The upper limbs consist of shoulder and arm bones. The shoulder bones (girdle) are the clavicle and scapula. The scapula is a flat, triangular bone that attaches to the thoracic cage and contains the glenoid cavity for the humerus. The humerus is the longest bone and connects to the scapula proximally and the ulna and radius of the forearm distally. The ulna is on the medial side and contains the olecranon process, while the radius is smaller and lateral, containing the radial head. Distally, the eight carpal bones form the wrist and connect to the five metacarpal bones, which then connect to

1. UPPER LIMBS
Anatomy

2. Appendicular Skeleton
• 1. Attaches limbs to the trunk /
axial skeleton
• 2. Provides attachment for many
muscles
• 3. Mobility of the limbs
• 4. Because only clavicle is bind on
axial skeleton,
• Scapulla can move freely across
the chest, moving the arm

3. Upper limbs consist of girdle
and movable part. Girdle
bones are clavicle and
scapula.
Clavicle
S –shaped long bone,consists
of body and 2 ends:
sternal and
acromial
It has conoid tubercle

7. Scapula - Flat , Triangular bone (2-7th rib) Has 3 borders -
superior(suprascapular notch), medial and lateral. 3 angles – superior,
inferior and lateral, which contains glenoid cavity(articulates with the
humerus), coracoid process. On the dorsal surface has spine, which
separates supraspinos and infraspinos fossae, and lateraly makes acromion.
On the ventral surface the scapula has subscapular fossa.

10. humerus

11. Humerus

12. The Hummers
consists of proximal and distal ends(epiphises) and
body(diaphisis)
The hummers , or arm bone, is the longest and largest bone
of the upper limb . It articulates proximally with the scapula
and distally with two bones, the ulna and the radius, to form
the elbow joint.
The proximal end of the humerus features a rounded head
that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form
the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint. Distal to the head is the
anatomical neck.The greater and lesser tubercles are distal
to the anatomical neck. Between the two tubercles there is a
groove named the intertubercular sulcus. The surgical neck is
a constriction in the humerus just distal to the tubercles, it is
so named because fractures often occur here.

13. Body (shaft) of the humerus has projection called deltoid
tuberosity, a point of attachment for the deltoid muscle. On
the posterior surface of the body is the radial groove, which
contains the radial nerve.
Distal end of the humerus contains: The capitulum (small
head) on the lateral aspect articulates with the head of the
radius. The radial fossa is an anterior depression above the
capitulum that articulates with the head of the radius when
the forearm is flexed (bent). The trochlea, located medial to
the capitulum, is a surface that articulates with the trochlear
notch of the ulna.
The radial fossa articulates with the head of the radius
during flexion, The coronoid fossa anteriorly receives the
coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed. The
olecranon fossa posteriorly receives the olecranon of the
ulna when the forearm is extended (straightened). The
medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle make
attachments for the tendons of most muscles of the
forearm.

17. radius

22. UlUuuU

23. The Ulna
The ulna is located on the medial aspect (the little-finger side)
of the forearm and is longer than the radius.
At the proximal end of the ulna is posterior projection called
the olecranon, anterior projection called the coronoid process,
between them is curved area called the trochlear notch, which
articulates with the trochlea of the humerus to form the
elbow joint. Lateraly is the radial notch, which articulates with
the head of the radius.
Just inferior to the coronoid process is the ulnar tuberosity, to
which the biceps brachii muscle attaches. The distal end of the
ulna consists of a head and the styloid processis, It provides
attachment for the ulnar collateral ligament to the wrist.

25. • The Radius
The radius is the smaller bone of the forearm and is
located on the lateral aspect (thumb side) of the
forearm. The proximal end of the radius has a disc-
shaped head that articulates with the capitulum of the
humerus and the radial notch of the ulna.
Inferior to the head is the constricted neck and the
radial tuberosity, is a point of attachment for the
tendons of the biceps brachii muscle.
Distal end of the radius has a styloid processon the
lateral side and articular surface for carpals.

26. Skeleton of the Hand—Carpals,Metacarpals,and Phalanges
Carpal bones are 8 , they make 2 row – proximal and distal
The carpals in proximal row,from lateral to medial, are the
• scaphoid
• lunate
• triquetrum
• pisiform .
The carpals in the distal row, from lateral to medial, are the
• trapezium
• trapezoid
• capitate (the largest carpal bone)
• hamate
Metacarpals 5 bones. Phalanges-or bones of the digits,
make up the distal part of the hand. There are 14 phalanges
in the five digits. the first - the thumb has two phalanges,
and there are three phalanges in each of the other four
digits.

29. 1