The document outlines a research project to develop integrated crop management practices for coffee production in the highlands of Vietnam, with a focus on improving soil fertility and health through fertilization trials and evaluating different fertilizer formulations applied through drip irrigation systems. It also examines ways to increase coffee yields through optimizing plant nutrition based on growth stages and implementing best practices for pruning, irrigation, and pest and disease management.

1. FERTIGATION FOR COFFEE THROUGH
IRRIGATION IN HIGHLAND REGION

2. Form:
N,P,K
Quantity of
N,P,K
Stage:N,P,K Fertigation
process
CHART OF DEVELOPING PROCESS FOR COFFEE TREES FERTIGATION
THROUGH IRRIGATION

3. Highlan
d reg.
90%
Southea
st
region
7%
Norther
n
moutain
re.
1%
Other
prov.
2%
2,39
1,79 1,85
1,05
2,32
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
Tây
Nguyên
Đông
Nam Bộ
MN Phía
Bắc
Các tỉnh
khác
Cả nước
Map: Distribution of coffee tree cultivation areas in Vietnam
Create jobs for 2 million rural workers, contribute 3% of GDP (Nestle, 2012)
1. Coffee trees, high value crop!
Export of coffee
Year Quantity
(mil. tons)
Value
($ bil.)
Source: gso, 2014

4. Current use of fertilizer for coffee in the Highlands
2 and 3. Constraint in use of fertilizers and irrigation water for Robusta coffee
1,6 mil. tons of comsumer fertilizer;
 11.478 bill. vnd for fertilizer annually.
 5.812 bill. vnd wasted by unefficient use
of fertilizer;
 2.637 bill. vnd wasted by application
unfollowing recommended.
Current use
Recommended
Comparison
Practical quantity of using tho. tons
Annual total cost for fertilizers (tho. bil. vnd)
Waste due to low efficiency of use (tho.bil.vnd)
Waste compared with recommended quantity of
fertilizer (tho.bil.vnd)

5.  Low efficiency use of water, waste of water: 57 % of irrigated water is from ground water and
95% of them is for watering coffee trees, recommended quantity of water for coffee is 450 l/tree,
in pactice 1050 l/tree/time.
Irrigation methods for coffee trees in Highlands
614.500 hectares of coffee trees need 1.8 bill. m3 of water in dry season!!!;
Yaly lake = 1 bill. m3

6. PO4
-
K+
NH4
+
NO3-
PO4
-K+
NH4
+
NO3-
4. Advantages of drip irrigation
technique
Increasing yield (from 25 - 30 %)
 Saving fertilizer (from 25 - 30%)
Providing accurate and consistent
quantity of fertilizer suitable with
demand of each plant in every
growing stage.
Limiting losses of nutrient, fixed
in the ground.
 Able to combine multi-fertilizers
using irrigation system.
 The amount of fertilizer can be
adjusted according to the
concentration in irrigation solution.
 Saving time, labor and energy.
 Can be applied on soils with low
fertility.
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O

7. Water requirement of coffee trees during trading period
Total water requirement of coffee trees in a year: 1.388 mm (12,6 m3 of
water/tree)
In which:
- From January to April, a coffee tree needs 529 mm
- Average rainfall level at this time 113 mm (21 %)
- Quantity of water to add 529 – 113 = 416 mm = 4160 m3/ha = 3,78 m3/tree

9. Soil layer 0 – 30 cm = 62.92 %
Distance to root 0 – 100 cm =
87.99 %
Distribution of coffee roots in depth of soil profile

10. Distribution of coffee roots in soil profile
= 62.92 %

11. Installing drip irrigation system in pilot site

12. Movement of infiltration speed (mm/hour) of
soil after measured time (minute)
y = 161.7*10-0.56 = 44,54 mm/hour

13. Water flow and volume of the humidifying zone, soil
moisture on basalt soil
Formular
Volume of humidifying
zone Humidity of
layer
(0 - 20 cm)
Humidity of
layer
(20-40 cm)Width (cm)
Depth
(cm)
No irrigating 0,0 0,0 2,0 19,0
Formular 1
(20 litres) 55,0 38,0 19,6 36,7
Formular 2
(40 litres) 85,0 40,0 20,9 39,7
Formular 3
(60 litres) 105,0 44,0 21,5 39,8

14. Area of humidifying zone in time and density of
drippers
After
irrigating
time
Distance of drippers
40 cm/dripper 50 cm/dripper
Width (cm)
Depth
(cm)
Width (cm) Depth(cm)
5 hours 40,0 35,0 38,0 32,0
10 hours 85,0 38,0 72,0 35,0

15. Movement of water in soil in particle composition
Sandy soil Clayey soil

17. Roots distribution in soil in drip line after 6 months

18. Modeling using sofware HYDRUS 2.0
Movement of water in soil planting coffee using drip irrigation system

19. Drip irrigation provides enough water for coffee tree to bloom in
second year of application

20. Second test: Identify proper form of fertilizerr using irrigation system for
coffee in Dak Lak and cashew nuts in Binh Duong
TN2.1: N1 + P1 + K1; TN2.4: N1 + P2 + K1
TN2.2: N2 + P1 + K1; TN2.5: N2 + P2 + K1
TN2.3: N3 + P1+ K1; TN2.6: N3 + P2 + K1
+ N1: nitrogen fertilizer using amon sulphate (21 %N) - (NH4)2SO4; N2: Amon
nitrate (34 % N) + NH4NO3; N3: Ure (46 % N) - CO(NH2)2
+ P1: phosphate fertilizer using Mono potassium phosphate (52 % P2O5 và 34
% K2O) - (KH2PO4); P2: Mono amon phosphate
+ K1: Kaliclorua (KCl - 60 %K2O)

21. Drip and sprinkler irrigation system for coffee and cashew nuts
Filter
Valve
Filter
Valve
Pumping
Water
Dripper

22. Sizeoffoliage(cm)
Fruitsize(cm)
Nutritional needs according to the growth stage of coffee

23. Physical properties of soil in Dak Lak before trial
Soil layer
Soil particle composition (%)
Clay
(<0,0002m
m)
Limone
(0,02-
0,002mm)
Fine sand
(0,02-
0,2mm)
Coarse
sand
(>0,2mm)
0-20 cm 39.10 20.12 33.79 6.99
20-40 cm 41.46 19.98 33.08 5.48
40-60 cm 45.02 6.76 38.17 10.05
60-100 cm 3.38 55.34 33.6 7.68

24. Chemical properties of soil in Dak Lak before trial
Soil layer pHKCl
Total (%)
Easily digested
(mg/100g)
OC N P2O5 K2O P2O5 K2O
0-20 cm
4.92 4.967 0.346 0.376 0.021 17.381 1.005
20-40 cm
5.14 3.473 0.168 0.270 0.013 5.146 0.60
40-60 cm
3.59 1.858 0.120 0.235 0.006 1.501 0.074
60-100 cm
4.38 0.946 0.081 0.187 0.007 1.052 0.055
Low < 0,9 <0,1 <0,06 < 1,0 < 5 < 10,0
Medium 1,0-1,9 0,1-0,2 0,06-0,10 1,0-2,0 5,0 – 10,0 10,0-20,0
High > 2,0 >0,2 >0,10 >2,0 >10,0 >20,0
Evaluating scale

25. Chemical properties of soil in Dak Lak before trial
Soil layer
Ca++ Mg++ Na+ CEC BS
(%)
S Al Fe
me/100 g (%)
0-20 cm
9.48 3.92 0.165 23.0 63.35 0.070 18.5 12.50
20-40 cm
8.16 3.71 0.122 19.2 65.57 0.057 14.6 12.93
40-60 cm
1.1 1.01 0.104 9.6 23.83 0.063 15.73 12.79
60-100 cm
0.37 0.29 0.096 6.6 12.29 0.098 16.25 11.85

26. Nutrient content in leaves through development stages of
coffee in Dak Lak
Formular
N (%) P2O5 (%) K2O (%)
L1 L2 L3 L1 L2 L3 L1 L2 L3
CT 1.1 3.080
2.87 2.63
0.130
0.193
0.46
1.18 1.38
CT 1.2
3.29 2.24 0.200 1.06 1.25
CT 1.3
2.80 2.38 0.233 1.10 1.41
CT 1.4
3.07 2.63 0.151 0.86 1.14
CT 1.5
2.94 2.31 0.256 1.29 1.2
CT 1.6
4.13 2.59 0.160 1.00 1.00

27. Distribution of nitrogen (N total) in soil profile
in form of fertigation

28. Distribution of phosphorus (P - easily digested)
in soil profiles at different phosphate forms

29. Distribution of potassium (K - easily digested)
in soil profile at different potash forms

30. 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6
4224 4301
4638
4178 4084
4324
Influences of different types of fertilizers on coffee
yield (kg/ha)
Cv (%): 7,73
Lsd 0.05: 331,6
TN1: SA + MKP + KCl
TN2: AN + MKP + KCl
TN3: Ure + MKP + KCl
TN4: SA + MAP + KCl
TN5: AN + MAP + KCl
TN6: Ure + MAP + KCl

31. 7,1
7,4
7,8
7,6
7,1
7,7
6,6
6,8
7
7,2
7,4
7,6
7,8
8
CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6
Number of nodes with fruit/branch
(node)
33,5
34
34,5
35
35,5
36
36,5
37
37,5
38
CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6
Length of branch (cm)
28,8
29
29,2
29,4
29,6
29,8
30
30,2
30,4
CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6
Number of fruit (fruit)
25,8
26
26,4
25,2
25,7
25,2
24,6
24,8
25
25,2
25,4
25,6
25,8
26
26,2
26,4
26,6
CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6
Number of growed fruit (fruit
Influence of fertilizer forms on growth, development and yield
components

32. 98,5
97,3
101,5
98,7
99,5
100,2
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6
Weight (100 g)
99,7
98,5
100,8
99,6
99,8 99,9
97
97,5
98
98,5
99
99,5
100
100,5
101
CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6
Volume (100/cm3)
4,47
4,45
4,38
4,45
4,48
4,46
4,32
4,34
4,36
4,38
4,4
4,42
4,44
4,46
4,48
4,5
CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6
Proportion of fresh fruit
18,88
19,14
20,31
18,59
18,29
19,28
17
17,5
18
18,5
19
19,5
20
20,5
CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6
Fresh fruit yield (ton/ha)
Influences of fertilizer forms through irrigation on yield
components

33. Evaluation the limited factors of soil and real situation of degraded soil for
Robusta coffee and black pepper in Highland Viet Nam
Project belong to Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Donors:
1. Western Highland Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute
(VASI)
2. Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI)
3. Agriculture and Rural Development Department (Dac Lac, Dac
Nong, Gia Lai, Lam Dong, Kon Tum provinces). (DARD)
Conducting stage : from 2018 - 2021

34. Content 1: Evaluation real situation of Soil for coffee in 5 provinces (of High land)
Focus on Re - cultivation of coffee land; Assessment Soil Fertilities (Bio, Physical and
Chemical Soil properties); soil born, Soil disease; Soil nematode,…
Content 2: Research relationship between fertilizer schedule, farmer practices,
soil propeties and soil desease, nematode,.. ( eg, ... Which factor it ‘s suitable for
main and serious desease on coffee land.
Conten 3: Research the method to improve soil fertilities (soil pH) and avainable
phosphorus for coffee.
Conten 4: Research the Intergrated Crop Management for Coffee (Physic, Bio and
Chemical methods to improve soil fetilities and reduce soil desease).
Content 5: Demonstration for suitable coffee cultivation.

35. Integrated Crop management for Arabica coffee on slop land in
Dien Bien
Project from Ministry of Science and Technology
(Belong to Rural and Moutanous Program)
Donors:
1. Department of Science and Technology Dien Bien
2. Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Dien Bien
3. Centre of Extension Dien Bien.
4. Hai An coffee company (Muong Ang district, Dien Bien province.
Conducting stage : from 2018 – 2020
Scale project: Dien Bien, Tuan Giao and Muong Ang districts.

36.  80 % coffee gardens on slop land, steep slop (from 15 – 30 %) and 60-70% of coffee
gardens without shade trees (serious damage frost in cold weather).
 Expand new gardens on regions with unsuitable soil for coffee such as erosion, rock
, thin layer, poor nutrient soil.
 There are not seeding production (seedling nursery) or not good qualities,
degradation of varieties, without standart.
 Reduce cultivation times (need to recycle only 5 – 7 years), low yield, not good
quality, fertilizer not follow guide (less than recommendation), unbalance between
organic and inorganic, compost and green manure.
 The process of harvesting and processing coffee: harvesting green cherries or over –
ripe.

37. Content 1: Survey, Assessment suitable soil for coffee and evolution limited
factors for Arabica coffee in North West Viet Nam (focus on Dien Bien province
such as Muong Ang, Tuan Giao, Dien Bien districts) (varieties, seeding, planting
on slopping land, mulching, erosion, fertilizer, irrigation, weed and insect and
disease on coffee and post harvest,…)
Content 2: Selection coffee varieties (TN1), the method for seeding, scale
300.000 seeding each year.
Content 3: Establish new planting coffee on steep slop (Shade tree, Design
planting holes follow row, across the slop avoid erosion by A – frame,
intercropping with fixing nitrogen crop, mulching residue crop, compost fertilizer
and irrigation).
Content 4: Demonstration of coffee (on matured coffee): Plus Shape tree and
overhead irrigation reduce damage frost (cold weather), side pruning, full
stunning, bio-fertilizer and compost manure, integrated plant nutrition
management (particular iron deficiency on cancerous soil), ICM,…, harvesting
method.
Content 5: Training and develop guide book for farmer (selection seeding,
establish on slop land, making compost from crop residue, ICM, and post havest.

38. Thank you for
your attention!