This document discusses fungal skin infections, including the most common types (ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch, pityriasis versicolor), their causes, symptoms, and how they spread. It notes that fungal skin infections are generally caused by dermatophytes (ringworm), yeasts, or molds. They commonly appear as red, scaly, itchy rashes with well-defined borders. The document also provides epidemiological data on fungal skin infections from studies conducted in developing countries, noting high prevalence rates in children and particular populations.
This presentation includes -classification, biological in psoriasis,TNF alpha inbitors, T cell inhibitos, IL-12/23 inhibitors (indications,containdications,guidelines, adverse effects)
This presentation includes -classification, biological in psoriasis,TNF alpha inbitors, T cell inhibitos, IL-12/23 inhibitors (indications,containdications,guidelines, adverse effects)
This presentation contains the Definition of Eczema, Histology ,Classification ,Clinical manifestation, Differential Diagnosis, Complication, Investigation ,Treatment. it covers briefly the topic related with eczema so the reader will be able to study all aspects related with eczema
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
Rosacea is a chronic (long-term) disease
that affects the skin and sometimes the eyes. The disorder is characterized by
redness, pimples, and, in advanced stages, thickened skin. Rosacea usually
affects the face. Skin on other parts of the upper body is only rarely
involved.
INTRODUCTION OF PSORIASIS, EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PSORIASIS, CLINICAL FEATURES OF PSORIASIS, PROGNOSIS OF PSORIASIS, HISTOPATHOLOGY OF PSORIASIS, TRIGGERING FACTORS OF PSORIASIS, PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS
This presentation contains the Definition of Eczema, Histology ,Classification ,Clinical manifestation, Differential Diagnosis, Complication, Investigation ,Treatment. it covers briefly the topic related with eczema so the reader will be able to study all aspects related with eczema
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
Rosacea is a chronic (long-term) disease
that affects the skin and sometimes the eyes. The disorder is characterized by
redness, pimples, and, in advanced stages, thickened skin. Rosacea usually
affects the face. Skin on other parts of the upper body is only rarely
involved.
INTRODUCTION OF PSORIASIS, EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PSORIASIS, CLINICAL FEATURES OF PSORIASIS, PROGNOSIS OF PSORIASIS, HISTOPATHOLOGY OF PSORIASIS, TRIGGERING FACTORS OF PSORIASIS, PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS
Clinico-mycological profile of isolates of superficial fungal infection: A st...Open Access Research Paper
The superficial (cutaneous) fungal infections involve skin and its appendages, hair and nails. The causative fungi colonize only cornified layer of epidermis or supra-follicular portion of hair and usually do not penetrate into deeper tissues. The distribution and frequency of these infections and their etiological agents vary according to the geographic region, the socioeconomic level of population, climatic variation, presence of domestic animals and age. These infections are usually presented as scaly patches with central clearing with sharply demarcated as annular, erythematous, sometimes with vesicles, blisters and pustules. These superficial fungal infections are also responsible for morbidity, affecting quality of life, have recurrent relapses and drug resistance. This study was carried to find out the prevalence of various fungi associated with superficial fungal infection. This is a retrospective observational study carried to see clinical and laboratory profile of clinically suspected cases of superficial (cutaneous) fungal infection cases attending Dermatology Out Patient Department (OPD) and Skin scrapings, hair and nail samples were collected and processed according to standard mycological protocol. A total of 120 specimens were collected from clinically diagnosed superficial fungal infection cases. Tinea corporis was the most common clinical type in our study followed by Pityriasis versicolor, Onycomycosis and Tinea pedis. Most common dermatophyte species isolated was Trichophyton mentegrophyte and Malassezia sp. followed by Trichophyton violaceum, Candida sp., Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum audouinii and Fusarium sp. Along with dermatophytes, nondermatophytic fungal infections are emerging as important debilitating problems affecting quality of life. Due to different type of antifugal use in different superficial mycoses, laboratory confirmation is desired, to decrease inappropriate use of drugs and drug resistance.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
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Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
1. DEFINITION:
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair.
Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida)
and molds. The sign and symptoms depends on the type of the organisms that cause
the infections. Most of the time, fungal skin infections may appear red, scaly and itchy.
The rashes present have a well-defined border and sometimes it appear like a dry skin.
Type:
1. Tinea Corporis/Ringworm
Fungal infections that occur at skin, buttocks, other than groin, scalp,
soles and palm area.
Causative organism: dermatophytes
2. Tinea Pedis
Most commonly known: athlete’s foot, kulat air
Occur at the area between toes and around the foot below ankle level
Causative organism: dermatophytes
3. Tinea Cruris
Most commonly known: jock’s itch
Occur at the area around the groin and adjacent skin to the groin
Causative organism: dermatophytes
4. Tinea Versicolor
In Malay: panau
Skin appear to have a different colour of patches and spots, usually paler
than usual skin colour
Causative organism: yeast
CAUSES
TINEA CORPORIS (ringworm)
Tinea corporis is a skin infection caused by a fungi.
2. Tinea corporis is caused by mold-like fungi called dermatophytes.
Fungi are germs that can live on the dead tissue of the hair, nails, and outer skin layers.
Tinea corporis is caused by mold-like fungi called dermatophytes.
Tinea corporis is common in children, but can occur in people of all ages.
Fungi thrive in warm, moist areas. A tinea infection is more likely if you:
Have wet skin for a long time (such as from sweating)
Have minor skin and nail injuries
Do not bathe or wash your hair often
Have close contact with other people (such as in sports like wrestling)
Tinea corporis can spread easily. You can catch it if you come into direct contact with
an area of ringworm on someone's body. You can also get it by touching items that
have the fungi on them, such as:
Clothing
Combs
Pool surfaces
Shower floors and walls
Ringworm can also be spread by pets. (Cats are common carriers.)
3. TINEA PEDIS (athlete’s foot)
Tinea pedis is a foot infection due to a dermatophyte fungus. Tinea pedis thrives in
warm humid conditions and is most common in young adult men.
Tinea pedis is most frequently due to:
Trichophyton (T.) rubrum
T. interdigitale, previously called T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale
Epidermophyton floccosum
TINEA VERSICOLOUR(pityriasis versicolor)
The fungus Pityrosporum ovale is a type of yeast that’s found on the surface of the skin.
It normally doesn’t cause any health problems. However, sometimes this yeast begins
to grow out of control, affecting the natural color, or pigmentation, of your skin.
4. Tinea versicolor occurs when Pityrosporum ovale grows rapidly on the surface of the
skin.
Hot, humid weather
Oily skin
Hormonal changes
Weakened immune system
TINEA CRURIS (jock itch)
Jock itch is most commonly contracted by coming into contact with clothing or
towels contaminated with the fungus. It can also spread from an athete's foot
outbreak.
Jock itch may also be caused by the spread of athlete's foot fungus to the groin.
The groin provides a warm and humid environment, which encourages fungus
growth
Excessive perspiration can also encourage fungus growth
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
A total of 18 prevalence studies of the general population in developing countries (10 in
sub-Saharan Africa) can be considered representative of large geographical areas; of
these, 13 provided data specific to children, 17 to rural areas, and 4 to urban areas. All
reported high prevalence figures for skin diseases (21-87%), the following disorders
being the commonest in children: pyoderma (prevalence range 0.2-35%, 6.9-35% in
sub-Saharan Africa), tinea capitis (1-19.7%), scabies (0.2-24%, 1.3-17% in sub-
Saharan Africa), viral skin disorders (0.4-9%, mainly molluscum contagiosum),
5. pediculosis capitis (0-57%), dermatitis (0-5%), and reactions due to insect bites (0-
7.2%).
Children present a higher prevalence rate than adults for pyoderma (especially those
under 5 years), certain mycoses (tinea capitis), and, to a lesser extent, scabies. In
addition, there have been reports of a particularly high prevalence of pyoderma and/or
scabies in more limited settings, or in particular communities (e.g., Aboriginal
communities from Pacific).
Incidence data in the general population are scarce, those that are available varying
considerably from one place to another for pyoderma (e.g. 10.7% by year to 1.57 per
100 person-weeks in children), and for scabies. Data from five areas suggest that skin
disorders commonly represent one of the main organ-specific reasons for visiting a
primary healthcare centre, the ratio of visits due to skin problems being in the range 6-
23.7% (the highest rates in children); in such centres, the main disorders appear to be
pyoderma and scabies, while diseases lacking a specific diagnosis are also common.
The cost of skin diseases has been estimated on few occasions only, but was found
significant in the two areas where evaluated. Community-based data from three areas
indicated that certain disorders (mainly scabies and pyoderma) were more likely to
result in a request for treatment than other skin diseases (tinea capitis, viral disorders,
pediculosis capitis).
Data from 18 available bacteriological studies suggest that group A streptococci remain
the main etiological agent of pyoderma (either primary or secondary to scabies) in many
tropical developing countries, followed by Staphylococcus aureus. The prognosis of
pyoderma appears overall to be good, with a global risk for poststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis estimated to be largely under 1% in many areas. Lethality related to
pyoderma appears very low, except possibly in children aged less than 3 months in
whom it has been reported on occasions. to be a significant source of severe
bacteraemic sepsis.
The severity of scabies appears to be related to superinfection, which occurs in 16-67%
of cases and bears the same risks as primary pyoderma, and to epidemics whose
frequency over the world appears largely underestimated. Overall, tinea capitis appears
to be a benign disorder, rarely presenting with superinfection, and with spontaneous
healing around puberty. The other very common skin disorders (molluscum
contagiosum, pediculosis capitis) are also almost constantly benign. Where HIV
infection is common, its contribution to the epidemiology of common skin diseases is
unknown.
Despite the relative paucity of objective data and some methodological restrictions, it
can be assumed that the main etiological factors whose role is probably significant in
developing countries are a hot and humid climate (pyoderma), low hygiene and poor
access to water (pyoderma), high interpersonal contact and household overcrowding
6. (scabies and pyoderma), and certain other skin conditions like reactions to insects bites
and scabies (pyoderma).
There have also been several reports on the frequency of skin diseases (mainly
pyoderma and/or ectoparasitoses/ scabies) in specific population groups: street-children
in Kenya (prevalence of skin diseases, 50.9%) [33], child workers in Nigeria (skin
infection, 12%) [34], refugee camp in Sierra Leone (scabies, 77-86% in children) [35],
remote Amerindian villages in Amazonia (pyoderma, 11%) [36], jungle villages in
Panama (pyoderma, 11-20% according to age) [37], an orphanage community in India
(pyoderma, 10%) [38], slums in Brazil (scabies 8.8%, p. capitis 43%) [39], and remote
aboriginal communities in Oceania, mainly Australia [40-43], and Malaysia [44].
Aboriginal communities from Australia and the Pacific islands exhibited particularly high
prevalence figures in children, and often adults, for scabies, beta-haemolytic group A
streptococcal pyoderma, and dermatophytoses (scabies: 25% (adults) to 50%
(children); pyoderma: 10-70%).
Reference:
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/69229/1/WHO_FCH_CAH_05.12_eng.pdf
The increasing population of immunocompromised individuals is a major factor in the
emergence of opportunistic fungal infections. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
disease epidemic has been shown to be responsible for dramatic increases in
cryptococcosis, penicilliosis and histoplasmosis. As HIV patients are at increased risks
for fungal infections, the concentration of this group of patients in a single centre may
result in a different fungal epidemiological profile as compared with a general hospital,
non-infectious disease reference centre.
7. The distribution of races was significantly associated with HIV status. Among the
HIVnegative individuals, the Malays comprised more than half (55.6%) of patients,
followed by Chinese and Indians. However, among HIV-positive individuals, only one-
third were Malays. Chinese, Myanmar, Indonesian and other races formed the other
two-thirds of patients (Figure 1). Other races included Vietnamese, Bangladeshi,
Pakistani, Caucasians and other East Asians. The most common groups of fungi
isolated were yeasts (80.5%), followed by thermally dimorphic fungi (16.9%) and
moulds (2.6%). Among isolates, Candida albicans was the most commonly isolated.
All age groups were affected. The most commonly affected age groups in this study
were adults aged 18 years and above. A high male-to-female ratio (2.9:1) was noted in
our patient population. Almost half of male patients were infected with HIV (43.9%)
compared to (20.0%) in female patients. The distributions of mycoses among all
patients were highest in Malays, followed by Chinese and Indians; however, this may
reflect normal ethnic distribution in Malaysia. The distribution of race between HIV-
positive group and HIV-negative group differed significantly (p<0.001). Malay
predominance in HIV-negative group was significantly diminished by increases in
Chinese, Myanmar and Indonesian proportions.
Almost two-thirds (62.6%) of positive fungal cultures came from the infectious disease
(ID) and general medical wards. This finding may be attributed to the patient population
in those wards with serious underlying medical conditions, including HIV as compared
with other wards.
Reference :
http://iiumedic.net/imjm/v1/download/Volume%2012%20No%201/Vol12No1%20p39-
42.pdf
RISK FACTOR:
General:
Warm, moist environment such as shoes, socks,swimming pools, locker rooms, and the
floors of public showers. Spread from person to person through direct contact or
indirectly from objects carrying the fungus. Direct contact with infected people or
animals. It also may be spread on clothing or furniture. Heat and humidity may help to
spread the infection.
Specific:
1. Weak immune systems:
a. organ transplant patients
b. people living with hiv/aids
c. cancer patients
8. d. hospitalized patients
e. stem cell tranplants patients
f. people taking medications that weaken the immune systems
2. How did I get a fungal infection?You can get a fungal infection by touching a
person who has one. Some kinds of fungi live on damp surfaces, like the floors in
public showers or locker rooms. You can easily pick up a fungus there. You can
even catch a fungal infection from your pets. Dogs, cats and farm animals can be
infected with a fungus. Often this infection looks like a patch of skin where fur is
missing.
3. Antibiotic Use & Fungal Infections:Antibiotics are medicines designed to kill
harmful bacteria that are causing infection or illness. Sometimes these drugs can
also reduce the helpful bacteria that live in the body. When these populations are
reduced, fungi may take the opportunity to colonize.
4. Corticosteroid Use & Fungal Infections:Corticosteroids are a group of drugs that
reduce inflammation. They effectively treat many skin disorders. Unfortunately,
these drugs also can reduce our immune response and improve conditions for
fungus growth.
5. Medical Conditions & Fungal Infections:Individuals with diabetes and some
cancers, such as leukemia, are more susceptible to fungal infections than the
general population.
6. Compromised Immune System & Fungal Infections:The immune system is a set
of chemical and cellular responses that attack disease-causing organisms and
help prevent their growth. A number of factors can depress this system. These
include chemotherapy (cancer-killing drugs) and acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS).A depressed immune system less effectively fights off all types
of infection. Thus a fungus that normally would be controlled by the immune
system may begin to grow.
7. Environmental Factors & Fungal Infections:Fungi require moisture to grow and
reproduce. Fungal infections are more prevalent in warm, moist areas of the
body, such as the mouth and vagina. Also, sweaty clothes and shoes can
enhance fungus growth on the skin. Exposure to fungi is more frequent in
communal areas with moisture, such as locker rooms and showers.
8. Hereditary Factors & Fungal Infections:Some people seem to have a genetic
predisposition toward fungal infections. They may contract infections more easily
than others exposed to the same conditions. Whether this is due to differences in
immune response, skin chemistry, or other factors is not known.
9. 9. Transmission of Fungal Infections:Fungal infections can be passed from person
to person or from objects and surfaces to a person. Also, an individual can
transfer infection to other parts of the body by touching.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
a) Ringworm (tinea corporis)
Known as “kurap”
Red, itchy flat scaly area on arms, legs, or body
Patch’s border expand, forms almost a circular ring
Irregular, wavy outlined ring
b) Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis)
Known as “kaki makan air”
Ulceration between toes
Soft, pale, and white skin when it’s wet
Itching
Stinging and burning
c) Jock’s itch (tinea cruris)
Reddish patches spread out from the fold near the groin towards the upper thighs
(for poster, hajar x reti nk shorten ayat ni..nk buat “reddish patches at groin area”,
takut trlalu sama dgn snior’s)
Itching
Burning
d) Tinea versicolor
Known as “panau”
Discoloured patches on torso and shoulders
10. Scaling
May accompanied by itching
REFERENCES
http://www.mayoclinic.org
Rutter, P. (2009) Community Pharmacy: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment, 2nd
Edition. Elsevier Limited.
COMPLICATION FOR FUNGAL INFECTION
- Spread to another part of body such as to, legs and toenails, hands fingernails
and any essentially body area.
- Such as fungal nail infection(onychomycosis) for tinea pedis.
- With a patient with lack of immune response like diabetic patient cause ulceration
neuropathy (loss of pain) and gangrene.
- Prone to bacterial infection causes inflammation on the skin (cellulitis) if left
untreated.
- Tinea versicolor reinfection in high rate thus must wait for a few months for
disappearance of white spots after skin regenerate.
DIAGNOSED AND TEST
1. Tinea corporis (ringworm)
2. Tinea pedis ( athlete’s foot)
3. Tinea versicolor
4. Jocks itch (tinea cruris)
By performing a physical examination :-
Vital sign
Inspection on infected skin
By taking history before get the infection :-
Sexual history
HIV status
11. Gym or sports activity
Use of communal pool or whirlpool
Pets
Travel history
Skin scrappings :-
Infected skin will be tested with potassium hydroxide.
Small area of infected skin will be scrapes off.
Then, it will be placed in potassium hydroxide.
The potassium hydroxide will kills all normal cells.
So the fungal cells will be easily seen under microscope.
Fungal cultures.
ANTIFUNGAL TREATMENT
1. Topicals
Clotrimazole
Econazole
Ketoconazole sometimes combined with mild
steroid
Miconazole (hydrocortisone) to reduce
inflammation
Tioconazole
Terbinafine
How to use cream? Apply cream to the affected area two times a day for 2 weeks and
continue for 5 to 7days until it heals.
2. Shampoo which contain ketoconazole help to treat scalp fungal infections and
certain skin conditions.
3. Pessaries are tablets which are designed to be put into the vagina.
4. Intravenous (severe) –injected into the bloodstream
5. Oral- swallowed in capsule, pill or liquid form
12. PREVENTION/ALTERNATIVES/SUPPLEMENT
Types of infection Prevention Alternatives/supplement
Tinea corporis/
Ringworm on body
Ringworm is contagious. It spreads when
you have skin-to-skin contact with a
person or animal that has it.
To prevent the infection from spreading:
a. Avoid infected animals
b. Don't share personal items
c. Keep clean
Topical application of :
a. Tea tree oil- may kill
fungus, and reduce
allergic skin reactions.
b. Garlic oil- can inhibit
unwanted fungi
Each of these is effective at
reducing the symptoms of
itching and burning.Tinea pedis/
athlete's foot
Prevent athlete's foot by keeping your feet
clean and dry.
Example:
- Take time to dry your feet, including
each toe, thoroughly
-Wear cotton socks to absorb sweat
- Wear sandals to prevent bare feet from
touching floors contaminated with fungi.
Tinea Cruris/
Jock itch (Groin)
Reduce your risk of jock itch by:
- Keep your groin area dry.
- Wear clean underwear.
- Don't share personal items
- Avoid tightfitting clothes/underwear
Tinea versicolor Tinea Versicolor can be caused by
malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies. To
prevent or improve the condition is eat a
healthy balanced diet or take vitamin
supplements
Vitamins that can help
regulate melanin production
so that the hypo-pigmented
spots typical of Tinea
Versicolor disappear faster.
a. Vitamin B12
regulates melanin
production
b. Vitamin C is
important for collagen
production
c. Vitamin A can treat
skin that is blotchy in
colour; it can even out
your skin tone
d. Vitamin E is an anti-
oxidant that protects
and repairs skin