PhD Defence 18 march 2019 @ CSRE@IIT Bombay Development of Techniques in Improving Irrigation Water Quality Parameters and Validation

1. Ph.D. Defence
Development ofTechniques in Improving IrrigationWater Quality
Parameters andValidation
By
DeepakTryambak Bornare
(Roll No. 144318002)
Supervisor:
Dr. R. Nagarajan
Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
March, 2019

2. • Globally 65% of the pumped groundwater is used for irrigation,25% as drinking water supply and 10%
for industries.
• Ground water is the source of irrigation and drinking water in SaudiArabia (100%),Tunisia (95%) and
Morocco (75%).Agriculture dependency- 50% in India,80% in Spain,84% SouthAfrica & 90% Libya.
• Rain-fed agriculturedepends on the groundwater as a supplementary source of irrigation.70% of
applied irrigation is consumed as evapotranspiration leaving salts. 3 to 5 tons of salt is deposited/irrigated
ha/ year.
• In India 21 million dug-wells and tube-wells pump out 230 km3 of water and 39% of them show decline
in water level. 1071 watersheds out of 6607 in India are grouped as Over-exploited (more withdrawal
than recharge)
• 8500 m3/ha water is required for maize crop. It causes deposition of more than 640 mg/L of Total
dissolved solids (TDS) onto the soil and lead them to degrade over a period of time.
• Salt-induced land degradation in irrigated areas (in the form of crop production losses) is estimated to
be around US$ 27.3 billion.
• Improved water productivity is required
Introduction

3. Motivation
• Farmers are earning their livelihood using best available resources including water under duress
in Asia.
• Globally, most of the areas in semi-arid and arid regions, the ground water has quality/suitability
issues.
• Usage of poor quality water has turned the soil into saline at several places in the field.
• Improvement in the water quality could minimize the rate of soil degradation as well increase
crop productivity. Precise location of salt encrustation / indications by leaf is required for
treatment.
• Low flying and high resolution (1cm) airborne systems provide precise information for
treatment
• Cost of the entire activity (identification, treatment) should be minimum.
• The present agriculture practices need to be prepared for changes in climate.

4. Ground water quality: CGWB (2011,2016), GSDA (2012), Balpande S (2013); Deeksha K(2012);
R.S.Ayers,(1989,1984), IS code.
Water salinity assessment: Allbed,A (2013);Abel, C., 2014 ;CSIR report ,2007; El-Sasyed, E., 2012;
El-Sayed, FAO report,Dhawan,2017
Effect of saline water on agriculture: Bastida, F. etal.,2017; Feizi, M., 2010; Rahil ,M., 2013; Rhoades, J.,
1992; Yaming,2016; Heidarpour,2007
Irrigation water quality in semi arid region: Fernández-Cirelli ,2014; Sandow, M., 2011;
Water treatment methods: Basant, L., 2009;Surendran, U., 2016;Syamimi, Z., 2013;Meng Zu,2016;
Peng song,2016
UAV in Precision agriculture: Mogili,U.,2018; Marinello, F.,2016;Anthony, D.,2014; Herwitz,S. R,2004
Literature Review

5. • Identify the ground water quality parameters that affect the crop growth/yield in
semi arid region.
• Develop method and instrument to reduce parameters that harm the plants / crops
and validate it.
Objective

6. Water Quality Parameters and its impact on agriculture

7. Issues associated with low quality irrigation water

8. Salt Affected areas
 Water quality
 Delivery system
 Soil
 Plants
Water Quality
Assessment
 Wet chemical analysis
 Ion Chromatography
 Scanning Electron
microscopy
WaterTreatment
Device
 Electrolysis
 Electromagnetic
 Dynamic pulse current
Trial Sites
 Irrigation water
 Deliverysystem
 Soilanalysis
 Crop growth
Performance
Water qualities
Deliverysystem
Crop growth
Salt deposit on soil
Cost- BenefitAnalysis
Airborne Monitoring
 Drone
 Salt soil patches
 Stunted growth
Methodology

9. A C
B
D
E
A: Salt Encrustation on outer layer of drip lateral
B: Salt deposited inside the lateral
C: clogging of drip emitter by salt deposition
D: salt scrapping inside the lateral
E: Salt deposited by saline water on temperature
controlledmist foggers
Impact on delivery system

10. Salt deposition on soil
A B
C
A: Salt deposited on the soil through
delivery system by use of saline water
B: Poor infiltration rate of the soil
C: Salt deposits on soil

11. A
B
C
Impact on crop growth
A: Burning leaf
B: Drying of marginal leaf
C: Chlorosis spots.

12. Irrigation water quality
Parameter site 1(A) Site 1 Site 2 site 3 site 4 FAO & IS Standards
pH 8.50 7.22 7.64 7.15 7.18 6.5-8.4
E.C.(mS/cm) 2.20 4.73 2.27 2.47 2.48 < 1.0
Sodium (meq/l) 2.91 25.95 11.03 10.23 10.16 1.0-3.0
Ca.(meq/l) 22.0 9.00 2.00 4.60 5.00 1.0-3.0
Mg.(meq/l) 4.00 20.00 2.00 9.60 10.00 1.0-3.0
k (meq/l) 1.79 0.06 0.09 0.02 0.02 1.0-10.0
Co3 (meq/l) 10.00 61.24 2.80 0.00 0.00 <1.0
Hco3(meq/l) 0.00 0.00 7.20 8.00 7.40 < 2.5
So4 (meq/l) 8.70 0.00 1.12 0.45 0.78 < 2.5
SAR(meq/l) 0.81 6.82 7.80 3.84 3.71 < 3.00
RSC(meq/l) 0.00 32.24 6.00 0.00 0.00 < 1.25
Exceeding limitStandard range
Water quality in use – Aurangabad

13. Aquifer Sedimentary Hard rock (Granite, Gneissic) Basalt FAO / ISI
Parameter Bhuj Hyderabad Bangalore Hosur Nammakal Aurangabad Ahmednagar Baramati
pH 7.73 8.12 7.25 8.45 7.98 7.64 8.50 7.18 6.5-8.4
EC(mS/cm) 17.80 9.11 5.27 7.18 3.01 2.27 2.20 2.48 < 1.0
Na (meq/l) 12.0 5.26 13.17 22.10 9.2 11.03 2.91 10.16 1.0-3.0
Ca (meq/l) 27.11 14.3 19.16 13.52 3.08 2.00 22.0 5.00 1.0-3.0
Mg (meq/l) 15.00 16.21 20.0 7.29 11.32 2.00 4.00 10.30 1.0-3.0
K (meq/l) 1.02 8.0 3.0 11.36 0.04 0.09 1.79 0.02 1.0-10.0
CO3 (meq/l) 0.00 1.12 0.00 0.00 1.12 2.80 10.00 0.00 <1.0
HCO3(meq/l) 0.50 3.08 5.17 4.13 4.69 7.20 0.00 0.00 < 2.5
Cl (meq/l) 35.44 26.34 35.44 35.44 35.44 4.00 12.00 13.00 < 2.0
SO4 (meq/l) 2.98 5.12 3.74 2.01 2.98 1.12 8.70 0.78 < 2.5
SAR(meq/l) 16.10 13.50 6.23 4.12 10.50 7.80 0.81 3.71 < 3.00
RSC(meq/l) 3.00 2.04 2.11 5.16 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.01 <1.25
Aquifers and Groundwater quality
Standard range Exceeding limit

14. • Magnetically treated water restructures the water molecules into tiny,uniform and
hexagonally structured cluster easing their travel through the passage ways in plant and animal
cell membranes.
• Magnetic field in the range of 3.5-136 mT was used for the treatment of irrigation
water.Increases in plant yield (5.9 % to 24%) for different vegetables.
Methods of water treatment
• Physical / mechanical conditionings such as magnetic water conditioner that deactivate the
anions and filtration of water entraps the turbid or physical particles.
• Chemical treatments such as ion exchange by means of Ca and Mg,use of softening agents,lime,
pH adjustments need continuous chemical addition required and effective for stored water.
• Water blending is effective when there is availability of alternate source.

15. Chlorination AcidTreatment Microbial
Culture
Water descale water softener water
Blending
Solid Sodium
Hypochlorite
Hydrochloric acid
(32% strength)
Sulphuric acid (93%)
PhosphoricAcid 85%
Microbial culture Permanent
magnet /
electromagnet
Chemical /salt
for treating
water
Mixing of
suitable quality
of water and
saline water
Precipitation of
calcium
Health risk Hazard Suitable only for
microbial
treatment
Not effective Frequent
Consumable
requirement
Possible only
when alternate
source available
Not Economical
for irrigation use
Not economical Not economical Limited use Not economical Not economical
Water treatment methods –advantage/disadvantage

16. Permanent Magnetic
device
Developed water treatment device
Electromagnetic

17. Schematic diagram of water quality improvement device
Electrolysis unit Dynamic pulse unit Electromagnetic unit
Ionization of dissolved salt Deactivation of anions
Energization of cations

18. Water enters into Electrolysis unit and contact through cathode and anode where electrolysis
process starts. In this process decomposition of hydrogen and oxygen happen due to electric current.
2H20+ electric current O2 + 2H2
Positive charge ions goes to anode and liberated oxygen,
6 H20 O2 + 3H30 + e-
Negative charged ions goes to cathode and forms a equation
e- + 4H20 2H2 + 4OH-
Similarly for other ions processed with electrolysis as follow,
CaCO3 Ca2+ + CO3
2- - and MgCO3 Mg2+ + HCO3
-

19. Field trials at agriculture plots using the device

20. Position of device in field set up having drip irrigation system

21. Sr.No. Parameter Unit
Existing Magnetic
device
Developed Device
Inlet outlet Inlet outlet
1 pH -- 8.64 8.65
7.99 7.52
2 EC mS/cm 0.62 0.63
1.55 1.38
3 Sodium ppm 26.80 26.78
104.0 103.0
4 Potassium ppm 124.70 125.40
2.3 3.0
5 Calcium ppm 60.00 58.00
120.0 68.0
6 Magnesium ppm 78.08 75.88
85.4 97.6
7 Carbonate ppm 60.00 60.18 ND ND
8 Bicarbonate ppm 451.40 450.20
561.2 366.0
A: Exiting Magnetic devices:
No Noticeable change
observed in the treated
water
B:After treatment it
observed that improvement
of water quality in terms of
reduction of salts from 0.96
% to 43.33%
Change in quality before and after treatment by developed device
(WaterAnalyzed at MIT-CARS at Aurangabad )
Wet chemical analysis

22. Improvement inWater quality (before and after)
Location :Aurangabad Date: 01/01/2018
Reduced Concentration % Increased concentration %

23. Quality of water over continuous usage
Q= 100 lpm , 2 HP submersible pump ,Pressure=1 kg/cm2 Location:MITTerrace Farm

24. Water quality assessment – Ion ChromatographyTechnique (IC)
Population of reactive cat and anions

25. Cation Chromatogram

26. No. Sample Sodium,
mg/L
Magnesium,
mg/L
Calcium,
mg/L
Chloride,
mg/L
Nitrate,
mg/L
Carbonate,
mg/L
Sulphate,
mg/L
1 Blank ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
2 Standard 30 10 6 0.03 1.03 10.7 1.49
3 Untreated
water sample
23.8703 6.0035 6.2596 47.46 127.91 194.58 1236.45
4 Treated water
sample
6.2691 1.7871 1.8701 27.8 66.97 88.77 704.69
Cation and Anion concentration in Treated & Untreated water samples
(Analyzed atThermo Fischer Scientific (I), (Demo Laboratory),Mumbai)

27. Field Emission Gun-Scanning Electron Microscopy(FEM-SEM)
Narrow & Long Crystal size of Untreated water
sample by 4500X magnification EDS image
Crystal Cluster Formation after treatment of sample( 15000X
magnification)
Untreated water Treated water sample
Identification of salt crystals

28. Salt composition (Weight % ) in untreated and treated sample by SEM-EDS Analysis
Sr.
No.
Parameter Untreated
Sample(Weight
%)
Treated
Sample
(Weight %)
Improvement
observed
1
Na 11.52 2.65
2
Mg as MgO 1.08 2.43
3
Si as SIO2 0.90 0.62
4
S as FeS2 7.01 2.32
5
Cl as KCL 5.64 0.37
6
Ca 3.31 22.17
Detection & Speciation
A:Sodium found in Albite
form in treated water
B:Calcium found in
Wollastonite form in
treated water
Analyzed at SAIF,IIT Bombay

29. Salt encrustation
Untreated irrigation water
Treated irrigated water
Fruit growth
Treated irrigation water
Untreated irrigation water
Improvements with treated water

30. Stunted growth of Jowar crop
Salem
Hyderabad
Treated irrigation
water
Untreated irrigation water
Untreated irrigation water

31. Capital Investment – Device: Rs.60000/- Life of device – 20 years
Operational cost
Electricity @ Rs. 60/2 unit/8 hr/ watering - 6 watering considered
Annual maintenance cost @ Rs. 500/year
Total operational expenditure
Rs.2880
Rs.500
Rs. 3380
Crop yield and income
Additional (20%) Maize yield with treated water (average yield 40 quintals) 40 quintals
Selling price Maize (Rs. 1200/quintal) of additional grain production (gain) Rs. 48000
Gain by using this device Rs.44620/-
Recurring expenditure of – adding gypsum Rs.5000/yr & drip irrigation maintenance Rs. 2000 is saved Rs.7000/-
Dairy animals produce one lt/day of milk (Rs.55/-) number milking days 120
Poultry animals (extra growth of 200gm/bird)
Rs.6000/-
Rs.160/-
Improved Healthiness of humans and Medical expenses - saved
40 quintals of grain added to food security
Note:The ideal farm system assumed was 5 acres of cropland (seasonal crops), cattle population (2 bullocks + 2 cows + 2
buffaloes + 10 birds) and labours (4 people) require treated water. Procurement of a device is an advantage to meet the
drinking and crop water requirements.
Cost-benefit analysis of device usage

32. • Patches of salt affected soil or growth need to be attended by remedial measures or replant
• Ground resolution of available images from satellite / aircraft are coarse to identify plants
• Hence,observation through Drones (1cm accuracy) was carried out to identify and localized treatment.
Identification of affected patches / Monitoring

33. 30 ft 30 ft
25 ft30 ft
20 ft 15 ft
5 ft
SF
CP
Drone and ground image showing
differential growth of sugarcane
Trial site 06
@ Latitude: 1804’45.43” N & Longitude:
74030’13.03”E
Affected Crop Patches (CP);
Salt Formation (SF) on soil from
different heights

34. A: Untreated water application showing
leaf drying patches
B: treated water application showing
healthy and dense growth
A
B
Drone image and plant condition at field - Trial site 06

35. Drone and Google Earth image of Sugarcane Crop @ Baramati

36. 30 ft
10 ft 15 ft
20 ft
Drone images showing Salt encrusted soil from different altitudes

37. • Quality of irrigation water could be improved and impact on soil, delivery systems and crop
growth can be reduced to acceptable limits.
• Electrolysis and electromagnetic device was developed.
• pH (5.88%), EC (10.97%), Na (0.96%), Ca (43.33%), HCO3 (34.76%) and Cl (15.00%) has
reduced after the treatment, while K (30.43%) and Ca+Mg (14.29%) has increased.
• SEM analysis show presence of Albite (Sodium) andWollastonite (Calcium) crystals.Na, Si as
SiO2,S as FeS2 and Cl as KCl in weight % has reduced and Mg as MgO and Ca increased after
the treatment.
• Ion Chromatography results indicate reduction in harmful cations of Na by 74.85%, Mg by 70.23%,and
Ca by 70.14% and anions of Cl by 41.42%, Nitrate by 47.64%, Carbonate by 54.38% and sulphate by
Conclusions

38. • Poor quality irrigation add 10249.2 kg/acre (TDS 1314 mg/L), 4056 kg/acre (520 mg/L),
58500 kg/acre (7500 mg/L), 11232 kg/acre (1440 mg/L), 12285 kg/acre (1575 mg/L) in
Akola,Aurangabad, Jalna,Ahmednagar and Baramati respectively. 11-13% of this load is
reduced by using the device.
• Cost benefit analysis shows that investment cost of the device could be recovered
within 2 growth seasons.
• Drone images precisely identify patches of crop growth defect for effective localised
remedial measures.

39. International Journal
• Bornare, D., Nagarajan, R. and Barge, R. (2018) Improvement of Supplementary Irrigation Water
Quality for Rain-Fed Agriculture in the Semi-Arid Region Using Magnetization Techniques. Journal
ofWater Resource and Protection, 10, 1198-1209.doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2018.1012071.
• Deepak Bornare, R. Nagarajan., and Rajiv Barge (2018) Improvement of supplementary irrigation
water quality for rain-fed agriculture in semi-arid region using magnetization techniques- case
study from Marathwada region, parts of Central India (manuscript NRES-12836-2018), Journal
Applied Engineering in Agriculture journal of American Society of Agricultural and Biological
Engineers (ASABE) (submitted after final correction)
Publications

40. International Conference Proceedings
Deepak Bornare, R. Nagarajan., and Rajiv Barge (2018) Development and performance of device in
Improving the Irrigation Water Quality., International conference on Global Water Security for
Agriculture and Natural Resources, 3-6 October 2018,in Hyderabad, India,American Society of
Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), along with Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers
(ISAE). (ID:GWS 00116) https://asabewater.org (Best Paper )
Deepak Bornare, R. Nagarajan., and Rajiv Barge (2018) A technology for irrigation water quality
improvement of rainfed agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions., International Conference on Climate
change and Adaptive crop protection for sustainable Agri-horticulture Land Scape, 20-22, December
2018,in Tabiji, Ajmer, Jointly organized by Indian Society of seed Spices, ICAR-NRCSS,Tabiji,Ajmer and
Society of Plant Protection Sciences ICAR-NCIPM, Pusa Campus, New Delhi http://www.nrcss.res.in/
Deepak Bornare, R. Nagarajan., and Rajiv Barge (2018) Irrigation water quality management for rain fed
agriculture in semi-arid region using magnetization techniques,9th International Micro Irrigation
Conference (9IMIC), 16-18 January 2019, in Aurangabad, India, organized by Indian National Committee
on Surface Water (INCSW) Central Water Commission in collaboration with International
Commission on Irrigation & Drainage (ICID) (Abstract (oral) ID 114). http://micro-
irrigation2019.com/paper-submission/(Best Paper )

41. Thank you