cocoa pod husk without irrigation did not improve cocoa seedling survival.
Few years ago National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM) launched melon sheller to reduce burden of obtaining melon oil and cake, and to enhance rural women’s productivity. This study looked at the productivity of promoted melon shelling technology and preference by rural women in Nigeria. Data were gathered from the NCAM workshop and survey of melon processors in Niger State. In the workshop, it was found that time allowed for soaking melon and covering with piece of clothes contributed to the productivity of the sheller. Results from survey revealed that 95.1% of the respondents’ preferred Internal Combustion technology and 90.2% liked electric-driven melon shellers over the manual one. Also, 69.5% obtained the shellers from local fabricators rather than NCAM. The technology led to increased turnout of melon (378kg/hr) and reduced wastages to 1.26kg out of 75.6kg. The study concluded that the promoted melon sheller is efficient and have positive implication on the rural women’s productivity and revenue. The study recommends that the rural women should put the melon sheller into its maximum capacity use. The NCAM should extend training to the local fabricators so that they can improve on the technology most especially in the areas of winnowing and washing of melon kernels.
Keeping in view of lack of recommended rates of N and NPS fertilizers, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the newly introduced NPS fertilizer and nitrogen on growth, physiology and above ground biomass of garlic. Four NPS (0-0-0, 78.75-69-12.75, 105-92-17 and 131.25-115-21.25 kg N-P-S ha-1) and three nitrogen fertilizer rates (114.13, 228.26 and 278.33 kg N ha-1) were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Significantly highest plant height (28.02 cm), leaf diameter (1.27 cm), dry and fresh weight (4.71 g and 6.11 g) and leaf length were recorded on garlic plants supplied with 105-92-17 kg N-P-S ha-1 and also the highest plant height (27.75 cm), leaf length (24.02 cm), fresh and dry weight (6.23 g and 5.04 g) were recorded on garlic plants supplied with 278.33 kg N ha-1. The interaction effect also show a significant effect in almost all the growth parameters; the early day to 50% emergence was recorded from a plot which received 228.26 kg N ha-1 and 105-92-17 kg NPS ha-1 and the highest plant height, leaf length, fresh and dry above ground biomass and leaf diameter were 29.62 cm, 25.60 cm, 6.93 g, 5.59 g and 1.4 cm, respectively were observed by the interaction of 278.33 kg N ha-1 and 105-92-17 kg N-P-S ha-1 with no significant difference with 228.26 N and 78.75-69-12.75 kg N-P-S ha−1. From this one season experiment, fertilizer rates 307.01-69-12.75 kg N-P-S ha−1 could be recommended for garlic production.
In the past, conservation effort has primarily focused on establishment of forest reserves for timber production, with minimal or no consideration to how these natural resources will help sustain or improve livelihoods of adjoining communities. This study examined the contribution of Aramoko forest reserve to the livelihoods of the adjoining communities in Ekiti State. One hundred and twenty pre-tested questionnaires were administered among the products collectors in the study area. Data collected were analysed and the result showed that 78.3 % of the respondents are married with 52.3 % of them male, while 50.8 % of the respondents aged between 51-70 years with 64.1 % having at least secondary education. Twenty-five (25) different products were collected by the respondents in the study area. These products include among others; timber with highest frequency of (120) followed by herbal plants (115), Archantina marginata (105), Thaumatococcus danielli (89), Bridelia ferruginea (70) and Irvingia garbonensis (65). The use of motor cycle accounted for 41.4 % of the respondents means of transportation, while 31.3 % of the respondents sell their product in bit at the village market. Picking, digging, plucking, cutting and uprooting were methods used for harvesting by the respondents while illegal felling (24 %) and indiscriminate bush burning (22.4 %) were the major conservation problem in the study area. Specifically, some of the products harvested are used for food, medicine, fuelwood, herbs and cultural purposes. The study recommends that research should be conducted into how these products can be artificially raised in the nursery for plantation establishment.
Cocoa farmer faces increasing challenging environment through exposure to risks factors which have impacted negatively on their production or output. Since farmers are primary producers and often times lack capacity to control risks factor, it is important to manage this factors. This study examines the cocoa farmers’ risk preferences and crop insurance perception and isolates the drivers of decision to uptake crop insurance among cocoa farmers in Ekiti state. The sample for the study consist of 200 cocoa farmers who were household heads selected through multi-stage sampling across four Local government areas of Ekiti State who are predominantly cocoa producers. Data collected on socio-demographic characteristics, perception of crop insurance and risk preferences, were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic model. Results showed that majority of the cocoa farmers were without crop insurance, with higher enrolment in Membership of cooperative society, owned their land, larger household size and lower educational level but higher level of farm experience when compared to cocoa farmers who are holding crop insurance. Farmers risk preferences showed no significant difference between farmers with or without insurance. Education (β=0.59), Household size (β=0.0029) and Debt use (β=0.02), Membership of cooperative (β=-4.53), Farming Experience (β=-2.51), Owned Land (β=-2.19) and Non-Farm Income (β=-0.65) were among the significant determinants of insurance uptake. Risk mitigating measures such as provision of necessary incentives such as improved varieties of cocoa seedling, as well as provision of fertiliser and approved pesticides, financial assistance, and simple processing technologies that produce standard cocoa bean plus a re-jigged Nigeria Agricultural Insurance Corporation (NAIC) for an improved discharge of its function are recommended.
Mitigation of climate change requires the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and the increasing use of renewable energies replacing fossil fuels. Agricultural greenhouses are energy-intensive agricultural systems using mainly fossil fuels. The use of renewable energies during their operation is limited so far. The possibility of using renewable energies for covering their energy needs has been investigated, focused on the Mediterranean region. Various sustainable energy technologies which are reliable, mature, cost-effective and broadly used in various applications are examined. These include solar-PV systems, low enthalpy geothermal energy, solid biomass burning, co-generation systems, high efficiency heat pumps and reuse of rejected industrial heat. Combined use of these systems in greenhouses can cover all their energy requirements in heat, cooling and electricity, reducing or zeroing their net CO2 emissions into the atmosphere due to operational energy use. It is concluded that depending on their local availability in Mediterranean countries, these benign energy technologies can assist greenhouse crop growers in the reduction of their carbon emissions, contributing in the achievement of the universal goal for climate change mitigation.
Field experiment was carried out under rain-fed conditions during the 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, solely to develop an integrated pest management for the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) [Homoptera: Aphididae]. The experimental Design used was the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Parameters measured were, average number of leaves per plot at 6 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 3 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 6 weeks after sowing, number of pods per plot, weight of harvested seeds per plot. The result obtained shows that, there was significant difference among the treatments in all the parameters measured at 0.05 level of probability using the Least Significant Difference (LSD). According to the results recorded, the highest mean yield of groundnut was obtained on plots treated with the combination of chemical and physical control methods (1444g) followed by plots treated with physical, chemical and cultural control methods combined (1296g). The highest mean number of pods per plant was recorded in the combination of physical, chemical and cultural control methods (18.00) followed by chemical and physical control methods as combined (15.00). The work shows that, the cultivation of groundnut with the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) using integrated pest control applied as recommended facilitates better growth and guarantees good crop yield. The use of physical, chemical and cultural control method is profitable in Ganye Area of Adamawa State and is therefore suggested for use to local farmers.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. Purple rice, as a special rice with important nutritional and health functions, has important scientific significance and application value for genetic improvement of purple rice and breeding of new varieties through in-depth study on its agronomic and related quality traits and products processed, and analysis of its genetic basis. In this paper, the new progress of purple rice in agronomic traits, quality traits, environmental impacts on purple rice and genetic basis of purple rice seed coat in recent years were reviewed and analyzed, and the application prospects of purple rice processing products and purple gene in rice genetic improvement were also prospected. Thus, our results will provide important information and reference for breeding new purple rice varieties with good quality and high yield.
Groundnut is an important oil seed crop, grown throughout the tropics and sub tropics worldwide. It is one of the three economically important oilseed crops grown in Ethiopia. Groundnut is commonly produced by small scale farmers as food and cash crops in the study area. The area has potential to the production of Ground nut for food and nutrition security as well as export commodity. However, scarcity of varieties that fit to the environment is one of the major constraints of production. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate five Ground nut varieties and select early maturing varieties with considerable yield and agronomic traits. The field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Abaya and varieties were planted in Randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data were collected on yield and important agronomic traits. The computed analysis of variance revealed significant variations among varieties for days to maturity, number of primary branches, number of pegs per plants, Grain yield and shelling percentage. The pooled over year mean of varieties indicated , Tole- 1 variety ( Check) is high yielding with mean grain yield of 4174.7kg followed by variety Sedi (3552.5kg/ha) and Babile local (3550.4kg/ha).Variety Sedi has special merit in terms of earliness and therefore recommended for moisture stress areas of Abaya and location with similar agro ecologies while Tole -1 (Standard check) is high yielding varieties and should be used in production until new varieties will be developed through selection/breeding program.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technology
First Records of Endogenous Bio-Agent of the Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Palestine
1. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
ISSN(e): 2412-6381, ISSN(p): 2413-886X
Vol. 2, No. 6, pp: 57-61, 2016
URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=14&info=aims
57
Academic Research Publishing Group
First Records of Endogenous Bio-Agent of the Red Palm Weevil
Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) in Palestine
Rana Samara Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technology, Palestine Technical University - Kadoorie, Tulkarm,
Yafa Street, Palestinian Territories
1. Introduction
The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a major tissue
boring insect pest attacking date palm Phoenix dactylifera (L.), it was recorded for the first time in the Arabian
peninsula in the 80s [1], ever since; RPW had spread all over the world [2]. Larvae fed within the apical growing
point of the palms and damage extensively the palm tissues, boring tunnels into the palm trunk; heavy viscous
yellow to brown fluids oozing from these tunnels [3], a strong and distinctive fermented odor, insect frass, and
remarkable reduction in date production [4].
Early detection of RPW infection is difficult because of larval cryptic as palm trees don’t show any visual
evidence of infection until it’s too late to recover from their damage [5]. Chemicals were the most commonly used
method to control RPW [6], but development of insect resistance against most insecticides used [7], and the general
public concerns related to environmental pollution, and potential chemical residues; many integrated pest
managements systems are considering an alternative approaches to the chemical control with biological,
semichemicals, or sterile insect techniques [8]. Entomopathogenic fungi could be potential biological agents because
of their wide hosts range of insect species, it can infect different stages of insect hosts, can cause natural epizootics,
and often have minimal effects on non-target organisms [9].
The potential of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) as biocontrol agents
against RPW has been investigated by few researcher [10-12]. However, none of the strains tested were isolated
from infected RPW [13]. The aim of the current study was to identify the endogenous fungal pathogens B. bassiana
collected from different sites in West Bank from RPW and to estimate the virulence of the three isolates of the
entomopathogenic fungus.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insect Collection and Rearing
Insects used in the laboratory and field assessments were collected from plants non-treated with any pesticides
from the campus of Palestine Technical University –Kadoorie (PTUK). Insects such as oleander aphid Aphis
nerii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) were collected from Oleander plants Nerium oleander (L.), rose aphids Macrosiphum
rosae (L.) were collected from rose plants Rosa spp. (L.), blue alfalfa aphids Acyrthosiphon kondoi (Shinji) were
collected from milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.), oleander scale insects Aspidiotus nerii (Bouch) were collected
from N. oleander (L.). Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) were maintained under laboratory
condition on a diet of a 8:2: 2 mixture of oat bran: what germ: wheat flour in plastic containers (15 cm length x 20
cm width x 8 cm height. Non-target natural enemies such as Mealybug ladybug Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Abstract: Red palm weevils Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is becoming a serious insect pest on date palm in the
Mediterranean region and in Palestinian territories. Naturally occurring enemies collected from several localities
could have a great potential in controlling invasive insect species. An indigenous strain of Beauveria bassiana
(Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) isolated from naturally infected Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) larvae, pupae and adults were collected from several sites from the northern part of the West
Bank. Identification and pathogenicity test were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions on module insect
pests reared in the laboratories of Kadoorie Agriculture Research Center (KARC)/ PTUK, West-bank/ Palestinian
territories. Laboratory results showed that indigenous strains of B. bassiana can infect target insect pest tested
(LC50 was 120-132 conidia per ml). Field preventive bioassays on apple trees infected with aphid, confirmed the
potential of this strain as a biological control agent under certain environmental conditions.
Keywords: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus; Beauveria bassiana; Lethal concentration 50; Conidial germination.
2. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 2016, 2(6): 57-61
58
(Mulsant), Aphidius spp. wasp, parasitic wasp Anagyrus pseudococcianagrus wasp were maintained under
laboratories.
2.2. Isolation of the Pathogens
Adults and larvae of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
collected from three locations Palestine Technical University (strain BBK) (32° 19′ 8.34″ N, 35° 1′ 43.3″ E), Atil
nursery (BBA); (32° 22' 14.4583" N; 35° 4' 13.5095" E), Al-Jarushiyaa (BBJ) (N 32° 20' 48.5866" N;
35° 2' 58.2703" E), were used for the isolation of entomopathogenic fungi. Larvae were first examined under the
microscopic for the presence of any fungal infection. Whole infected adult or larvae that already showed hyphal
growth on their bodies were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing dextrose as a carbohydrate source to
stimulate fungus growth, and potato infusion that provides a nutrient base for most fungi. Agar is added as the
solidifying agent. Larvae were incubated at 23±2 °C until adequate growth of fungus is observed, and then the
fungus was transferred to fresh PDA medium and incubated for at least 7 days under the same conditions. After
sporulation, microscopic examinations of the fungus were accomplished.
2.3. Preparation and Application of Conidial Suspensions
Fungal conidia were harvested and suspended by flooding the spores from culture plates with sterile distilled
water containing 0.1% Tween- 80, mixing for 2 min on a vortexer (Scientific, Bohemia, NY), The clumping of the
fungal spores was removed gently by scrubbing the concentrated suspension with a sterile spatula to produce a
homogenous suspension. Then the suspension was filtered through several layers of cheesecloth into 500 ml flask to
remove mycelia and debris, then shaking for 30 min. Under microscope, the spore concentration was then
determined [14]. Serial dilutions of B. bassiana spores were prepared evenly over half-strength plates in triplicate.
The concentration giving 30 to 300 colonies per plate was noted and used in all further testing, as concentration
varied for each isolate [15].
2.4. Virulence Bioassays
Comparative virulence of the novel isolate strains of B. bassiana was determined in a series of five-dose
bioassays against several insects. The bioassay protocol was essentially the same as described previously for single-
dose assays [16]. Insects were exposed to the fungus by the either spraying or dipping technique. Treated and for
control insects were incubated at room temperature (25 ± 5 °C). Mortality percentages were recorded 2, 4, 6 and 8
days post-exposure or up to 100 % mortality. Abbott's formula was used to correct bioassay data for control
response.
2.5. Data Analysis
Control mortality in bioassays higher than 10% were discarded and repeated. All Aphid natural mortality was
corrected using Abbott’s formula [17] for each treatment. Then slope, intercept and LC50 values were calculated
from Probit regressions analysis.
3. Results and Discussion
The entomopathogenic fungus s one of the most common bio-agent to insect pests; it has been naturally found
and isolated from soil, and dead insects [18]. In the current study, B. bassiana was recovered from infected RPW
larvae and adults collected from several location in Palestine, then it was grown on nutrition medium (PDA).
Endogenous B. bassiana isolates induced significant mortality to treated insect pest tested, depending on the isolate
and the inoculum concentration used. Similar results were obtained by Castrillo, et al. [16] and Qazzaz, et al. [19].
Mortality rates of A. nerii treated with B. bassiana increased with increasing conidial concentration and time of
exposure (Table 1). The LC50 value of fungus strains (BBK; BBA; BBJ) 7 day after treatment (DAT) on the aphid A.
nerii were 121,122,132 ppm; respectively) (Table 1). The percentage of cumulative mortality aphid A. nerii
population treated with B. bassiana strains (BBK; BBA; BBJ) increased proportionately with time and reached to
80-90% (figure 2). Dead insects showed typical symptoms of infection and were covered with fungus especially
when kept in sterile petri dishes were the humidity is high. Infected aphids turned hard and dry, and then the fungus
outgrowth and sporulation on treated aphids were observed few days after application.
The conidial germination of BBA strain applied to C. montrouzieri, E. kuehniella, A. nerii aphid, and A. nerii
scale was 5, 7, 11 and 21 days after inoculation; respectively (figure 2).
Results from bioassays on aphids, scale, moth and bugs showed that the B. bassiana isolates were virulent
against these pests at the concentration of 2.27 x 107
conidia mg-1
. However, a relatively high concentration of 9.8 ×
105
conidia mg−1
diet is needed to cause 50% mortality during 7 d [20]. These results stand somewhat in agreement
with that of Buda and Peciulyte [21]. Dose-mortality respond for different developmental stages have been reported
in many other pest species [22].
Conidial germination of B.bassiana strain applied at 250, 500 ppm appeared after 4 day. During per-experiment;
the geminating conidia didn’t appear because of unsuitable growing conditions, under greenhouse condition (data are
not shown). No result at treated crops the temperature was over 40o
C and the humidity was over 85%, and this
prevent growth sporulation (data not shown), this agreed with Doberski [23].
3. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 2016, 2(6): 57-61
59
One strain B. bassiana caused infection even at 20 o
C, infection of adult beetle by B. bassiana was tested at 15,
20 ,25 o
C, fungal infection occurred at all three temperature, but at 25o
C beetle tended to succumb to bacterial
infection. The effect of relative humidity on infection of larvae by B. bassiana was tested at 51, 74, 86, 90, 95, 97.5
and 100% relative humidity, B. bassiana caused some infection at all humidity. Mortality due to infection was most
rapid at the highest humidity. Sublethal effects of entomopathogenic fungi on aphid seem to depend on aphid species
and/or the fungal species [22].
The current study is the first report about finding and isolation of endogenous pure cultures of endogenous
Palestinian isolate of the fungal pathogens B. bassiana from natural populations of RPW. Bioassays assessment of
the entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana is only the first step to
further studies but they are a hopeful sign as well. They show that search for a proper bioinsecticide with
potential for practical utilization in agriculture for RPW control could be directed to development of new
mycopesticide or to selection of proper one among commercially available formulations of B. bassiana isolate as an
active substance with coleopteran pests in its host range. Both directions are attended with a hard investigation work
in the laboratory and under field conditions to compare B. bassiana with conventional chemical control as well as
combination with other endogenous entomopathogenic bio-agent.
Table-1. Bioassay assessment of B. bassiana strains (BBK; BBA; BBJ) to aphid A. nerii treated with different concentration, mean
mortality percentage, standard deviation under laboratory conditions. Slope, intercept and LC50 values were calculated with the Probit
regression analysis
StDMean Mortalityconcentration (ppm)Strain
0.72slope:29.8422.4350
BBK
-1.00intercept :24.5634.46100
0.50Test value12.6534.04250
2.08log (c%)13.5925.38500
120.69LC5017.4920.75750
0.49slope0.000.0050
BBA
3.98intercept5.157.10100
5.00Test value1.1611.43250
2.09log (c%)6.547.48500
122.23LC500.000.00750
0.28slope4.3591250
BBJ
4.40intercept4.70417100
5.00Test value0.57710250
2.12log (c%)2.51719500
132.53LC503.05513750
Figure-1. Abbott-corrected cumulative mortality (%) of B. bassiana strains (BBK; BBA; BBJ) isolated form local sites. Bioassay test were
carried on 30 A. nerii aphids under laboratory conditions for 12 days.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 4 5 6 7 8 11 12
%CumulativeMortality
Days
BBK
BBA
BBJ
4. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 2016, 2(6): 57-61
60
Figure-2. The conidial germination for B. bassiana (strain BBK) to target insects (A. nerii aphid, A. nerii scale, E. kuehniella), and non-
target bugs C. montrouzieri under laboratory conditions.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks many capable technicians and undergraduate students for their technical assistance and
laboratory and field work.
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