This document summarizes a study that used Landsat satellite imagery to map changes in forest cover in Kabupaten Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia between 2005 and 2009. The author acquired Landsat 5 TM images for July 2005 and July 2009. NDVI, band ratios, and supervised maximum likelihood classification were used to classify the images into forested and non-forested land. Accuracy assessment using Google Earth found 97.5% accuracy for 2005 and 83.2% for 2009. Statistics estimated a 25.4% reduction in forest cover and 23.7% increase in non-forested areas. While the reforestation project's success could not be directly measured, the study demonstrated the ability of remote sensing to
land use land cover change detection in a part of ramganga river basin, at ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The paper deals with the status of the land use/land cover change taken place in a part of Ramganga River Basin, at Bareilly district, Uttar Pradesh, India, by using remote sensing satellite data. The present study area is confined to latitude 28°10′ to 28054ʹ North and longitude 78°58′ to 78o58ʹ East, covering an area of 4120 km2. The satellite images of 1979 and 2009 have been obtained from global land cover facility (GLCF) and examined by unsupervised classification method. The general classification level has been adopted. The identified classes include Settlements, Croplands, Vegetation/Plantations, Water Bodies, and Waste Land. The result shows increasing trend of crop land and built up area and decreasing trend of vegetation and Plantation land.
Land Use Land Cover Change Detection of Gulbarga City Using Remote Sensing an...ijsrd.com
Land use and land cover(LULC) recently these days became a major component to handle natural resources and managing changes occurring in the environment.which is due to expansion of the urban area it has lead to critical losses of agriculture land,vegetation land and water bodies.followed by this the urban sprawl created a environmental issues. For example :decreased air quality and increase in the temperature etc. Land use and land cover change is driven by human actions and also drives changes that limit availability of products and services for human and animals, and it can undermine ecological wellbeing also. Land use and land cover is an important component in understanding various interactions of the human activities with the environment and thus it is necessary to be able to simulate changes. Therefore, this study was aimed at understanding land use and land cover change in Gulbarga city. In this work we took Gulbarga city to study the urban expansion and LULC change that took place in 2001 and 2012 to know the changes happened in the year 2012 by comparing with data of 2001.remote sensing methodology is used in this study which provides major coverage mapping & classification of land cover features such as vegetation,soil,water,forest etc. A wide range of environmental parameters can be measured including the land use, vegetation types, surface temperatures , soil types, precipitation, phytoplankton, turbidity, surface elevation and geology.satellite images of two different years i.e 2001 and 2012 are taken in to consideration.after image processing classification is done so as to classify images in to various different land use categories.
LAND USE /LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION AND CHANGE DETECTION USING GEOGRAPHICAL I...IAEME Publication
Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. Geographical information system and image processing techniques used for the analysis of land use/land cover and change detection of Sukhana Basin of Aurangabad District, Maharashtra state. The tools used ArcGIS10.1 and ERDAS IMAGINE9.1, landsat images of 1996, 2003and 2014. From land use / land cover change detection it is found that during 1996-2014, water bodies cover have loss of 4 Sq. Km. Barren land have 146 Sq.Km. loss and forest area with 96 Sq.Km. loss. It is found that urbanization area has gain of 51 Sq.Km. and agricultural land cover also have gain of 195 Sq.Km.
The present study focuses on the nature and pattern of urban expansion of Madurai city over its surrounding region during the period from 2003 to 2008. Based on its proximity to the Madurai city, Preparation of various thematic data such Land use and Land cover using Land sat data. Create a land use land cover map from satellite imagery using supervised classification. Find out the areas from the classified data. The study is based on secondary data, the satellite imagery has downloaded from GLCF (Global Land Cover Facility) web site, for the study area (path101 row 67), the downloaded imagery subset using Imagery software to clip the study area. The clipped satellite imagery has used to prepare the land use and land cover map using supervised classification.
Myanmar is one of the most forested countries in mainland South-east Asia. These forests support a large number of important species and endemics and have great value for global efforts in biodiversity conservation.
land use land cover change detection in a part of ramganga river basin, at ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The paper deals with the status of the land use/land cover change taken place in a part of Ramganga River Basin, at Bareilly district, Uttar Pradesh, India, by using remote sensing satellite data. The present study area is confined to latitude 28°10′ to 28054ʹ North and longitude 78°58′ to 78o58ʹ East, covering an area of 4120 km2. The satellite images of 1979 and 2009 have been obtained from global land cover facility (GLCF) and examined by unsupervised classification method. The general classification level has been adopted. The identified classes include Settlements, Croplands, Vegetation/Plantations, Water Bodies, and Waste Land. The result shows increasing trend of crop land and built up area and decreasing trend of vegetation and Plantation land.
Land Use Land Cover Change Detection of Gulbarga City Using Remote Sensing an...ijsrd.com
Land use and land cover(LULC) recently these days became a major component to handle natural resources and managing changes occurring in the environment.which is due to expansion of the urban area it has lead to critical losses of agriculture land,vegetation land and water bodies.followed by this the urban sprawl created a environmental issues. For example :decreased air quality and increase in the temperature etc. Land use and land cover change is driven by human actions and also drives changes that limit availability of products and services for human and animals, and it can undermine ecological wellbeing also. Land use and land cover is an important component in understanding various interactions of the human activities with the environment and thus it is necessary to be able to simulate changes. Therefore, this study was aimed at understanding land use and land cover change in Gulbarga city. In this work we took Gulbarga city to study the urban expansion and LULC change that took place in 2001 and 2012 to know the changes happened in the year 2012 by comparing with data of 2001.remote sensing methodology is used in this study which provides major coverage mapping & classification of land cover features such as vegetation,soil,water,forest etc. A wide range of environmental parameters can be measured including the land use, vegetation types, surface temperatures , soil types, precipitation, phytoplankton, turbidity, surface elevation and geology.satellite images of two different years i.e 2001 and 2012 are taken in to consideration.after image processing classification is done so as to classify images in to various different land use categories.
LAND USE /LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION AND CHANGE DETECTION USING GEOGRAPHICAL I...IAEME Publication
Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. Geographical information system and image processing techniques used for the analysis of land use/land cover and change detection of Sukhana Basin of Aurangabad District, Maharashtra state. The tools used ArcGIS10.1 and ERDAS IMAGINE9.1, landsat images of 1996, 2003and 2014. From land use / land cover change detection it is found that during 1996-2014, water bodies cover have loss of 4 Sq. Km. Barren land have 146 Sq.Km. loss and forest area with 96 Sq.Km. loss. It is found that urbanization area has gain of 51 Sq.Km. and agricultural land cover also have gain of 195 Sq.Km.
The present study focuses on the nature and pattern of urban expansion of Madurai city over its surrounding region during the period from 2003 to 2008. Based on its proximity to the Madurai city, Preparation of various thematic data such Land use and Land cover using Land sat data. Create a land use land cover map from satellite imagery using supervised classification. Find out the areas from the classified data. The study is based on secondary data, the satellite imagery has downloaded from GLCF (Global Land Cover Facility) web site, for the study area (path101 row 67), the downloaded imagery subset using Imagery software to clip the study area. The clipped satellite imagery has used to prepare the land use and land cover map using supervised classification.
Myanmar is one of the most forested countries in mainland South-east Asia. These forests support a large number of important species and endemics and have great value for global efforts in biodiversity conservation.
INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY OF DATA REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES ASSESS THE LA...acijjournal
The present study focuses on the nature and pattern of urban expansion of Madurai city over its
surrounding region during the period from 2003 to 2013. Based on Its proximity to the Madurai city,
Preparation of various thematic data such Land use and Land cover using Land sat data. Create a land
use land cover map from satellite imagery using supervised classification. Find out the areas from the
classified data. The study is Based on secondary data, the satellite imagery has downloaded from GLCF
(Global Land Cover Facility) web site, for the study area (path101 row 67), the downloaded imagery
Subset using Imagery software to clip the study area. The clipped satellite imagery has Send to prepare the
land use and land cover map using supervised classification.
Paddy field classification with MODIS-terra multi-temporal image transformati...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the paddy field classification model using the approach based on periodic plant life cycle events and how these elevations in climate as well as habitat factors, such as elevation. The data used are MODIS-Terra two tiles of H28v09 and H29v09 of 2016, consist of 46 series of 8-daily data, with 500 meter resolution in Java region. The paddy field classification method based on the phenological model is done by Maximum Likelihood on the transformed annual multi-temporal image of the reflectance data, index data, and the combination of reflectance and index data. The results of the study showed that, with the reference of the Paddy Field Map from the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), the overall accuracies of the paddy field classification results using the combination of reflectance and index data provide the highest (85.4%) among the reflectance data (83.5%) and index data (81.7%). The accuracy levels were varied; these depend on the slope and the types of paddy fields. Paddy fields on the slopes of 0-2% could be well identified by MODIS-Terra data, whereas it was difficult to identify the paddy fields on the slope >2%. Rain-fed lowland paddy field type has a lower user accuracy than irrigated paddy fields. This study also performed correlation (r2) between the analysis results and the statistical data based on district and provincial boundaries were >0.85 and >0.99 respectively. These correlations were much higher than the previous study results, which reached 0.49-0.65 (hilly-flat areas of county-level), and 0.80-0.88 (hilly-flat areas of provincial level) for China, and reached 0.44 for Indonesia.
Assessment of Land Use Land Cover Classification through Geospatial Approach:...Premier Publishers
Earth's land use/land cover (LC/LU) classification provides valuable information particularly on natural resources, mapping and its monitoring. There is a significant change on LC/LU across the globe due to the climatic changes, rapid increase in population and over demand of economic natural resources. Remote Sensing (RS) satellite data with its synoptic view and multispectral data provides essential information in proper planning of LU/LC conditions of larger areas. The study aims to map and monitor the existing LU/LC classification scientifically using geospatial tools in database generation, analyses and information extraction. Thematic maps of the study area are prepared using satellite images in conjunction with collateral data Survey of India (SoI) toposheets, forest and wasteland maps. An attempt have been made to delineate the Level-I, Level-II and Level-III LU/LC classification system through NRSC guidelines (2011) using both Digital Image Processing (DIP) and Visual Image Interpretation Techniques (VIIT) by GIS software’s with limited Ground Truth Check (GTC). More accurate classification is observed in case of digital technique as compared to that of visual technique in terms of area statistics. The final results highlight the potentiality of geospatial technique in optimal and sustainable land use planning of natural resource and its management.
Classification Sensing Image of Remote Using Landsat 8 through Unsupervised C...IJAEMSJORNAL
Bangkalan regency is classified as a new regency which is located East Java, Indonesia. This regency possesses several potential areas in agriculture, plantation, and fishery. This research employs image analysis process of remote sensing satellite Landsat 8 in Bangkalan regency. This research uses Landsat 8 satellite image processing method from image data collection stage to classification stage by using unsupervised classification technique. This method produces land appearance, such as agriculture, ponds, and settlements in Bangkalan regency. This research classification result can be used as a reference of vegetation coverage in Bangkalan regency. Based on the research result, rice field vegetation is very dominant compared to other areas in Bangkalan Regency. Rice field vegetation coverage is much more dominant than other coverage such as residential area. The main objective of this study is to obtain the scale of comparison or area percentage in Bangkalan.
INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY OF DATA REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES ASSESS THE LA...acijjournal
The present study focuses on the nature and pattern of urban expansion of Madurai city over its
surrounding region during the period from 2003 to 2013. Based on Its proximity to the Madurai city,
Preparation of various thematic data such Land use and Land cover using Land sat data. Create a land
use land cover map from satellite imagery using supervised classification. Find out the areas from the
classified data. The study is Based on secondary data, the satellite imagery has downloaded from GLCF
(Global Land Cover Facility) web site, for the study area (path101 row 67), the downloaded imagery
Subset using Imagery software to clip the study area. The clipped satellite imagery has Send to prepare the
land use and land cover map using supervised classification.
Paddy field classification with MODIS-terra multi-temporal image transformati...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the paddy field classification model using the approach based on periodic plant life cycle events and how these elevations in climate as well as habitat factors, such as elevation. The data used are MODIS-Terra two tiles of H28v09 and H29v09 of 2016, consist of 46 series of 8-daily data, with 500 meter resolution in Java region. The paddy field classification method based on the phenological model is done by Maximum Likelihood on the transformed annual multi-temporal image of the reflectance data, index data, and the combination of reflectance and index data. The results of the study showed that, with the reference of the Paddy Field Map from the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), the overall accuracies of the paddy field classification results using the combination of reflectance and index data provide the highest (85.4%) among the reflectance data (83.5%) and index data (81.7%). The accuracy levels were varied; these depend on the slope and the types of paddy fields. Paddy fields on the slopes of 0-2% could be well identified by MODIS-Terra data, whereas it was difficult to identify the paddy fields on the slope >2%. Rain-fed lowland paddy field type has a lower user accuracy than irrigated paddy fields. This study also performed correlation (r2) between the analysis results and the statistical data based on district and provincial boundaries were >0.85 and >0.99 respectively. These correlations were much higher than the previous study results, which reached 0.49-0.65 (hilly-flat areas of county-level), and 0.80-0.88 (hilly-flat areas of provincial level) for China, and reached 0.44 for Indonesia.
Assessment of Land Use Land Cover Classification through Geospatial Approach:...Premier Publishers
Earth's land use/land cover (LC/LU) classification provides valuable information particularly on natural resources, mapping and its monitoring. There is a significant change on LC/LU across the globe due to the climatic changes, rapid increase in population and over demand of economic natural resources. Remote Sensing (RS) satellite data with its synoptic view and multispectral data provides essential information in proper planning of LU/LC conditions of larger areas. The study aims to map and monitor the existing LU/LC classification scientifically using geospatial tools in database generation, analyses and information extraction. Thematic maps of the study area are prepared using satellite images in conjunction with collateral data Survey of India (SoI) toposheets, forest and wasteland maps. An attempt have been made to delineate the Level-I, Level-II and Level-III LU/LC classification system through NRSC guidelines (2011) using both Digital Image Processing (DIP) and Visual Image Interpretation Techniques (VIIT) by GIS software’s with limited Ground Truth Check (GTC). More accurate classification is observed in case of digital technique as compared to that of visual technique in terms of area statistics. The final results highlight the potentiality of geospatial technique in optimal and sustainable land use planning of natural resource and its management.
Classification Sensing Image of Remote Using Landsat 8 through Unsupervised C...IJAEMSJORNAL
Bangkalan regency is classified as a new regency which is located East Java, Indonesia. This regency possesses several potential areas in agriculture, plantation, and fishery. This research employs image analysis process of remote sensing satellite Landsat 8 in Bangkalan regency. This research uses Landsat 8 satellite image processing method from image data collection stage to classification stage by using unsupervised classification technique. This method produces land appearance, such as agriculture, ponds, and settlements in Bangkalan regency. This research classification result can be used as a reference of vegetation coverage in Bangkalan regency. Based on the research result, rice field vegetation is very dominant compared to other areas in Bangkalan Regency. Rice field vegetation coverage is much more dominant than other coverage such as residential area. The main objective of this study is to obtain the scale of comparison or area percentage in Bangkalan.
UN REACH in Bangladesh - facilitating multisectoral coordination for nutritionIftekhar Rashid
National Public Health 2013 presentation in Bangladesh from the UN REACH team - "UN REACH in Bangladesh - facilitating multisectoral coordination for nutrition"
Whether you're managing your own business or working for a Fortune 500 company, Business Strategy is integral to your company's success. More Info At : http://learnppt.com/business-strategy.php
Levers for the transformation of land use on the periphery of the Haut-Sassan...Innspub Net
The development of the agricultural sector in Côte d’Ivoire has led to profound changes in forest cover in general and around the protected areas of the State in particular. The aim of this work is to give an account of the process of mutation of the rural space of the classified forest of Haut-Sassandra for a better conservation of the latter. To achieve this objective, satellite images dating from 1997, 2002, 2006, 2013 and 2018 have been classified followed by observations and field surveys. The results show a reduction in forest cover in favour of agriculture. In fact, the forested areas that occupied 18.4% of the landscape in 1997 fell to 4% in 2018 with a conversion of more than 80% of the forested areas to crops. The latter are dominated by three perennial crops with associated food crops. Among these perennial crops, cocoa and coffee are the old ones and are essentially cultivated on a forest cultivation precedent, thus leading to a rarefaction of forest areas. While cashew trees, the third perennial crop, are more recent and were introduced into the area as a result of the increasing scarcity of forest areas. Thus, cashew trees are essentially cultivated on previous crops grown on fallow land and old plantations.
Land Vegetation Cover Changes in and Around Some Gazeeted Forest Reserves of ...AJSSMTJournal
This study focuses on the assessment of vegetation cover changes in and around some gazeeted forest reserves in Gombe
state and implications on the physical environment. To achieve the aim, satellite images for over a period of 10 years (2006-
2017) were examined. Thus, four forest reserves were selected and five sites and communities in each of them were picked
based on a checklist and subjected to time-series analyses. Landsat data and SPOT XS data were used. Determinants of fuel
wood such as quantity of fuel wood per kilogram per week were also observed. Interviews, focus group discussions (FGD) and
questionnaire surveys were used to generate data from the respondents on the impacts of fuelwood exploitation on physical
environment of the source areas
Integrated Approach of GIS and USLE for Erosion Risk Analysis in the Sapanca ...theijes
The primary objectives of this study is to establish a Geographical Information System (GIS) for soil loss based upon the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method, and to determine erosion risk zones in the Sapanca lake watershed. In this study, rainfall erosivity (R) factor was computed from monthly and annual precipitation data of six methodological stations. Soil erodibility (K) factor were extracted from soil map by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. Land cover and management (C) factor were derived from Landsat TM imagery and from Statip 2009 map. Topographic (LS) factor was interpolated from a digital elevation model (DEM). Support practice (P) factor was assigned a value of 1 due to lack of support practices in the watershed. The study indicated that the method can be reasonably used for soil erosion risk analysis in the Sapanca Lake Watershed, and also moderate and highly eroded areas associated with new settlements and bare lands since new settlers either cleared of native forests or used intensively for agriculture. Such analysis is essential for water management practices, specifically identification of critical risk zones for investigating watershed management strategies to achieve management goals.
Forest landscape dynamics in the cotton basin of North BeninAI Publications
The agro-ecological zone of the cotton basin of North Benin is a rainfed cereal farming area. In addition, the area is one of the country's favourable Cotton growing areas, which affects the configuration of its landscape. This study analyses the dynamics of the forest landscape in the cotton basin of North Benin between 1986 and 2000. A multidimensional approach was used based on a participatory inventory, field observations and statistical analyses of data from the interpretation of SPOT images. Several indices were calculated, including the importance value of the degree of disturbance, the composition and spatial configuration indices of the landscape types. Then, the sample test matched to the 5% threshold of the disturbance levels obtained between 1986 and 2000 on the one hand and between 2000 and 2016 on the other hand to ensure their significance. The results of this study show two types of disturbance, namely natural (4) and anthropogenic (7). Analysis of these disturbances also shows that agriculture (IV = 0.97), overgrazing (IV = 0.88), timber and service harvesting (IV = 0.78) and carbonization (IV = 0.63) are the main human disturbances in the study area. In addition, there is rapid population growth (IV = 0.94) and climate disturbances (IV = 0.85). In addition, the forest landscape has seen an increase in the number of spots (from 666 in 1986 to 2419 in 2016) and a decrease in the total area. Similarly, the values of the contagion index, ranging from 82.32 in 1986 to 65.82 in 2016, reflect a very fragmented landscape. Thus, the fragmentation of the forest landscape in the cotton basin of North Benin raises, in a very particular way, the problem of the conservation of plant biodiversity.
Comparing of Land Change Modeler and Geomod Modeling for the Assessment of De...IJAEMSJORNAL
The forest destruction, climate change and global warming can reduce an indirect forest benefit because forest is the largest carbon sink and it plays a very important role in global carbon cycle. To support reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) program, there is a need to understand the characteristics of existing Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) modules. The aims of this study are 1) to calculate the rate of deforestation at Poso Regency; and 2) to compare the performance of LCM and GM for simulating baseline deforestation of multiple transitions based on model structure and predictive accuracy. The data used in this study are : 1) Indonesia tophographic map scale 1; 50.000, produced by Geospatial Information Agency (BIG), 2) Landcover maps (1990, 2000, and 2011) which were collected from the Director General of Forestry Planning, Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Meanwhile independent variables (environmental variables) such as : distance from the edge of the forest, the distance from roads, the distance from streams, the distance from settlement, elevation and slope. Landcover changes analysis was assessed by using Idrisi Terrset software and Geomod software. Landcover maps from 1990 and 2000 were used to simulate land-cover of 2011. The resulting maps were compared with an observed land-cover map of 2011. The predictive accuracy of multiple transition modeling was calculated by using Relative Operating Characteristics (ROC). The results show that the deforestation on the period of 1990-2011 reached 19,944 ha (3.55 %) or the rate of deforestation 949 ha year1. Based on the model structure and predictive accuracy comparisons, the LCM was more suitable than the GM for the asssement of deforestation.
IMAGE PROCESSING AND CLUSTERING ALGORITHMS FOR FOREST COVER QUANTIFICATIONIAEME Publication
“Forest cover” refers to the relative land area covered by forests. Anthropological interventions and the subsequent diminishing forest cover, result in environmental degradation, impacting man-nature interactions. Hence, it became the need of the moment to monitor the forest cover to minimize natural perils and promote sustainable development. The present preliminary work focuses on implementing image processing and k- means clustering techniques on satellite imagery to monitor and quantify the forest cover of the Sundarbans delta, existing across India and Bangladesh. Imagebased algorithms relying on characteristic colouration were proposed for analysing the percentage of forest cover in the predefined area. Among various methods of monitoring and examining forest land, image-based algorithms can be of vital use due to the rise in the accessibility of information and the potential of analysing large data sets with the least processing time. The above-discussed techniques, along with the availability of Machine Learning (ML) and spaceborne photography, will have a futuristic impact on interpreting the variations in land cover and land utilization. Building upon the following algorithm, it is now conceivable to conduct timely comprehensive analysis, real-time evaluation, monitoring, and control on how events unfold. Similarly, data collected from various geographical observation systems may provide several other qualitative features that are more focused.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Assessing mangrove deforestation using pixel-based image: a machine learning ...journalBEEI
Mangrove is one of the most productive global forest ecosystems and unique in linking terrestrial and marine environment. This study aims to clarify and understand artificial intelligence (AI) adoption in remote sensing mangrove forests. The performance of machine learning algorithms such as random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), and object-based nearest neighbors (NN) algorithms were used in this study to automatically classify mangrove forests using orthophotography and applying an object-based approach to examine three features (tree cover loss, above-ground carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and above-ground biomass loss). SVM with a radial basis function was used to classify the remainder of the images, resulting in an overall accuracy of 96.83%. Precision and recall reached 93.33 and 96%, respectively. RF performed better than other algorithms where there is no orthophotography.
Alertas Tempranas de Pérdida de Bosques tropicales en Perú usando LandsatAlejandro Leon
Desde el 16 de marzo del 2017 el Programa Nacional de Conservación de Bosques para la Mitigación del Cambio Climático (PNCBMCC) del Ministerio del Ambiente de Perú (MINAM) viene implementando una metodología para la detección de alertas tempranas de la pérdida de cobertura de bosques húmedos tropicales de Perú, la detección se hace cada semana usando imágenes de Landsat 7 y 8 calibradas a reflectancia al tope de la atmosfera (TOA). La cobertura de nubes, neblina y sombra son enmascaradas de las imágenes y para la detección de la pérdida de cobertura de bosque se desarrolló una técnica de análisis de mixtura espectral (SMA) que denominamos desmezcla espectral directa (DSU), el modelo de desmezcla espectral fue construido a partir de los endmembers de bosque primario y la pérdida de cobertura de bosques. Se detectó hasta un 25% de pérdida de cobertura de bosque dentro de un pixel de Landsat. Hasta el 25 de diciembre del 2017 se usaron 500 imágenes Landsat y se detectaron 137 142.99 ha de pérdida de cobertura de bosques húmedos tropicales, esta pérdida incluye la deforestación por expansión agropecuaria, actividades extractivas ilegales o informales, que puede incluir la apertura de caminos para la tala selectiva, se detecta de igual forma las pérdida natural de bosques producida por vientos huracanados, deslizamientos de tierra en áreas montañosas con fuerte pendiente, entre otros. Los resultados fueron verificados con imágenes satelitales de alta resolución espacial, sobrevuelos y trabajo de campo. La evaluación de la exactitud se realizó utilizando un método de muestreo estratificado aleatorio, obteniéndose una alta precisión de usuario y productor. Las alertas tempranas de pérdida de bosques se distribuyen y están disponibles en la plataforma geobosques (http://geobosques.minam.gob.pe/geobosque/visor/index.php)
Mapping of Wood Carbon Stocks in the Classified Forest of Wari-Maro in Benin ...AI Publications
The Emissions Reducing program related to Deforestation and Forest Degradation (Redd +) calls for the development of approaches to quantify and spatialize forest carbon in order to design more appropriate forest management policies. The mapping of carbon stocks was done in the Wari-Maro Forest Reserve. To achieve this, forest inventory data (in situ) and remotely sensed data (Landsat 8 image) were used to construct a wood carbon stock forecasting model. Simple linear regression was used to test the correlation between these two variables. In situ surveys indicate that 64% of carbon stocks are contributed by forest formations, 32.72% are provided by savannah formations and 3.27% are from anthropogenic formations. The quantitative relationship between NDVI and carbon in situ shows a very good correlation with a high coefficient of determination R² = 91%. The carbon map generated from the model identified fronts of deforestation through their low carbon content. This remote sensing approach indicates that forest formations sequester 60% of forest carbon. The savannah formations reserve 33%, the anthropic formations bring only 6% of the stocks. Mapping has further captured the spatial variability among land use types, thus providing arguments to fully meet the objectives of Redd +.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
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GEOG652: Digital Imaging and Processing and Analysis
1. Using Landsat Satellite Imagery
to Map Tropical Forest Changes
of Kabupaten Sukabumi, West
Java, Indonesia
Amy Wolfe
February 20, 2016
GEOG652
Final Project
Digital Imaging and Processing and Analysis
2. Introduction
Tropical forests play an invaluable role in the Earth’s environmental stability, human health, and
the conservation of biological diversity. They act as a significant carbon sink, provide soil stability, help
to maintain atmospheric humidity, regulate stream flows, and others. Unfortunately, deforestation and
degradation continues to occur at an alarming rate from anthropogenic factors such as subsistence and
commercial farming, logging, and urbanization from increasing populations. One of the factors
surrounding the increase of deforestation is that these forests are often located in poor and
underdeveloped regions. Unsustainable logging and farming provides economic benefits for these
countries with the argument that the path to development is through deforestation.1
In retrospect, the
deforestation that we see today is very similar to that which occurred in the 18th
and 19th
centuries in
North America that helped pave the way to becoming the developed nation we see today.2
This is
similar to the history of Europe during its development process in the 17th
and 18th
centuries.3
Consequently, many countries do not have laws, do not enforce laws for protected forests, or worse
encourage deforestation.
The island of Java in Indonesia lies southeast of Malaysia and Sumatra and west of Bali. It is
composed of three provinces: West Java (Jawa Barat), Central Java (Jawa Tengah), and East Java (Jawa
Timur) and contains over half of the nation’s population.4
Archaeological finds indicate that the island
was first inhabited by humans as early as 1.5 million years ago.5
A highly volcanic island, dense forests
flourish over these areas with a rich diversity of 400 species of birds, 100 species of snakes, 500 species
of butterflies, monkeys, crocodiles, and the one-horned rhinoceros.6
The Javan tiger used to roam the
island but has been extinct since the 1970’s due to loss of habitat and being hunted. Agricultural
production plays a significant role in the island’s economy. More than two-thirds of the island is used for
cultivation with the primary crop being rice.7
At a lesser scale, maize, cassava, peanuts, soybeans and
sweet potatoes are produced. Several cash crops are cultivated which include tea, coffee, tobacco,
rubber, cinchona, sugarcane and kapok. Since this island is dependent on agriculture, maintaining soil
stability in order to reduce erosion into the waterways, the establishment of forest reserves in West and
East Java for those located above 1570 meters and 1255 meters respectively was enacted in the 19th
century.8
Unfortunately, deforestation continues from pressures from agribusiness, population
increases, communications and transport.
To help offset some of the anthropogenic deforestation, Mr. Nakagaki Yutaka of the
Organization for Industrial, Spiritual and Cultural Advancement set out to restore 345 ha of forest in the
area Kabupaten Sukabumi of the West Java province in Indonesia, starting in the year 2005.9
This effort
was conducted in collaboration with various companies such as Mitsubishi Corporation, the local
1
Sands, Roger. Forestry in a Global Context. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Pub., 2005.
2
Sands, 120
3
Sands, 120
4
"Java Island, Indonesia." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Accessed February 06, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/place/Java-island-
Indonesia.
5
“Java Island, Indonesia”
6
“Java Island, Indonesia”
7
“Java Island, Indonesia”
8
Sands, 119
9
"Reforestation Project in Sukabumi, Indonesia." OISCA International - Headquarters. Accessed January 16, 2016. http://www.oisca-
international.org/programs/environmental-conservation-program/indonesia/reforestation-project-in-sukabumi-indonesia/.
3. community, and the Gunung Gedepangrango National Park. Any data related to the success of this
project was not found through the internet and thus seems like a suitable project for remote sensing
analysis.
Remote sensing is a useful tool in many areas and can be applied to monitoring forest cover and
land use changes. This becomes extremely helpful as a plethora of valuable information can be gained at
little to very low cost. Moreover, it is a viable tool in forest management as it provides useful
information on current forest cover, changes in forest cover over time, and allows one to model and
predict future conditions.
Data Acquisition
Landsat 5 TM images were downloaded from USGS using Earth Explorer platform projected in
UTM Zone48 S with less than 10% cloud cover. For consistency, images selected were acquired during
the month of July, falling in the middle of Indonesia’s dry season (April to October). In order to gain a
starting point for measuring forest cover at the beginning of the reforestation project, scene
LT51220652005183BKT01, acquired July 2, 2005, was chosen. Scene LT51220652009210BKT00, acquired
July 29, 2009 was selected for a comparison of forest change. The entire area of Kabupaten Sukabumi
was captured in one Landsat image located at path 122, row 065. To isolate the analysis to the
Kabupaten Sukabumi region only, a shapefile of the area was downloaded from DIVA-GIS
(http://www.diva-gis.org/Data) to clip the area of interest.
Methodology
While atmospherically corrected images for Landsat 5 can be downloaded through USGS’s earth
explorer platform, this project aims to work through this preprocessing step in order to practice course
material. Therefore, top of the atmosphere correction, NDVI analysis, classification, land change
analysis, confusion matrices, and multi-date visual change detection were performed through ENVI 5.3
software. For better visibility of dense forestry, bands 4, 3 and 2 were stacked for the majority of the
analysis. ArcGIS was utilized to cut the imagery to the shapefile of the regency, Sukabumi.
NDVI and Band Ratio
For better classification purposes, NDVI and Band Ratio were calculated in ENVI 5.3 using the
tools provided. While both results allowed for better distinction of forest and non-forest, NDVI provided
the best contrast (Figures 2 and 3). These images were used to help identify forested and non-forested
areas on my images using bands 4, 3, and 2 composite for compiling training sites.
Classification
Supervised classification using maximum likelihood displayed the best results for classifying
forested and non-forested areas. Minimum-distance classification was also performed but produced
maps with poor delineations and incorrectly classified pixels that were visibly evident. Surprisingly,
unsupervised classification was unable to extract the two classes and resulted in an image with only one
class. This may be the result of having too few classes. Classification issues arose using maximum
likelihood in which urban areas seen on the original image were classified as forested. This resulted in
the need to refine training sites multiple times with the best resulting images displayed in figure 1. A
minimum of 30 training sites were selected for each class for both years to represent the entire image.
4. While the final classification maps had the best results, there are areas of obvious inconsistencies in
urban areas between the two epochs at the city of Sukabumi, located at the top center area (Figure 1-
bottom images). These differences are the result of atmospheric interference that was visibily seen in
the 2005 image (Figure 1, top left). However, the increase in urban areas, particularly in the lower south-
west and mid-upper eastern portions, is clearly evident and consistent with the supervised
classifications.
Figure 1. Top: TOA images with band combination B4, B3, B2 (Left = year 2005, Right = year
2009). Bottom: Supervised classification using maximum likelihood methodology where Green areas are
Forested and Orange areas are Non-Forested. The black area is no data; Left = July 2, 2005; Right = July
29, 2009
Accuracy Assessment
Since there were no suitable Landsat images available for the time period for use as ground
truth, accuracy assessment was performed by comparison using google earth. Google earth was
considered a suitable ground truth reference and as good as any other high resolution image. The
images for each chosen epoch were carefully analyzed and compared to the google earth. Areas that
were the same class in both google earth and the imagery were selected as ground truth regions of
interest (ROI). These points were then compared to the classified images to produce a confusion matrix
for each epoch (Tables 2 and 3). The overall accuracy for the 2005 classification was 97.5% with a kappa
coefficient (KHAT ) of 0.9270. Table 3 shows that the accuracy for 2009 classification was lower with an
overall accuracy of 83.2% and a KHAT of 0.5666.
5. Producer Accuracy indicates the probability of a reference pixel being correctly classified. It is
the fraction of correctly classified pixels with regard to all pixels of that ground truth class. Non-Forested
areas had the highest producer accuracy for both 2005 and 2009. User accuracy is different from
producer accuracy in that it considers the fraction of correctly classified pixels with regard to all pixels of
that ground truth class. For each class of ground truth pixels (row), the number of correctly classified
pixels is divided by the total number of ground truth or test pixels of that class. The forest class for both
epochs had the highest user accuracy.
Errors of commission result when pixels associated with a class are incorrectly identified
as other classes. Errors of omission occur whenever pixels are simply not recognized that should have
been identified as belonging to a particular class. Non-forest class displayed the highest error of
commission and the forested class had the highest error of omission for both years.
Quantifying Forest Cover Change
ENVI 5.3 provides the option to calculate statistics and provide useful histograms of image data.
Since Landsat 5 images are 30 x 30 meter pixels, the calculation to quantify the forest change was a
simple equation as follows:
Equation 1: (ClPx x 30m x 30m)/10,000 m2
= Area in hectares (ha)
Where ClPx = the number of pixels in each class.
Percent composition was a bit problematic since the statistics also counted the ‘no data’ pixels. These
pixels needed to be excluded from the percentage algorithm as shown in equation 2:
Equation 2: (ClPx/ (ToPx- ND)) * 100 = Percent coverage of class (%)
Where ClPx is the number of pixels in each class, ToPx is the total number of pixels and ND is the
number of ‘no data’ pixels.
Percent change for forest to non-forest was estimated using equation 3:
Equation 3: ((09Px – 05Px)/ 09Px) * 100 = Percent Change (%)
Where 09Px is the total number of pixels for a class in 2009 and 05Px is the total number of
pixels for a class in 2005.
Table 1. Compiled statistics results between the years 2005 and 2009.
Class (Year) # Pixels Area (ha) Percent Composition
Forest (2005) 2,829,792 254,684.28 60.6%
Non-Forest (2005) 1,841,075 165,696.75 39.4%
Forest (2009) 2,257,309 203,157.81 48.3%
Non-Forest (2009) 2,413,558 217,220.22 51.7%
Using equation 3, it is estimated that there was a 25.4% reduction in forest cover and a 23.7% increase
of non-forested areas from 2005 to 2009.
6. Multi-Date Visual Change Detection
Multi-date visual change detection was used in order to highlight the changes in forested and
non-forested areas using the NIR band (4) from both images. NIR band for 2005 was stacked on top of
the NIR band for 2009 and displayed in RGB using the band composite 1, 2, 2 (Figure 4). Areas that are
displayed in red color are decreased reflectance and blue areas are increased reflectance. Black areas
are those of no change. The red colored areas are consistent with areas that show deforestation in the
classified 2009 image in Figure 1. Much of the central, lower south-west and mid-upper eastern portions
displayed increased urbanization and agriculture, also consistent with the non-forested areas in the
classified images. The mountainous region in the upper right and left are protected forests and have
remained unchanged. Lastly, scattered throughout the region are blue areas are indicative of increased
forests or vegetation.
Conclusion
The techniques utilized in this project are well known in the GIS and remote sensing field. Many
projects have used these tools to measure forest loss and gains as it provides an accurate assessment at
low cost and results can be acquired in less time. Recently, consultants at NASA DEVELOP used similar
methods using both ArcGIS and Google Earth Engine to create a timeline of land use and land cover
change over the periods of 1986-2015 in La Mancomunidad La Montañona in Chalatenango, El
Salvador.10
While this project was considered successful, it is a perfect example of the limitations of
remote sensing. This project resulted in 60% accuracy for the classified images using maximum
likelihood supervised classification method.11
It was noted that the results had a high number of
misclassifications of forested areas as crops or pasture classes.12
The largest limitation in this project was the lack of ground truth data or reference data for the
same period of time. Instead, reliance on google earth was utilized and ROI’s selected are assumed to be
more accurate than the supervised classification results. Additionally, it is difficult to select an algorithm
for use that will fully represent the true land cover. Lastly, pixel resolution can significantly impact the
results. For example, a higher resolution image with 5 meter pixels will display a more accurate
representation of the true land cover classes =than an image with 30 meter pixels.
The confusion matrices for both 2005 and 2009 produced very good results. For 2005, the
overall accuracy of 97.5207% is indicative of the percentage of correctly identified pixels in each
category. Since the KHAT is greater than 0.8, there is a strong agreement, between the classification result
and the ground reference data. The 2009 confusion matrix results were not as good as the 2005 results,
but are acceptable. The KHAT fell between 0.8 and 0.4, suggesting that there is moderate agreement
between the classifcation result and the ground reference data. The overall accuracy for 2009 is much
lower at 83.1975%.
10
Ped, Jordan, Stephen Zimmerman, Courtney Duquette, Susannah Miller, and Clarence Kimbrell. El Salvador
Ecological Forecasting: Utilizing NASA Earth Observations to Develop a Historically Based Trajectory of
Deforestation and Degradation in El Salvador. Technical paper. NASA DEVELOP. 2015.
11
Ped, et al., 8
12
Ped, et al., 8
7. Non-Forested areas had the highest producer accuracy because many ROI’s were created over
several areas with different spectral signatures to include as many variances as possible. Additionally,
the producer accuracy is highly influenced by the selection of ROI’s for ground truth. Therefore, the
ground truth could produce a bias in the producer accuracy report. It is probable that the forest class
had the highest user accuracy due to its homogeneous characteristic, while non-forested had a mixture
of urban, agriculture, and water areas.
Determining the success of Mr. Nakagaki Yutaka’s reforestation project was inconclusive.
Without having the geolocations of where the reforestation attempt occurred, reforestation could not
be measured in specific areas. In fact, it was found that significant deforestation had occurred between
the years of 2005 and 2009 throughout the regency of Sukabumi. That is not to say that the
reforestation could not be measured since areas of increased forest cover was seen throughout the
regency as displayed in figure 4. Although this project was incapable of measuring the success or non-
success of the reforestation project, it was successful in identifying and quantifying the regional forest
loss. That information is invaluable and displays the remarkable capabilities of remote sensing and
classification methods. Thus, this project has demonstrated how remote sensing can be used to
successfully quantify forest changes over time.
Bibliography
"Java Island, Indonesia." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Accessed February 06, 2016.
http://www.britannica.com/place/Java-island-Indonesia.
Ped, Jordan, Stephen Zimmerman, Courtney Duquette, Susannah Miller, and Clarence Kimbrell. El
Salvador Ecological Forecasting: Utilizing NASA Earth Observations to Develop a Historically
Based Trajectory of Deforestation and Degradation in El Salvador. Technical paper. NASA
DEVELOP. 2015.
"Reforestation Project in Sukabumi, Indonesia." OISCA International - Headquarters. Accessed January
16, 2016. http://www.oisca-international.org/programs/environmental-conservation-
program/indonesia/reforestation-project-in-sukabumi-indonesia/.
Sands, Roger. Forestry in a Global Context. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Pub., 2005.
8. Appendix
Figure 2. NDVI and Band Ratio for 2005. Images are centered over
urban development (dark areas) and forested areas (bright areas).
Left: NDVI, Right: Band Ratio
Figure 3. NDVI and Band Ratio for 2009. Images are centered over
urban development (dark areas) and forested areas (bright areas).
Left: NDVI, Right: Band Ratio
Figure 4. Multi-Date Visual Change Detection using NIR bands with
band composite 1, 2, 2 (Band 1 = 2005 NIR, Band 2 = 2009 NIR).
9. Table 2. Confusion Matrix results for 2005
Ground Truth (Pixels)
Class Forest Non-Forest Total
Forest 1026 2 1028
Non-Forest 31 272 303
Total 1057 274 1331
Ground Truth (Percent)
Class Forest Non-Forest Total
Forest 97.07 0.73 77.24
Non-Forest 2.93 99.27 22.76
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
Class Commission (%) Omission (%) Commission (Pixels) Omission (Pixels)
Forest 0.19 2.93 2/1028 31/1057
Non-Forest 10.23 0.73 31/303 2/274
Class Prod. Acc. (%) User Acc. (%) Prod. Acc. (Pixels) User Acc. (Pixels)
Forest 97.07 99.81 1026/1057 1026/1028
Non-Forest 99.27 89.77 272/274 272/303
Table 2 shows the confusion matrix for 2005. The overall accuracy = (1298/1331) = 97.5207%. The Kappa Coefficient (KHAT )=
0.9270.
Table 3. Confusion Matrix results for 2009
Ground Truth (Pixels)
Class Forest Non-Forest Total
Forest 2129 0 2129
Non-Forest 536 525 1061
Total 2665 525 3190
Ground Truth (Percent)
Class Forest Non-Forest Total
Forest 79.89 0 66.74
Non-Forest 20.11 100.00 33.26
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
Class Commission (%) Omission (%) Commission (Pixels) Omission (Pixels)
Forest 0.00 20.11 0/2129 536/2665
Non-Forest 50.52 0.00 536/1061 0/525
Class Prod. Acc. (%) User Acc. (%) Prod. Acc. (Pixels) User Acc. (Pixels)
Forest 79.89 100.00 2129/2665 2129/2129
Non-Forest 100.00 49.48 525/525 525/1061
Table 3 shows the confusion matrix for 2009. The overall accuracy = (2654/3190) = 83.1975%. The Kappa Coefficient (KHAT )=
0.5666.