Nutrition involves the intake of nutrients from food and their relationship to health. A balanced diet contains carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals in proportions to meet the body's requirements. Good nutrition is essential for health, growth, and development, while poor nutrition can lead to reduced immunity and increased disease risk. Nutritional status can be assessed directly using anthropometric, clinical, dietary, and biochemical methods or indirectly using community-level indicators of nutrition and health. Major forms of malnutrition include undernutrition, which can cause kwashiorkor, marasmus, and micronutrient deficiencies, as well as overnutrition leading to issues like obesity.
The document discusses the role of nursing in caring for tuberculosis patients. It states that the nurse's role is vital for establishing patients on correct treatment and ensuring completion of therapy. Nurses must provide education to patients and support treatment adherence to prevent lapses. Proper handling of specimens and isolation of infectious patients is important to prevent transmission, while protecting nurses from infection through masks and tuberculin skin testing.
Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy: What's the evidence? Health Evidence™
Health Evidence hosted a 90 minute webinar examining the effectiveness daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Click here for access to the audio recording for this webinar: https://youtu.be/ra2TsIl_UjI
Dr. Luz Maria De-Regil, Director of Research and Evaluation at the Micronutrient Initiative, led the session and will present findings from her latest Cochrane review:
Peña-Rosas J.P., De-Regil L.M., Garcia-Casal M.N., & Dowswell T. (2015). Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(7), CD004736.
During pregnancy, women need iron and folate to meet both their own needs and those of the developing baby. Iron and folic acid supplementation is thought to improve iron stores, prevent anaemia, and improve maternal and birth outcomes. This Cochrane review examines the effectiveness of daily iron supplements for pregnant women, either alone or in conjunction with folic acid, or with other vitamins and minerals as a public health intervention in antenatal care. 61 randomised trials (44 trials involving 43, 274 pregnant women included in the analysis) compared the effects of daily oral supplements containing iron versus no iron or placebo. Preventative iron supplements reduce maternal anaemia at term by 70% (RR 0.30; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.46) and reduce preterm babies (RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.84 to 1.03). This webinar provided an overview of the effectiveness of daily oral iron supplementation on various maternal health and infant outcomes, and explored implementation recommendations.
The document outlines the 4 stages of labor:
1) First stage from 0-10cm dilation with early, active, and transition phases. Nursing care includes assessments, comfort measures, and pain management.
2) Second stage from 10cm dilation until birth. Nursing focuses on support during pushing and preparing for delivery.
3) Third stage is from birth until delivery of placenta. Care includes newborn assessments and supporting breastfeeding.
4) Fourth stage is the recovery period for 4 hours postpartum with assessments and comfort measures.
The third stage of labor involves the delivery of the placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes. It typically lasts 15 minutes for first-time mothers and 5 minutes for others, not exceeding 30 minutes. There are two methods of placental separation - the Schultz method where it separates from the center and the Matthew Duncan method where it separates from the periphery. Controlled cord traction is used to deliver the placenta by applying gentle traction on the umbilical cord after signs of separation are present. The provider then checks the placenta and membranes for completeness.
Preterm labor is a multifactorial problem that current treatment options address only symptomatically rather than causally. Preventative treatment with progesterone can lower preterm birth rates in high-risk groups by over 30%. Tocolysis using beta-adrenergic agonists like terbutaline and fenoterol can be used to prevent premature labor by relaxing the uterus. However, these drugs often cause side effects from activating the sympathetic nervous system.
The document provides an overview of foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing. It discusses definitions of mental health and mental illness. It describes the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) and issues of self-awareness for nurses. Neurobiological theories of mental illness are presented, including the roles of neurotransmitters and neuroanatomic structures. Psychopharmacological treatments for conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety are summarized. Finally, psychosocial theories of Sigmund Freud are briefly introduced.
Tocolytic drugs are used to suppress premature labor by postponing delivery long enough for glucocorticoids to increase fetal lung maturity. The main classes of tocolytic drugs are beta-adrenergic agonists like terbutaline, calcium channel blockers like nifedipine, magnesium sulfate, oxytocin receptor antagonists like atosiban, and prostaglandin inhibitors like indomethacin. Each drug has a different mechanism of action, dosage, administration route, contraindications, and side effects that must be monitored to safely delay premature birth.
The document discusses the role of nursing in caring for tuberculosis patients. It states that the nurse's role is vital for establishing patients on correct treatment and ensuring completion of therapy. Nurses must provide education to patients and support treatment adherence to prevent lapses. Proper handling of specimens and isolation of infectious patients is important to prevent transmission, while protecting nurses from infection through masks and tuberculin skin testing.
Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy: What's the evidence? Health Evidence™
Health Evidence hosted a 90 minute webinar examining the effectiveness daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Click here for access to the audio recording for this webinar: https://youtu.be/ra2TsIl_UjI
Dr. Luz Maria De-Regil, Director of Research and Evaluation at the Micronutrient Initiative, led the session and will present findings from her latest Cochrane review:
Peña-Rosas J.P., De-Regil L.M., Garcia-Casal M.N., & Dowswell T. (2015). Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(7), CD004736.
During pregnancy, women need iron and folate to meet both their own needs and those of the developing baby. Iron and folic acid supplementation is thought to improve iron stores, prevent anaemia, and improve maternal and birth outcomes. This Cochrane review examines the effectiveness of daily iron supplements for pregnant women, either alone or in conjunction with folic acid, or with other vitamins and minerals as a public health intervention in antenatal care. 61 randomised trials (44 trials involving 43, 274 pregnant women included in the analysis) compared the effects of daily oral supplements containing iron versus no iron or placebo. Preventative iron supplements reduce maternal anaemia at term by 70% (RR 0.30; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.46) and reduce preterm babies (RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.84 to 1.03). This webinar provided an overview of the effectiveness of daily oral iron supplementation on various maternal health and infant outcomes, and explored implementation recommendations.
The document outlines the 4 stages of labor:
1) First stage from 0-10cm dilation with early, active, and transition phases. Nursing care includes assessments, comfort measures, and pain management.
2) Second stage from 10cm dilation until birth. Nursing focuses on support during pushing and preparing for delivery.
3) Third stage is from birth until delivery of placenta. Care includes newborn assessments and supporting breastfeeding.
4) Fourth stage is the recovery period for 4 hours postpartum with assessments and comfort measures.
The third stage of labor involves the delivery of the placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes. It typically lasts 15 minutes for first-time mothers and 5 minutes for others, not exceeding 30 minutes. There are two methods of placental separation - the Schultz method where it separates from the center and the Matthew Duncan method where it separates from the periphery. Controlled cord traction is used to deliver the placenta by applying gentle traction on the umbilical cord after signs of separation are present. The provider then checks the placenta and membranes for completeness.
Preterm labor is a multifactorial problem that current treatment options address only symptomatically rather than causally. Preventative treatment with progesterone can lower preterm birth rates in high-risk groups by over 30%. Tocolysis using beta-adrenergic agonists like terbutaline and fenoterol can be used to prevent premature labor by relaxing the uterus. However, these drugs often cause side effects from activating the sympathetic nervous system.
The document provides an overview of foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing. It discusses definitions of mental health and mental illness. It describes the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) and issues of self-awareness for nurses. Neurobiological theories of mental illness are presented, including the roles of neurotransmitters and neuroanatomic structures. Psychopharmacological treatments for conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety are summarized. Finally, psychosocial theories of Sigmund Freud are briefly introduced.
Tocolytic drugs are used to suppress premature labor by postponing delivery long enough for glucocorticoids to increase fetal lung maturity. The main classes of tocolytic drugs are beta-adrenergic agonists like terbutaline, calcium channel blockers like nifedipine, magnesium sulfate, oxytocin receptor antagonists like atosiban, and prostaglandin inhibitors like indomethacin. Each drug has a different mechanism of action, dosage, administration route, contraindications, and side effects that must be monitored to safely delay premature birth.
1. The document discusses various types of anemia that can occur during pregnancy including physiological anemia, iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, complications, investigations, and management of these anemias.
3. Specific attention is given to megaloblastic anemia caused by folic acid deficiency which is a common form of anemia during pregnancy, as well as the effects and management of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia during pregnancy.
A 27-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with severe pre-eclampsia at 35 weeks and 3 days of gestation. She had a blood pressure of 180/110 mmHg, proteinuria, edema, headache, and blurred vision. She received magnesium sulfate and antihypertensive medications. She later had a cesarean section under general anesthesia and delivered twins weighing 1.8 kg and 1.6 kg. The nursing care focused on monitoring her vital signs and symptoms, managing her blood pressure and fluids, providing rest and medications, and health education. Recommendations included improving equipment, guidelines, and staff training for managing severe pre-eclampsia.
The document outlines the objectives and topics to be covered in a family planning session. Participants will learn to define family planning terms, describe how it relates to the MDGs, the evolution of interventions from 1947 to present, and vital health trends. The roles of various organizations in implementation will be discussed, as will unmet needs and shortcomings in Pakistan. Recommendations for health reforms will also be presented. One key paper on family planning in Pakistan will be illustrated.
Magnesium sulfate is used to treat acute nephritis, control hypertension in preeclampsia/eclampsia, correct or prevent hypomagnesemia, and as an adjunct treatment for acute MI and asthma exacerbations. It has contraindications for those with heart block, renal insufficiency, or abdominal symptoms. Potential side effects include weakness, dizziness, bowel issues, and hypermagnesemia. Nurses should monitor magnesium levels during IV therapy and watch for signs of toxicity.
This document provides information on Methergine and Clomiphene Citrate.
Methergine is an ergot alkaloid administered postpartum to help deliver the placenta and control bleeding by improving uterine muscle tone and contractions. It has potential side effects like nausea and leg cramps. Nurses must monitor vital signs and uterine response after administration and educate patients on signs of problems.
Clomiphene Citrate is used to induce ovulation in women with infertility. It works by inhibiting estrogen receptors in the brain to stimulate ovulation. It has potential visual and ovarian side effects and drug interactions. Nurses must monitor patients for abnormal bleeding or vision changes and educate them on proper administration and signs of problems.
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the second leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, accounting for over 30% of maternal deaths in Africa and Asia. In Tanzania, almost 7,900 mothers die each year from childbirth or pregnancy complications, with PPH being one of the direct causes in 14.9% of cases. This case study examines a 33-year old woman admitted to Mnazi Mmoja Hospital in Tanzania suffering from PPH, as evidenced by a hemoglobin level of 8.4 and excessive vaginal bleeding. She received IV fluids, oxytocin, uterine massage and monitoring to manage her fluid deficit, stabilize her vital signs and prevent infection at the placental attachment site.
Neonatal jaundice, cause, Etiology, Treatment, nursing Care of baby in Photo-...sonal patel
This document discusses neonatal jaundice, including:
- Physiological jaundice occurs in 60-80% of newborns and involves a bilirubin level less than 15 mg/dl that disappears within 14 days without treatment.
- Pathological jaundice involves a bilirubin increase of over 5 mg/dl per day or a level over 15 mg/dl that persists after 14 days, and requires further evaluation and treatment.
- Management of jaundiced newborns includes preventing hyperbilirubinemia through feeding and hydration, and treating elevated bilirubin through phototherapy or exchange transfusion according to gestational age and bilirubin level guidelines.
This document discusses various pharmacotherapeutic agents used in obstetrics, including oxytocics, antihypertensive medications, and diuretics. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, preparations, and administration of oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, prostaglandins, methyldopa, labetalol, prazocin, hydralazine, nifedipine, and furosemide. The roles of these drugs in induction of labor, postpartum hemorrhage, and treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension are summarized. Adverse effects on both mother and fetus are also outlined for each class of medication.
Ten percent of all pregnancies are complicated by hypertension (HTN).Eclampsia and preeclampsia account for about half of these cases worldwide.
In 1619, Varandaeus coined the term eclampsia in a treatise on gynecology.
DEFINITION: Eclampsia is defined as the clinical presentation of an unexplained seizure, convulsion, or altered mental status in the setting of the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia. It is considered a complication of severe preeclampsia.
A woman with preeclampsia develops:
--- high blood pressure (>140 mmHg systolic or >90 mmHg diastolic)
--- protein in the urine
--- swelling (edema) of the legs, hands, face or entire body.
This document discusses different frameworks for engaging men in family planning:
1) The 1994 ICPD framework called for programs to educate and enable men to play a more active role in reproductive decisions.
2) The Men and Family Planning framework from 1999 aimed to increase male involvement in contraceptive use but focused on demographic goals rather than women's empowerment.
3) The Male Equality framework proposes services exclusively for men based on the belief that men's reproductive health needs are underserved.
4) The Gender Equity framework sensitizes men and boys about gender equality, rights, and empowerment in reproductive health.
Abortion - Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid Haroon Rashid
Subject - Medical Surgical Nursing - II , Topic - Abortion, Presented by Mohammed Haroon Rashid, Basic B.Sc Nursing 3rd Year in Florence College Of Nursing
Phototherapy uses fluorescent light to break down bilirubin in an infant's skin to treat jaundice. It works by converting bilirubin into water soluble forms that can be excreted from the body. Nursing care for infants receiving phototherapy includes properly positioning the infant under the lights, monitoring their temperature and bilirubin levels daily, providing eye protection and extra fluids, and allowing for feeding and parental interaction while limiting light exposure.
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has several uses in obstetrics including seizure prophylaxis in preeclampsia/eclampsia and providing fetal neuroprotection. It works through vasodilation and reduction of inflammation. Common regimens include IV/IM loading doses followed by IV or IM maintenance doses over 24 hours. Shorter durations of 4 hours or a single IM dose postpartum have also been shown to be effective for seizure prophylaxis. MgSO4 protects the fetal brain through action as an NMDA receptor blocker and its anti-inflammatory effects, decreasing brain lesions and improving long-term outcomes in preterm newborns. It is recommended for neuroprotection for preterm births before 32 weeks
This document discusses various types of birth injuries that can occur in newborns. It begins by defining birth injury as damage that occurs during the birthing process, usually from physical pressure during delivery. Common minor injuries include bruising, abrasions and cephalohematomas, while more serious injuries can involve bones, muscles or the brain. Risk factors for injuries include difficult or prolonged labor, large baby size and abnormal fetal positioning. The document then examines specific injuries like cephalohematomas, caput succedaneum, subgaleal hemorrhages and various types of intracranial hemorrhages. It provides details on symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment approaches for different birth injuries.
The document outlines the management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). It discusses forming a multidisciplinary team and performing general resuscitative measures like fluid replacement, blood transfusion, and monitoring vital signs. It also describes evaluating for causes of PPH and various medical, mechanical, surgical, and radiological methods to control bleeding, such as uterine massage, uterine packing, sutures, and arterial embolization. The principles of evaluating and treating secondary PPH related to infection are also covered.
This document discusses anemia during pregnancy. It begins by defining anemia and describing the production of red blood cells. It then discusses the incidence of anemia in pregnancy, classifying it into pathological and physiological types. The major causes of anemia in pregnancy are iron, folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies. Symptoms include paleness, fatigue, dizziness and shortness of breath. Risk factors include close pregnancies and frequent vomiting. Treatment involves diet, supplements and blood transfusions if needed. Preventing anemia requires a balanced diet high in iron, vitamin C and proteins. Severe anemia can lead to complications for both mother and baby.
This document discusses the partograph, which is a composite graphical record used to monitor labor. It is used to assess the progress of normal and abnormal labor and the fetal response. The partograph allows providers to visualize cervical dilation over time and identify issues early. It includes components like maternal information, fetal well-being, labor progress, medications, and maternal condition. Using a partograph has benefits like early detection of problems, prevention of prolonged labor, and improved outcomes for mothers and babies.
Iron deficiency anaemia is one of the largest problem during pregnancy in a country like India.
So here is a short presentation on iron therapy which we are currently prescribing to our patients.
This document defines and discusses abnormal fetal positions and presentations that can occur during labor, including breech, face, brow, shoulder, transverse lie, and compound presentations. It provides the definitions, incidence rates, causes, diagnostic techniques, and management approaches for each atypical presentation. Key points covered include the different types of breech, face, brow, and shoulder positions, mechanisms of labor for each, and when external cephalic version, assisted vaginal delivery, or cesarean section are recommended.
The document discusses key concepts in nutrition including that optimal nutrition is important for health promotion and certain nutrients are essential for well-being. It defines nutrition, dietetics, and the role of registered dietitians. It also addresses different types of nutrition like optimal nutrition, undernutrition, malnutrition, and overnutrition.
The document discusses several topics related to health including:
- The WHO definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
- Top 10 reasons to stay healthy such as living longer, more energy, and better quality of life.
- Types of diseases including deficiency diseases caused by nutritional deficiencies, pathogenic diseases caused by pathogens, hereditary diseases passed down genetically, and physiological diseases involving natural body functions.
- Specific deficiency diseases like scurvy caused by vitamin C deficiency and their symptoms and treatments.
- Infectious diseases caused by pathogens like viruses and bacteria and comparisons of their characteristics.
- Respiratory diseases as a category of conditions affecting the
1. The document discusses various types of anemia that can occur during pregnancy including physiological anemia, iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, complications, investigations, and management of these anemias.
3. Specific attention is given to megaloblastic anemia caused by folic acid deficiency which is a common form of anemia during pregnancy, as well as the effects and management of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia during pregnancy.
A 27-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with severe pre-eclampsia at 35 weeks and 3 days of gestation. She had a blood pressure of 180/110 mmHg, proteinuria, edema, headache, and blurred vision. She received magnesium sulfate and antihypertensive medications. She later had a cesarean section under general anesthesia and delivered twins weighing 1.8 kg and 1.6 kg. The nursing care focused on monitoring her vital signs and symptoms, managing her blood pressure and fluids, providing rest and medications, and health education. Recommendations included improving equipment, guidelines, and staff training for managing severe pre-eclampsia.
The document outlines the objectives and topics to be covered in a family planning session. Participants will learn to define family planning terms, describe how it relates to the MDGs, the evolution of interventions from 1947 to present, and vital health trends. The roles of various organizations in implementation will be discussed, as will unmet needs and shortcomings in Pakistan. Recommendations for health reforms will also be presented. One key paper on family planning in Pakistan will be illustrated.
Magnesium sulfate is used to treat acute nephritis, control hypertension in preeclampsia/eclampsia, correct or prevent hypomagnesemia, and as an adjunct treatment for acute MI and asthma exacerbations. It has contraindications for those with heart block, renal insufficiency, or abdominal symptoms. Potential side effects include weakness, dizziness, bowel issues, and hypermagnesemia. Nurses should monitor magnesium levels during IV therapy and watch for signs of toxicity.
This document provides information on Methergine and Clomiphene Citrate.
Methergine is an ergot alkaloid administered postpartum to help deliver the placenta and control bleeding by improving uterine muscle tone and contractions. It has potential side effects like nausea and leg cramps. Nurses must monitor vital signs and uterine response after administration and educate patients on signs of problems.
Clomiphene Citrate is used to induce ovulation in women with infertility. It works by inhibiting estrogen receptors in the brain to stimulate ovulation. It has potential visual and ovarian side effects and drug interactions. Nurses must monitor patients for abnormal bleeding or vision changes and educate them on proper administration and signs of problems.
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the second leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, accounting for over 30% of maternal deaths in Africa and Asia. In Tanzania, almost 7,900 mothers die each year from childbirth or pregnancy complications, with PPH being one of the direct causes in 14.9% of cases. This case study examines a 33-year old woman admitted to Mnazi Mmoja Hospital in Tanzania suffering from PPH, as evidenced by a hemoglobin level of 8.4 and excessive vaginal bleeding. She received IV fluids, oxytocin, uterine massage and monitoring to manage her fluid deficit, stabilize her vital signs and prevent infection at the placental attachment site.
Neonatal jaundice, cause, Etiology, Treatment, nursing Care of baby in Photo-...sonal patel
This document discusses neonatal jaundice, including:
- Physiological jaundice occurs in 60-80% of newborns and involves a bilirubin level less than 15 mg/dl that disappears within 14 days without treatment.
- Pathological jaundice involves a bilirubin increase of over 5 mg/dl per day or a level over 15 mg/dl that persists after 14 days, and requires further evaluation and treatment.
- Management of jaundiced newborns includes preventing hyperbilirubinemia through feeding and hydration, and treating elevated bilirubin through phototherapy or exchange transfusion according to gestational age and bilirubin level guidelines.
This document discusses various pharmacotherapeutic agents used in obstetrics, including oxytocics, antihypertensive medications, and diuretics. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, preparations, and administration of oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, prostaglandins, methyldopa, labetalol, prazocin, hydralazine, nifedipine, and furosemide. The roles of these drugs in induction of labor, postpartum hemorrhage, and treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension are summarized. Adverse effects on both mother and fetus are also outlined for each class of medication.
Ten percent of all pregnancies are complicated by hypertension (HTN).Eclampsia and preeclampsia account for about half of these cases worldwide.
In 1619, Varandaeus coined the term eclampsia in a treatise on gynecology.
DEFINITION: Eclampsia is defined as the clinical presentation of an unexplained seizure, convulsion, or altered mental status in the setting of the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia. It is considered a complication of severe preeclampsia.
A woman with preeclampsia develops:
--- high blood pressure (>140 mmHg systolic or >90 mmHg diastolic)
--- protein in the urine
--- swelling (edema) of the legs, hands, face or entire body.
This document discusses different frameworks for engaging men in family planning:
1) The 1994 ICPD framework called for programs to educate and enable men to play a more active role in reproductive decisions.
2) The Men and Family Planning framework from 1999 aimed to increase male involvement in contraceptive use but focused on demographic goals rather than women's empowerment.
3) The Male Equality framework proposes services exclusively for men based on the belief that men's reproductive health needs are underserved.
4) The Gender Equity framework sensitizes men and boys about gender equality, rights, and empowerment in reproductive health.
Abortion - Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid Haroon Rashid
Subject - Medical Surgical Nursing - II , Topic - Abortion, Presented by Mohammed Haroon Rashid, Basic B.Sc Nursing 3rd Year in Florence College Of Nursing
Phototherapy uses fluorescent light to break down bilirubin in an infant's skin to treat jaundice. It works by converting bilirubin into water soluble forms that can be excreted from the body. Nursing care for infants receiving phototherapy includes properly positioning the infant under the lights, monitoring their temperature and bilirubin levels daily, providing eye protection and extra fluids, and allowing for feeding and parental interaction while limiting light exposure.
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has several uses in obstetrics including seizure prophylaxis in preeclampsia/eclampsia and providing fetal neuroprotection. It works through vasodilation and reduction of inflammation. Common regimens include IV/IM loading doses followed by IV or IM maintenance doses over 24 hours. Shorter durations of 4 hours or a single IM dose postpartum have also been shown to be effective for seizure prophylaxis. MgSO4 protects the fetal brain through action as an NMDA receptor blocker and its anti-inflammatory effects, decreasing brain lesions and improving long-term outcomes in preterm newborns. It is recommended for neuroprotection for preterm births before 32 weeks
This document discusses various types of birth injuries that can occur in newborns. It begins by defining birth injury as damage that occurs during the birthing process, usually from physical pressure during delivery. Common minor injuries include bruising, abrasions and cephalohematomas, while more serious injuries can involve bones, muscles or the brain. Risk factors for injuries include difficult or prolonged labor, large baby size and abnormal fetal positioning. The document then examines specific injuries like cephalohematomas, caput succedaneum, subgaleal hemorrhages and various types of intracranial hemorrhages. It provides details on symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment approaches for different birth injuries.
The document outlines the management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). It discusses forming a multidisciplinary team and performing general resuscitative measures like fluid replacement, blood transfusion, and monitoring vital signs. It also describes evaluating for causes of PPH and various medical, mechanical, surgical, and radiological methods to control bleeding, such as uterine massage, uterine packing, sutures, and arterial embolization. The principles of evaluating and treating secondary PPH related to infection are also covered.
This document discusses anemia during pregnancy. It begins by defining anemia and describing the production of red blood cells. It then discusses the incidence of anemia in pregnancy, classifying it into pathological and physiological types. The major causes of anemia in pregnancy are iron, folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies. Symptoms include paleness, fatigue, dizziness and shortness of breath. Risk factors include close pregnancies and frequent vomiting. Treatment involves diet, supplements and blood transfusions if needed. Preventing anemia requires a balanced diet high in iron, vitamin C and proteins. Severe anemia can lead to complications for both mother and baby.
This document discusses the partograph, which is a composite graphical record used to monitor labor. It is used to assess the progress of normal and abnormal labor and the fetal response. The partograph allows providers to visualize cervical dilation over time and identify issues early. It includes components like maternal information, fetal well-being, labor progress, medications, and maternal condition. Using a partograph has benefits like early detection of problems, prevention of prolonged labor, and improved outcomes for mothers and babies.
Iron deficiency anaemia is one of the largest problem during pregnancy in a country like India.
So here is a short presentation on iron therapy which we are currently prescribing to our patients.
This document defines and discusses abnormal fetal positions and presentations that can occur during labor, including breech, face, brow, shoulder, transverse lie, and compound presentations. It provides the definitions, incidence rates, causes, diagnostic techniques, and management approaches for each atypical presentation. Key points covered include the different types of breech, face, brow, and shoulder positions, mechanisms of labor for each, and when external cephalic version, assisted vaginal delivery, or cesarean section are recommended.
The document discusses key concepts in nutrition including that optimal nutrition is important for health promotion and certain nutrients are essential for well-being. It defines nutrition, dietetics, and the role of registered dietitians. It also addresses different types of nutrition like optimal nutrition, undernutrition, malnutrition, and overnutrition.
The document discusses several topics related to health including:
- The WHO definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
- Top 10 reasons to stay healthy such as living longer, more energy, and better quality of life.
- Types of diseases including deficiency diseases caused by nutritional deficiencies, pathogenic diseases caused by pathogens, hereditary diseases passed down genetically, and physiological diseases involving natural body functions.
- Specific deficiency diseases like scurvy caused by vitamin C deficiency and their symptoms and treatments.
- Infectious diseases caused by pathogens like viruses and bacteria and comparisons of their characteristics.
- Respiratory diseases as a category of conditions affecting the
Nutritionand healthactivity a_vasi_22jan2016Amanda Vasi
The activity aims to teach young adults about nutrition and health through making choices at food category tables. Students will spend 3 minutes at each of 4 tables on carbohydrates, protein, fruits/vegetables, and dairy assigning foods to red/yellow/green ratings. This recognizes the spectrum of food healthfulness. A discussion will follow on lessons learned and health goals.
What can longitudinal research tell us about adolescent health and nutrition? Research findings from Young Lives
Elisabetta Aurino
(with Jere Behrman, Mary Penny
and Whitney Schott)
Young Lives conference on Adolescence, Youth and Gender
8-9 September 2016
The Importance of Women and Children`s NutritionA-VPD
Pregnant women and children in Asia are vulnerable to multiple micronutrient deficiencies. This presentation is to educate all women the importance of Iron+Folate and other micronutrients supplementation.
Evaluation Of Health Insurance Implementation In NigeriaTarry Asoka
As public resources to finance health care in Nigeria continue to decline, the country has embraced the concept of health insurance as a source of significant alternative funding. And based on experience gathered from the implementation of the National Health Insurance Scheme, there is strong evidence to suggest that this idea is feasible in Nigeria. However, with a very low coverage rate, the health insurance programme in Nigeria is facing many challenges that have slowed down progress. This presentation reflects on these issues and notes that the current system of health insurance in the country is still useful in securing universal financial access to healthcare for all Nigerians. What is required is to: strengthen already existing structures, modify areas that need adjustments, and facilitate rapid programme uptake especially at the State level through creative engagement with stakeholders.
Audio and slides for this presentation are available on YouTube: http://youtu.be/Fs6wfCFeFOU
Wendy Chen, MD, MPH, a breast oncologist in the Susan F. Smith Center for Women's Cancers at Dana-Farber, shares new data and research studies linking a healthy lifestyle to better treatment outcomes.
This document summarizes a 4-year BSc in Human Nutrition program. It outlines the stages and modules covered in each year. Stage 1 focuses on core sciences and an introduction to food and health. Stage 2 builds knowledge of biological systems and their application to human nutrition. Stage 3 includes a 10-month professional work placement. Stage 4 focuses on more specialized areas like molecular, public health, and clinical nutrition to build a professional understanding of the field.
The differences between paleolithic and neolithic agesjessieleininger
The document summarizes the key differences between the Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages in 3 main areas: food, shelter, and tools. In the Paleolithic Age, people hunted and gathered food without farming, lived in temporary shelters as they followed food sources, and used simple stone tools. In contrast, the Neolithic Age was characterized by farming, domestication of animals, permanent homes made of timber or bricks, and more advanced tools such as bows, arrows, and spear tips.
The Nigerian health system is pluralistic, including orthodox, alternative, and traditional systems. Healthcare is administered through three tiers - primary run by local government, secondary by state government, and tertiary by the federal government. Nigeria has a large stock of health workers, but faces many health challenges like malaria, HIV/AIDS, and lacks adequate sanitation and access to clean water. Healthcare is financed through taxes, out-of-pocket payments, donors, and health insurance though coverage of the National Health Insurance Scheme remains low, only covering formal sector employees.
Health education, information and communicationwrigveda
This document discusses health education, information, and communication. It provides definitions of health and health education, and describes the objectives and goals of health education programs. These include informing people, motivating behavior change, and guiding people into healthy actions. The document also discusses the communication process, different types of communication, and barriers to effective communication. It explains the roles of information, education, and communication in health programs and disease prevention. Overall, the document outlines the key concepts and approaches used in health education and communication efforts.
The document discusses Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) as an approach to changing behaviors in a target audience regarding a specific health problem. It defines IEC and outlines its objectives, importance, components, planning process, implementation strategies, and resources. IEC aims to increase knowledge and awareness, reinforce good health practices, and empower communities to make informed health decisions through learning opportunities, dialogue, and preventive messaging. The role of IEC in nursing is also highlighted, such as providing education to individuals and communities.
This document provides lecture notes on medical parasitology for health science students. It covers various protozoan, helminth, and arthropod parasites that are medically important. The notes are divided into multiple units that describe different parasite groups. The first unit provides a general introduction to parasitology and classification of medically relevant parasites. Following units discuss important protozoa like Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium species, as well as helminths such as schistosomes and nematodes. The notes aim to give students foundational knowledge of parasitic diseases and etiologic agents.
This document provides an overview of medically relevant parasites presented by Dr. Karen Bennett. It discusses how parasites enter the body, replicate, and cause tissue damage. Cryptosporidium is highlighted as a parasite that causes diarrhea and is difficult to treat, especially in immunocompromised patients. It can be transmitted through contaminated water. Proper hygiene and water treatment are important for prevention. Laboratory diagnosis of parasitic diseases can be challenging but includes microscopic examination and newer techniques like PCR.
This document discusses malnutrition and provides definitions and descriptions of different types. It begins by defining malnutrition and protein-energy malnutrition. It then describes marasmus and kwashiorkor, two types of protein-energy malnutrition. Marasmus is characterized by energy deficiency and emaciation, while kwashiorkor is caused by protein deficiency and causes fluid retention. The document also discusses the prevalence of malnutrition in India, clinical features, symptoms, differences between marasmus and kwashiorkor, and etiological factors of protein-energy malnutrition.
Nutrition, Health, And Food Pyramid Presentationguesta2759c
This document discusses nutrition and the food pyramid. It explains that nutrients from food provide energy and materials for growth and cell development. The six classes of nutrients are proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, fats, and water. It then provides details on each nutrient class and their functions. The document also explains calories and how the amount varies depending on the food. It concludes by introducing the USDA food pyramid to help people maintain a balanced diet for health.
This study examined the nutritional practices of type 2 diabetes patients at Sikanze Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. The researcher surveyed 41 diabetes patients and analyzed their dietary habits, lifestyle behaviors, and nutrition education levels. The results showed relationships between better nutrition status and higher nutrition education, adherence to dietary methods, and engagement in physical exercise. Over half of patients had poor nutrition status based on their BMI. The study concluded that improving nutrition education, access to dieticians, and health promotion could help diabetes patients better manage their condition through diet and lifestyle. It recommended strengthening community education, healthcare worker training, and national diabetes treatment guidelines.
The document outlines the stages and components involved in developing effective information, education, and communication (IEC) materials. It discusses the stages of change theory, the 7 C's of effective communication, and participatory approaches that involve formative research techniques like focus groups and in-depth interviews to identify needed messages. The process then prioritizes messages and channels before developing draft materials, getting approvals, pilot testing, revising, printing, and distributing the final IEC materials. The overall goal is to plan, develop, and distribute IEC materials using behavioral change communication approaches and continuous monitoring and evaluation.
Malnutrition refers to both undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition is caused by a lack of nutrient intake and can increase risk of infection and chronic disease. It includes protein-calorie malnutrition like kwashiorkor and marasmus in children. Micronutrient deficiencies like vitamin A, iron, and iodine deficiencies can also cause health problems. Nutritional status can be assessed directly using anthropometric, clinical, dietary, and biochemical methods or indirectly using community indices.
The document discusses iron deficiency anemia, including its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency globally. Causes include inadequate dietary intake, impaired absorption, blood loss, and parasitic infections. Signs include fatigue, pale skin, brittle nails, and learning/developmental issues in children. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low hemoglobin and iron levels. Treatment focuses on iron supplementation through diet or supplements, along with addressing underlying causes like parasites.
Nutritional requirements change throughout the life stages. For young children, encourage eating with the family and a variety of foods. For preschoolers, focus on balanced nutrition from the major food groups. For school-aged children, ensure adequate calcium, iron, and nutrients to support continued growth while allowing more independence in food choices.
The document provides information on diet and nutrition for managing diabetes, including:
1) A balanced diet can help control blood sugar levels and body weight for diabetes patients. Regular meals, portion control, choosing healthy options from each food group, and reducing sugar, salt and fat are recommended.
2) Exercise, blood sugar monitoring, and medication adherence are also important for diabetes management. Traditional Indian herbs and spices can support blood sugar control.
3) The document lists foods to eat more of like bitter gourd, fenugreek, blackberry and garlic which are beneficial for diabetes, as well as general healthy eating tips.
Nutritional requirements change throughout the life stages. Young children require encouragement to eat with the family and in a relaxed environment. Preschoolers need a variety of foods to meet growth needs, including grains, vegetables, fruits, milk and meat. School-aged children have different meal patterns and are influenced by peers, requiring balanced nutrition. Adolescents experience dramatic growth and changes, increasing needs for energy, protein, vitamins and minerals to support development. Older adults have reduced senses and interest in food, requiring nutrient-dense options to support independence and quality of life.
The document discusses nutrition guidelines for different life stages from childhood to adolescence to pregnancy and lactation. It provides details on nutrient and calorie needs for each stage of growth and development. For childhood, it outlines the food guide pyramid and recommended daily servings. It also discusses nutritional concerns and deficiencies that can occur. The nutrient and calorie needs increase during adolescence, pregnancy and lactation to support growth and development.
This document provides information about healthy eating and maintaining a balanced diet for children. It discusses the importance of eating a variety of nutritious foods from the main food groups including fruits and vegetables, grains, dairy, proteins, and fats. Specific foods that provide important vitamins and minerals are highlighted. The document also addresses common myths about food and nutrition.
This document discusses the results of studies showing widespread protein deficiency in India, affecting around 90% of people surveyed. The studies covered both vegetarians and non-vegetarians in several major cities. Contrary to common beliefs, the problem was found to be severe in both groups. Protein deficiency can have serious health consequences if left untreated, including muscle wasting, anemia, reduced immunity, and poor wound healing. The document recommends appropriate protein intake targets based on age and lifestyle factors, and lists good plant-based and animal-based protein sources to help address this widespread national problem.
This document discusses nutrition and diet. It begins with a brief history of the study of nutrition dating back to ancient Egyptians and Greeks. It then defines key terms like diet, nutrition, and types of nutrients. The document outlines Recommended Daily Allowances and discusses assessments of nutritional status. It also covers calcium metabolism and the role of fluoride. The document provides an overview of topics related to ensuring optimal nutrition and diet.
A healthy diet means consuming the right types and proportions of foods to provide nutrition, energy, and support normal growth and development. Key components of a healthy diet include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. These components are obtained from food groups like grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy, and proteins. Maintaining a balanced diet containing all nutrients in proper amounts is important for overall health and prevention of deficiencies, malnutrition, and lifestyle diseases like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Adopting healthy lifestyle habits including a nutritious diet, exercise, managing stress, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol is important for disease prevention.
This document discusses proteins, including their functions in the body, sources of proteins, and protein requirements at different life stages. It notes that proteins are needed for growth, repair, and maintenance of the body. There are 20 common amino acids that make up proteins. Protein needs are higher for infants, children, pregnant/nursing women, and those who are ill or recovering. The recommended daily allowance for most adults is 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. Inadequate protein intake can lead to issues like impaired healing and immune function.
The document discusses protein, including its functions in the body, sources of protein, protein requirements at different life stages, and the digestion and absorption of protein. It notes that protein is needed for growth, repair, and maintenance of the body, and outlines recommended daily intake amounts of protein for infants, children, adolescents, and adults. The document also discusses protein deficiencies and the health issues they can cause if left untreated.
This document discusses food and nutrition. It defines food and explains that food provides energy, supports growth and repair of tissues, and provides nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water and roughage. It lists common food sources for each nutrient constituent. The document also discusses nutritional disorders that can result from deficiencies of specific nutrients, such as protein deficiency disorders like kwashiorkor and marasmus, and vitamin and mineral deficiency disorders and their associated symptoms.
This document provides an overview of protein deficiency and daily protein requirements. It introduces the group members and topics to be covered, which are the meaning and diseases of protein deficiency, daily protein requirements, and the supplementary action of protein. It then defines proteins and their fundamental role in the body. Protein deficiency can cause issues like edema and thin hair. The daily protein requirement is 0.8g per kg of body weight for adults but more for certain groups. Protein intake needs vary based on activity level and goals. Combining foods like rice and beans provides supplementary protein.
There are a lot of "myths" about plant based nutrition. In this light hearted review of some of the most common myths learn more how plant based nutrition can improve your health.
The document discusses balanced diets and malnutrition. It defines a balanced diet as one that includes all essential nutrients in proper proportions, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. It explains the sources and functions of each nutrient. Malnutrition occurs when nutrient intake is deficient or excessive and can cause undernutrition diseases like kwashiorkor or overnutrition issues like obesity. The document recommends preventing malnutrition through nutrition education at the family level, community participation, national programs like agriculture and storage, and international cooperation.
This document discusses nutrition and food safety. It provides definitions of nutrition, nutrients, macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins and fats, and micronutrients like vitamins and minerals. It also discusses factors affecting nutrition, characteristics of a healthy diet, signs of good nutrition, and types of malnutrition like undernutrition, protein-energy malnutrition and kwashiorkor. It highlights issues like malnutrition in India and how it is measured.
This document provides information on nutrition, diet, and diabetes management. It discusses the importance of a balanced diet at different life stages. It outlines dietary goals, guidelines, and food groups. Common nutrition problems like protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are described. The roles of different food types like cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, oils and fats are explained. Diabetes, its causes, symptoms, and management through diet, exercise, medication and self-care are summarized. Specific dietary advice for diabetes including moderating intake of salt, sugar, fat and recommended foods are also provided.
Child Healthcare addresses all the common and important clinical problems in children, including:immunisation history and examination growth and nutrition acute and chronic infections parasites skin conditions difficulties in the home and society.
2. Define nutrition, nutrients, diet, food, meal.
Outline the characteristics of adequate diet.
Describe the relationship between nutrition and health.
Describe diet for normal individual throughout the life
cycle especially the vulnerable group
Develop a diet plan using dietary guides and food
exchange lists.
Describe major malnutrition health problems.
Mention the diseases associated with vitamin and
micronutrient deficiencies.
Outline methods of assessment of nutritional status.
3. maybe defined as the science of food and its relationship to
health. It is concerned primarily with the part played by nutrients
in body growth, development and maintenance.
are organic and inorganic complexes contained in food.
4.
5. A balanced diet is defined as the diet which
contains different types of food , possessing the
nutrients- carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins
and minerals- in a proportion to meet the
requirements of the body.
6. relationship between nutrition and health.
Good nutrition – an adequate, well balanced diet is a cornerstone of good
health and development.
Nutrition is essential for the maintenance of life
Essential for growth, reproduction, normal functioning of organs and
Production of energy
Better nutrition is related to improved health , stronger immune systems, safer
pregnancy and childbirth, lower risk of non-communicable diseases (such as
diabetes and cardiovascular disease), and longevity.
Poor nutrition can lead to reduced immunity, increased susceptibility to
disease, impaired physical and mental development, and reduced productivity.
7.
8. Develop a diet plan using dietary
guides and food exchange lists.
9. Examples of servings
Beans & Meat Vegetable Grou
Milk Group Fruit Group Grain Group
Group p
2-3 Servings 2-4 Servings 6-11 Servings
2-3 Servings 3-5 Servings
Raw
Meat: 2-3 Fruit Juice: 3/4
Milk: 8 ounces Leafy Vegetable Bread: 1 slice
ounces cup
s: 1 cup
1/2 cup of other
1 ounce of
Natural Cheese: Peanut Butter: 2 vegetables Fruit, Sliced: 1/2
ready-to-eat
1 1/2 ounces Tablespoons cooked or cup
cereal
chopped raw
1/2 cup of
Yogurt: 8 3/4 cup of Fresh Fruit: 1
Beans: 1 cup cooked cereal,
ounces vegetable juice medium
rice, or pasta
10. Diet Throughout Life cycle
Including nutrition
of:-
1-Pregnant
&lactating
2-Invent & children
3- Adolescence
4- Old people
14. Group Particular Energy Protei Fat
s n
Kcal/d g/d
g/d
Infant 0-12m 102/kg 1.9/kg -
Children 1-6y 1415 26 25
7-9y 1950 41
15. Adolescence.
1- Energy needs are greater during adolescence
than at any other time of life with exception of pregnancy &
lactation.
2- Higher vitamins and minerals needs.
3- Three nutrients of importance i.e. vitamin A,
iron and calcium.
4- Improving fruit & vegetable intake will help in obtaining
adequate vitamin A .
17. 1- As people get older and become less active the need
still high for energy reduces but nutrient needs are
2- Calcium and vitamin D are important nutrients for
bone health
3- Plenty of fluids and a fibre rich diet helps to prevent
constipation
4- Daily exercise such a walking is also important to keep
healthy
18.
19. Malnutrition : bad of nutrition.
Cause by INCORRECT Amount of nutrient icrease risk
of infection and chronic diseases
over-nutrition under-nutrition
may lead to obesity as may lead to increased
well as to metabolic infections and decreases
syndrome or type 2 in physical and mental
diabetes development.
20. undernutrition
Nutritional deficiency diseases may classified as:
1-first type :that result directly from dietary lack of
a specific essential nutrient
2-second type :that result from the inability of the
body to use a specific nutrient properly.
Protein energy malnutrition
kwashiorkor
Marasmus
21. kwashiorkor
in children of age 1-3 years cause Late
weaning after two years, which due to
shift from high biological value
protein to starchy food deficient in
proteins.
characterized by edema.
The classical syndrome is that of
retarded growth and development
with mental apathy , muscular
wasting , edema especially the liver
(become big) .
22. Marasmus one year of age
in children under
Marasmus is a severe form of
malnutrition that consists of the
chronic wasting away of fat, muscle,
and other tissues in the body.
Malnutrition occurs when your body
does not get enough nearly all
nutrients, especially protein and
carbohydrates
A child with marasmus looks
emaciated
23. Comparison between the two
kwashiorkor Marasmus
1- Definition : 1- Definition :
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM ) protein-energy malnutrition (PEM )
characterized by dificiency of protein e characterized by severe and prolonged
relatively adequate energy intake . restriction of all food i.e energy and
protein as well as other nutrients
2- Essential Features
a. Generalized edema 2- Essential Features
b. Hair changes a. Muscle wasting.
c. Skin change b. Loss of sub-cutaneous fat
d. Psychomotor changes c. Very low body weight
3- Age Group 3- Age Group
Usually in children of 1-3 years Usually under one year of age
4- Important Cause 4- Important Cause
Late weaning after extending over two Early weaning
years
24. Comparison between the two
kwashiorkor Marasmus
5- Frequency 5- Frequency
Occur more frequently in rural area Occur in poor people in under
developed countries who live in
6- Clinical Features cities
a. Edema
b. Hair become fine show flage sign 6- Clinical Features
c. Pigmentation desquamation and a. edema is absent
ulceration of skin b. Skin changes ,hair ,apathy and
d. Child is apathetic and measureable anorexia are seldom encountered
e. Anorexia c. Abdomen may be distended.
f. Liver may be enlarged and fatty. d. Liver is not fatty.
26. Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency cause :
Night blindness.
Conjunctival xerosis : xerosis means dryness
Active corneal lesion :
Cornea scars .
Increase risk of infection: children who lack Vit A are
more likely to get gut, respiratory, and other infection and
to die from them than children with enough Vit A.
even mild VitA deficiency , with no sign of xerophthalmia
may increase risk of infection and death .
27. Vitamin B deficiency
The deficiency of thiamin (B₁)
causing beri-beri
.
The deficiency of riboflavim
(B₂) causing Ariboflavinosis .
The deficiency of
Niacin causing
pellagra .
28. Vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy: It result from dietary lack of Vit C ,
scurvy usually occurs only on those consumes
extremely poor diet that have a complete lack of
fruit and vegetable
scurvy can effect infant who is only source of food
is cow’s milk.
29. Vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency can result :
Osteomalacia : is the softening of the bones,
osteomalacia in children is known as rickets, . It may
show signs as diffuse body pains, muscle weakness,
and fragility of the bones.
Osteoporosis : is a disease of bones that leads to an
increased risk of fracture.
Rickets : is a softening of bones in children
potentially leading to fractures and deformity. Rickets
is among the most frequent childhood diseases in
many developing countries.
32. Minerals deficiency
Calcium deficiency : Osteomalacia, osteoporosis,
Rickets and tetany .
Phosphorus deficiency : affect growth and bone
disease.
Magnesium deficiency : cause problem in acid-
base problem, tremor, spasm and muscle action.
33. Minerals deficiency
Iodine deficiency : Iodine participate in the
synthesis of thyroid hormones . Abnormal
thyroid function leads to hypothyroidism or
hyperthyroidism due to increase or decrease
intake of iodine . Goiter is due to iodine
deficiency .
Iron deficiency & Copper
deficiency :
cause anemia .
34. Deficiency of Zinc
Mild deficiency :
Stunted growth in children .
Decreased tasting sensation .
impaired immune function .
Sever deficiency :
dwarfism .
delayed sexual maturation.
Hypopigmented hair .
35. overnutrition
Overnutrition is a type of malnutrition where there
are more nutrients than required for normal growth,
development, and metabolism..
The term can refer to:
1- obesity, brought on by general overeating of foods
high in caloric content,
2- Vitamin poisoning Iron poisoning,
3- Mineral overload : inborn errors of metal
metabolism, toxicity
36.
37. Introduction :
Nutritional Status :
- The state of a person’s health in terms of the
nutrients in his or her diet.
- Or the condition of health of a person that is
influenced by the intake and utilisation of
nutrients.
The aim of nutritional assessment :
discover the nutritional problem in order to
suggest the possible solution.
38. Methods of assessment of nutritional
assessment :
Indirect
Direct
methods use community
methods deal with the
indices that reflect the
individual and measure
community nutritional
objective criteria
status/needs.
39. Indirect Methods of Nutritional Assessment
• Ecological variables including agricultural crops
“production”
• Economic factors e.g. household income.
• population density, food availability and prices
Vital health statistics:
morbidity, mortality and other health indicators e.g.,
infant and under-fives mortality, fertility indices and
sanitary conditions
40. direct Methods of Nutritional Assessment
These are summarized as ABCD
A nthropometric methods
C linical methods
D ietary evaluation methods
B iochemical, laboratory methods
41. Anthropometry Measurements
It is the measurement of body height, weight, skin fold
thickness , circumference of (arm , head and chest) &
proportions .
It is an essential component of clinical examination of
infants, children & pregnant women.
These measurements are compared to the reference data
(standards) of the same age and sex group, in order to
evaluate the nutritional status
42.
43. Clinical Examination :
Clinical assessment It is an essential feature of all
nutritional surveys.
It is the simplest & most practical method of
ascertaining the nutritional status of a group of
individuals.
It utilizes a number of physical signs, (specific & non
specific), that are known to be associated with
malnutrition and deficiency of vitamins &
micronutrients
44. D ietary evaluation methods
Dietary assessment Nutritional intake of humans is
assessed by different methods.
These are:
24 hours dietary recall
Food frequency questionnaire
Dietary history
food diary or record
45. Biochemical & Laboratory assessment
Laboratory Tests
- Hemoglobin estimation.
- Stool ( for intestinal parasites ) & Urine ( for albumen
and sugar ) .
Biochemical Tests
measure :
- Nutrient concentration ( e.g. serum )
- Detection of abnormal amounts of metabolites in urine
( e.g. urinary iodine )
- Enzymes concentration.
46. summary
Nutrients: are organic and inorganic complexes contained in
food.
Diet :Mixture of foods that a person eats.
Food: anything either liquid or solid passing chemical
composition which enables it , when swallowed
A balanced diet is defined as the diet which contains
different types of food , possessing the nutrients-
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals- in a
proportion to meet the requirements of the body.
the relationship between nutrition and health.
Nutrition has important effect on health
Nutritional education is important to improve dietary
habits
48. summary
Meaning of Malnutrition and his type
Under_nutrition Protein energy malnutrition
1- kwashiorkor
2- Marasmus
And the different
Vitamin & micronutrient deficiency
methods of assessment of nutritional status
In tow ways Direct & Indirect
Direct summary in ABCD