This document discusses rock fragmentation in mining through blasting. It describes the objectives of fragmentation and factors that control fragment size, such as specific charge, spacing and burden. It explains the mechanisms of blasting including detonation shock waves and gas pressure. Methods for quantifying and optimizing fragmentation are provided, such as mean fragment size and oversize content. A case study reports on blasting results from a Tata Steel mine in India. The document also discusses secondary blasting and modeling fragmentation using the Kuz-Ram model and software.
1) Rock blasting requires consideration of many interrelated factors including drill equipment, hole layout, explosives, operator skill, and geology. Proper application of these factors can optimize fragmentation results.
2) Effective blasting relies on compression, reflection, and gas pressure stages after detonation to fracture rock. Burden, spacing, timing, and stemming must be designed accordingly.
3) Different explosive types have varying properties suited to specific rock and drilling conditions. ANFO is commonly used but emulsion explosives offer advantages in some cases.
The document discusses techniques for open pit mining blasts, including:
- Major factors like attitude, communication, blast design, and geological effects influence blast efficiency
- Proper blast design considers uniform energy distribution, confinement, energy level, and design adjustments for conditions
- Geological effects like rock properties, structure, water, and seam orientations impact blasting results more than explosive properties
- Basic blast design considerations include bench height, hole diameter, burden, spacing, stemming, and decking
This document provides an overview of blasting in open cast mines, including the various types of explosives used. It discusses low explosives like gunpowder as well as high explosives like nitroglycerin, dynamite, ANFO, LOX, slurry, and emulsion explosives. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are outlined. The document also discusses the use of bulk explosives and various bulk delivery systems. Key conditions for safely using bulk explosives on site are described.
This document provides an overview of rock blasting fundamentals, including the types of explosives, initiation systems, circuits, blasthole loading, blast design, and geology considerations. It describes the main categories of explosives as nitroglycerin-based, dry blasting agents, and slurries. Detonators and delay series are discussed as the means of initiation. The three main circuit types - series, parallel-series, and parallel - are also summarized. Guidelines for blasthole loading, blast design based on geology, and selecting powder factors are presented at a high level.
This document discusses parameters for blast design in surface mining operations. It defines key blast design terms like burden, spacing, hole depth, explosive column, and stemming. The objectives of blasting are outlined as optimizing performance, safety, highwall stability, fragmentation, and rock movement. Controlled blasting techniques like presplitting, smooth blasting, line drilling and cushion blasting are described for minimizing overbreak beyond design boundaries. Blast measurements and calculations involving powder factor, loading density, and fragmentation distribution are also summarized.
This document provides information about drilling and blasting techniques used at Suez Cement quarries. It discusses drilling methods, including rotary and rotary percussion drilling. It also covers topics like blast hole patterns, burden calculations, deviation control, and factors that affect drilling and blasting performance. The document then discusses explosive types like ANFO, emulsion, and dynamite used in quarry blasting and compares their properties.
This document discusses rock fragmentation in mining through blasting. It describes the objectives of fragmentation and factors that control fragment size, such as specific charge, spacing and burden. It explains the mechanisms of blasting including detonation shock waves and gas pressure. Methods for quantifying and optimizing fragmentation are provided, such as mean fragment size and oversize content. A case study reports on blasting results from a Tata Steel mine in India. The document also discusses secondary blasting and modeling fragmentation using the Kuz-Ram model and software.
1) Rock blasting requires consideration of many interrelated factors including drill equipment, hole layout, explosives, operator skill, and geology. Proper application of these factors can optimize fragmentation results.
2) Effective blasting relies on compression, reflection, and gas pressure stages after detonation to fracture rock. Burden, spacing, timing, and stemming must be designed accordingly.
3) Different explosive types have varying properties suited to specific rock and drilling conditions. ANFO is commonly used but emulsion explosives offer advantages in some cases.
The document discusses techniques for open pit mining blasts, including:
- Major factors like attitude, communication, blast design, and geological effects influence blast efficiency
- Proper blast design considers uniform energy distribution, confinement, energy level, and design adjustments for conditions
- Geological effects like rock properties, structure, water, and seam orientations impact blasting results more than explosive properties
- Basic blast design considerations include bench height, hole diameter, burden, spacing, stemming, and decking
This document provides an overview of blasting in open cast mines, including the various types of explosives used. It discusses low explosives like gunpowder as well as high explosives like nitroglycerin, dynamite, ANFO, LOX, slurry, and emulsion explosives. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are outlined. The document also discusses the use of bulk explosives and various bulk delivery systems. Key conditions for safely using bulk explosives on site are described.
This document provides an overview of rock blasting fundamentals, including the types of explosives, initiation systems, circuits, blasthole loading, blast design, and geology considerations. It describes the main categories of explosives as nitroglycerin-based, dry blasting agents, and slurries. Detonators and delay series are discussed as the means of initiation. The three main circuit types - series, parallel-series, and parallel - are also summarized. Guidelines for blasthole loading, blast design based on geology, and selecting powder factors are presented at a high level.
This document discusses parameters for blast design in surface mining operations. It defines key blast design terms like burden, spacing, hole depth, explosive column, and stemming. The objectives of blasting are outlined as optimizing performance, safety, highwall stability, fragmentation, and rock movement. Controlled blasting techniques like presplitting, smooth blasting, line drilling and cushion blasting are described for minimizing overbreak beyond design boundaries. Blast measurements and calculations involving powder factor, loading density, and fragmentation distribution are also summarized.
This document provides information about drilling and blasting techniques used at Suez Cement quarries. It discusses drilling methods, including rotary and rotary percussion drilling. It also covers topics like blast hole patterns, burden calculations, deviation control, and factors that affect drilling and blasting performance. The document then discusses explosive types like ANFO, emulsion, and dynamite used in quarry blasting and compares their properties.
This document discusses various drilling methods and equipment used in surface mining operations. It describes common drilling methods like rotary, percussion, and DTH drilling. It also covers different types of drilling equipment based on mounting and motive power. The document discusses factors affecting drilling and classifications of drilling methods and rock drill bits. It provides details on suitable conditions for different drilling methods and considerations for drill selection.
The document summarizes drilling and blasting equipment used in mining and construction. It describes various types of drills like percussion drills, abrasion drills, and fusion piercing. It also discusses components of drilling like drills, drill bits, and different drilling patterns. The document then explains the blasting process which involves using explosives like dynamite, detonators, fuses, and blasting caps. Proper handling and transportation of explosives is important for safety. The blasting procedure involves making blast holes, inserting charges, tamping, and detonating with a fuse or detonator.
Rock mass classification systems are used to characterize rock masses for engineering design and stability analysis. The document discusses several quantitative and qualitative rock mass classification systems used for tunneling and slope engineering. It provides details on the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system, Q-system, Mining Rock Mass Rating (MRMR) system, and New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) classification. The advantages and disadvantages of these different systems are also presented.
This document discusses blasting in mining operations. It begins by explaining that blasting is used to break rock into smaller pieces for mining and quarrying, or to create space. The objectives of blasting are to extract material at minimum cost while meeting production quality and quantity requirements. It then covers the different types of explosions, explosives, detonation and deflagration processes, properties and types of explosives, initiating systems including electrical, non-electric, detonating cord, and blast design considerations like burden, spacing, stemming, and bench height.
New burn cut blast design in drives enhances drilling blasting efficiency wit...partha sharma
A new Burn-Cut blast pattern has been designed for drives, declines and ramps in underground metal mines, to replace a design (of Decked-Burn with more number of holes), which was giving number of blast failures, such as ‘Under_Blast’ - difficult to handle. The new Burn-cut design contains less number of blast-holes and Reamer than earlier Decked-Burn-cut. Decked system has been removed to make the charging operation easier. This enables to increase explosives energy in a hole and to reduce stemming length in order to eliminate above blast failures. Moreover, requirement of Detonators is reduced, as Decked system has been abolished. Total explosives quantity has been reduced marginally. Thus, drilling efficiency and cost effectiveness has been achieved. Entire process has been done by changing the original pattern / system in three phases.
The document discusses the basics of drilling for mining operations. It covers topics such as inclined hole drilling, drilling parameters like blasthole diameter, burden, spacing, charge length and stemming. It also discusses evaluating drill performance, including drill hole deviation, drill machine navigation systems, benefits of monitoring drill performance such as higher penetration rates and accuracy of data. Drill monitoring allows collection of production statistics, maintenance information, and consumable tracking to assess drillability.
Drilling and blasting involves different types of drilling like rotary and percussive drilling. Rotary drilling uses tricone bits and drag bits while percussive uses hammers. Factors like burden, spacing, stemming affect blast design. Explosives like TNT, dynamite and safety fuses are used. Blasted rocks undergo processes like radial cracking and flexural rupture. Controlled blasting techniques like presplitting and cushion blasting reduce overbreak. Explosives have risks but when used properly can efficiently fracture rocks for excavation.
Reporting and Representation of Dilution. Examples and Case Histories
Example 1: Relationship Between Over-break and Planned Dilution
Example 2: Dilution Often Included in the Resource Model
Example 3: Manipulation of Density
Example 4: Internal Dilution within the ore Envelope
Example 5: Misleading Reports of Dilution
Example 6: Misleading Reports of Dilution and Tonnes
Sketches for Mineral Loss and Dilution
Reference Texts
Aggregate Factors for Mineral Losses
Quality of Evaluation
More Ore Will be Discovered
Mine Reserve Cut-Off Grade Too Low
High Grading and Fiscal Imprudence
Modeling, Design, Decision and Execution errors
Efforts to Combat Dilution
Resource Upgrade
Ore Contact Variability
Example 1: Ore Contact Variability and Resource Upgrade
Example 2: Ore Contact Variability Narrow Vein Longhole
Example 3: Ore Contact Variability and Planning Sublevel Intervals
Factors Affecting Dilution and Mineral Losses
Subsidence is one of the major environmental issues related to underground mining industry. This presentation gives an insight to causes, nature, effect of subsidence and some mitigation measures.
This document discusses several controlled blasting techniques used to control blasting results, including line drilling, pre-splitting, cushion blasting, smooth blasting, air-decking, and muffle blasting. It focuses on describing the pre-splitting technique, which involves drilling a row of holes along the final excavation line, loading them with light explosives charges, and firing them before the main blast to create a fracture zone and prevent overbreak of the wall. The document provides details on parameters for pre-splitting like hole spacing, loading density, and linear charge concentration based on hole diameter. It emphasizes the importance of selecting the right parameters for the specific rock conditions when using pre-splitting.
This document provides an overview of shaft sinking methods for underground mining. It discusses traditional methods like wood/steel piling and open caisson as well as more advanced techniques like vertical shaft sinking machines (VSM) and shaft boring systems. The document highlights the advantages of mechanical excavation methods like VSMs in providing higher production rates and safety compared to traditional drill and blast operations. It analyzes case studies of shafts sunk in India and concludes that using advanced technologies could have increased production rates by 30% while improving safety and reducing costs compared to conventional shaft sinking methods.
The document discusses stresses around underground openings such as tunnels. It describes how underground openings alter the initial stress state of rocks and how determining stresses is important for design. Different types of tunnels and excavation methods are also outlined. The document then focuses on analyzing stresses around circular underground openings using transformations between rectangular and polar coordinate systems. It presents solutions for circular openings under hydrostatic stress fields and discusses elastic-plastic behavior, including Bray's model for analyzing squeezing tunnels.
The document discusses the pressure arch theory for longwall mining. It explains that excavations disturb the pre-mining stress field in rock, causing stresses to redistribute. A pressure arch or dome forms along the line of contact between more competent rock layers, concentrating vertical compressive stresses. As the longwall face advances, abutment pressures develop ahead and behind the face, reaching maximum intensities within 30 meters of the face before dropping off. The side abutment pressure also decreases with distance from the goaf edge according to a formula involving seam depth. Understanding stress distributions and concentrations is important for designing effective ground support in underground mining.
This document discusses drilling and blasting techniques used for rock excavation. It describes the necessity of drilling holes in rock for placing explosives. The main types of drills are abrasion drills like short drills and diamond drills, and percussion drills like jackhammers and rotary drills. Factors for selecting appropriate drilling equipment include rock hardness, depth, terrain, and purpose. Explosives discussed include dynamite, ammonium nitrate, slurry, ANFO, and RDX. The blasting process involves cleaning holes, placing a primer, stemming, and detonating with a fuse or electric spark.
1) Ground control involves techniques to regulate and prevent collapse of mine openings by studying rock behavior under changing stress conditions and providing support systems.
2) Insitu stresses exist naturally in rock and are influenced by gravity, tectonics, and geology, while excavation induces additional stresses; both must be considered for stable mine design and support.
3) Proper planning through factors like layout, geometry, reinforcement, and sequencing can manage stresses to prevent rock failure, while support installation can further control fractured or blocky ground conditions.
Explosives, Theory Of Breakage And Blasting Operationspartha sharma
This document discusses explosives and blasting operations. It defines different types of explosives and their ingredients and functions. It explains how to compare explosives based on their properties like strength, detonation velocity, density etc. It describes drilling systems and the theory of rock breakage through radial cracking and flexural rupture. Finally, it discusses blast design factors and different controlled blasting techniques like line drilling, cushion blasting, smooth-wall blasting and pre-splitting used to control overbreak.
Drilling is the process of making holes into hard surfaces like rock. In surface mining, drilling is used for blast hole drilling, core drilling for exploration, and technical drilling. Rotary blast hole drilling involves rotating drill pipes to which a bit is attached to break up rock. The main assemblies of a rotary drill rig include the mast, rod changer, rotary head, pull down mechanism, air compressor, drill pipes, hydraulic system, and dust control components.
Blast hole drilling is a technique used in mining where holes are drilled into rock, packed with explosives, and detonated. The seminar discusses the blast hole drilling process, which involves drilling holes, loading explosives into the holes, detonating the explosives to blast the rock, ventilating smoke and fumes, removing blasted rock, and installing ground support. Different drill hole patterns, explosives, and the typical drilling and blasting cycle are also covered.
This document discusses drilling cuttings analysis. It defines cuttings as small rock pieces chipped away during drilling. Cuttings are sampled regularly and analyzed to determine stratigraphy, structure, mineralogy, and pore types. This provides information on rock composition, texture, and fossils with only a small sample. Cuttings analysis is cheap, quick, and the first opportunity to examine penetrated rocks. However, cuttings can become contaminated through cavings, bit-metamorphism, lost circulation materials, and mixing during trips. The document also discusses catching, preparing, washing, drying, and analyzing cuttings petrography. It provides information on lag time calculation and different sample types.
This document discusses various drilling methods and equipment used in surface mining operations. It describes common drilling methods like rotary, percussion, and DTH drilling. It also covers different types of drilling equipment based on mounting and motive power. The document discusses factors affecting drilling and classifications of drilling methods and rock drill bits. It provides details on suitable conditions for different drilling methods and considerations for drill selection.
The document summarizes drilling and blasting equipment used in mining and construction. It describes various types of drills like percussion drills, abrasion drills, and fusion piercing. It also discusses components of drilling like drills, drill bits, and different drilling patterns. The document then explains the blasting process which involves using explosives like dynamite, detonators, fuses, and blasting caps. Proper handling and transportation of explosives is important for safety. The blasting procedure involves making blast holes, inserting charges, tamping, and detonating with a fuse or detonator.
Rock mass classification systems are used to characterize rock masses for engineering design and stability analysis. The document discusses several quantitative and qualitative rock mass classification systems used for tunneling and slope engineering. It provides details on the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system, Q-system, Mining Rock Mass Rating (MRMR) system, and New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) classification. The advantages and disadvantages of these different systems are also presented.
This document discusses blasting in mining operations. It begins by explaining that blasting is used to break rock into smaller pieces for mining and quarrying, or to create space. The objectives of blasting are to extract material at minimum cost while meeting production quality and quantity requirements. It then covers the different types of explosions, explosives, detonation and deflagration processes, properties and types of explosives, initiating systems including electrical, non-electric, detonating cord, and blast design considerations like burden, spacing, stemming, and bench height.
New burn cut blast design in drives enhances drilling blasting efficiency wit...partha sharma
A new Burn-Cut blast pattern has been designed for drives, declines and ramps in underground metal mines, to replace a design (of Decked-Burn with more number of holes), which was giving number of blast failures, such as ‘Under_Blast’ - difficult to handle. The new Burn-cut design contains less number of blast-holes and Reamer than earlier Decked-Burn-cut. Decked system has been removed to make the charging operation easier. This enables to increase explosives energy in a hole and to reduce stemming length in order to eliminate above blast failures. Moreover, requirement of Detonators is reduced, as Decked system has been abolished. Total explosives quantity has been reduced marginally. Thus, drilling efficiency and cost effectiveness has been achieved. Entire process has been done by changing the original pattern / system in three phases.
The document discusses the basics of drilling for mining operations. It covers topics such as inclined hole drilling, drilling parameters like blasthole diameter, burden, spacing, charge length and stemming. It also discusses evaluating drill performance, including drill hole deviation, drill machine navigation systems, benefits of monitoring drill performance such as higher penetration rates and accuracy of data. Drill monitoring allows collection of production statistics, maintenance information, and consumable tracking to assess drillability.
Drilling and blasting involves different types of drilling like rotary and percussive drilling. Rotary drilling uses tricone bits and drag bits while percussive uses hammers. Factors like burden, spacing, stemming affect blast design. Explosives like TNT, dynamite and safety fuses are used. Blasted rocks undergo processes like radial cracking and flexural rupture. Controlled blasting techniques like presplitting and cushion blasting reduce overbreak. Explosives have risks but when used properly can efficiently fracture rocks for excavation.
Reporting and Representation of Dilution. Examples and Case Histories
Example 1: Relationship Between Over-break and Planned Dilution
Example 2: Dilution Often Included in the Resource Model
Example 3: Manipulation of Density
Example 4: Internal Dilution within the ore Envelope
Example 5: Misleading Reports of Dilution
Example 6: Misleading Reports of Dilution and Tonnes
Sketches for Mineral Loss and Dilution
Reference Texts
Aggregate Factors for Mineral Losses
Quality of Evaluation
More Ore Will be Discovered
Mine Reserve Cut-Off Grade Too Low
High Grading and Fiscal Imprudence
Modeling, Design, Decision and Execution errors
Efforts to Combat Dilution
Resource Upgrade
Ore Contact Variability
Example 1: Ore Contact Variability and Resource Upgrade
Example 2: Ore Contact Variability Narrow Vein Longhole
Example 3: Ore Contact Variability and Planning Sublevel Intervals
Factors Affecting Dilution and Mineral Losses
Subsidence is one of the major environmental issues related to underground mining industry. This presentation gives an insight to causes, nature, effect of subsidence and some mitigation measures.
This document discusses several controlled blasting techniques used to control blasting results, including line drilling, pre-splitting, cushion blasting, smooth blasting, air-decking, and muffle blasting. It focuses on describing the pre-splitting technique, which involves drilling a row of holes along the final excavation line, loading them with light explosives charges, and firing them before the main blast to create a fracture zone and prevent overbreak of the wall. The document provides details on parameters for pre-splitting like hole spacing, loading density, and linear charge concentration based on hole diameter. It emphasizes the importance of selecting the right parameters for the specific rock conditions when using pre-splitting.
This document provides an overview of shaft sinking methods for underground mining. It discusses traditional methods like wood/steel piling and open caisson as well as more advanced techniques like vertical shaft sinking machines (VSM) and shaft boring systems. The document highlights the advantages of mechanical excavation methods like VSMs in providing higher production rates and safety compared to traditional drill and blast operations. It analyzes case studies of shafts sunk in India and concludes that using advanced technologies could have increased production rates by 30% while improving safety and reducing costs compared to conventional shaft sinking methods.
The document discusses stresses around underground openings such as tunnels. It describes how underground openings alter the initial stress state of rocks and how determining stresses is important for design. Different types of tunnels and excavation methods are also outlined. The document then focuses on analyzing stresses around circular underground openings using transformations between rectangular and polar coordinate systems. It presents solutions for circular openings under hydrostatic stress fields and discusses elastic-plastic behavior, including Bray's model for analyzing squeezing tunnels.
The document discusses the pressure arch theory for longwall mining. It explains that excavations disturb the pre-mining stress field in rock, causing stresses to redistribute. A pressure arch or dome forms along the line of contact between more competent rock layers, concentrating vertical compressive stresses. As the longwall face advances, abutment pressures develop ahead and behind the face, reaching maximum intensities within 30 meters of the face before dropping off. The side abutment pressure also decreases with distance from the goaf edge according to a formula involving seam depth. Understanding stress distributions and concentrations is important for designing effective ground support in underground mining.
This document discusses drilling and blasting techniques used for rock excavation. It describes the necessity of drilling holes in rock for placing explosives. The main types of drills are abrasion drills like short drills and diamond drills, and percussion drills like jackhammers and rotary drills. Factors for selecting appropriate drilling equipment include rock hardness, depth, terrain, and purpose. Explosives discussed include dynamite, ammonium nitrate, slurry, ANFO, and RDX. The blasting process involves cleaning holes, placing a primer, stemming, and detonating with a fuse or electric spark.
1) Ground control involves techniques to regulate and prevent collapse of mine openings by studying rock behavior under changing stress conditions and providing support systems.
2) Insitu stresses exist naturally in rock and are influenced by gravity, tectonics, and geology, while excavation induces additional stresses; both must be considered for stable mine design and support.
3) Proper planning through factors like layout, geometry, reinforcement, and sequencing can manage stresses to prevent rock failure, while support installation can further control fractured or blocky ground conditions.
Explosives, Theory Of Breakage And Blasting Operationspartha sharma
This document discusses explosives and blasting operations. It defines different types of explosives and their ingredients and functions. It explains how to compare explosives based on their properties like strength, detonation velocity, density etc. It describes drilling systems and the theory of rock breakage through radial cracking and flexural rupture. Finally, it discusses blast design factors and different controlled blasting techniques like line drilling, cushion blasting, smooth-wall blasting and pre-splitting used to control overbreak.
Drilling is the process of making holes into hard surfaces like rock. In surface mining, drilling is used for blast hole drilling, core drilling for exploration, and technical drilling. Rotary blast hole drilling involves rotating drill pipes to which a bit is attached to break up rock. The main assemblies of a rotary drill rig include the mast, rod changer, rotary head, pull down mechanism, air compressor, drill pipes, hydraulic system, and dust control components.
Blast hole drilling is a technique used in mining where holes are drilled into rock, packed with explosives, and detonated. The seminar discusses the blast hole drilling process, which involves drilling holes, loading explosives into the holes, detonating the explosives to blast the rock, ventilating smoke and fumes, removing blasted rock, and installing ground support. Different drill hole patterns, explosives, and the typical drilling and blasting cycle are also covered.
This document discusses drilling cuttings analysis. It defines cuttings as small rock pieces chipped away during drilling. Cuttings are sampled regularly and analyzed to determine stratigraphy, structure, mineralogy, and pore types. This provides information on rock composition, texture, and fossils with only a small sample. Cuttings analysis is cheap, quick, and the first opportunity to examine penetrated rocks. However, cuttings can become contaminated through cavings, bit-metamorphism, lost circulation materials, and mixing during trips. The document also discusses catching, preparing, washing, drying, and analyzing cuttings petrography. It provides information on lag time calculation and different sample types.