Cutaneous fungal infections can be caused by dermatophytes, which include various fungi in the genera Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. Common infections include ringworm (dermatophytosis) of the skin, hair, and nails. Major symptoms and locations of ringworm include athlete's foot (tinea pedis) between the toes, jock itch (tinea cruris) in the groin area, and scalp ringworm (tinea capitis). Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or nail samples in potassium hydroxide to view fungal hyphae as well as culturing samples on agar plates.
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
Dermatophytes are molds (multicellular filaments of organisms) that require keratin for nutrition and must live on stratum corneum, hair, or nails to survive. Human infections are caused by Epidermophyton, Microspores, and Trichophyton species.
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
Dermatophytes are molds (multicellular filaments of organisms) that require keratin for nutrition and must live on stratum corneum, hair, or nails to survive. Human infections are caused by Epidermophyton, Microspores, and Trichophyton species.
Microsporum a pathogenic fungi Which comes under dermatophytes and cause ringworm infection and fungal infection on skin.
All the Introduction, morphological characteristics, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and treatment given here.
If you want better understanding go on to mine YouTube channel linked below:
https://youtu.be/2wbsB8jxv6o
There you can find other more interesting topics related to microbiology.
Microsporum a pathogenic fungi Which comes under dermatophytes and cause ringworm infection and fungal infection on skin.
All the Introduction, morphological characteristics, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and treatment given here.
If you want better understanding go on to mine YouTube channel linked below:
https://youtu.be/2wbsB8jxv6o
There you can find other more interesting topics related to microbiology.
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
1. Cutaneous Fungal Infections
oDermatophytosis - "ringworm" disease of
the nails, hair, and/or stratum corneum of the
skin caused by fungi called dermatophytes.
oDermatomycosis - more general name for
any skin disease caused by a fungus.
3. DERMATOPHYTES
• Microsporum - infections on skin and hair
(M-N-No Nails)
• Epidermophyton - infections on skin and
nails (not the cause of TINEA CAPITIS)
• Trichophyton - infections on skin, hair, and
nails.
4. • Epidermophyton- E. floccosum
• Microsporum- M.canis
• M. gypseum
• Trichophyton-T. rubrum
• T. mentagrophytes
• T. verrucosum
• T.violaceum
5. Major sources of ringworm
infection
Warm damp areas (e.g., tropics, moisture
accumulation in clothing and shoes).
• Schools, military camps, prisons.
• Animals (e.g., dogs, cats, cattle, poultry,
etc.).
6. Clinical manifestations of ringworm
infections are called different names on
basis of location of infection sites
• tinea capitis - ringworm infection of
the head, scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes
• tinea favosa - ringworm infection of
the scalp (crusty hair)
• tinea corporis - ringworm infection of
the body (smooth skin)
7. • tinea cruris - ringworm infection of the
groin (jock itch)
• tinea unguium - ringworm infection of the
nails
• tinea barbae - ringworm infection of the
beard
• tinea manuum - ringworm infection of the
hand
• tinea pedis - ringworm infection of the foot
(athlete's foot)
8. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RINGWORM
• tinea pedis - Athletes' foot infection
• between toes or toe webs (releasing of clear fluid) - 4th and
5th toes are most common.
• Soreness and itching of any part of the foot.
• Fungi probably transmitted host to host through infected
squames; flat, keratinised, dead cells shed from the
outermost layer of a stratified squamous epithelium.
• Three causal agents, T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and
Epidermophyton floccosum
10. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RINGWORM
• Allergic reactions are sometimes associated with tinea
pedis and other ringworm infections.
• dermatophytid - an "id" allergic reaction.
• toxins get into blood stream and reaches a
site other than the site of infection.
• blistering occurs on fingers and hands.
• treat the primary site of infection where the
antigen is being produced.
• treat secondary site - blisters.
12. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RINGWORM
• tinea corporis - body ringworm
• Generally restricted to stratum corneum of the smooth skin.
• Produces concentric or ring-like lesions on skin
• Severe cases -raised and inflamed.
•
• All forms of tinea corporis caused by T. rubrum, T.
mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, M. canis, and M. audouinii...
• Transmission - infected scales hyphae or arthroconidia on
the skin.
- direct contact between infected humans or
animals, by fomites
• Normally resolves itself in several months.
14. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RINGWORM
SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT
• tinea cruris - ringworm of the groin and surrounding
region
• More common in men
• Infection seen on scrotum and inner thigh, the penis is
usually not infected.
• Epidemics associated with grouping of people into tight
quarters - athletic teams, troops, ship crews, inmates of
institutions.
• Several causes of tinea cruris include T. rubrum (does not
normally survive long periods outside of host), E. flocossum
(usually associate with epidemics because resistant
arthroconidia in skin scales can survive for years on rugs,
shower stalls, locker room floors), T. mentagrophytes
17. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RINGWORM
• tinea capitis - ringworm of the scalp, eyebrows and
eyelashes
• Cause- Microsporum and Trichophyton.
• Fungus grows into hair follicle.
•
• Ectothrix infection - fragmentation of mycelium into conidia
(called arthroconidia) around the hair shaft or just beneath
the cuticle with destruction of the cuticle. Caused by M.
audounii, M. canis
• Endothrix infection - arthroconidia formation occurs by
fragmentation of hyphae with the hair shaft with destruction
of the cuticle. T. tonsurans (most common cause).
• "Id" reaction may occur.
26. Microsporum canis
Colony growth is rapid,
downy to wooly, cream to
yellow on the surface with a
yellow to yellow- orange
reverse.
Microconidia are club-shaped
but typically are absent.
Macroconidia are fusoid,
verrucose, and thick walled.
They have a recurved apex and
contain 5-15 cells.
Lab tests: hair perforation
test positive and urease
positive.
Infection in humans occurs on
the scalp and glabrous skin. It
is also a cause of ringworm in
cats and dogs.
28. Microsporum gypseum
Colony growth is rapid, downy,
becoming powdery to granular,
cream, tawny-buff, or pale
cinnamon on the surface with a
beige to red-brown reverse.
Microconidia are moderately
abundant and club-shaped.
Macroconidia are abundant,
ellipsoidal to fusiform, sometimes
verrucose, and thin walled. They
typically contain 3-6 cells.
Lab tests: hair perforation test
positive and urease positive.
Infection in humans is found on
the scalp and glabrous skin; it is
more frequently isolated from the
soil and from the fur of small
rodents.
30. Epidermophyton floccosum
Colony growth is slow,
powdery, with a yellow to
khaki surface color and
chamois to brown reverse.
Macroconidia are club
shaped, with thin smooth
walls and can be solitary or
grouped in clusters.
Chlamydospores are often
produced in large numbers.
Microconidia are absent.
Lab tests: hair perforation
test negative, urease
positive, growth at 37°C.
Infections are commonly
cutaneous, especially of the
groin or feet.
32. Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Colony growth is moderately rapid,
powdery to granular, white to cream
colored on the surface with a yellowish,
brown or red-brown reverse.
Microconidia are numerous,
unicellular, round to pyriform and found
in grape like clusters. Spiral hyphae are
often present.
Macroconidia are multiseptate, club-
shaped and often absent.
Lab tests: hair perforation test
positive, urease positive, growth at 37°C.
Infection is typically found on the feet,
hands, or groin, but can also be
associated with inflammatory lesions of
the scalp, nails, and beard.
36. TREATMENT
• Mild- topical imidazole
• Severe- Oral- Griseofulvin or
Ketoconazole, itraconazole,fluconazole
• Skin- 4-6 wks
• Hair- 3-6 mths
• Nails – 1 yr
37. Test Your Knowledge
Answer
View dermatophyte differentiation table
View index slide
Return to previously viewed slide
View correct answer
Each unknown slide has the following navigation buttons to help
you:
38. Answer
Unknown 1
Colony growth is
rapid, downy to
wooly, cream to
yellow on the surface
with a yellow to
yellow- orange
reverse.
39. Answer
Unknown 2
Colony growth is
moderately rapid,
powdery to granular,
white to cream
colored on the
surface with a
yellowish, brown or
red-brown reverse.
41. Answer
Unknown 6
Colony growth is rapid,
downy, becoming powdery
to granular, cream, tawny-
buff, or pale cinnamon on
the surface with a beige to
red-brown reverse.
42.
43. DERMATOPHYTES
• Trichophyton tonsurans
• Anthropophilic and on hair causes endothrix.
• Third most common cause of tinea capitis
• Other leading causes of tinea capitis are M.
audouinii (transmission is generally from child to
child) and M. canis (transmission is from animal
to human).
• Colonies whitish and folded.
• Colonies are yellowish-brown color on reverse of
colony.
• Microconidia are longer and larger than in T.
rubrum.
• Intercalary and terminal chlamydoconidia
common in older cultures.
• Macroconidia not common, irregular in form.
46. DERMATOPHYTES
• Trichophyton violaceum
• Attacks hair, scalp, skin and nails.
• Nail infections are persistent.
• Endothrix (black dot infection of scalp).
• Found in humans, rarely in animals.
• Disease has been reported in horses, cats, dogs, mice
and pigeons.
• Very slow growing in culture with a waxy appearance.
• Colony deep violent in color, purplish pigment diffuses into
media.
• Rarely produces microconidia and macroconidia.
• In culture this species requires thiamine for proper growth.
• Hyphae coarser in appearance than seen in other
dermatophytes.
• Chlamydoconidia are seen in culture.
48. DERMATOPHYTES
• Trichophyton verrucosum
• Associated with cattle ("barn itch").
• Large-spored ectothrix.
• Causes severer infections in humans on the scalp and
beard.
• Very slow growing, no pigment on reverse to yellow.
• Grows best at 37 C.
• On unenriched media - chains of chlamydoconidia and
antler-like hyphae.
• On thiamine-enriched media, produces many small
microconidia and occasionally macroconidia are
produced.
51. DERMATOPHYTES
• Trichophyton schoenleinii
• Endothrix infection of hair.
• Causes tinea favosa (cup-shaped crusts on scalp called
favus).
• tinea favosa may lead to alopecia or permanent
baldness.
• Colonies waxy to suede-like; off white in color.
• Colony may become convoluted from folds that develop
• No conidia (micro- or macro-) even on enriched media .
• Grows will at 37 C.
