This document discusses fungal infections caused by dermatophytes, specifically various types of ringworm. It describes the etiological agents that cause ringworm, how they infect keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. It then covers the clinical manifestations and treatment for different types of ringworm infections based on the infected location, such as tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea corporis (body ringworm), tinea cruris (jock itch), and tinea unguium (nail infection). Topical and oral antifungal treatments are outlined depending on the severity of the infection.
The document discusses various types of fungal infections including tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea capitis, tinea versicolor, and onychomycosis. It provides information on the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for each infection, noting that treatment often involves topical or oral antifungal medications administered for several weeks. Adjuvant therapies like ketoconazole may also be used to help treat fungal infections.
Dermatophyte infections are caused by fungi that invade keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. Common types include tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and tinea capitis. Diagnosis involves KOH examination of skin or nail samples under a microscope to look for fungal elements. Treatment depends on the type and severity of infection but generally involves topical or oral antifungal medications like imidazoles, allylamines, and griseofulvin. The longest treatments are needed for tinea unguium and tinea capitis.
Dermatophytosis is a common fungal infection caused by dermatophytes that can infect the skin, hair, and nails. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected humans or animals or contact with contaminated surfaces. Common symptoms depend on the infected area and include ring-shaped lesions, hair loss, scaling, and inflammation. Treatment involves topical or oral antifungal medications.
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
This document discusses cutaneous mycoses, including the causative organisms, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It describes several common fungal infections of the skin caused by dermatophytes, including athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, and nail fungus. It provides details on the characteristic features of common dermatophyte genera (e.g. Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton) and discusses methods for laboratory diagnosis through direct microscopy, culture, and identification of fungal structures. Treatment involves topical and oral antifungal drugs while prevention focuses on maintaining good hygiene and cleanliness to avoid spreading fungal spores.
Dermatophytes are a group of fungi that commonly cause skin infections, known as ringworm, in humans and animals. There are three main genera - Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. Trichophyton rubrum is the most common dermatophyte isolated from humans. Dermatophyte infections include athlete's foot, ringworm of the body/limbs, scalp, face, and hands. Symptoms vary by location but include scaly rashes and skin/hair/nail abnormalities. Transmission occurs via direct contact or contaminated surfaces. Treatment involves antifungal creams, ointments or oral medications.
This document summarizes various fungal infections of the skin including dermatophytosis, candidiasis, and pityriasis versicolor as well as deep fungal infections. It describes the typical causes, presentations, courses, and treatments of common superficial fungal infections such as tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea corporis, tinea capitis, and candidiasis as well as some deep fungal infections and complications. Diagnostic tests and treatments including topical and systemic antifungals like miconazole, clotrimazole, terbinafine, and griseofulvin are outlined.
According to the document, common skin infections and lesions in travelers include insect bites and resulting bacterial infections, cutaneous larva migrans, leishmaniasis, myiasis, tungiasis, scabies, and arboviral infections. Dermatological disorders are frequently among the most common health problems in returning travelers. Diagnosis and treatment of these infections involves identifying the causative agent through methods like microscopy, culture, PCR, and responding with antibiotics, anthelmintics, or supportive care depending on the infection.
The document discusses various types of fungal infections including tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea capitis, tinea versicolor, and onychomycosis. It provides information on the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for each infection, noting that treatment often involves topical or oral antifungal medications administered for several weeks. Adjuvant therapies like ketoconazole may also be used to help treat fungal infections.
Dermatophyte infections are caused by fungi that invade keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. Common types include tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and tinea capitis. Diagnosis involves KOH examination of skin or nail samples under a microscope to look for fungal elements. Treatment depends on the type and severity of infection but generally involves topical or oral antifungal medications like imidazoles, allylamines, and griseofulvin. The longest treatments are needed for tinea unguium and tinea capitis.
Dermatophytosis is a common fungal infection caused by dermatophytes that can infect the skin, hair, and nails. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected humans or animals or contact with contaminated surfaces. Common symptoms depend on the infected area and include ring-shaped lesions, hair loss, scaling, and inflammation. Treatment involves topical or oral antifungal medications.
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
This document discusses cutaneous mycoses, including the causative organisms, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It describes several common fungal infections of the skin caused by dermatophytes, including athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, and nail fungus. It provides details on the characteristic features of common dermatophyte genera (e.g. Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton) and discusses methods for laboratory diagnosis through direct microscopy, culture, and identification of fungal structures. Treatment involves topical and oral antifungal drugs while prevention focuses on maintaining good hygiene and cleanliness to avoid spreading fungal spores.
Dermatophytes are a group of fungi that commonly cause skin infections, known as ringworm, in humans and animals. There are three main genera - Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. Trichophyton rubrum is the most common dermatophyte isolated from humans. Dermatophyte infections include athlete's foot, ringworm of the body/limbs, scalp, face, and hands. Symptoms vary by location but include scaly rashes and skin/hair/nail abnormalities. Transmission occurs via direct contact or contaminated surfaces. Treatment involves antifungal creams, ointments or oral medications.
This document summarizes various fungal infections of the skin including dermatophytosis, candidiasis, and pityriasis versicolor as well as deep fungal infections. It describes the typical causes, presentations, courses, and treatments of common superficial fungal infections such as tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea corporis, tinea capitis, and candidiasis as well as some deep fungal infections and complications. Diagnostic tests and treatments including topical and systemic antifungals like miconazole, clotrimazole, terbinafine, and griseofulvin are outlined.
According to the document, common skin infections and lesions in travelers include insect bites and resulting bacterial infections, cutaneous larva migrans, leishmaniasis, myiasis, tungiasis, scabies, and arboviral infections. Dermatological disorders are frequently among the most common health problems in returning travelers. Diagnosis and treatment of these infections involves identifying the causative agent through methods like microscopy, culture, PCR, and responding with antibiotics, anthelmintics, or supportive care depending on the infection.
1. Dermatophytes are fungi that infect the dead keratin of skin, hair, and nails. They can spread from person to person, animals to people, or soil to people. Common sites of infection include the scalp, beard, body, groin, hands, feet, and nails.
2. Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida yeasts, most commonly Candida albicans. It can cause infections in warm, moist areas of the body like the mouth, throat, genitals, under breasts, and between fingers. Risk factors include diabetes, obesity, pregnancy, steroid use, and weakened immunity.
3. Both dermatophyte and Candida infections
Superficial fungal skin infections can be caused by dermatophytes, Pityrosporum, or Candida. Dermatophyte infections (tinea) present in various forms depending on the infected area, such as tinea capitis affecting the scalp. Pityrosporum infection causes pityriasis versicolor, presenting as macules on the trunk that fluoresce under wood's light. Candidiasis can infect skin, nails, and mucous membranes. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, microscopy, culture, and wood's light testing. Topical and oral antifungals are used for treatment.
Cutaneous fungal infections can be caused by dermatophytes, which include various fungi in the genera Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. Common infections include ringworm (dermatophytosis) of the skin, hair, and nails. Major symptoms and locations of ringworm include athlete's foot (tinea pedis) between the toes, jock itch (tinea cruris) in the groin area, and scalp ringworm (tinea capitis). Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in potassium hydroxide to view fungal hyphae as well as culturing samples on agar plates.
This document summarizes various fungal skin infections (dermatophytoses) caused by dermatophytes. It describes the causative fungi of superficial mycoses and outlines the clinical presentation of common dermatophytoses including tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea manuum, tinea capitis and others. It also provides details on laboratory identification of dermatophytes through microscopic examination and fungal culture characteristics. Key identifying features of common dermatophyte genera like Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton are highlighted.
Dermatophytes are fungi that infect keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. There are three genera of dermatophytes: Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. They produce enzymes that allow them to invade keratinized tissues. Dermatophyte infections can occur on the scalp (tinea capitis), beard (tinea barbae), body (tinea corporis), groin (tinea cruris), hands (tinea manum), and feet/nails (tinea pedis/unguium). Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in potassium hydroxide (KOH), culture, and sometimes PCR.
This document provides information about diagnosing dermatophyte infections through microscopic examination and fungal culture. It discusses the etiologic agents that cause infections, including genera of dermatophytes that infect keratinized tissues. Clinical manifestations of infections are described, such as tinea pedis, corporis, and unguium. Methods for specimen collection and slide preparation for direct microscopic examination with potassium hydroxide are outlined.
This document summarizes common skin infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. It focuses on fungal and yeast infections, describing different types such as ringworm, athlete's foot, candidiasis and pityriasis versicolor. Causative organisms, clinical features and treatments are discussed for each infection. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin scrapings, nails or hair to identify fungal elements. Transmission from pets to humans is also addressed.
This slide implicates different fungal diseases in human bodies containing dermatophytoses, outline of dermatophytoses classification of dermatophytes and tinea, superficial dermatophytic infection including tinea pedis, unguium, manuum, crusis, corposis, faciei, capitis, incognito, and their treatments, deep dermatophytic infections including kerion, tinea barbae, majocchi granuloma and their treatments.
This document provides an introduction to mycology and virology for public health second-year students. It defines key terms related to fungi and outlines the objectives, characteristics of fungi, medical importance of fungi, and types of fungal infections including superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, and systemic mycoses. Specific fungi that cause different types of infections are described along with their symptoms, transmission, and clinical presentation.
Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin, scalp, or nails caused by dermatophyte fungi. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected humans, animals, or contaminated surfaces. There are several types of ringworm depending on the affected area, including tinea corporis (skin), tinea capitis (scalp), and tinea pedis (feet). Symptoms vary by type but include ring-shaped patches that are scaly and sometimes itchy or blistering. Ringworm is typically diagnosed through microscopic examination of skin samples or clippings. It can be treated with topical antifungal creams or oral antifungal medications. Prevention involves avoiding sharing personal items and proper hygiene.
1) Dermatomycosis is a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails caused by dermatophytes such as Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. Common symptoms include a skin rash and nail discoloration.
2) Epidermophyton floccosum is an anthropophilic dermatophyte that causes infections like athlete's foot and ringworm. It produces smooth-walled macroconidia in clusters and grows in culture as greenish-brown colonies.
3) Infections are diagnosed microscopically by viewing macroconidia in skin scrapings or cultures. Topical and oral antifungals
The document summarizes bacterial, fungal, and viral skin infections and wound infections. It discusses the normal skin flora and how bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes can cause localized or spreading skin infections like boils, cellulitis, and impetigo. It also covers fungal infections caused by dermatophytes and Candida albicans, as well as viral infections like herpes, warts, and hand-foot-and-mouth disease. The document concludes by examining wound infections from surgery, burns, and Clostridium bacteria, along with their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
1) Dermatomycosis is a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails caused by dermatophytes such as Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. Common symptoms include a skin rash and nail discoloration.
2) Epidermophyton floccosum is an anthropophilic dermatophyte that causes infections like athlete's foot and ringworm. It produces smooth-walled macroconidia in clusters on hyphal threads.
3) Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in KOH to observe fungal elements, as well as culturing samples on agar to observe characteristic mold growth. Molecular identification methods
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.
1. The document discusses various types of tinea or dermatophytosis, a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails, caused by dermatophyte fungi including Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum genera.
2. It describes the clinical manifestations and treatment of common types of tinea infections such as tinea corporis (ringworm of the body), tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea unguium (nail infection), tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp), and tinea barbae (ringworm of the beard).
3. Laboratory
Dermatological infections can be caused by a variety of organisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts and parasites. Common presentations include cellulitis, impetigo, warts, herpes infections, ringworm, pityriasis versicolor and scabies. Identification of the infecting organism is important and can be done through skin scrapings, swabs or biopsies examined microscopically or cultured. Treatment involves antibiotics, antivirals or antifungals and may be topical or systemic depending on the organism and site of infection.
Dermatological infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Common bacterial infections include impetigo, cellulitis and abscesses which are usually treated with antibiotics. Viral infections like herpes simplex and zoster typically require antiviral medication. Fungal infections such as ringworm and candidiasis respond to topical antifungal creams. Parasitic infections like scabies and head lice can be treated with scabicides or pediculicides. Proper treatment aims to eliminate the infecting pathogen and relieve symptoms.
This document discusses various pathogenic fungi and the diseases they cause. It describes different types of fungal infections including superficial mycoses affecting the skin surface, cutaneous mycoses like ringworm that infect the skin, and subcutaneous mycoses which occur beneath the skin. Specific fungi that cause diseases like athlete's foot, ringworm, and mycetoma are outlined. The modes of transmission between environments, people, and animals are also summarized. Treatment options and laboratory diagnosis methods for different fungal infections are mentioned.
Fungal infections are caused by fungi that live in the environment and human body. When the immune system cannot fight them off, they can infect the skin and cause symptoms like rashes, itching, and inflammation. There are several common types of superficial fungal infections that affect the skin, such as ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch, and fungal patches. These infections are very prevalent in warm, humid climates and affect around 20-25% of people worldwide. Topical antifungal treatments include azole and allylamine drugs.
This document provides an overview of acute appendicitis, including:
1. The anatomy of the appendix, which varies in length and position but has a constant base near the cecum.
2. The pathogenesis of appendicitis, which is usually caused by luminal obstruction leading to intraluminal distention and inflammation.
3. The clinical features of appendicitis, including initial periumbilical pain shifting to the right lower quadrant, anorexia, nausea, and tenderness at McBurney's point. Diagnosis can be difficult and is aided by clinical scoring systems.
Mr. J.A., a 64-year-old man, presented with progressive disorientation, fever, headaches, and neck stiffness. Examination found nuchal rigidity and a positive Brudzinski sign. His CSF was turbid with elevated proteins, low glucose, and high white blood cells. This suggested a diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. Treatment began with daily isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for two months, followed by isoniazid and rifampin for 7-10 more months. Dexamethasone was also prescribed for 6-8 weeks to reduce intracranial pressure and sequelae. The goals
1. Dermatophytes are fungi that infect the dead keratin of skin, hair, and nails. They can spread from person to person, animals to people, or soil to people. Common sites of infection include the scalp, beard, body, groin, hands, feet, and nails.
2. Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida yeasts, most commonly Candida albicans. It can cause infections in warm, moist areas of the body like the mouth, throat, genitals, under breasts, and between fingers. Risk factors include diabetes, obesity, pregnancy, steroid use, and weakened immunity.
3. Both dermatophyte and Candida infections
Superficial fungal skin infections can be caused by dermatophytes, Pityrosporum, or Candida. Dermatophyte infections (tinea) present in various forms depending on the infected area, such as tinea capitis affecting the scalp. Pityrosporum infection causes pityriasis versicolor, presenting as macules on the trunk that fluoresce under wood's light. Candidiasis can infect skin, nails, and mucous membranes. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, microscopy, culture, and wood's light testing. Topical and oral antifungals are used for treatment.
Cutaneous fungal infections can be caused by dermatophytes, which include various fungi in the genera Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. Common infections include ringworm (dermatophytosis) of the skin, hair, and nails. Major symptoms and locations of ringworm include athlete's foot (tinea pedis) between the toes, jock itch (tinea cruris) in the groin area, and scalp ringworm (tinea capitis). Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in potassium hydroxide to view fungal hyphae as well as culturing samples on agar plates.
This document summarizes various fungal skin infections (dermatophytoses) caused by dermatophytes. It describes the causative fungi of superficial mycoses and outlines the clinical presentation of common dermatophytoses including tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea manuum, tinea capitis and others. It also provides details on laboratory identification of dermatophytes through microscopic examination and fungal culture characteristics. Key identifying features of common dermatophyte genera like Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton are highlighted.
Dermatophytes are fungi that infect keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. There are three genera of dermatophytes: Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. They produce enzymes that allow them to invade keratinized tissues. Dermatophyte infections can occur on the scalp (tinea capitis), beard (tinea barbae), body (tinea corporis), groin (tinea cruris), hands (tinea manum), and feet/nails (tinea pedis/unguium). Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in potassium hydroxide (KOH), culture, and sometimes PCR.
This document provides information about diagnosing dermatophyte infections through microscopic examination and fungal culture. It discusses the etiologic agents that cause infections, including genera of dermatophytes that infect keratinized tissues. Clinical manifestations of infections are described, such as tinea pedis, corporis, and unguium. Methods for specimen collection and slide preparation for direct microscopic examination with potassium hydroxide are outlined.
This document summarizes common skin infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. It focuses on fungal and yeast infections, describing different types such as ringworm, athlete's foot, candidiasis and pityriasis versicolor. Causative organisms, clinical features and treatments are discussed for each infection. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin scrapings, nails or hair to identify fungal elements. Transmission from pets to humans is also addressed.
This slide implicates different fungal diseases in human bodies containing dermatophytoses, outline of dermatophytoses classification of dermatophytes and tinea, superficial dermatophytic infection including tinea pedis, unguium, manuum, crusis, corposis, faciei, capitis, incognito, and their treatments, deep dermatophytic infections including kerion, tinea barbae, majocchi granuloma and their treatments.
This document provides an introduction to mycology and virology for public health second-year students. It defines key terms related to fungi and outlines the objectives, characteristics of fungi, medical importance of fungi, and types of fungal infections including superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, and systemic mycoses. Specific fungi that cause different types of infections are described along with their symptoms, transmission, and clinical presentation.
Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin, scalp, or nails caused by dermatophyte fungi. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected humans, animals, or contaminated surfaces. There are several types of ringworm depending on the affected area, including tinea corporis (skin), tinea capitis (scalp), and tinea pedis (feet). Symptoms vary by type but include ring-shaped patches that are scaly and sometimes itchy or blistering. Ringworm is typically diagnosed through microscopic examination of skin samples or clippings. It can be treated with topical antifungal creams or oral antifungal medications. Prevention involves avoiding sharing personal items and proper hygiene.
1) Dermatomycosis is a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails caused by dermatophytes such as Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. Common symptoms include a skin rash and nail discoloration.
2) Epidermophyton floccosum is an anthropophilic dermatophyte that causes infections like athlete's foot and ringworm. It produces smooth-walled macroconidia in clusters and grows in culture as greenish-brown colonies.
3) Infections are diagnosed microscopically by viewing macroconidia in skin scrapings or cultures. Topical and oral antifungals
The document summarizes bacterial, fungal, and viral skin infections and wound infections. It discusses the normal skin flora and how bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes can cause localized or spreading skin infections like boils, cellulitis, and impetigo. It also covers fungal infections caused by dermatophytes and Candida albicans, as well as viral infections like herpes, warts, and hand-foot-and-mouth disease. The document concludes by examining wound infections from surgery, burns, and Clostridium bacteria, along with their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
1) Dermatomycosis is a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails caused by dermatophytes such as Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. Common symptoms include a skin rash and nail discoloration.
2) Epidermophyton floccosum is an anthropophilic dermatophyte that causes infections like athlete's foot and ringworm. It produces smooth-walled macroconidia in clusters on hyphal threads.
3) Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in KOH to observe fungal elements, as well as culturing samples on agar to observe characteristic mold growth. Molecular identification methods
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.
1. The document discusses various types of tinea or dermatophytosis, a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails, caused by dermatophyte fungi including Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum genera.
2. It describes the clinical manifestations and treatment of common types of tinea infections such as tinea corporis (ringworm of the body), tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea unguium (nail infection), tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp), and tinea barbae (ringworm of the beard).
3. Laboratory
Dermatological infections can be caused by a variety of organisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts and parasites. Common presentations include cellulitis, impetigo, warts, herpes infections, ringworm, pityriasis versicolor and scabies. Identification of the infecting organism is important and can be done through skin scrapings, swabs or biopsies examined microscopically or cultured. Treatment involves antibiotics, antivirals or antifungals and may be topical or systemic depending on the organism and site of infection.
Dermatological infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Common bacterial infections include impetigo, cellulitis and abscesses which are usually treated with antibiotics. Viral infections like herpes simplex and zoster typically require antiviral medication. Fungal infections such as ringworm and candidiasis respond to topical antifungal creams. Parasitic infections like scabies and head lice can be treated with scabicides or pediculicides. Proper treatment aims to eliminate the infecting pathogen and relieve symptoms.
This document discusses various pathogenic fungi and the diseases they cause. It describes different types of fungal infections including superficial mycoses affecting the skin surface, cutaneous mycoses like ringworm that infect the skin, and subcutaneous mycoses which occur beneath the skin. Specific fungi that cause diseases like athlete's foot, ringworm, and mycetoma are outlined. The modes of transmission between environments, people, and animals are also summarized. Treatment options and laboratory diagnosis methods for different fungal infections are mentioned.
Fungal infections are caused by fungi that live in the environment and human body. When the immune system cannot fight them off, they can infect the skin and cause symptoms like rashes, itching, and inflammation. There are several common types of superficial fungal infections that affect the skin, such as ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch, and fungal patches. These infections are very prevalent in warm, humid climates and affect around 20-25% of people worldwide. Topical antifungal treatments include azole and allylamine drugs.
This document provides an overview of acute appendicitis, including:
1. The anatomy of the appendix, which varies in length and position but has a constant base near the cecum.
2. The pathogenesis of appendicitis, which is usually caused by luminal obstruction leading to intraluminal distention and inflammation.
3. The clinical features of appendicitis, including initial periumbilical pain shifting to the right lower quadrant, anorexia, nausea, and tenderness at McBurney's point. Diagnosis can be difficult and is aided by clinical scoring systems.
Mr. J.A., a 64-year-old man, presented with progressive disorientation, fever, headaches, and neck stiffness. Examination found nuchal rigidity and a positive Brudzinski sign. His CSF was turbid with elevated proteins, low glucose, and high white blood cells. This suggested a diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. Treatment began with daily isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for two months, followed by isoniazid and rifampin for 7-10 more months. Dexamethasone was also prescribed for 6-8 weeks to reduce intracranial pressure and sequelae. The goals
This document provides guidelines for the proper storage of pharmaceuticals. It discusses shelf life and expiration dates, first-in first-out (FIFO) inventory management, general storage conditions, temperature requirements, security, and visual inspections. Key recommendations include storing products by expiration date with earliest dates in front, maintaining proper temperature controls, limiting access to secure items, and regularly inspecting products for quality issues.
This case presentation summarizes a 22-year-old male patient who presented with abdominal pain and was found to have gangrenous appendicitis. He underwent an appendectomy and was on post-operative day 4. His vital signs were stable. On examination, his surgical incision was clean with no signs of infection. Laboratory tests showed elevated white blood cell count. He was being treated with ceftriaxone, tramadol, and diclofenac. The pharmacist recommends adding metronidazole to help treat any anaerobic infections and outlines a care plan to prevent surgical site infections and monitor the patient's recovery.
Studies on general toxicity include acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic, and chronic toxicity studies to determine the effects of repeated exposure to a chemical over different time periods. Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies evaluate effects on fertility, pregnancy, and offspring. Mutagenicity studies test whether chemicals cause genetic mutations. Carcinogenicity studies involve long-term exposure of rodents to assess cancer potential. Immunotoxicity assessment evaluates impacts on the immune system.
Shock is a life-threatening condition where the circulatory system fails to deliver oxygen to tissues. It can progress rapidly to organ failure and death if not corrected. Shock is generally classified as hypovolemic, cardiogenic, or distributive. Treatment involves identifying the cause, restoring blood volume through fluids, providing oxygen support, treating infection if present, and using vasoactive drugs or inotropes. The goals are to restore tissue perfusion and prevent complications like multiple organ failure. Early diagnosis and management of shock is crucial to prevent permanent damage or death.
CHAPTER ONE & TWO LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY.pptxBarentuShemsu
This document provides an introduction to philosophy by outlining some of its key concepts and fields. It begins by defining philosophy as the love of wisdom and noting that philosophy deals primarily with fundamental issues rather than having a single subject matter. The document then outlines some of philosophy's major fields, including metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and logic. For each field, it provides brief definitions and examples of the types of questions addressed. The document emphasizes that philosophy is an activity that encourages critical examination and reflection on life and reality.
1. HIV/AIDS remains a major global public health issue, with sub-Saharan Africa disproportionately affected.
2. HIV targets CD4 cells and progressively destroys the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
3. The virus has several stages in its lifecycle within the human body, allowing it to evade detection and establish chronic, long-term infection.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
3. o Dermatophytosis - "ringworm" disease of the nails, hair,
and/or stratum corneum of the skin caused by fungi called
dermatophytes.
o Dermatomycosis - more general name for any skin
disease caused by a fungus.
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4. THE SKIN PLANTS
Etiological agents are called dermatophytes - "skin
plants". Three important anamorphic genera, (i.e., Microsporum,
Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton), are involved in ringworm.
Dermatophytes are keratinophilic - "keratin loving". Keratin is a
major protein found in horns, hooves, nails, hair, and skin.
Ringworm - disease called ‘herpes' by the Greeks, and by the
Romans ‘tinea' (which means small insect larvae).
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5. Infections by Dermatophytes
Severity of ringworm disease depends on:-
1 strains or species of fungus involved
2 sensitivity of the host to a particular pathogenic fungus.
More severe reactions occur when a dermatophyte crosses non-
host lines (e.g., from an animal species to man). Among
dermatophytes there appears to be a evolutionary transition from
a saprophytic to a parasitic lifestyle.
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6. called different names on basis of location of
infection sites
tinea capitis - ringworm infection of the head, scalp, eyebrows,
eyelashes
tinea favosa - ringworm infection of the scalp (crusty hair)
tinea corporis - ringworm infection of the body (smooth skin)
tinea cruris - ringworm infection of the groin (jock itch)
tinea unguium - ringworm infection of the nails
tinea barbae - ringworm infection of the beard
tinea manuum - ringworm infection of the hand
tinea pedis - ringworm infection of the foot (athlete's foot)
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7. Major sources of ringworm infection
Schools, military camps, prisons.
Warm damp areas (e.g., tropics, moisture accumulation in
clothing and shoes). Historical note: More people were shipped
out of the Pacific Theater in WWII back to U.S. because of
ringworm infection then through injury.
Animals (e.g., dogs, cats, cattle, poultry, etc.).
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8. Diagnosis
Note the symptoms.
Microscopic examination of slides of skin scrapings, nail
scrapings, and hair. Often tissue suspended in 10 % KOH
solution to help clear tissue. Slides prepared this way are not
permanent. These degrade rapidly due to presence of base.
Isolation of the fungus from infected tissue.
Proper treatment is dependent on diagnosis and prognosis.
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9. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RINGWORM
SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT
tinea pedis - Athletes' foot infection
between toes or toe webs (releasing of clear fluid) - 4th and 5th
toes are most common.
Soreness and itching of any part of the foot.
Three causal agents, T. rubrum (source of inoculum comes from
people with chronic infections, because fungus not long-lived in
squames), T. mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum
(source of inoculum comes from long-lived arthrospores that reside
in squames deposited in rugs and carpets (fomites).
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10. Cont…
Spread of disease correlated with introduction and generalized
distribution of T. rubrum into Europe and America probably due
to massive movement of peoples due to colonial occupation,
slave trade, and World War II.
Origin of T. rubrum may have been SE Asia or Africa.
Fungi probably transmitted host to host through infected
squames; flat, keratinised, dead cells shed from the outermost
layer of a stratified squamous epithelium
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11. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RINGWORM
SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT
Three Grades of Infection
Grade I - Subclinical
An itching between toes, skin may be soft and macerated,
blistering my occur.
Treatment - keeping feet dry and clean, drying between the toes
lightly each time you bathe to remove some skin. Application of
fungicidal powders or ointments containing
1 salicylic acids to promote peeling of the skin
2 tonaftate or other topical fungicides.
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12. cont…
Grade II
Host is conscious of a burning sensation while walking and
standing.
Soaks are recommended (paints or liquids) such as 1:4000
KMnO4 (stains the skin purple) or topical fungicides.
Remove clear liquid from blisters by having a doctor puncture
near the base or unroofing the blister.
Dusting powder in morning to help keep feet dry.
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14. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RINGWORM
SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT
Grade III
A secondary bacterial infection sets in.
Patient should go to bed.
Use systemic antibiotics to fight bacterial infection.
Use of soaks and compresses.
After infection subsidies, go to treatments as for Grade I or II
infections.
For persistent cases, (T. rubrum is usually the culprit), resort to
systemic griseofulvin therapy or other antifungal systemic
drugs (i.e., Lamisiltrademark or terbinafine HCl)
Griseofulvin is fungistatic, so it won't kill the fungus, just inhibit its
growth.
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15. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RINGWORM
SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT
Allergic reactions are sometimes associated with tinea pedis and
other ringworm infections.
toxins get into blood stream and reaches a site other than the site
of infection.
blistering occurs on fingers and hands.
in diagnosis, rule out allergic reaction to poison, detergents or
other substances.
during diagnosis, look for tinea (pedis, often) on the body.
treat the primary site of infection where the antigen is being
produced.
treat secondary site - blisters.
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16. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RINGWORM
SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT
tinea corporis - body ringworm
Generally restricted to stratum corneum of the smooth skin.
Symptoms result form fungi metabolites such as toxin/allergens.
Disease found throughout the world.
Produces concentric or ring-like lesions on skin, and in severe
cases these are raised and may become inflamed.
All forms of tinea corporis caused by T. rubrum, T.
mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, M. canis, and M. audouinii are
treatable with topical agent containing tolnaftate, ketoconazole,
miconazole, etc...
Disease transmitted through infected scales hyphae or
arthroconidia on the skin.
Also transmitted through direct contact between infected humans
or animals, by fomites (any agent such a bedding or clothing
capable of retaining a pathogen and transmitting to a new host).
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18. Cont…
Transfer form on area to the body to another (from tinea pedis to
tinea corporis).
Tinea Corporis normally resolves itself in several months.
T. verrucosum and T. violaceum infections require more vigorous
treatment including cleaning of area to remove of scales and older
fungicidal topical applications of ammoniated mercury ointment,
3 % salicylic and sulfuric acid, or tincture of iodine for several
weeks.
Widespread tinea corporis and more severe types (lesions) require
systemic griseofulvin treatment (about 6 weeks for effective
treatment).
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19. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RINGWORM
SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT
tinea cruris - ringworm of the groin and surrounding
region
More common in men than women.
Infection seen on scrotum and inner thigh, the penis is usually not
infected.
Epidemics associated with grouping of people into tight quarters -
athletic teams, troops, ship crews, inmates of institutions.
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21. Cont…
Several causes of tinea cruris include T. rubrum (does not
normally survive long periods outside of host), E. flocossum
(usually associate with epidemics because resistant arthroconidia
in skin scales can survive for years on rugs, shower stalls, locker
room floors), T. mentagrophytes (usually of animal origin, such
as rodents), and Microsporum gallinae (rarely seen - usually
found on gallinaceous birds like turkeys and chickens).
Predisposing factors include persistent perspiration, high
humidity, irritation of skin from clothes, such as tight fitting
underwear or athletic supporters, pre-existing disease, such as
diabetes and obesity.
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22. Cont…
Diagnosis
If lesion "weep", it is likely caused by a yeast, such
as, Candida albicans, and not by a dermatophyte, especially if
infections are seen in a woman.
KOH examination of skin scrapings.
Culture of dermatophyte from skin scrapings.
Treatment
Tolnaftate (Tinactin trademark) treatment protocol for tinea
corporis.
Relief of symptoms occur within 3 days and treatment
continued until all signs of disease are gone.
Area is sensitive so the other care needs to be taken into to add
to irritation of region.
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23. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RINGWORM
SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT
tinea unguium - ringworm of the nails
Tinea unguium or onchomycosis can take two forms:
Leukonychia mycotica - superficial white onychomycosis,
invasion of fungus restricted to patches or pits on surface of the
toenail.
Invasive subungual dermatophytosis - lateral or distal edges
first involved, followed by establishment of the infection
beneath the nail plate. Invasion of nail plates by
dermatophytes.
Onychomycosis (infection of nails caused by non-dermatophytic
fungi and yeasts)
Most commonly caused by T. rubrum, then E. floccosum or other
Trichophyton species.
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25. Cont…
Resistant to treatment, rarely resolves spontaneously.
Topical treatments - poor record of cure.
Ablation - surgical or chemical removal of nail.
Systemic griseofulvin therapy can lead to remission (usually a
year or more of treatment required - results vary about 29 % cure
rate).
Use of other systemic antifungal (i.e., Lamisiltrademark
or terbinafine HCl).
Filing down the nail to paper thin consistency and soaking or
painting with KMnO4 (1:4000), phenol, 10 % salicylic acid, or
1% iodine is useful adjunct to systemic griseofulvin treatment.
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26. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RINGWORM
SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT
tinea capitis - ringworm of the scalp, eyebrows and
eyelashes
Caused by species of Microsporum and Trichophyton.
Fungus grows into hair follicle.
Using a Wood's lamp, on hair Microsporum species tend to
fluoresce green while Trichophyton species generally do not
fluoresce.
Lack of fluorescence does not mean it isn't Microsporum.
Subculture any strands of hair that fluoresce to help identify the
causal agent.
Ectothrix infection - fragmentation of mycelium into conidia
(called arthroconidia) around the hair shaft or just beneath the
cuticle with destruction of the cuticle. This type of infection caused
by M. audounii, M. canis, M. ferrugineum, T. mentagrophytes, T.
verrucosum and T. megninii.
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27. Cont…
Endothrix infection - arthroconidia formation occurs by
fragmentation of hyphae with the hair shaft with destruction of
the cuticle. This type of infection caused T. tonsurans (most
common cause), T. violaceum, T. rubrum, and T. gourvillii. All
these pathogen species are anthropophilic.
"Gray patch ringworm" ectothrix common disease in children
usually not associated with inflammation.
Zoophilic and geophilic dermatophytes infections on man
associate with inflammation. Microsporum canis, T.
verrucosum, and T. mentagrophytes (zoophilic); M. gypseum and
M. fulvum (geophilic species).
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29. Treatment of Tinea Capitis
Ectothrix infections often resolve on their own.
Endothrix infections my become chronic and may continue into
adulthood.
Topical treatments are ineffective (don't bother using tonaftate or
topical griseofulvin)
Fungistatic agents are somewhat effective (miconazole,
clotrimazole) in combination to systemic administration of
griseofulvin.
Vigorous daily scrubs of scalp help removal of infectious
debris. Do not use this treatment on patients with porphyria (an
accumulation of blood pigment called porphyrins in blood stream
and urine) or is hypersensitive to griseofulvin.
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33. Measles
Viral etiology : measles virus.
Family : paramyxoviridae,
Enveloped, with two glycoprotein spikes.
Hemagglutinine spikes are the main neutralizing Ag.
Also mediate adsorption of the virus to the host cell surface.
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34. Measles
Transmission : by inhalation of respiratory droplets.
IP : 10 – 14 days.
Target group : children.
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35. Clinical features
Prodromal : Fever, cough, mild conjunctivitis, nasal discharge.
Lasting1-3 days.
Rash : maculopapular rash, first appear on the face then spread
downward over the trunk and extremities.
The rash is red, become confluent, last 4 or 5 days, then
disappears leaving brownish discoloration of the skin.
Recovery is usual.
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37. Prevention
Live attenuated vaccine (MMR).
Contains live attenuated measles, mumps and rubella virus
strains.
Administered in one dose.
Protection; good immunity.
Contraindications: should not be given to pregnant women and
immunocompromized.
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38. Treatment & lab. diagnosis
Treatment: there is no specific anti viral drug therapy.
Lab. Diagnosis : By detection of IgM-Ab to measles virus.
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39. Rubella (German measles)
Viral etiology: Rubella virus.
Family :Togaviridae.
Genus : Rubivirus.
The virus is enveloped, pleomorphic with helical nucleocapsid.
The viral genome is SS-RNA with positive polarity.
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40. Rubella
Transmission :By inhalation of respiratory droplets.
IP : 14 – 21 days.
Target group : children.
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41. Pathogenesis
After entry, the virus replicates in the epithelial cells lining the
URT and invades sub-epithelial tissue.
The virus spreads by the blood stream to lymphoid tissues,
followed by viremia.
The virus infects the endothelial cells of blood vessels in the skin,
leading to the development of the maculopapular rash.
Virus-Ab complexes are thought to play a role in the
development of the rash.
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42. Clinical features
Prodromal : Fever, cough, nasal discharge, mild conjunctivitis.
Rash : Maculopapular rash, first appears on the face then spreads
downwards to trunk and limbs.
The rash is red, discrete, usually fades after 48 hr.
In nearly 50% of all infections there is no rash at all.
Rubella is characterized by enlargement of the post-auricular and
sub-occipital lymph nodes.
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44. Prevention , treatment & lab Diagnosis.
Vaccine : Live attenuated vaccine (MMR).
Treatment : There is no specific viral therapy.
Lab. Diagnosis : By detection of IgM-Ab rubella virus.
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46. Family : Herpesviridae.
All herpes viruses are morphologically identical and have the
same structure.
They consist of outer envelope and internal nucleocapsid
The viral genome is linear ds-DNA.
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47. Latency
The most important characteristic of herpes viruses is latency.
After resolution of primary infection, the virus remains latent
inside the human body for life.
HSV-1, remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion.
HSV-2, remains latent in the sacral ganglion.
VZV, remains latent in the dorsal root ganglion.
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48. Pathogenesis
After entry ,the virus replicates locally in the skin at the site of
entry.
Typical herpes lesions are developed.
The virus migrates up the neurons to the trigeminal ganglion and
remain latent.
When the virus is reactivated, it travels through neurons to the
same site where primary infection occurred.
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50. Clinical features
1- Gingivostomatitis:
Occurs primarily in children.
The disease is characterized by:
Fever, localized pain, vesicles develop on the buccal mucosa and
gums, vesicles ruptures to form ulcers.
The disease is self limiting, recovery is usual.
The virus remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion.
The disease usually lasts for 5-12 days.
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52. Clinical features
2- Herpetic whitlow:
Vesicles and ulcers appear on the tips of the fingers.
Affects nurses and dentist.
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53. Clinical features
3- Kerato conjunctivitis:
Primary infection can involve both conjunctivitis and cornea.
Incase of conjunctivitis, there is localized pain, edema,
preauricular adenopathy, lacrimation, vesicles and ulcers appear
on the conjunctiva.
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54. Clinical features
Keratitis:
Corneal infection varies from superficial that heal without
damage to one affecting deeper parts of the eye.
Severe ulceration of the cornea may lead to blindness, usually
unilateral.
Symptoms include: severe eye pain, photophobia, blurred vision
and intense lacrimation.
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55. Recurrent infections
1- Herpes labiales (cold sores)
Usually milder disease, with short duration.
Few vesicles usually appear around the lips.
2- Keratitis:
Repeated ulceration of the cornea may lead to blindness.
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57. Genital herpes
Both HSV-1 & HSV-2 can cause genital herpes.
About 90% of genital herpes are caused by HSV-2 and only 10%
by HSV-1.
The signs and symptoms are similar in both cases.
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58. Transmission
Sexually, by direct skin contact with herpetic lesions, vesicle
fluid and vaginal secretions.
From infected mother to neonate (neonatal herpes) mainly
perinatally (during labor and delivery).
HSV-2 infects sexually active adults, especially those with
multiple sexual partners.
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59. Pathogenesis
HSV-2 enters the body through the mucous membrane of the
genitalia or through abraded or traumatized skin.
After entry, the virus replicate at the portal of entry.
After resolution of primary infection, the virus travels along the
neurons to the sacral ganglion and remain latent for life.
The latent virus may reactivated under certain stimuli and
recurrent herpetic infection occurs.
When the virus is reactivated, it travel backs from the sacral
ganglion through nerve axons to the same site of primary
infection.
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60. Primary genital herpes
Primary infection is usually asymptomatic.
Symptomatic infection is characterized by: localized pain,
erythema, edema, inguinal lymph adenopathy, development of
localized vesicular rash, vesicles ruptures to form ulcers.
Herpetic lesions appear on the external genitalia of males and
females.
Lesions also appear inside vagina, urethra and cervix.
After resolution of primary infection, the virus travels from the
genitalia via neurons to the sacral ganglion where it remains
latent.
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61. Lab. diagnosis
Isolation of the virus in tissue culture, followed by identification
of the virus.
Detection of Ig-M antibody to HSV-2.
Detection of the viral-DNA, using PCR. This method is limited to
life threatening conditions, such as encephalitis.
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62. Prevention
There is no vaccine is available yet for HSV-2.
Prevention measures, by practicing safer sex (having one sexual
partner).
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63. Treatment
Acyclovir, 400mg thrice daily for 10-days.
Famciclovir, 250 mg thrice daily for 5-days.
Valaciclovir, 1g, twice daily for 10-days.
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64. Varicella (chickenpox)
Caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV).
The virus is transmitted by inhalation of respiratory droplets and
by direct contact with the skin lesions.
Varicalla is a common childhood disease.
Varicella: is the primary illness.
Zoster: is the recurrent form of the disease.
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65. Pathogenesis
After entry, the virus replicates in the epithelial cells of the URT.
The virus spread by blood stream to the skin, where the typical
vesicular rash occurs.
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66. Clinical features
IP : 14-21 days.
The disease starts with, fever, malaise, cough, headache,
generalized vesicular rash.
The rash first appears on the trunk, then spreads to face and
limbs.
The rash appears in successive waves.
Lesions progress from macules to papules to vesicles.
Vesicles ruptures to form ulcers.
The illness usually lasts for 4-7 days.
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68. Vaccine
Live attenuated vaccine is available.
Administered in one dose.
Recommended for children 1-12 years, teenagers and adult who
have not the diseases.
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70. Treatment
No anti-viral drug therapy is necessary for immunocompetent
children.
Severe cases of chickenpox is treated with acyclovir.
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71. Zoster (shingles)
Zoster is localized vesicular rash.
It is a disease of elderly.
It is due to reactivation of VZV, which is latent in the dorsal root
ganglion.
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72. Types of zoster
1- Thoracic zoster.
Reactivation of virus latent in the dorsal root ganglion, results in
a segmental rash, extends from the mid of the back in a horizontal
strip, round the side of the chest.
2- Ophthalmic zoster.
Reactivation of virus latent in the trigeminal ganglion results in a
localized vesicular rash that involves the scalp, forehead, eye lids
and may be cornea.
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73. Types of zoster
3- Ramsay Hunt syndrome.
Localized vesicular rash appears on the tympanic membrane
and the external auditory canal.
Often there is a facial nerve palsy.
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75. Treatment
Acyclovir (zovirax), 800 mg,orally, five times daily for 5 to 7
days.
Famciclovir (Famvir), 500 mg, orally, three times daily for seven
days.
Valacyclovir (valtrex), 1000 mg. orally, three times daily, for
seven days.
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