This document summarizes several narrative theories that can be applied to film and television. It discusses Vladimir Propp's character roles theory which identifies common character archetypes like the protagonist, antagonist, helper. It also outlines Tzvetan Todorov's narrative theory of equilibrium, disruption, recognition, restoration, and new equilibrium. Finally, it briefly mentions Claude Levi-Strauss's theory of conflict forwarding the narrative and Roland Barthes's idea of posing mysteries to intrigue audiences. An example is given applying Todorov's stages to The Hunger Games film.
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2. Narrative Introduction
The narrative is the way in which an Narrative is told through media texts from
a fictional and non fictional perspective, they tend to follow a set structure
characters involved, tend to be involved with interaction or conflict with other
characters that pulls the narrative forward creating a story.
3. Narrative Structures
Below I have listed Narrative Structures that follow a pattern through a media text amongst a film or TV show.
Single strand narrative: one story told from start to finish, usually with a point or moral that producer is trying to make or get audience
to engage with. Usually follow set format of equilibrium-disruption-equilibrium.
Multi-strand narrative: tells two or more stories alongside each other. e.g. TV soaps have multi-strand narratives whereby each episode
will contain scenes of action relating to different sets of characters
Linear (sequential): equilibrium-disruption-equilibrium
Non-linear (non-sequential): e.g. middle-middle-beginning-flashbacks-ending
Realist: Stories made to look and feel like real life so that the target audience can relate to them e.g. The Inbetweeners, Eastenders
Anti-realist: Stories based on fantasy to offer the audience escapism e.g. CSI, Doctor Who
Open endings: The story is not resolved at the end of the episode or series. For example, a cliff-hanger might be used to keep the
audience guessing
Closed endings: The story is resolved at the end of the episode or series
4. Vladmir Propp Character role Theory
Propp states that within each media text there are character roles presented that
have been full filled and have been represented for the audience. Propps
character theory has been used and influenced by many film makers in the
production of successful film releases.
5. Propps characters roles
Propp suggested that every narrative have these character roles, these are:
The Protagonist (is the hero and main character whom the narrative normally revolves around).
The Antagonist (is the villain whom opposes the hero).
The Donor (Helps the hero in his/hers quest).
The Helper (Normally aids the hero throughout the quest, seen side by side)
The False Hero (Is falsely seen as the hero but is nothing but).
The Princess (The reward for the hero, seen as the damsel in distress).
The Father
14. Tzvetan Todorovs Narrative Theory
Todorovs theory states that the narrative of a particular media text whether
that’s film or TV will follow a set of stages in a linear format
15. Todorovs Narrative Theory stages
Equilibrium: Normal life is carried out, everything is as it should be.
Disruption: A disruption is made to the equilibrium.
Recognition: Established the problem.
Restoration: An attempt to restore this problem.
New Equilibrium: Everything has been restored back in order.
16. Film Example: Hunger Games (2012, Director:
Francis Lawrence)
Equilibrium: The narratives opens to the home of District 12 where Katniss
lives and provides for her family, everything is normal and as it should be.
17. Hunger Games (2012, Director: Francis
Lawrence)
Disruption: Katniss’s sisters name is reaped for the annual Hunger Games in
which children have to fight till the death till a lone victor stands.
18. Hunger Games (2012, Director: Francis
Lawrence)
Recognition: Katniss volunteers herself to be in the Hunger Games instead of
her sister.
19. Hunger Games (2012, Director: Francis
Lawrence)
Restoration: Her and Peeta are placed through the Hunger Games where they
are left standing, they try to both become victors by tricking the game makers
into believing that they will kill themselves., it works and they both become
victors.
20. Hunger Games (2012, Director: Francis
Lawrence)
New Equilibrium: Both are placed victors and are allowed to return home to
District home, both survives and the new equilibrium are set in place.
21. Claude Levi-Strauss Narrative Theory
Strauss proposes the theory that creating conflict/opposition forwards the
narrative that can end on a resolution of conflict.
22. Roland Barthes Narrative Theory
This suggests a media text that portrays a mystery to draw an audience in,
posing many questions, becoming intrigued in the piece presented to them.
