The document provides an overview of financial planning, including the financial planning process, components of a financial plan, ethical considerations, cash flow planning, personal asset management, financial statement analysis, financial mathematics, the economic environment, and key indicators. It discusses establishing client relationships, gathering client data and goals, analyzing the client's financial status, developing recommendations, and implementing and monitoring the financial plan. It also outlines the code of ethics for financial planners and considerations around integrity, objectivity, competence, fairness, confidentiality, professionalism, diligence, and compliance.
Project Execution Plan for High Rise BuildingDavid H Moloney
The purpose of this presentation is to give an understanding of the Methods, Plant and Sequence to construct a high-rise building.
This presentation can be used to engage Stakeholders and to get the Site Teams commitment to the programme. Also can be used for Induction Training and as a way to capture and share knowledge.
Project Execution Plan for High Rise BuildingDavid H Moloney
The purpose of this presentation is to give an understanding of the Methods, Plant and Sequence to construct a high-rise building.
This presentation can be used to engage Stakeholders and to get the Site Teams commitment to the programme. Also can be used for Induction Training and as a way to capture and share knowledge.
Understand the basics of Financial Planning, need for financial planning and common mistakes made in financial planning.To know more or speak with a financial planner visit: www.karvyonline.com or call us on 18004198283.
Project budgeting involves various procedural steps. Addressing all such significant steps we have come up thoroughly researched content-ready project budgeting PowerPoint presentation. You can use this project accounting PowerPoint templates to showcase your project's planned sales volume and revenues, resource quantities, expenses and cash flows. In this project cost management PPT, we have incorporated slides like business budget management, business timeline, work breakdown structure, activities sequence, and financial dashboard etc. This amazingly designed business costing PPT presentation help to present various topics such as budgeting control, budget planning, cost estimation, planning cost management, estimating cost, determining budget, controlling cost, program expenses and productivity, PMBOK, earned value management funds management and business accounting etc. Download this project financial estimate PowerPoint slides to make realistic and effective Presentations. Our appealing project budgeting PPT slide is useful to measure business expenditure and productivity. Our Project Budgeting PowerPoint Presentation Slides believe in a clutter free approach. Their excellent graphics are a great example.
Contents are sourced from different authors including PMBOK 5th Edition.
This is provided for free as part of our Continuing Practice in Project Management Professional Certification. You may download, share but please refrain from commercializing it or altering parts. Thanks.
For more on Innovations and Project Management, please visit www.facebook.com/SigmaProcessExcellence
INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT.pptAbraham Ncunge
– Definitions
II - History
III – Project Management’s Purpose
IV – Project Types
A project is an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim
A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
A project is a temporary organization that is created for a purpose of delivering one or more business products according to an agreed business case.
A project is a time and cost constrained operation to realize a set of defined deliverables (the scope to fulfill project’s objectives) up to quality standards and requirements
Clear goals (e.g. new product or solution to a problem)
Fixed schedule, settled START and END date
Own resources, fixed budget
Works according to the settled project plan
Own project organization
Divided in sequences which are dependent on each other
Might be wide and complex, consisting of several sub-projects
Unique
Learning process
Includes risks and uncertainty
Project is
Once-off activity, organized process making input and output to achieve the certain goal(s).
”Project has series of complex and interdependency sequences, which have a common goal or aim. Project should be implemented in a certain time period, by a certain budget and should follow the project specifications. “
”Project is a temporary organization, which will be collapsed when the goal has been achieved”.
Academic research history of project management is young. In real life, a human being has implemented project thousands of years. The starting point in human history has been construction field and still today we have many of them
•pyramids
•monuments
•Roman aqueducts and canalization systems
•castles
It is not surprising that project has quite often symbolic, political or even religious importProject management enables to organize resources so that the project can be implemented according to the project plan.
Quality
Schedule
Budget
Resources; money, staff, materials, machinery and
equipment, premises, energy
ance
Presenting this set of slides with name - Project Budget PowerPoint Presentation Slides. The stages in this process are Project Budgeting, Project Financing, Project Costing.
7 Financial Hacks for Promotional Marketers (and Independent Contractors Too!)Edwin J. Goitia
Are you a promotional marketer or independent contractor?
Tired of paying too much in taxes ever year!
Look no further and we will share with you 7 tips to start implementing right away to come out on top financially!
Understand the basics of Financial Planning, need for financial planning and common mistakes made in financial planning.To know more or speak with a financial planner visit: www.karvyonline.com or call us on 18004198283.
Project budgeting involves various procedural steps. Addressing all such significant steps we have come up thoroughly researched content-ready project budgeting PowerPoint presentation. You can use this project accounting PowerPoint templates to showcase your project's planned sales volume and revenues, resource quantities, expenses and cash flows. In this project cost management PPT, we have incorporated slides like business budget management, business timeline, work breakdown structure, activities sequence, and financial dashboard etc. This amazingly designed business costing PPT presentation help to present various topics such as budgeting control, budget planning, cost estimation, planning cost management, estimating cost, determining budget, controlling cost, program expenses and productivity, PMBOK, earned value management funds management and business accounting etc. Download this project financial estimate PowerPoint slides to make realistic and effective Presentations. Our appealing project budgeting PPT slide is useful to measure business expenditure and productivity. Our Project Budgeting PowerPoint Presentation Slides believe in a clutter free approach. Their excellent graphics are a great example.
Contents are sourced from different authors including PMBOK 5th Edition.
This is provided for free as part of our Continuing Practice in Project Management Professional Certification. You may download, share but please refrain from commercializing it or altering parts. Thanks.
For more on Innovations and Project Management, please visit www.facebook.com/SigmaProcessExcellence
INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT.pptAbraham Ncunge
– Definitions
II - History
III – Project Management’s Purpose
IV – Project Types
A project is an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim
A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
A project is a temporary organization that is created for a purpose of delivering one or more business products according to an agreed business case.
A project is a time and cost constrained operation to realize a set of defined deliverables (the scope to fulfill project’s objectives) up to quality standards and requirements
Clear goals (e.g. new product or solution to a problem)
Fixed schedule, settled START and END date
Own resources, fixed budget
Works according to the settled project plan
Own project organization
Divided in sequences which are dependent on each other
Might be wide and complex, consisting of several sub-projects
Unique
Learning process
Includes risks and uncertainty
Project is
Once-off activity, organized process making input and output to achieve the certain goal(s).
”Project has series of complex and interdependency sequences, which have a common goal or aim. Project should be implemented in a certain time period, by a certain budget and should follow the project specifications. “
”Project is a temporary organization, which will be collapsed when the goal has been achieved”.
Academic research history of project management is young. In real life, a human being has implemented project thousands of years. The starting point in human history has been construction field and still today we have many of them
•pyramids
•monuments
•Roman aqueducts and canalization systems
•castles
It is not surprising that project has quite often symbolic, political or even religious importProject management enables to organize resources so that the project can be implemented according to the project plan.
Quality
Schedule
Budget
Resources; money, staff, materials, machinery and
equipment, premises, energy
ance
Presenting this set of slides with name - Project Budget PowerPoint Presentation Slides. The stages in this process are Project Budgeting, Project Financing, Project Costing.
7 Financial Hacks for Promotional Marketers (and Independent Contractors Too!)Edwin J. Goitia
Are you a promotional marketer or independent contractor?
Tired of paying too much in taxes ever year!
Look no further and we will share with you 7 tips to start implementing right away to come out on top financially!
K.Gandhi Present
Financial Literacy through Financial Planning and knowledge Coaching through Seminars And Article
Financial Literacy in India is very low
People invested there Harden money through mediators like Agents, Brokers , Banker’s Cross sell or Advt. world like T.V.,News paper, tips or own understanding through on line search, past track records etc.. etc.. Due to lack of time.
But when it realizes on later half then its too much late. To avoid this kind of situations with there harden money or trial and error method needs financial planning and update with financial literacy.
A simple and revolutionary financial plan report that does something simple.Abhinay Gupta
I was searching for a productive and presentable financial plan report on the web and couldn't find a single. All the sample financial plan that I have seen are either number crunches or complicated. Clients don't like it. It sucks! SO, here's a simple and revolutionary financial plan report that does something simple.It helps clients in understanding its personal finance and increases engagement.The report is simple, meaningful and free of data crunches. I feel this will change the way people look at their personal finance.
MODAL3 Brand Identity + New Business Campaign LaunchApril Biss, MA
A fully collaborated project involving other designers, architects and project managers for the launch of a new business called Modal3 subsidy of GDG, LLC. Modal3 encompasses the residential aspect of GDG and the build on the ISBU (shipping container) home idea.
The name of the subsidy and identity was created along with a 100% responsive website, business cards, window decals and digital advertisements.
collective tattoo + gallery rebrand 2011 brand manualApril Biss, MA
Collective Tattoo and Gallery maintains and improves its overall goal of inspiring, innovating and captivating its clients and community while bringing appreciation and inspiration to the arts, including tattoo’s. We focused on updating their brand identity and making it more cohesive. The goal was to revise their existing brand identity to adhere with the target audience. Their studio will strengthen and continue to be an innovative and
inspiring place where the general public has the opportunity to participate in the arts. The identity is still edgy, yet more modern in its approach to appeal to a wide variety of people.
Financial Literacy for Teens and Students Experian_US
Join our #CreditChat every Wednesday at 3 p.m. ET on Twitter and YouTube. This week, we discussed Financial Literacy for Teens and Students. Our #CreditChat panel included Steve & Annette Economides – New York Times Best Selling Authors and Founders of MoneySmartFamily.com, Laura Levine – President of the Jump$tart Coalition: Financial Smarts for Students, Brian Page - Budget Challenge Outreach and Education, Manager and Debbi King- Personal Finance and Life Coach and Owner of ABC’s of Personal Finance. We were also joined by several influencers in the personal finance community on Twitter. This deck features tips from: @FinEdChat, @WealthwithMina, @mymoneycoach_ca, @RAHomes, @FamZoo, @LeslieHTayneEsq, @ncl_tweets, @NextGenPF, @b__wil, @christaylor_nyc, @ACCC_helps, @TraeRetailMeNot, @PiggieBanker, @MiriamSCross and @emergebenefit
Why is packaging vital for your business? How does it affect potential customers decision to buy? And does packaging have any role once the purchase is made?
Financial literacy for OFWs, prepared by the Development Bank of the Philippines. This a good presentation to view and discuss with your domestic helper.
Financial management deals with how a firm obtains funds and how it use them.
Financial management is the area of business management that is devoted to the judicious use of capital and a careful selection of sources of capital in order to geared toward attainment of goals
This presentation has been uploaded by Public Relations Cell, IIM Rohtak to help the B-school aspirants crack their interview by gaining basic knowledge on Economics.
References:
www.investopedia.com/terms/o/opportunitycost.asp
http://sparkcharts.sparknotes.com/economics/macroeconomics/section1.php
http://www.slideshare.net/RahulKaurav/xx-unit-iii
http://www.investopedia.com/articles/04/051904.asp
https://www.rbi.org.in/home.aspx
Financial risk management is the practice of protecting economic value in a firm by using financial instruments to manage exposure to risk: operational risk, credit risk and market risk, foreign exchange risk, shape risk, volatility risk, liquidity risk, inflation risk, business risk, legal risk, reputational risk, sector risk etc. Similar to general risk management, financial risk management requires identifying its sources, measuring it, and plans to address them.
Financial risk management can be qualitative and quantitative. As a specialization of risk management, financial risk management focuses on when and how to hedge using financial instruments to manage costly exposures to risk.
For more than twenty years, millions of managers in Fortune 500 companies and small businesses nationwide have followed The One Minute Manager's techniques, thus increasing their productivity, job satisfaction, and personal prosperity. These very real results were achieved through learning the management techniques that spell profitability for the organization and its employees.
The One Minute Manager is a concise, easily read story that reveals three very practical secrets: One Minute Goals, One Minute Praisings, and One Minute Reprimands.
The book also presents several studies in medicine and the behavioral sciences that clearly explain why these apparently simple methods work so well with so many people. By the book's end you will know how to apply them to your own situation and enjoy the benefits.
We are Team Saksham . We are about falwless execution of brand activation ideas and campaigns. And this is our 8th year .
It’s been a journey filled with fun and learning …in this jouney we had company of brands like Macdonald ,ICICI Bank,Ultratech Cement ,UB,Sony ,Bharti Airtel to name a few.
After 8 years of activation campaigns we are packed with experience . Contact us to partner with you on a new journey…
Services:
Brand Activation and Events is what we do
On-ground Activation
• Consumer Road shows & Contact Programs
• Sampling & Demonstration Programs
• Mall Promotions
• School & College Contact Programs
• HO RE CA Promotions
• In-Shop & RWA Activities
• Corporate Launch Events
• Press Conferences and Annual Meets
• Trade & Dealer Meets
• Corporate Avs
Specialties
Events, Special Events, Event Design
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
3. Introduction to Financial Planning
Financial planning process
Component of financial plan
Ethical and professional considerations
Cash flow planning
Personal use asset management
Personal Financial Statement Analysis
Financial Mathematics
Economic environment and indicators
Forms of business ownership/ entity relationships
4. The Financial Planning process
Establishing and
Defining the client-
Planner relationship
Monitoring the Gathering Client Data &
recommendations Goals
Implementing the Analyzing and
Financial plan Evaluating Financial
recommendations Status
Developing and
Presenting Financial
Planning
Recommendations/
Alternatives
5. Components of Financial Plan
1. Covering letter 10. Retirement Planning
2. Cover page 11. Tax Planning
3. Summary of the plan 12. Asset Allocation – Portfolio
Rebalancing
4. Client profile
13. Disclosures
5. Goals of the client
14. Disclaimers
6. Financial statements
15. Risks
7. Assumptions
16. Cash Flow Projections
8. Risk Management &
Insurance needs 17. Recommendations
9. Goal Funding 18. Action Plan
6. Ethical and professional considerations
INTEGRITY
No misleading advertising: size, scope or areas of competence
Promotional activities: no material false or misleading communications
Representation: no misrepresentation of FPSB, India. Identify personal
opinions
Custody of clients documents – extra care to be exercised
OBJECTIVITY
Act in the interest of the client
Limitation in the capacity to advise = disclose upfront
Statement of compensation
Conflict of interests to be disclosed
7. Code of ethics
COMPETENCE
Be informed of the developments in FP
Offer advice only in areas of competence
Representatives to be reasonably appointed
FAIRNESS
Compensation should be fair
Identity of the company and representative should be distinctly known
Provide clients or employers about outside affiliations
Inform about revenue arrangements other than remuneration
8. Code of ethics
CONFIDENTIALITY
Do not reveal for own benefit –clients data, without his consent, except
when allowed
Member, exposed to information about FPSB not to reveal the same
To maintain same standards with employers too
PROFESSIONALISM
Show respect to other professionals
Maintain professional indemnity insurance
Not to misrepresent status of their membership
Not to practice any other profession, unless qualified to do so
9. Code of ethics
DILIGENCE
Sufficient information to be collected
Have access to research for clients needs
Develop a proper strategy for the client
Recommendations to be made in writing
Implementation in a timely manner
Changes in investments to be explained
COMPLIANCE
Comply with rules of FPSB, Govt.
Co-operate with FPSB for any inquiries
Comply with all post certification requirements
Maintain effective system of supervision of representative’s activities,
performance
10. Motives for holding cash
Transaction motive: This is the motive of day-to-day routine transactions to
meet daily requirements. You need cash to buy groceries, meet travel daily
expenses etc.
Precautionary motive: This is to take precaution against unforeseen events like
natural calamities, riots, strike or any other emergencies.
Speculative motive: This is to take part in investment needs like investing in
securities - shares, bonds, debentures etc when the right time arises.
Compensation motive: A minimum balance is needed to avail of bank
accounts, credit cards, ATM cards, personal loans etc.
An efficient management of cash flows is aimed at generating surplus income by
budgeting or controlling the client’s income and expenditure.
Personal financial planning consists of three general activities:
Controlling day-to-day financial affairs
Choosing and following a course toward medium and long term financial goals
Building a financial safety net to prevent financial disasters
12. Lease Financing
Lease financing enables the renting or leasing of assets rather than buying
the assets.
Items like cars, consumer durables, computers or a house may be leased.
Generally leases are of two types:
Operating Lease: A short-term lease. The possession of asset returns to
the owner or the lessor at the end of the lease term.
Finance Lease: Here the lessee has an option to buy the asset at the end
of the lease tenure. Generally for a longer period.
13. Personal Financial Statement Analysis
Financial Ratio
LIQUIDITY RATIOS
Basic Liquidity Ratio = Liquid Assets/ Monthly expenses
Expanded Liquidity Ratio = (Liquid Assets + Other Financial Assets)/
monthly Expenses
SOLVENCY RATIOS
Liquid Asset Coverage Ratio = Liquid Assets/ Total Debt
Solvency Ratio = Liquid + Other Financial Assets/ Total Debt
Current Ratio = Liquid Assets/ Current Liabilities
NET WORTH RATIOS
Net worth Growth Ratio = Net Increase in Net worth/ Net worth at the
beginning of the year
14. Financial Ratios
RISK RATIOS
Life Insurance Coverage Ratio = Net Worth + Death Benefits/ Salary
TAX RATIOS
Effective Income tax ratio = Income tax/ total realized increases in net worth
INFLATION PROTECTION RATIOS
Inflation Hedge Ratio = Equity, personal and tangible assets / Net Worth
15. Financial Mathematics
Time value of money
Calculation of annuities
Loan repayment schedule
Inflation adjusted interest rates
Rule of 72
16. Economic Environment and Indicators
Inflation
Monetary and fiscal policy
Key indicators: GDP, Business cycle
17. INFLATION/ DEFLATION
A situation of rising prices.
The most popular measure of inflation in India is change in the Whole Price
Index (WPI) over a period of time.
The WPI is an index measure of the wholesale prices of a selected basket of
goods and services in the economy.
The WPI is expressed as a percentage with reference to some base year,
according to a formula
WPI= (aggregate price for current year/aggregate price for the base year)* 100
An alternative measure is consumer price Index, which is concerned with the
consumer market for goods and services. There is a considerable co-movement
between these two indices with the CPI tending to follow the WPI with a lag.
18. Types of Inflation
Result of aasteady increase in aggregate demand
Result of steady increase in aggregate demand
Demand Pull Inflation
Demand Pull Inflation for goods and services when the economy
for goods and services when the economy
is unable to adequately fill this demand.
is unable to adequately fill this demand.
Result of aahigher cost factor of production
Result of higher cost factor of production
Cost Push Inflation
Cost Push Inflation being passed along to the consumer
being passed along to the consumer
in the form of higher prices.
in the form of higher prices.
Producers exerting aastrong influence on
Producers exerting strong influence on
Administered Prices
Administered Prices the price of the product because
the price of the product because
of aalack of competition.
of lack of competition.
Inability to solve the simultaneous problems of
Inability to solve the simultaneous problems of
Stagflation
Stagflation economic stagnation and inflation
economic stagnation and inflation
through the use of monetary and fiscal policies.
through the use of monetary and fiscal policies.
This occurs when high rates of inflation
This occurs when high rates of inflation
and high rates of unemployment happen
and high rates of unemployment happen
simultaneously.
simultaneously.
19. Monetary and fiscal policy
Fiscal Policy: controls level of government spending and raises revenue
through taxation.
Monetary Policy: controls through regulation of interest rates, the money
supply and inflation in the domestic economy.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) controls and influences the economy by
means of monetary and credit policy.
The Monetary and Credit Policy relate to the attempt to control the money
supply and demand-led hence inflation in the economy.
20. Economic factors: GNP & GDP
Gross National This is the value of output of goods and services
This is the value of output of goods and services
Gross National produced by Indian companies, regardless of whether
Product (GNP)
Product (GNP) produced by Indian companies, regardless of whether
the production is inside or outside the India
the production is inside or outside the India
Gross Domestic The value of output of goods and services produced
The value of output of goods and services produced
Gross Domestic in the country, regardless of whether businesses are
Product (GDP)
Product (GDP) in the country, regardless of whether businesses are
owned and operated by Indians or foreigners.
owned and operated by Indians or foreigners.
-
profits on
= +
Gross National Gross Domestic profits on
Gross National Gross Domestic foreign owned Indian owned
Product (GNP)
Product (GNP) Product (GDP)
Product (GDP) businesses
businesses
outside India
21. GDP
GDP is the measure of total value of final goods and services
produced in the domestic economy each year. The following
is often used
GDP=
GDP= C + II+ G +
C+ +G+ (X- M)
(X- M)
C = personal consumption spending on goods and services
C = personal consumption spending on goods and services
II= Private sector fixed capital expenditure
= Private sector fixed capital expenditure
G = Government expenditure
G = Government expenditure
(X-M)= Net of export receipts (X) and import payments (M)
(X-M)= Net of export receipts (X) and import payments (M)
The relationship highlights actual rupee expenditure for goods and services produced in the
economy for measuring GDP.
This equation includes all key players involved in the economy – consumers / households,
business (private sector) and government.
For living standards to rise in India, GDP must grow at a faster rate than the population.
This way, there is greater quantity of goods and services per person.
22. BUSINESS CYCLES- Phases
The recurrent periods of economic growth and recession are business
cycles.
They represents a pattern of business expansion and contraction over a
number of years.
The global integration of Indian economy has increased the importance of
business cycle for decision-making.
• Expansion/ upswing/ recovery: upturn
in business activity
• Peak/ Boom: over production and
buildup of excessive inventory
• Downswing/ recession: characterized
by a reduction in output and
investment
• Trough: recession bottoms and
production levels off
23. Forms of business ownership/ entity relationships
Sole Proprietorship
Partnership
Limited Liability Companies
Trust
Cooperative Societies
24. Forms of Business Ownership
Sole Partnership Limited Co-operative
Proprietorship Company Societies
• Liability of the • Enterprise owned and
• Owned by an General Partnership
controlled by the
individual. • Owned by 2 or more stockholders are people working in it.
partners limited to the • Each member has equal
• The individual is in
amount invested control- 1 man 1 vote.
charge of all • Partners are equally
by them. • Anyone who fulfills
operations. and personally liable qualification criteria
for debts. • Enjoys advantages
• The personal can join.
of perpetual life • Profits can be retained
property is • The personal property
span. in business or
attached. is attached. distributed
• Can be a • In a limited proportionately
disadvantage if the partnership- Partner’s • Member should
primarily benefit from
owner is unable to liability is limited to business participation
continue the money invested. • Interest on loan/ share
business • Limited partner not capital limited in some
involved in decision specific way
making
25. Forms of Business Ownership
Corporations Professional Trade
Trusts Associations Associations
• Created to hold assets • Corporations are • Formed to protect • An association of
for the benefit of interests of individuals or
chartered
professionals they companies in a
certain persons or • Incorporation specific business or
represent.
entities, managed by a certificate needs to industry organized to
• Virtually every trade/
trustee on behalf of the be filed. promote common
profession has such an
trust interests.
• Subject to laws of association.
• Founded by persons the state in which • Most of these are
• A particular sector or
called Thrusters, class of business may
they operate registered under The
settlers and/ or donors, • face the same
Societies Registration
Continuous life span problems- to seek
who execute a written Act- 1860.
solutions for these,
declaration of trust – • Total worth divided • There is a registration they may form
outlines terms and into shares of stock fee. themselves into a
conditions of operation • Each share • The memorandum of trade association.
represents unit of society will define the • CII and
ownership objects of the ASSOCHAM are
association. some examples
27. Principle of Insurance
Risk: Risk is an uncertain event or condition, which if occurs, would have an
undefined or unknown impact on the achievement of objectives.
Classification of risk: There are different kinds of risks, some of which
may be insured, according to the nature and possible consequences of the
hazard involved.
The following classifications of risk should be noted:
Pure and Speculative risks
Fundamental and Particular risks
Financial & Non-financial Risk
28. Principle of Insurance
Basic Characteristics of Insurance
Risk pooling:
Risk transfer from individual to a pool of the insurance company’s
policyholders.
The company charges premium for accepting risk
It ‘pools’ premiums from a group of policyholders into a general
fund to fund the death benefits under contract.
Law of large numbers:
Larger the pool, more predictable the amount of losses in a given
period.
Since not all members of the pool are the same age or in the same
health condition, we can assume not all of them will be making a
claim at the same time.
29. Principle of Insurance
Requirements of Insurable Risks
Sufficient number of homogeneous exposure
The loss must occur by chance
The loss must be definite
The loss must be significant
The loss rate must be predictable
The loss must not be catastrophic to the insurer
30. Steps in Personal Risk Management
Identify/Analyse
Identify/Analyse
loss exposure //risks
loss exposure risks
Determine the
Determine the
Determinethe
Determine the
technique
technique
technique
technique
Implement the
Implement the
Implement the
Implement the
technique
technique
technique
technique
Monitor Decisions
Monitor Decisions
31. Legal Principle in Insurance
Insurance is a contractual agreement between the insurer and the insured.
Should also meet all the requirements of a valid contract:
Offer and acceptance
Consideration
Legal capacity of parties and
Purpose of contract should be legal and not contrary to public interest
Insurance contracts are special type of contracts which have
certain additional distinguishing features associated with it.
Indemnity
Insurable interest
Subrogation
Utmost good faith
Adhesion
Waiver & estoppels
Deductible
32. Life Insurance
Term life policy
Whole life policy
Endowment assurance policy
Human life value
This concept maintains that a person should carry life insurance that is equal to
the present value of the capitalized value of his future net earnings.
How to Use This Method
Estimate the individual's average annual earned income from the person's
present age to the age of retirement.
Deduct the amount that is not allocated to others. Money spent for income
taxes and all other self-maintenance expenses should be deducted in this
step. Typically this is a percentage of salary.
Using a reasonable rate of interest, determine the present value of the
amounts allocated to others for the working period used in first step.
33. Annuities
An annuity is any series of payments made or received at regular intervals.
Annuity benefits protect against the risk of outliving one's financial
resources.
Life annuity- Insurance company GUARANTEES that the individual will
receive the same payments each year no matter how long they live.
Purchased the same way as life insurance.
A person can either purchase the annuity with a one-time large payment or
with smaller yearly premiums before the annuity's payments begin.
34. Disability insurance
Personal Accident insurance policies
It covers any accident caused to the insured by any physical ,violent and visible means
resulting into injuries, which may lead to the death of the insured, or results in some
temporary or permanent disablement.
It is a benefit policy which pays the insured for an injury from an accidental event. Such
injuries may lead to death or disablement of the insured.
These policies commonly provide for payment of benefits on the following contingencies
occurring:
1.Death
2.Permanent disablement
3.Permanent total disablement
4.Permanent partial disablement
5.Temporary total disablement
6.Expense for the carriage of the body
7.Education fund for dependent children
8.Medical expense for treatment of injuries
35. Health Insurance
Mediclaim is the most popular health insurance product.
The policy is available to individual between 5 and 80 years. Children
between the age 3 months and 5 years can be covered provided one or both
parents are covered concurrently
This policy provides for reimbursement of expense incurred for
hospitalisation/domiciliary hospitalisation in India for the treatment of any
illness or disease or accidental injury suffered during the policy period.
There are other important features associated with the policy.
1. Claim free renewal bonus
2. Discounted family package cover
36. Domestic insurance
The most popular domestic insurance cover available in the Indian market is
the Householders' Insurance policy.
This policy offers a package cover, a kind of an omnibus personal
umbrella cover
Risks to your client's house and belongings due to fire, lightning,
earthquake, burglary, larceny, theft, electrical or mechanical breakdown of
domestic appliances etc. are all covered under the household insurance
cover.
Coinsurance clause: This clause, also known as an average clause, is
widely used in all household policies.
Coverage: The particular risks covered under each section are:
1. Household contents & building (cover for fire and allied perils)
2. Household contents (cover for burglary, housebreaking and theft)
3. Jewellery and valuables
4. Plate glass
5. Breakdown of domestic appliances
6. TV, VCR
7. Pedal Cycle
8. Baggage
9. Personal accident
10. Third party legal liability & workmen's compensation
37. Motor vehicles insurance
Liability only insurance: This insurance is compulsory as per Motor Vehicles Act,
1988. This policy covers legal liability of driver / owner towards third parties for
1. Bodily injury (unlimited amount as mandated by Motor Vehicles Act)
2. Death
3. Property damage (Up to Rs. 750,000 per accident, in case of private cars and commercial
vehicles and Rs. 100,000 in case of two wheelers, although Motor Vehicles Act requires
a cover of only Rs. 6,000)
The policy also includes cover for legal costs to claimants. The policy has an inbuilt cover
for death/ disability of driver / owner caused by accident during the use of the insured
motor vehicle up to Rs.200,000 in case of private car and commercial vehicle and Rs.
100,000 in case of two wheelers.
Package insurance: A package insurance policy is what is commonly known as
comprehensive policy and has two components:
1. Liability only coverage which is compulsory: SA as per the Act
2. Property damage cover to the vehicle: for the purpose of property damage cover under
package policy, the insured is required to choose a sum insured known as insured's
declared value (IDV).
Under 'No fault liability’ of the Act, owner/driver and insurer, is liable to pay
compensation to third party for death/injury caused by motor accident, regardless of the fact
whether the accident occurred due to the fault of the driver or not.
The amount of compensation, however, under no fault liability is limited to
Rs. 50,000 for death and Rs. 25,000 for-permanent disablement.
38. Travel insurance
People who travel abroad whether for business or for a vacation they are
exposed to risks.
To take care of the risks during foreign travel there are two kinds of policies
available
1. Overseas Mediclaim cover which is strictly a medical insurance cover
2. Overseas Travel Insurance cover which provides various other covers in
addition to medical insurance such as baggage cover, loss of passport cover,
personal accident cover, personal legal liability cover etc.
39. Personal liability insurance
Professional indemnity insurance: Professional Indemnity Insurance
is generally granted to professionals such as medical practitioners,
surgeons, architects, lawyers, chartered accountants, solicitors etc.
This policy is designed for individual professionals only.
Policy indemnifies the legal liability of the insured person or his named
assistants against claims arising out of the professional service rendered,
caused by or alleged to have been caused by error, omission or negligence
in their service.
The limit of liability can be selected by the insured.
Directors and Officers Liability Insurance: Directors and officers
liability insurance provides protection to the directors and officers against
liability to pay compensation on account of their wrongful act.
41. Types of Benefit Plans
1. Defined Benefit Plans:
o Usually based on the employees final salary and period of employment.
o Employees contribute at a fixed rate and the employer meets the
balance costs.
o The cost of such a scheme is not known till the benefits have been paid
2. Defined Contribution plans:
o The contribution rate is a percentage of earnings or may be flat or
tiered on some other consideration
o The contribution of both the parties is fixed.
o The benefits to the employee would depend on the value of the
accumulated contributions
42. Defined Benefit Plans
Gratuity
Leave Salary
Retrenchment Compensation
Voluntary Retirement Scheme
Nature of Defined Benefits & Tax Issues
43. Defined contribution plans
Statutory Provident Fund
Recognized Provident Fund
Unrecognized Provident Fund
Employees’ Pension Scheme
Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme
Public Provident Fund
45. Return
Return is incentives for doing investment.
To part with money, investors require compensation for
The time period for which the resources are committed
The expected rate of price-rise
The uncertainty of the payments in future
Type of returns:
Holding period return
Annualized return (CAGR)
Risk free return
46. Measurement of return
Historical return: Total return, Average return
Expected return: The expected rate of return is the weighed average of all
possible returns multiplied by their respective probabilities.
n
E(R) = ∑Ri Pi
i=1
Where, E(R) = Expected return from the stock
Ri = Return form the stock under state i
Pi = Probability that the state i occurs
n = Number of possible states of the world
Portfolio return: The expected return on a portfolio of securities weighted
average of expected return for the individual investment in a portfolio.
47. Risk
Risk is the volatility of return on the investment.
Type of risk:
Market Risk
Reinvestment Risk
Interest Rate Risk
Purchasing Power Risk
Liquidity Risk
Political Risk
Exchange Rate risk
48. Measurement of Risk
Historical risk:
Variance: It measures the dispersion of returns around the expected return. Larger
the dispersion, more is the risk involved.
Standard Deviation: It is a measure of variability of returns of an asset as
compared with its mean or expected value. It measures total risk.
Beta: The beta coefficient is a measure of systematic risk and should be used for a
diversified portfolio.
Expected risk:
The variance of a probability distribution is the sum of the squares of the deviations of
actual returns from the expected return, weighted by the associated probabilities.
σ 2 = ∑ Pi Ri –E(Ri) 2
Where,
E(Ri) = Expected return from the stock
Ri = Return from stock under state i
Pi = Probability that the event i occurs
n = Number of possible events
49. Portfolio risk
Covariance: It is a measure of the degree to which two variable move
together over time. A positive covariance indicates that variables move in the
same direction, and a negative covariance indicates that they move in opposite
directions
Correlation coefficient: Covariance is an absolute number and can be
difficult to interpret, it is often converted to correlation coefficient.
Coefficient of determination(R2): It is calculated by squaring the
correlation coefficient (R). It gives the variation in one variable explained by
another.
Standard Deviation: The SD of a portfolio is not the average of the
standard deviation of individual stock.
σ = √ (w12 σ12) + (w2 2σ22) + (2w1w2COV12)
Variance: The square of SD is variance.
50. Risk Adjusted Return
The Treynor Measure: Relative measure of the risk adjusted performance of a portfolio
based on the market risk (i.e. the systematic risk).
Treynor's Index (Ti) = (Ri - Rf)/Bi.
Where, Ri represents return on fund, Rf is risk free rate of return and Bi is beta of the fund.
In comparing, if Ti >= 0 ,that is good; if <0 , that is not good.
The Sharpe Measure: Relative measure of risk adjusted performance of a portfolio based
on total risk (systematic risk+ nonsystematic risk )
Sharpe Index (Si) = (Ri - Rf)/Si
Where, Si is standard deviation of the fund.
In comparing ,bigger is better
Jenson Model: Alpha,ά, is an absolute measure of performance and measures how well a
managed portfolio performed relative to an unmanaged portfolio of equal risk.
It determines how much the realized return differs from the required return. The following
formula is used to find alpha:
ά = Rp- Rf+ (R m- Rf) Beta
The alpha value indicates whether a portfolio manager is superior or inferior in market timing
and stock selection. A positive alpha indicates a superior fund manager, and negative alpha
indicates an inferior fund manager
51. Equity valuation
Valuation of preference share
Valuation of equity share
Single Period Valuation
Multi period valuation
Plough back ratio
Derivative
Forward contract
Future contract
Option: Call & Put
52. Fixed interest instrument
Valuations
Risk associated with fixed interest instrument
Interest rate risk
Reinvestment risk
Credit risk
Types and features of small saving instruments
PPF
NSC
KVP
POMIS
POTD
SCSS
Bank deposits
53. Product knowledge
RELIEF BONDS (TAX-FREE)
RELIEF BONDS (TAX-FREE) Individuals & HUF (No NRIs)
Issued in March 2003 Min –Rs. 1,000
Tenure –5 years (2008) I.T & W.T –Exempt
Interest @ 6.5% (Half yearly) Premature encashment at the
Interest payments –1stJuly & 1st January end of 3 years
Compounding –Half yearly timing at the interest payment dates –
Maturity Value –Rs. 1000 becomes Rs.1377 penalty @ half of the interest due
for the last 6 months
Discontinued by F.A 2004
RELIEF BONDS (TAXABLE)
April 2003 NATIONAL SAVING CERTIFICATES
8% Interest (Taxable) Minimum –Rs. 100
6 years Interest compounded half yearly
Interest payments –Half yearly 100 becomes 160.10
(1st February & 1st August) Six years –no premature encashment
Compounding –Half yearly Premature allowed in case of death
Maturity Value –Rs. 1000 becomes Rs. 1601 Encashment Features:
Individuals & HUF (No NRIs) Within a year –only face value
Min –Rs. 1,000 One year to three years –face value + simple interest
I.T & W.T –Taxable More than 3 years –as per schedule
No Premature encashment at the end of 3 years
54. Public provident fund
15 years
Min –500, max –70,000
Account closure –15 years
Total deposits –12 in a year
In a month may be more than 1
Loans: after completion of one year from the end of the
financial year of opening of the account and before completion of the 5thyear
Amount cannot exceed 40% of the amount that stood to credit at the end of fourth year
preceding the year of withdrawal or at the end of preceding year whichever is lower
Premature withdrawal is permissible every year after completion of 5 years from the
end of the year of opening the account.
55. Post office schemes
Kisan Vikas Patra
Post Office Monthly Income Scheme
Post Office Saving Account
RD –Rs. 10 becomes Rs. 728.9 (5 years)
56. Mutual fund
NAV Computation
The net assets represent the market value of assets which belong to the
investors, on a given date.
Net assets are calculated as:
Market value of investments
Plus(+) current assets and other assets
Plus(+) accrued income
Less(-) current liabilities and other liabilities
Less(-) accrued expenses
57. Load implication
Initial issue expense : Expenses that are incurred in the launch of the fund are
called as initial issue expenses.
The costs of registration and fund formation
Legal and advisory expenses
Costs of launching the scheme
Advertisement and promotion expenses
Distribution costs
Commissions to selling agents
SEBI imposes a ceiling of 6% on these expenses.
Latest changes on Initial Issue Expenses
IIE will be permitted for closed ended schemes only and such
scheme will not charge Entry load
IN CES, IIE shall be amortized on a weekly basis over the period of
scheme.
IN OES, the sales, marketing and other expenses of sales should be
met from the entry load and not IIE
58. Wealth cycle for investors
Stage Financial needs Investment preferences
Accumulation stage Investing for long term identified Growth options and long term
financial goals products.High risk appetite
Transition Stage Near term needs for funds as Liquid and medium term investments.
pre-specified needs draw closer Lower risk appetite
Reaping Stage Higher liquidity requirements Liquid and medium term investments.
Preference for income and debt products
Long term investment of
Inter Generational Low liquidity needs.
inheritance
Ability to take risk and invest for the long
transfer
term
Sudden wealth surge Medium to long term Wealth preservation.
Preference for low risk products
60. Heads of Income
Salary
Income from house property
capital gain
Profits and gains of business and profession
Income from other sources
Other Concepts
Clubbing of income Agriculture Income
Set off & Carry Forward Securities transaction tax
Assessment of individual Fringe Benefit tax
Trust Deductions
Property documentation
61. Salary
Tax treatment of different forms of salary income
Leave salary
Gratuity
Pension
Allowance
House rent allowance
Entertainment allowance
Special allowance
62. Perquisites
Fringe benefits tax
Treatment of medical facilities
Rent free accommodation and accommodation provided at
concession
63. Income from house property
Computation of annual value
Let out house
Self occupied house
Deductions admissible
Capital Gain
Understanding capital gain
Capital asset
Transfer of capital assets
Computation of capital gain
Capital gain exempt from tax
64. Income from other sources
Dividend
Winning from lotteries, crossword puzzles, races including
horse race
65. Income by way of interest on securities
Income, by way of interest on securities, is chargeable under the head "income
from other sources", if such income is not chargeable to income-tax under the
head, "Profits and Gains of Business or Profession"
"Interest on securities" means:
a) Interest on any security of the Central Government or a State Government;
b) Interest on debentures or other securities for money issued by, or on behalf
of a local authority or a company or a corporation established by Central, State
or Provincial Act.
For income-tax purposes what is to be charged to tax is the gross amount of
interest. Therefore, if the net-interest is given, it has to be grossed up to arrive
at the taxable amount. Net Interest can be grossed up as under:
Net interest x 100
100 - Rate of TDS
The rates of T.D.S. are as under:
In case of securities listed on a recognized stock exchange –
10% plus surcharge as applicable plus education cess @2%.
Unlisted non-government securities - 20% plus surcharge as applicable.
66. Any sum received on or after April 1, 2006(gift)
Following condition should be satisfied:
The recipient is an individual or a HUF;
Any sum of money is received without consideration on or after April,
2007
The aggregate amount of such money received during a financial year from
any person/persons exceeds Rs. 50000
If aggregate amount of such money received by an individual/HUF during a financial
year form any person/persons is Rs. 50000 or less, nothing would be chargeable to tax.
Provision not applicable in the following cases:
1. Money received from a relative
2. Money received on occasion of marriage of individual
3. Money received by way of will/inheritance
4. Money received in contemplation of death of payer
5. Money received form a local authority.
6. Money received form any fund, foundation, university, other educational
institution, hospital, medical institution, any trust or institution.
7. Money received form a charitable institute registered
68. Introduction to Financial Planning
Cash Flow planning
Ratio analysis
Loan repayment schedule: Detailed sum
Inflation adjusted interest rates
Rule of 72
Ethics and professional conduct
69. Risk management and insurance planning
Human life value
Understanding of insurance plan
Indemnity
71. Investment planning
Securities market line
Covariance
Standard deviation
Sharpe, Treynor, Jensen Ratios
Bond valuation
Equity valuation: Gordon, problem based on plough back ratio
Basic sums on call and put options and futures
72. Tax and estate planning
Home loan tax treatment
Agriculture Income
Assessment of individual
Capital gain (comprehensive)