According to the document, common skin infections and lesions in travelers include insect bites and resulting bacterial infections, cutaneous larva migrans, leishmaniasis, myiasis, tungiasis, scabies, and arboviral infections. Dermatological disorders are frequently among the most common health problems in returning travelers. Diagnosis and treatment of these infections involves identifying the causative agent through methods like microscopy, culture, PCR, and responding with antibiotics, anthelmintics, or supportive care depending on the infection.
This document discusses fungal skin infections, including the most common types (ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch, pityriasis versicolor), their causes, symptoms, and how they spread. It notes that fungal skin infections are generally caused by dermatophytes (ringworm), yeasts, or molds. They commonly appear as red, scaly, itchy rashes with well-defined borders. The document also provides epidemiological data on fungal skin infections from studies conducted in developing countries, noting high prevalence rates in children and particular populations.
Dermatological infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Common bacterial infections include impetigo, cellulitis and abscesses which are usually treated with antibiotics. Viral infections like herpes simplex and zoster typically require antiviral medication. Fungal infections such as ringworm and candidiasis respond to topical antifungal creams. Parasitic infections like scabies and head lice can be treated with scabicides or pediculicides. Proper treatment aims to eliminate the infecting pathogen and relieve symptoms.
The document discusses bacterial and viral infections of the skin. It provides details on the resident skin flora, including Staphylococcus epidermidis and aerobic diphtheroids that help defend the skin. Staphylococcal infections like impetigo and furunculosis are described. Impetigo can be caused by S. aureus or streptococci and presents as blisters or crusts. Furuncles are acute hair follicle infections while carbuncles involve adjacent follicles. Treatment options including antibiotics are outlined. Viral warts caused by HPV are also summarized, including common, plantar, plane and anogenital presentations and treatments.
This document discusses common skin infections caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It begins by explaining that the skin provides defense against microorganisms. It then covers specific bacterial infections like impetigo, erysipelas, and cellulitis caused by streptococci and staphylococci. Fungal infections like dermatophytosis and candidiasis are also discussed. Finally, it examines viral skin infections including herpes simplex, varicella zoster virus, and molluscum contagiosum. The document provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, and types of several common infectious skin diseases.
This document provides information about superficial fungal infections. It begins by classifying fungal diseases into four groups based on pathogenicity: superficial mycoses, mucocutaneous mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, and deep mycoses. Later pages discuss specific superficial fungal infections like tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea facialis, pityriasis versicolor, and tinea unguium/onychomycosis. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, microscopy of samples, and fungal cultures. Management consists of topical and oral antifungal agents as well as prevention through hygiene practices.
The document discusses several common viral skin diseases including measles, rubella, roseola infantum, erythema infectiosum, herpes simplex, varicella, and herpes zoster. It provides details on the causative viruses, symptoms, transmission, incubation periods, progression of rashes, and complications for each disease. Images of rashes, virus particles, and histological slides are included to illustrate features of the different conditions.
Getting under your skin understanding the root causes of eczemaDivine Prospect
This document discusses the root causes and treatments of eczema. It begins by providing statistics on the prevalence of eczema in the United States, noting that it affects millions of people including many children and adults. The document then explores the root causes of eczema, which can include both external factors like compromised skin barriers and internal immune responses, as well as deficiencies in vitamins, proteins, and bacteria that protect the skin. Finally, the document outlines several potential solutions for treating eczema both topically through the skin and internally through diet, supplements, probiotics and other lifestyle changes.
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
This document discusses fungal skin infections, including the most common types (ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch, pityriasis versicolor), their causes, symptoms, and how they spread. It notes that fungal skin infections are generally caused by dermatophytes (ringworm), yeasts, or molds. They commonly appear as red, scaly, itchy rashes with well-defined borders. The document also provides epidemiological data on fungal skin infections from studies conducted in developing countries, noting high prevalence rates in children and particular populations.
Dermatological infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Common bacterial infections include impetigo, cellulitis and abscesses which are usually treated with antibiotics. Viral infections like herpes simplex and zoster typically require antiviral medication. Fungal infections such as ringworm and candidiasis respond to topical antifungal creams. Parasitic infections like scabies and head lice can be treated with scabicides or pediculicides. Proper treatment aims to eliminate the infecting pathogen and relieve symptoms.
The document discusses bacterial and viral infections of the skin. It provides details on the resident skin flora, including Staphylococcus epidermidis and aerobic diphtheroids that help defend the skin. Staphylococcal infections like impetigo and furunculosis are described. Impetigo can be caused by S. aureus or streptococci and presents as blisters or crusts. Furuncles are acute hair follicle infections while carbuncles involve adjacent follicles. Treatment options including antibiotics are outlined. Viral warts caused by HPV are also summarized, including common, plantar, plane and anogenital presentations and treatments.
This document discusses common skin infections caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It begins by explaining that the skin provides defense against microorganisms. It then covers specific bacterial infections like impetigo, erysipelas, and cellulitis caused by streptococci and staphylococci. Fungal infections like dermatophytosis and candidiasis are also discussed. Finally, it examines viral skin infections including herpes simplex, varicella zoster virus, and molluscum contagiosum. The document provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, and types of several common infectious skin diseases.
This document provides information about superficial fungal infections. It begins by classifying fungal diseases into four groups based on pathogenicity: superficial mycoses, mucocutaneous mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, and deep mycoses. Later pages discuss specific superficial fungal infections like tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea facialis, pityriasis versicolor, and tinea unguium/onychomycosis. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, microscopy of samples, and fungal cultures. Management consists of topical and oral antifungal agents as well as prevention through hygiene practices.
The document discusses several common viral skin diseases including measles, rubella, roseola infantum, erythema infectiosum, herpes simplex, varicella, and herpes zoster. It provides details on the causative viruses, symptoms, transmission, incubation periods, progression of rashes, and complications for each disease. Images of rashes, virus particles, and histological slides are included to illustrate features of the different conditions.
Getting under your skin understanding the root causes of eczemaDivine Prospect
This document discusses the root causes and treatments of eczema. It begins by providing statistics on the prevalence of eczema in the United States, noting that it affects millions of people including many children and adults. The document then explores the root causes of eczema, which can include both external factors like compromised skin barriers and internal immune responses, as well as deficiencies in vitamins, proteins, and bacteria that protect the skin. Finally, the document outlines several potential solutions for treating eczema both topically through the skin and internally through diet, supplements, probiotics and other lifestyle changes.
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
This document discusses several types of fungal infections including superficial mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, systemic mycoses, and opportunistic mycoses. It describes the classification, causative organisms, clinical presentations, diagnoses, and treatments for various specific fungal infections including candidiasis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, fusariosis, mucormycosis, and penicilliosis.
This document summarizes various fungal infections of the skin including dermatophytosis, candidiasis, and pityriasis versicolor as well as deep fungal infections. It describes the typical causes, presentations, courses, and treatments of common superficial fungal infections such as tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea corporis, tinea capitis, and candidiasis as well as some deep fungal infections and complications. Diagnostic tests and treatments including topical and systemic antifungals like miconazole, clotrimazole, terbinafine, and griseofulvin are outlined.
This document discusses several viral skin diseases including rubella, measles, chickenpox, shingles, smallpox, cowpox, molluscum contagiosum, and warts. Rubella causes a rash and can lead to birth defects if contracted during pregnancy. Measles causes red spots and a rash. Chickenpox causes teardrop shaped lesions that spread from the head to limbs. Shingles is a recurrence of chickenpox virus in adults. Smallpox was eradicated in 1977 after vaccination efforts. Cowpox provided immunity to smallpox. Molluscum causes flesh-colored lesions spread by skin contact. Warts are caused by papilloma
1. Dermatophytes are fungi that infect the dead keratin of skin, hair, and nails. They can spread from person to person, animals to people, or soil to people. Common sites of infection include the scalp, beard, body, groin, hands, feet, and nails.
2. Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida yeasts, most commonly Candida albicans. It can cause infections in warm, moist areas of the body like the mouth, throat, genitals, under breasts, and between fingers. Risk factors include diabetes, obesity, pregnancy, steroid use, and weakened immunity.
3. Both dermatophyte and Candida infections
Warts are a common viral skin infection caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) that presents as benign skin tumors. There are over 40 types of HPV that can cause warts, which most often appear on the hands and feet of children. Common types of warts include common warts, plantar warts, filiform warts, plane warts, and venereal or genital warts. Warts are transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact or contact with contaminated surfaces. While warts may resolve on their own, treatment options include freezing with liquid nitrogen, salicylic acid plasters, or podophyllin solutions. Preventing the spread involves proper hygiene and treating infected individuals.
Viral skin diseases are common and include infections caused by herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and human papillomavirus. Herpes simplex virus causes lesions such as cold sores, genital herpes, and eczema herpeticum. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox and shingles. Human papillomavirus causes warts, including common warts, flat warts, plantar warts, and genital warts. These viral infections are generally self-limiting but can be treated with antivirals to reduce symptoms and duration of infection.
This presentation provides an overview of fungal infections, including their cell structure, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses several common fungal infections in depth. Major topics covered include superficial and subcutaneous fungal infections caused by dermatophytes, dimorphic fungi that cause endemic mycoses, opportunistic fungi that can cause disease in immunocompromised hosts, and miscellaneous opportunistic fungi. Treatment involves antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and azoles. Prevention focuses on reducing exposure to fungal spores through masks, clothing, and hygiene practices.
This document discusses various types of fungal infections that can affect children. It begins by introducing fungi and describing their cell structures. It then categorizes fungal infections as superficial, subcutaneous, or systemic. Several common superficial fungal infections that occur in children are described in detail, including oral thrush (candidiasis), candida diaper rash, and various forms of tinea (ringworm) affecting the scalp, body, feet, and skin. Subcutaneous fungal infections like sporotrichosis and chromoblastomycosis are also mentioned. Systemic fungal infections are classified as either endemic or opportunistic infections. Specific fungal diseases within each category are named. Treatment options for several infections are
1. Cutaneous mycoses are infections of the skin, hair, or nails caused by a group of fungi called dermatophytes that digest keratin.
2. Dermatophytosis, commonly known as ringworm, is caused by three genera of dermatophytes - Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton - and can infect different areas of the body like the feet, nails, scalp, or beard.
3. Dermatophytes are classified ecologically into anthropophilic, zoophilic, and geophilic types depending on their usual habitat of humans, animals, or soil respectively in order to determine the likely source of infection.
1. Superficial mycoses involve infections of the skin and its appendages by fungi including Malassezia species, dermatophytes, and others.
2. Common conditions include pityriasis versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur presenting as discolored patches, and tinea infections like tinea corporis caused by dermatophytes appearing as scaly rings.
3. Laboratory diagnosis involves potassium hydroxide microscopy of skin and nail samples to visualize fungal elements, and culture to isolate and identify the causative agent. Topical and oral antifungal drugs are used for treatment.
This document provides information about diagnosing dermatophyte infections through microscopic examination and fungal culture. It discusses the etiologic agents that cause infections, including genera of dermatophytes that infect keratinized tissues. Clinical manifestations of infections are described, such as tinea pedis, corporis, and unguium. Methods for specimen collection and slide preparation for direct microscopic examination with potassium hydroxide are outlined.
Herpes zoster is caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus in dorsal root ganglia. It presents as a unilateral, dermatomal rash that begins as vesicles or clear blisters that scab over in 10 days. Reactivation can be caused by aging, stress, radiation, or medications. Treatment involves antiviral drugs within 72 hours for 7 days to reduce pain and complications like postherpetic neuralgia. Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe soft tissue infection involving fascia that requires aggressive debridement and intravenous antibiotics. Fungal infections like candidiasis and dermatophytosis are common, presenting in skin folds or nails, and are usually treated with topical or
The document discusses fungal infections, with a focus on Candida infections. It describes how Candida infections are classified based on location and epidemiology. Common types include mucocutaneous infections, which affect the skin and mucous membranes, and deep organ infections. Risk factors for Candida infections include HIV/AIDS, antibiotics, steroids, diabetes, and malnutrition. Clinical manifestations vary depending on infection location and can include oral thrush, vaginal infections, skin infections, and deep organ infections affecting organs like the liver, kidneys, heart and brain. Diagnosis involves visualizing Candida in samples through staining techniques. Treatment depends on infection severity and location, but may include topical or oral antifungal medications like a
This document discusses fungal diseases of medical importance. It begins by describing the morphology and classification of fungi, including molds, yeasts, and dimorphic fungi. It then covers several types of fungal infections caused by Candida albicans, including oral and esophageal candidiasis, vaginal candidiasis, and cutaneous and systemic candidiasis. It also discusses dermatophyte infections like tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea versicolor, and onychomycosis. The document concludes by covering treatment options for candidiasis and dermatophyte infections like topical and oral antifungals.
Impetigo is a contagious bacterial skin infection that occurs in two main forms: bullous and non-bullous. Bullous impetigo causes large fluid-filled blisters while non-bullous impetigo causes thin-walled vesicles and yellow-brown crusts. Impetigo is generally caused by Staphylococcus aureus or streptococci bacteria and commonly affects the face and limbs, especially in children. Complications can include cellulitis, nephritis, and scarlet fever. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics and removing crusts to prevent spread.
The document discusses several viral infections:
1. Warts are caused by human papillomavirus and can occur on the hands/feet (non-genital) or genitals. They are transmitted through direct skin contact or sexually. Treatment includes cryotherapy, topical agents like salicylic acid, or mechanical removal.
2. Molluscum contagiosum is caused by a poxvirus and presents as multiple pearly dome-shaped papules. It is transmitted through direct contact or sexually. Treatment includes mechanical destruction, cauterization, or cryotherapy.
3. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox (varicella), presenting as crops of itchy vesicles in
Viral warts are benign skin growths caused by various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). There are several different clinical types of warts including common, plantar, flat, and genital warts. Warts appear as small rough bumps or flat lesions on the skin and are usually diagnosed based on their appearance. They can occur in many areas of the body depending on the type. While most warts are not harmful and may resolve on their own, some types like genital warts require treatment to remove them.
Dermatophytosis is a common fungal infection caused by dermatophytes that can infect the skin, hair, and nails. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected humans or animals or contact with contaminated surfaces. Common symptoms depend on the infected area and include ring-shaped lesions, hair loss, scaling, and inflammation. Treatment involves topical or oral antifungal medications.
This document summarizes various medically important arthropods including spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, and insects. It describes key details about black widow spiders, brown recluse spiders, scorpions, human scabies mites, chigger mites, hard and soft ticks, mosquitoes, gnats, and myiasis-causing flies. Prevention, treatment, and public health approaches are discussed for controlling arthropods and diseases transmitted by them.
This document discusses several types of fungal infections including superficial mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, systemic mycoses, and opportunistic mycoses. It describes the classification, causative organisms, clinical presentations, diagnoses, and treatments for various specific fungal infections including candidiasis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, fusariosis, mucormycosis, and penicilliosis.
This document summarizes various fungal infections of the skin including dermatophytosis, candidiasis, and pityriasis versicolor as well as deep fungal infections. It describes the typical causes, presentations, courses, and treatments of common superficial fungal infections such as tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea corporis, tinea capitis, and candidiasis as well as some deep fungal infections and complications. Diagnostic tests and treatments including topical and systemic antifungals like miconazole, clotrimazole, terbinafine, and griseofulvin are outlined.
This document discusses several viral skin diseases including rubella, measles, chickenpox, shingles, smallpox, cowpox, molluscum contagiosum, and warts. Rubella causes a rash and can lead to birth defects if contracted during pregnancy. Measles causes red spots and a rash. Chickenpox causes teardrop shaped lesions that spread from the head to limbs. Shingles is a recurrence of chickenpox virus in adults. Smallpox was eradicated in 1977 after vaccination efforts. Cowpox provided immunity to smallpox. Molluscum causes flesh-colored lesions spread by skin contact. Warts are caused by papilloma
1. Dermatophytes are fungi that infect the dead keratin of skin, hair, and nails. They can spread from person to person, animals to people, or soil to people. Common sites of infection include the scalp, beard, body, groin, hands, feet, and nails.
2. Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida yeasts, most commonly Candida albicans. It can cause infections in warm, moist areas of the body like the mouth, throat, genitals, under breasts, and between fingers. Risk factors include diabetes, obesity, pregnancy, steroid use, and weakened immunity.
3. Both dermatophyte and Candida infections
Warts are a common viral skin infection caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) that presents as benign skin tumors. There are over 40 types of HPV that can cause warts, which most often appear on the hands and feet of children. Common types of warts include common warts, plantar warts, filiform warts, plane warts, and venereal or genital warts. Warts are transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact or contact with contaminated surfaces. While warts may resolve on their own, treatment options include freezing with liquid nitrogen, salicylic acid plasters, or podophyllin solutions. Preventing the spread involves proper hygiene and treating infected individuals.
Viral skin diseases are common and include infections caused by herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and human papillomavirus. Herpes simplex virus causes lesions such as cold sores, genital herpes, and eczema herpeticum. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox and shingles. Human papillomavirus causes warts, including common warts, flat warts, plantar warts, and genital warts. These viral infections are generally self-limiting but can be treated with antivirals to reduce symptoms and duration of infection.
This presentation provides an overview of fungal infections, including their cell structure, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses several common fungal infections in depth. Major topics covered include superficial and subcutaneous fungal infections caused by dermatophytes, dimorphic fungi that cause endemic mycoses, opportunistic fungi that can cause disease in immunocompromised hosts, and miscellaneous opportunistic fungi. Treatment involves antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and azoles. Prevention focuses on reducing exposure to fungal spores through masks, clothing, and hygiene practices.
This document discusses various types of fungal infections that can affect children. It begins by introducing fungi and describing their cell structures. It then categorizes fungal infections as superficial, subcutaneous, or systemic. Several common superficial fungal infections that occur in children are described in detail, including oral thrush (candidiasis), candida diaper rash, and various forms of tinea (ringworm) affecting the scalp, body, feet, and skin. Subcutaneous fungal infections like sporotrichosis and chromoblastomycosis are also mentioned. Systemic fungal infections are classified as either endemic or opportunistic infections. Specific fungal diseases within each category are named. Treatment options for several infections are
1. Cutaneous mycoses are infections of the skin, hair, or nails caused by a group of fungi called dermatophytes that digest keratin.
2. Dermatophytosis, commonly known as ringworm, is caused by three genera of dermatophytes - Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton - and can infect different areas of the body like the feet, nails, scalp, or beard.
3. Dermatophytes are classified ecologically into anthropophilic, zoophilic, and geophilic types depending on their usual habitat of humans, animals, or soil respectively in order to determine the likely source of infection.
1. Superficial mycoses involve infections of the skin and its appendages by fungi including Malassezia species, dermatophytes, and others.
2. Common conditions include pityriasis versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur presenting as discolored patches, and tinea infections like tinea corporis caused by dermatophytes appearing as scaly rings.
3. Laboratory diagnosis involves potassium hydroxide microscopy of skin and nail samples to visualize fungal elements, and culture to isolate and identify the causative agent. Topical and oral antifungal drugs are used for treatment.
This document provides information about diagnosing dermatophyte infections through microscopic examination and fungal culture. It discusses the etiologic agents that cause infections, including genera of dermatophytes that infect keratinized tissues. Clinical manifestations of infections are described, such as tinea pedis, corporis, and unguium. Methods for specimen collection and slide preparation for direct microscopic examination with potassium hydroxide are outlined.
Herpes zoster is caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus in dorsal root ganglia. It presents as a unilateral, dermatomal rash that begins as vesicles or clear blisters that scab over in 10 days. Reactivation can be caused by aging, stress, radiation, or medications. Treatment involves antiviral drugs within 72 hours for 7 days to reduce pain and complications like postherpetic neuralgia. Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe soft tissue infection involving fascia that requires aggressive debridement and intravenous antibiotics. Fungal infections like candidiasis and dermatophytosis are common, presenting in skin folds or nails, and are usually treated with topical or
The document discusses fungal infections, with a focus on Candida infections. It describes how Candida infections are classified based on location and epidemiology. Common types include mucocutaneous infections, which affect the skin and mucous membranes, and deep organ infections. Risk factors for Candida infections include HIV/AIDS, antibiotics, steroids, diabetes, and malnutrition. Clinical manifestations vary depending on infection location and can include oral thrush, vaginal infections, skin infections, and deep organ infections affecting organs like the liver, kidneys, heart and brain. Diagnosis involves visualizing Candida in samples through staining techniques. Treatment depends on infection severity and location, but may include topical or oral antifungal medications like a
This document discusses fungal diseases of medical importance. It begins by describing the morphology and classification of fungi, including molds, yeasts, and dimorphic fungi. It then covers several types of fungal infections caused by Candida albicans, including oral and esophageal candidiasis, vaginal candidiasis, and cutaneous and systemic candidiasis. It also discusses dermatophyte infections like tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea versicolor, and onychomycosis. The document concludes by covering treatment options for candidiasis and dermatophyte infections like topical and oral antifungals.
Impetigo is a contagious bacterial skin infection that occurs in two main forms: bullous and non-bullous. Bullous impetigo causes large fluid-filled blisters while non-bullous impetigo causes thin-walled vesicles and yellow-brown crusts. Impetigo is generally caused by Staphylococcus aureus or streptococci bacteria and commonly affects the face and limbs, especially in children. Complications can include cellulitis, nephritis, and scarlet fever. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics and removing crusts to prevent spread.
The document discusses several viral infections:
1. Warts are caused by human papillomavirus and can occur on the hands/feet (non-genital) or genitals. They are transmitted through direct skin contact or sexually. Treatment includes cryotherapy, topical agents like salicylic acid, or mechanical removal.
2. Molluscum contagiosum is caused by a poxvirus and presents as multiple pearly dome-shaped papules. It is transmitted through direct contact or sexually. Treatment includes mechanical destruction, cauterization, or cryotherapy.
3. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox (varicella), presenting as crops of itchy vesicles in
Viral warts are benign skin growths caused by various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). There are several different clinical types of warts including common, plantar, flat, and genital warts. Warts appear as small rough bumps or flat lesions on the skin and are usually diagnosed based on their appearance. They can occur in many areas of the body depending on the type. While most warts are not harmful and may resolve on their own, some types like genital warts require treatment to remove them.
Dermatophytosis is a common fungal infection caused by dermatophytes that can infect the skin, hair, and nails. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected humans or animals or contact with contaminated surfaces. Common symptoms depend on the infected area and include ring-shaped lesions, hair loss, scaling, and inflammation. Treatment involves topical or oral antifungal medications.
This document summarizes various medically important arthropods including spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, and insects. It describes key details about black widow spiders, brown recluse spiders, scorpions, human scabies mites, chigger mites, hard and soft ticks, mosquitoes, gnats, and myiasis-causing flies. Prevention, treatment, and public health approaches are discussed for controlling arthropods and diseases transmitted by them.
This document provides an overview of onchocerciasis (river blindness). It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Onchocerciasis is caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted by blackflies. The parasite causes skin disease and visual impairment, including blindness. It remains an important public health problem in parts of Africa and Central/South America.
Lecture 3. epid. charact. of vector borne infectionsVasyl Sorokhan
This document summarizes several vector-borne and parenterally transmitted infectious diseases including plague, Lyme disease, malaria, and typhus. It describes the etiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and prevention of each disease. Key details provided include that plague is transmitted by rat fleas and causes a febrile illness, Lyme disease is transmitted by ticks and causes characteristic skin rash and flu-like symptoms, malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes and caused by Plasmodium parasites, and typhus is transmitted by lice or fleas and caused by Rickettsia bacteria.
Tropical diseases are the diseases that are most prevalent in tropical regions of the world. There are around 14 tropical diseases that causes great morbidity but still ranks low in the international health agendas and being "neglected" since it is confined to certain regions and does not spread across the globe. These diseases are eliminated in developed countries but are prevalent in developing countries because of improper sanitation.Here,I hope I have covered almost all the neglected tropical diseases.
This document discusses fungal infections caused by dermatophytes, specifically various types of ringworm. It describes the etiological agents that cause ringworm, how they infect keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. It then covers the clinical manifestations and treatment for different types of ringworm infections based on the infected location, such as tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea corporis (body ringworm), tinea cruris (jock itch), and tinea unguium (nail infection). Topical and oral antifungal treatments are outlined depending on the severity of the infection.
nd invade the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development. here they form primitive sex cords. in
the absence of tdf, medullary cords disappear and
get replaced by a vascular stroma (ovarian medulla).
cortical cords develop and surround one or more
primitive germ cells. the germ cells subsequently
develop into oogonia, while the surrounding epithelial
cells form the follicular cells. this differentiates
undifferentiated gonads into ovaries. stroma of ovary
develops from basal mesenchyme. granulosa and theca
cells develop from celomic epithelium.
development of genital ducts
development of genital duct system and the external
genitalia occurs under the influence of hormones
circulating in the fetus. sertoli cells in the fetal testes
produce a nonsteroidal substance known as müllerian
inhibiting substance (mis) that causes regression of
müllerian ducts. androgen from the fetal testes causes
masculinization of external genitalia. in the absence of
mis, müllerian ducts develop and mesonephric duct
system regresses. in the absence of androgen, external
genitalia differentiate into female phenotype. the
müllerian duct develops between the fifth and sixth
weeks lateral to intermediate cell mass and wolffian
duct. the müllerian duct has the following three parts:
•cranial vertical portion that opens into celomic
cavity. later it differentiates into fallopian tubes.
•horizontal part crosses the mesonephric duct.
•caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner
from opposite side. this fused part later differ
entiates into uterus, cervix, and upper one-third
of the vagina.
the dorsal celomic epithelium (which forms
müllerian duct) remains open at its site of origin and
ultimately forms the fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes. at their point of origin, each of the müllerian
ducts forms a solid bud. each bud penetrates the
mesenchyme lateral and parallel to the wolffian duct.
as the solid buds elongate, a lumen appears in the
cranial part, beginning at each celomic opening. the
caudal end of each müllerian duct crosses the way
Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is a chronic filarial disease caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus. The adult worms live in subcutaneous nodules and release microfilariae that can migrate to the skin and eyes, causing itching, rashes, visual impairment, and blindness. It is transmitted by blackflies and is most common in parts of Africa and Latin America. Diagnosis involves skin biopsies or finding microfilariae in skin snips, urine, or excised nodules. Treatment and control involves annual mass drug administration of ivermectin to eligible populations in endemic areas, as well as insecticide application to blackfly breeding
Epidemiology and control of filariasis-Ubaida Fazaa
Lymphatic filariasis is caused by parasitic filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquitoes. It is endemic in many tropical and subtropical countries. The parasites develop through larval stages in mosquitoes before infecting humans through mosquito bites. In humans, the adult worms live in the lymphatic system and produce microfilariae that circulate in the bloodstream. Most infections are asymptomatic but can cause lymphangitis, fever and elephantiasis. Diagnosis involves blood examinations to detect microfilariae. Control relies on mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin, mosquito control, and improving sanitation.
The document discusses filariasis, a parasitic disease caused by roundworm infection spread through mosquitoes and black flies. It defines filariasis and outlines its causes, including the eight filarial nematode species that infect humans. The epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment is examined, along with clinical signs, prevention, and control methods. Prevention focuses on treating infected individuals, reducing mosquito populations through larvicide and indoor residual spraying, eliminating breeding sites, and distributing preventative medications to at-risk communities.
Cutaneous fungal infections can be caused by dermatophytes, which include various fungi in the genera Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. Common infections include ringworm (dermatophytosis) of the skin, hair, and nails. Major symptoms and locations of ringworm include athlete's foot (tinea pedis) between the toes, jock itch (tinea cruris) in the groin area, and scalp ringworm (tinea capitis). Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in potassium hydroxide to view fungal hyphae as well as culturing samples on agar plates.
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by sand flies. There are three main forms: cutaneous caused by L. tropica or L. mexicana and presents as a crusted skin lesion; mucocutaneous caused by L. braziliensis and can spread to involve nasal and throat mucosa; and visceral (kala-azar) mostly caused by L. donovani and features fever, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, weight loss, and grey skin discoloration. Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that has significant impacts on patient welfare and health.
This document provides information on various tissue nematodes including filarial worms, Guinea worm, and Trichinella spiralis. It discusses the epidemiology, morphology, life cycles, pathogenesis and clinical features of Wuchereria bancrofti, Onchocerca volvulus, Loa loa, and Dracunculus medinensis. Key details include that W. bancrofti causes lymphatic filariasis and is transmitted by mosquitoes, O. volvulus causes river blindness and develops in humans after transmission via black flies, L. loa develops in humans after transmission via day biting flies and has diurnal periodicity, and D. medinensis causes dracuncul
Cutaneous Larva Migrans: A Case Report in a Traveler Childpateldrona
Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM) is the most common skin disease of tropical origincaused by hookworms larvae, occurring in international travelers. Typical manifestations consist of erythematous, serpiginous slightly elevated linear cutaneous lesions.
Cutaneous Larva Migrans: A Case Report in a Traveler Childnavasreni
Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM) is the most common skin disease of tropical origincaused by hookworms larvae, occurring in international travelers. Typical manifestations consist of erythematous, serpiginous slightly elevated linear cutaneous lesions. We describe the case of an 8-year-old boy, with CLM infection acquired during travel to Burkina-Faso, and successfully treated...
Cutaneous Larva Migrans: A Case Report in a Traveler ChildSarkarRenon
This case report describes an 8-year-old boy who presented with cutaneous larva migrans (CLM), a skin infection caused by hookworm larvae, after traveling to Burkina Faso. The boy had a serpiginous rash on his foot. He was diagnosed with CLM based on his travel history and clinical presentation. He was treated successfully with oral ivermectin. CLM is a common infection in travelers to tropical regions who come into contact with contaminated soil. It presents as migrating skin lesions caused by hookworm larvae that are unable to fully develop in human skin. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications.
Cutaneous Larva Migrans: A Case Report in a Traveler Childclinicsoncology
Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM) is the most common skin disease of tropical origincaused by hookworms larvae, occurring in international travelers. Typical manifestations consist of erythematous, serpiginous slightly elevated linear cutaneous lesions
Cutaneous Larva Migrans: A Case Report in a Traveler Childkomalicarol
Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM) is the most common skin disease of tropical origincaused by
hookworms larvae, occurring in international travelers. Typical manifestations consist of erythematous, serpiginous slightly elevated linear cutaneous lesions. We describe the case of an
8-year-old boy, with CLM infection acquired during travel to Burkina-Faso, and successfully
treated with Ivermectin. Epidemiology, clinicaldiagnosis and therapeutic are debated
Cutaneous Larva Migrans: A Case Report in a Traveler ChildAnonIshanvi
Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM) is the most common skin disease of tropical origincaused by hookworms larvae, occurring in international travelers. Typical manifestations consist of erythematous, serpiginous slightly elevated linear cutaneous lesions.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Final
1. Common Skin Infections in Travelers
Group 3 Members
1- Epidemiology - Ahmed Yousef Mohamed 118
2- Bacterial skin infection - Ayman Hassan Hamed
302
3- HrCLM - Bashayer Michel Farag 349
4- Leishmaniasis - Ahmed Mohamed Mohamed Aly
105
5- Myiasis- Al shaimaa ahmed 211
6- Tungiasis- Alaa Gamal Soliman 258
7- Scabies - Dalia hassan attia 411
8-Arboviral infection - Amira Fetiany 243
2. In Nepal, three studies showed that dermatoses were the third to the fourth
most frequent presenting illness among tourists
in the Maldives and Fiji, dermatoses were the most frequent presenting
illnesses in tourists, with sunburns, superficial injuries (including those due to
contact with marine creatures), and skin infections documented most often
South African tick typhus, or African tick-bite fever (Rickettsia africae) is the
most frequent cause of fever and rash in southern Africa. Transmitted by ticks
In an international study concerning 17,353 returning travelers, dermatologic
disorders were the third most common cause of health problems after systemic
febrile illness and acute diarrhea. The most common causes of dermatologic
problems were insect bites (with or without secondary infection), cutaneous
larva migrans, allergic reactions, and skin abscesses.
“GeoSentinel Surveillance Network”
4. 1-According to the presence of fever: with e.g cellulitis,
lymphangitis, bacteremia, toxin-mediated. Without e.g Most of
minor skin infection
2-According to the causative agent : e.g viral , bacterial , fungal ,
parasitic .
3-According to the dermatologic gross pathology :
Ulcers , papules , nodules , rash..etc
4-According to the spread of infection :
Localized (or) systemic with skin involvement
5. Insect bites probably act as a frequent portal of entry of bacterial
skin infections in travelers.
Lesions usually appear while the patient is still abroad but are
also a leading cause of consultation in returning travelers.
The clinical spectrum ranges from impetigo and ecthyma to
erysipelas, abscess, and necrotizing cellulitis.
6. Bacterial analysis and susceptibility testing should be widely
recommended considering the risk of antibiotic resistance and the
possibility of highly pathogenic S aureus strains , Streptococcus
pyogenes and also Gram‐negative bacilli such as Vibrio vulnificus
( swimming or seafood ) .
Treatment :
Penicillinase‐resistant penicillins.
first‐generation cephalosporins, clindamycin, or vancomycin for
patients with life‐threatening penicillin allergies.
7. Is the most frequent travel‐associated skin disease of tropical
origin.
Caused by : the penetration of the skin by cat or dog nematode
larvae usually while landing or walking on contaminated lake e.g
ancylostoma braziliense .
8. Signs and symptoms
- The striking symptom: is pruritus localized at
the site of the eruption .
- most frequent and characteristic sign: is
“creeping dermatitis,”
- Two other major clinical signs: are edema and
vesiculobullous lesions along the course of the
larva.
- Hookworm folliculitis
- Local complications are : secondary bacterial
infection
Without any treatment, the eruption usually
lasts between 2 and 8 weeks.
9. Diagnosis:
usually a clinical diagnosis based on the typical clinical presentation in
the context of recent travel to a tropical country and beach exposure.
Treatment:
thiabendazole ointment remains the first‐choice treatment.
First‐line treatments: Oral ivermectin and albendazole are the
Taken in a single dose.
In the case of hookworm folliculitis: Treatment may necessitate
repeated courses of oral anthelmintic agents.
** When oral ivermectin and albendazole are contraindicated (eg,
very young children): then the application of a 10% albendazole
ointment, twice a day for 10 days, is a safe and effective alternative
treatment.
10. Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) occurs in tropical and
warm temperate countries and is transmitted by sandflies.
Old World : Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica )
(sub‐Saharan and North Africa, the Mediterranean basin, and the
Middle East) .
New World LCL : Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania
mexicana (Amazon Forest of South America) .
- The lesion may be papule, nodule, ulcer, and nodular
lymphangitis .
- Usual features of LCL include the anatomic location on exposed
skin (face, arms, and legs), absence of pain, chronicity (more than
15 d duration), and failure of antibiotics (which are often
prescribed, given that it often looks like pyoderma).
Clinical picture
11. - direct examination of a slit‐skin smear with Giemsa stain .
- culture with identification of subsequent species.
- Skin biopsy from the edge of the ulcer may reveal the
characteristic amastigotes within macrophages but is less sensitive
than culture.
- PCR
Treatment
PCR guided treatment
-antimony sodium gluconate (pentostam) Injected
intralesionally
- Amphotericin B
12. Myiasis is defined as the infestation of human tissues by larvae or maggots of
flies usually occurring in tropical and subtropical areas e.g Central America,
South America, Africa, and the Caribbean Islands.
The most common form of human myiasis reported in travelers is furuncular
myiasis, which is often caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga and Dermatobia
hominis
Signs and symptoms:
The cutaneous lesion is a
furuncle‐like lesion with a central
punctum through which
serosanguineous or purulent fluid
discharges. Importantly, the patient
complains of a crawling sensation
within the lesion, and movements of
the larvae may be seen within the
central punctum.
13. Careful skin covering , window screens and mosquito nets
in endemic areas .
insect repellant .
In tropical areas, iron any clothes that were put on the line
to dry.
Treatment:
• The larvae need to be surgically removed by
a medical professional either by extraction
or lateral expression .
• Myiasis wounds should be disinfected in
addition to the provision of tetanus
prophylaxis and antibiotic treatment for
secondary bacterial infections
14. •Tungiasis is caused by penetration of the gravid female sand flea
Tunga penetrans that burrows into the skin of its host, usually on the
feet to feed on blood while producing and extruding eggs
Distribution:
Tunga penetrans is distributed in tropical and
subtropical regions of the world.
specially In South America, tungiasis has
been reported from Columbia to Argentina.
15. Symptoms:
itching .
Irritation.
Inflammation and ulceration .
difficulty in walking.
Signs:
The acute cutaneous lesion is a papule with a
central black dot at the site of penetration that
develops into a wart‐like nodule through which eggs
of the flea are expelled. There is a limited number
of nodules (most commonly one), which are usually
located on the feet (subungual, soles, tips or toes,
and web spaces) and lower extremities.
16. Diagnosis:
Identification is made by the finding of adult fleas and
their eggs in lesions.
Treatment:
Complete sterile excision .
Administration of tetanus prophylaxis, and oral
antibiotics if there are signs of secondary bacterial
infection.33
17. Human scabies is caused by an infestation of the skin by the
human itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis).
The adult female scabies mites burrow into the upper layer of
the skin (epidermis) where they live and deposit their eggs.
scabies is passed by direct skin-to-skin contact with a infected
person.
Humans are the source of infection ; animals do not spread
human scabies
Scabies
18. The most common symptoms of scabies, itching and a skin
rash which are caused by allergic reaction to the proteins
and feces of the parasite.
* Severe itching (pruritus), especially at night.
19. Itching and rash may affect much of the body or be limited
to common sites such as:
interdigital web spaces, flexor surfaces of the wrists, the
elbows, the axillae, the buttocks and genitalia, and on the
breasts of women. Other skin changes are secondary to
pruritus and include excoriation, lichenification, and 2ry
bacterial infection .
20. the diagnosis of scabies should be confirmed by identifying
the mite or mite eggs or fecal matter (scybala). This can be
done by carefully removing the mite from the end of its
burrow using the tip of a needle or by obtaining a skin
scraping to examine under a microscope for mites, eggs, or
mite fecal matter
21. one or more of the following may be used
Permethrin cream 5 %.
Crotamiton lotion 10% and Crotamiton cream
10%.
Sulfur ointment (5%-10%)
Lindane lotion 1% .
Ivermectin
Bedding and clothing must be laundered or
removed from contact for at least 3 days. Personal
and household contacts must also be treated
22. • The arboviruses spread mainly through insect bites.
• The most common insect that spreads arboviruses is the mosquito
( Aedes aegypti ).
• They are also transmitted through :
• blood transfusion ,organ transplant ,sexual contact ,pregnancy
and childbirth from mother to child
Transmission
. Dengue is widely reported in tropical and subtropical countries,
and dengue hemorrhagic fever is reported in travelers returning
from Southeast Asia, South Pacific Islands, Caribbean, and Latin
America.
23. The most frequent arboviral infections that give rise to a
cutaneous eruption in travelers are caused by dengue and
chikungunya viruses.
Typical presentation of classic dengue fever includes the sudden
onset of fever, headache, retroorbital pain, fatigue, arthralgia ,
myalgia and an exanthem that usually appears when the fever
decreases. The exanthema is typically macular or maculopapular,
confluent with the sparing of small islands of normal skin. Other
dermatologic signs include pruritus, flushed facies, and
hemorrhagic manifestations such as petechiae and purpuraN.B : Manifestations of chickungunya virus is
similar to that of dengue fever so they must be
differentiated through PCR techniques because
they have different complications :
Dengue fever …. Shock and GIT Hge
Chikungunya ….. Long-lasting arthralgia
24. CBC : thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, low
hematocrit may indicate hemorrhagic dengue fever
serology or PCR.
evidence of plasma leakage (eg, pleural effusion, ascites, or
hypoproteinemia).
Treatment
- treatment of the acute phase is only symptomatic (eg,
antipyretic agents such as paracetamol and bed rest).
- Rehydration ( ORS or IV )
- Blood transfusion when needed
25. - Rickettsioses are zoonotic bacterial infections transmitted to
humans by arthropods :
- African tick bite fever (ATBF) :
ATBF is currently the leading rickettsiosis reported in
travelers. ATBF is endemic in large parts of rural sub‐Saharan
Africa and the eastern Caribbean.
- causative agent:
- It is caused by Rickettsia africae and transmitted by cattle ticks of
the Amblyomma genus
Rickettsioses
26. - Regardless of the causative agent, most patients usually
present with a benign febrile illness accompanied by:
Headache, myalgia, and cutaneous eruptions (diffuse skin
rash and sometimes a cutaneous eschar, the portal of
entry).
- ATBF is usually a mild disease, and typical clinical
presentation usually includes one or several inoculation
eschars with a maculopapular or vesicular cutaneous
rash accompanied by fever, headache, and neck myalgia .
27. Diagnosis:
An early diagnosis may be possible using PCR testing
of skin biopsies performed on the eschar .
Treatment:
- Doxycycline is recommended whenever a case of
rickettsiosis is suspected allowing for rapid recovery and
prevention of complications.
- The usual dosage of doxycycline is 200 mg/d.
- Symptoms usually resolve within 24 to 48 hours after the
onset of treatment, which may also help with the diagnosis
of rickettsiosis.