This presentation is about the fermentation introduction and their types

1. Presented by:
Muhammed Sharky.M.Pharm
Department of Pharmacy Practice

2.  Introduction
 Fermentation
 Nutrient source
 Industrial fermenter
 Types
Contents

3. • Fermentation is any process for the
production of products by the mass
culture of microorganisms.
• It is an energy generating process in which
organic compounds act as both electron
donors and terminal electron acceptors

4. “Carbon dioxide is visible during the fermentation process in the form of bubbles in
the fermented medium”

7. There are 5 major groups of
commercially important fermentation:
Microbial cells or biomass as the product, e.g.: bakers yeast, lactobacillus,
etc.
Microbial enzymes: catalase, amylase, protease, pectinase, glucose
isomerase, cellulase, hemicellulase, lipase, lactase, streptokinase, etc.
Microbial metabolites:
Primary metabolites: ethanol, citric acid, glutamic acid, lysine,
vitamins, polysaccharides etc.
Secondary metabolites: all antibiotic fermentation
Recombinant products: insulin, ,interferon, streptokinase.
Biotransformation: phenyl acetyl carbinol, steroid biotransformation, etc.

8. Nutrient sources for industrial
fermentation
• Growth media are required for industrial
fermentation, since any microbe requires
water, oxygen, an energy source, a carbon
source, a nitrogen source and micronutrients
for growth.
• Carbon & energy source + nitrogen source +
O2 + other requirements → Biomass + Product
+ byproducts + CO2 + H2O + heat (aerobic
fermentation)

10. Trace elements: Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Co.
Antifoaming agents: Esters, fatty acids, fats,
silicones, sulphonates, polypropylene.
Buffers: Calcium carbonate, phosphates.
Growth factors: Some microorganisms cannot
synthesize the required cell components
themselves and need to be supplemented,
e.g.: with thiamine, biotin, calcium
pentothenate

11.  Precursors: Directly incorporated into the desired product: Phenyl
ethylamine into Benzyl penicillin, Phenyl acetic acid into Penicillin G (for
the making of Penicillin).
 Inhibitors: To get the specific products: e.g.: sodium barbital for rifamycin.
 Inducers: The majority of the enzymes used in industrial fermentation are
inducible and are synthesized in response of inducers: e.g. starch for
amylases, maltose for pollulanase, pectin for pectinase,olive oil and tween
are also used at times.
 Chelators: Chelators are the chemicals used to avoid the precipitation of
metal ions. Chelators like EDTA, citric acid, polyphosphates are used in low
concentrations.

12. Design and operation of industrial
fermenter

13. • Bioreactor • Fermenter
• A bioreactor can be defined as
an apparatus, such as a large
fermentation chamber, for
growing organisms such as
bacteria or yeast that are
used in the biotechnological
manufacture of substances
such as pharmaceuticals,
antibodies, or vaccines, or for
the bioconversion of organic
waste.
• However a fermenter can be
defined as an apparatus that
maintains optimal conditions
for the growth of
microorganisms, used in large-
scale fermentation and in the
commercial production of
antibiotics and hormones

14. Component parts of Bioreactors
There are four main subdivisions of a standard
bioreactor (STR);
1. Base Unit
2. Culture Vessel
3. Peripheral Equipment
4. Instrumentation for measurement and /or
control of key process parameters with links
to supervisory of software and remote
control facility.

15. Fermenter / bioreactor general
appearance

16. 1. round bottom , top
plate
2. Seal
3. Sample pipe
4. Port fittings of various
sizes
5. special inoculation port
6. gas sparger
7. A drive motor
8. Drive shaft
9. Impellers
10. Baffles
11. Air Filter

17. 12. Dissolved oxygen
electrode
13. pH electrode
14. Antifoam probe
15. Cooling Valve
16. Heater pad
17. Pt-100 temperature
sensor
18. Cold finger
19. Reagent bottles
20.Sample device
21. controller base unit

18. Peripheral parts and
accessories

19. Common Measurement And
Control Systems

20. Bioreactor/ Fermenter
Designs
1. Stirred Tank
2. Air lift reactors
3. Bubble Column
4. Packed bed reactors
5. Trickle bed reactors
6. Fluidized bed reactor

21. Stirred tank reactor
• Mixing method:
Mechanical agitation
• High input required
• Baffles are constructed
within the built-in.
• Applications include
production of
antibiotics and
free/immobilized
enzymes
• Draw back is that high
shear forces may break
the cells

22. Air lift reactors
Mixing method: airlift
• Central draft tube
• Up-flowing stream
and down flowing
stream
• Homogenization of all
components present
• Applications
includebacterial,
animal, plant, fungi
and yeast cells.

23. Bubble column reactor
Mixing method: Gas
sparging
• Simple design
• Good heat and mass
transfer rates
• Low energy input
• Gas-liquid mass transfer
coefficients depend
largely on bubble diameter
and gas hold-up

24. Packed bed reactor
• Column with
attached biofilm
• Biocatalysts
• Pump is required
to make fluid move
through the
packed bed

25. Fluidized bed reactor
• When the
packed beds are
operated in up-
flow mode, the
bed expands at
high liquid flow
rates due to
upward motion of
the particles.

27. Some important fermentation products
Product Organism Use
Ethanol Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Industrial solvents,
beverages
Glycerol Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Production of
explosives
Lactic acid Lactobacillus
bulgaricus
Food and
pharmaceutical
Acetone and
butanol
Clostridium
acetobutylicum
Solvents
-amylase Bacillus subtilis Starch hydrolysis