This presentation about the glance of industrial production and application of antibiotics useful for learner who quikly understand the antibiotics production and their uses.

1. PRESENTED BY-
B.R. ADITYA
M.Sc. FINAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. Antibiotics are chemical substance that can kill
microorganisms or inhibit their growth and are
therefore used to fight infections in human or
animals.
Most of the antibiotics are produced by
microorganism.
Certain semi-synthetic antibiotics are the
chemically modified natural antibiotics.

3. • It was in 1928 Alexander Fleming made an
accidental discovery, that the fungus Penicillium
notatum, produced compound that selectively
killed a wide range of bacteria without
adversely affecting the host cells.
• The penicillin discovery of Fleming has
revolutionized antibiotics research.

4. • The commercial production of antibiotics is a
highly profitable industry world over.
• Annual sales of antibiotics will run into billions of
dollars with an annual growth potential of about
10%.
• Antibiotics may be produced by microbial
fermentation or chemical synthesis or a
combination of both.
• For certain antibiotics the basic molecule is
produced by fermentation and its therapeutic
value can be increased by chemical modification.

5.  Penicillin's are
a group of β-
lactam
containing
bactericidal
antibiotics.
 The basic
structure of all
penicillin's
consists of a
lactam ring
and a
thizolidine
ring fused
together to
form 6-amino
penicillanic
acid.

6. • Natural penicillin are effective against several
gram positive bacteria.
• They inhibit the bacterial cell wall synthesis and
causes cell death.
• Natural penicillin are ineffective against
microorganisms that produced β-lactamase.
• Since this enzyme can hydrolyse penicillin e.g.
staphylococcus aureus.
• Several semi-synthetic penicillin's that are
resistant to β-lactamase have been developed
&successfully used against a large no. of gram
negative bacteria. e.g. cloxacillin,ampicillin.

8. • In early days Penicillium notatum was used for
the large scale production of penicillin's.
• Currently Penicillium chrysogenum and its
improved mutant strains are preferred.
• One of the high yielding strains wis Q176 is
produced by several penicillin manufacturers.

9. L-α amino adipic acid
L-cysteine
L-α amino adipyl cysteine
L-valine
α-L amino adipylcysteinyl valine
Isopenicillin N
Phenyl acetyl co A
acyltransferase
α AAA + Co A
Penicillin G

12. • As the fermentation is complete the broth containing
about 1% penicillin is processed for extraction.
• The mycelium is removed by filtration.
• Penicillin is recovered by solvent (n-butyl acetate or
methyl ketone extraction at low tem.(<10c)acidic pH
(<3.0)
• By this the chemical enzymatic degradation of
penicillin can be minimized.
• The penicillin containing solvent is treated with the
activated carbon or remove impurities. Penicillin can be
removed by adding potassium or sodium acetate.

13. • Amino glycosides are oligosaccharide antibiotics.
• They contain an amino acylhexanol moiety which
is bound to other amino sugar by glycosidic
linkages .
• More then 100 amino glycosides are known e.g.
streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin,
etc.
• Amino glycosides are very potent antibiotics and
act against gram positive and gram negative
bacteria besides mycobacterium.

14. Amino glycosides organisms
• Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
• Neomycin B &C S. fradiae
• Kanamycin A,B and C S. kanamyceticus
• Hygromycin B S.hygroscopicus
• Gentamicin Micromonospora
purpurea
• Sisomicin M .inyoensis

16. • The medium used for streptomycin usually
consists of soy meal or soy flour or corn syrup
that can supply glucose at a slow rate.
• The initial supply of Nitrogen NH3 phosphate
is also obtain from soy meal.
• Temperature at 27-30 pH 6.5-7.5.
• Aeration rate 0.5-10vvm

17. • Streptomycin or another amino glycosides are
the basic in nature.
• They can be recovered by weak cationic
exchange resins in an ion exchange column.
• Treatment with activated carbon is often
necessary to remove impurities streptomycin
can be precipitated in the form of surface salt.

18. • Tetracycline's are broad spectrum antibiotics
with widespread medical use.
• They are effective against gram positive
bacteria and gram negative bacteria besides
other organisms.
• They are most commonly used antibiotics next
to cephalosporin's and penicillin's.
• Tetracycline's inhibit protein biosynthesis by
blocking the binding of aminoacyl t-RNA to
ribosomes.

21. Inoculums (spores)
preservation
Pre fermenterfermenterMycelium removal
Shake flaskAgar plates
Recovery and
production

22. • At the end product of the fermentation, the
culture broth is filtered to remove the
mycelium.
• The filtrate is treated with n-butanol or
methylisobutylketone in acidic or alkaline
condition for extracting the antibiotics.
• I is then absorbed to activated charcoal to
remove other impurities.

23. Public
health
Molecular
biology
Plant
diseases
Food
preservation
Drug