The document summarizes key differences in heartworm infection and disease progression between dogs and cats. While cats can develop heartworm infection when exposed to infective larvae, they typically have a lower worm burden of 1-9 worms compared to dogs. In cats, the disease has a more transitory course, with worms having a relatively short lifespan of less than 2 years. Clinical signs in infected cats are often acute and related to inflammatory lung injury from dying worms.
DogNostics Career College.Module # 202 Canine and Feline Health & HandlingNiki Tudge
DogNostics Tool-Kit #202. Canine & Feline Health and Handling - Learn about canine and feline common health issues, vaccination protocols and important daily and emergency handling skills - Faculty Member NikiTudge & Bethany Jordan
Whether your dog is a working companion, champion show animal, hunting partner, or just a best friend, the kindest and most responsible thing you can do for him is to provide proper health care.
Knowing about common dog diseases and being aware of appropriate prevention and treatment can better help you provide that care.
Many Diseases Can Be Prevented .Some of the most common and serious dog diseases have been made less common through vaccines: however, these diseases continue to threaten a dog that lacks proper immunization. Puppies many be vaccinated as early as 4-6 weeks depending on each situation and the veterinarian’s advice. Through mother’s milk, puppies receive disease fighting antibodies, which last 6-16 weeks. Vaccinations then take over.
Yearly boosters should be given throughout your dog’s life, including old age when your dog may become more susceptible to some diseases.
An overview of Inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS) a...Dr.Kedar Karki
IBH/HPS is an acute infectious disease characterized by typical hydropericardium, severe anaemia, necrotic hepatitis and high mortality. In natural outbreaks, the affected birds may not exhibit any clinical signs (Jaffery, 1988) except sudden heavy mortality (Ravikumar et al., 1997). Mortality rates in various outbreaks range from 15- 60% (Asrani et al., 1997).
Rabies its transmission, clinical features and preventionmanojj123
Many people think that rabies is transmitted through only dog. But its not true, rabies is transmitted through not only dog, but also spread through bite or scratch from rabies infected animal like dog, bats, raccons, fox, monkeys etc.. Any open wound exposed saliva of infected animal can be potential source of infection.
Many European countries and North America have already eliminated rabies as a public health problem through mandatory vaccination of dog and good access to post exposure prophylaxis for human beings.
More than 95% of human death occurs in Asia/ Africa. And 99% of human rabies cases came from dogs. There is a small proportion of human rabies reported due to transmission via wild life (such as fox, wolves, jackels, raccoon, bats). Rabies kills more than 60,000 people each year (that is one death in every 9 minute) over 150 countries.
Important Zoonotic disease and its prevention and control By: Dr.Manoj karkimanojj123
Zoonosis are those disease and infection which are naturally transmitted between animals and human. (WHO & FAO, 1959).
Zoonosis word derived from Greek word “ZOO” means Animals and “NOSES” means Disease.
One Health is not a new concept, but it has become more important in recent years because many factors have changed the interaction among human, animals and the environment. These changes have caused the emergence and re-emergence of many disease.
DogNostics Career College.Module # 202 Canine and Feline Health & HandlingNiki Tudge
DogNostics Tool-Kit #202. Canine & Feline Health and Handling - Learn about canine and feline common health issues, vaccination protocols and important daily and emergency handling skills - Faculty Member NikiTudge & Bethany Jordan
Whether your dog is a working companion, champion show animal, hunting partner, or just a best friend, the kindest and most responsible thing you can do for him is to provide proper health care.
Knowing about common dog diseases and being aware of appropriate prevention and treatment can better help you provide that care.
Many Diseases Can Be Prevented .Some of the most common and serious dog diseases have been made less common through vaccines: however, these diseases continue to threaten a dog that lacks proper immunization. Puppies many be vaccinated as early as 4-6 weeks depending on each situation and the veterinarian’s advice. Through mother’s milk, puppies receive disease fighting antibodies, which last 6-16 weeks. Vaccinations then take over.
Yearly boosters should be given throughout your dog’s life, including old age when your dog may become more susceptible to some diseases.
An overview of Inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS) a...Dr.Kedar Karki
IBH/HPS is an acute infectious disease characterized by typical hydropericardium, severe anaemia, necrotic hepatitis and high mortality. In natural outbreaks, the affected birds may not exhibit any clinical signs (Jaffery, 1988) except sudden heavy mortality (Ravikumar et al., 1997). Mortality rates in various outbreaks range from 15- 60% (Asrani et al., 1997).
Rabies its transmission, clinical features and preventionmanojj123
Many people think that rabies is transmitted through only dog. But its not true, rabies is transmitted through not only dog, but also spread through bite or scratch from rabies infected animal like dog, bats, raccons, fox, monkeys etc.. Any open wound exposed saliva of infected animal can be potential source of infection.
Many European countries and North America have already eliminated rabies as a public health problem through mandatory vaccination of dog and good access to post exposure prophylaxis for human beings.
More than 95% of human death occurs in Asia/ Africa. And 99% of human rabies cases came from dogs. There is a small proportion of human rabies reported due to transmission via wild life (such as fox, wolves, jackels, raccoon, bats). Rabies kills more than 60,000 people each year (that is one death in every 9 minute) over 150 countries.
Important Zoonotic disease and its prevention and control By: Dr.Manoj karkimanojj123
Zoonosis are those disease and infection which are naturally transmitted between animals and human. (WHO & FAO, 1959).
Zoonosis word derived from Greek word “ZOO” means Animals and “NOSES” means Disease.
One Health is not a new concept, but it has become more important in recent years because many factors have changed the interaction among human, animals and the environment. These changes have caused the emergence and re-emergence of many disease.
Erysipelas is an infectious disease mostly of growing or adult swine.
The disease may be acute, subacute, or chronic.
Although acute septicemic swine erysipelas can result in a high mortality rate, the greatest economic loss probably occurs from the chronic, nonfatal forms of the disease.
It may be clinically inapparent, may cause
acute illness
involving many animals, Sudden and unexpected deaths
chronic disease characterized by
enlarged joints, lameness, and endocarditis.
Rhomboid skin (diamond-skin) lesions are an inconsistent feature only associated with acute cases
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Care Instructions for Activewear & Swim Suits.pdfsundazesurf80
SunDaze Surf offers top swimwear tips: choose high-quality, UV-protective fabrics to shield your skin. Opt for secure fits that withstand waves and active movement. Bright colors enhance visibility, while adjustable straps ensure comfort. Prioritize styles with good support, like racerbacks or underwire tops, for active beach days. Always rinse swimwear after use to maintain fabric integrity.
Biography and career history of Bruno AmezcuaBruno Amezcua
Bruno Amezcua's entry into the film and visual arts world seemed predestined. His grandfather, a distinguished film editor from the 1950s through the 1970s, profoundly influenced him. This familial mentorship early on exposed him to the nuances of film production and a broad array of fine arts, igniting a lifelong passion for narrative creation. Over 15 years, Bruno has engaged in diverse projects showcasing his dedication to the arts.
Understanding the Mahadasha of Shukra (Venus): Effects and RemediesAstro Pathshala
The Mahadasha of Shukra (Venus) is one of the most significant periods in Vedic astrology. Shukra is known as the planet of love, beauty, wealth, and luxury. Its Mahadasha can bring about profound changes in an individual's life, both positive and negative, depending on its placement and condition in the natal chart.
What is Shukra Mahadasha?
Mahadasha is a planetary period in Vedic astrology that affects various aspects of an individual's life for a specific number of years. The Mahadasha of Shukra lasts for 20 years and is known to bring a period of significant transformation. Shukra is associated with pleasures, creativity, relationships, and material comforts. During its Mahadasha, these areas of life tend to get highlighted.
MRS PUNE 2024 - WINNER AMRUTHAA UTTAM JAGDHANEDK PAGEANT
Amruthaa Uttam Jagdhane, a stunning woman from Pune, has won the esteemed title of Mrs. India 2024, which is given out by the Dk Exhibition. Her journey to this prestigious accomplishment is a confirmation of her faithful assurance, extraordinary gifts, and profound commitment to enabling women.
At Affordable Garage Door Repair, we specialize in both residential and commercial garage door services, ensuring your property is secure and your doors are running smoothly.
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Nightthomasard1122
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Night
Bats, the mysterious creatures of the night, have long been a source of fascination and fear for humans. With their eerie squeaks and fluttering wings, they have captured our imagination and sparked our curiosity. Yet, beyond the myths and legends, bats are fascinating creatures that play a vital role in our ecosystem.
There are over 1,300 species of bats, ranging from the tiny Kitti's hog-nosed bat to the majestic flying foxes. These winged mammals are found in almost every corner of the globe, from the scorching deserts to the lush rainforests. Their diversity is a testament to their adaptability and resilience.
Bats are insectivores, feeding on a vast array of insects, from mosquitoes to beetles. A single bat can consume up to 1,200 insects in an hour, making them a crucial part of our pest control system. By preying on insects that damage crops, bats save the agricultural industry billions of dollars each year.
But bats are not just useful; they are also fascinating creatures. Their ability to fly in complete darkness, using echolocation to navigate and hunt, is a remarkable feat of evolution. They are also social animals, living in colonies and communicating with each other through a complex system of calls and body language.
Despite their importance, bats face numerous threats, from habitat destruction to climate change. Many species are endangered, and conservation efforts are necessary to protect these magnificent creatures.
In conclusion, bats are more than just creatures of the night; they are a vital part of our ecosystem, playing a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature. By learning more about these fascinating animals, we can appreciate their importance and work to protect them for generations to come. So, let us embrace the beauty and mystery of bats, and celebrate their unique place in our world.
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Night
Feline heartworms
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6. Typical of the reaction of the cat, the smaller arteries develop severe muscular hypertrophy . The host's response to the parasite is intense as demonstrated by enlarged pulmonary arteries within 1 week of transplantation.
7. The cause of the acute crisis in the cat is lung injury resulting in respiratory distress. Often this is associated with the death of an adult heartworm. The lung can become acutely edematous and respiratory failure, not heart failure, becomes the life threatening event. The inflammatory lung changes are much like the effects of a bee sting on a persons finger, the resulting swelling of the tissues make the lung unable to function.
8. This cat had demonstrated no clinical signs before a fatal crisis. Obvious the subclinical disease had been chronic.
9. Embolization of pulmonary arteries can be a contributing factor to initiation of clinical signs. Although pulmonary hypertension does occasionally occur, right axis EKG changes, radiographic evidence of right sided hypertrophy, and right sided heart failure are infrequent. Obstruction of blood flow, especially to the caudal pulmonary arteries causes acute signs and the lung lobe involved becomes hemorrhagic with areas of edema.
10. The hallmark of the disease in the cat is the acute lung injury resulting in a generalized respiratory failure. The inflammation is observed even in lung lobes not associated with embolization. Thus the disease is not a simple obstructive disease associated with blocking of blood flow. The lesions are acute and inflammatory; expecially associated with dead worms.
11. Because the cat is a resistant but susceptible host as compared to the dog, the increased immunologic response of the cat to the parasite would help explain many of the clinical signs. As the parasite first arrives in the lungs as early as 100 days after being infected by a mosquito, the lung responses with intense inflammation and "asthma- like" symptoms may develop. The cat has a specialized macrophage (designed to envelop and digest foreign materials) in the capillary beds of the lung that are not present in the dog.
12. The parasite seems to be able to suppress the immune function. However, at the time of worm death, the lungs become extremely inflamed and the specialized macrophages may become key players in the intense reaction. The result is a non-functioning lung and an acute respiratory distress syndrome. This reaction can occur as the result of even a single worm burden.
13. Clinical Disease There is no age predilection to Dirofilaria immitis infection in cats and a wide age range of clinically infected cats is reported (6 month - 17 yrs). Indoor and outdoor cats are both represented and indoor cats have a high incidence of positive antibody titers suggesting a successful early infection. A higher incidence in males compared to females in experimental and clinical cases may represent a sex susceptibility .
14. Clinical Signs: The initial clinical signs associated with early infections occur most frequently in the late Fall and early Winter months (4-7 months after the exposure). At this time, because the worms are immature, antigen tests are usually negative. After the initial host response, the signs may abate and become subclinical for a period of time. However, the subsequent death of adult heartworms causes additional severe signs. Infected cats may die acutely, exhibit chronic signs, or be asymptomatic
15. Based on cardio-pulmonary changes and experimental studies, most heartworm cats even with severe heartworm disease are asymptomatic once the infection becomes established. In the acute cases, death may be so rapid as to preclude diagnosis or treatment. Sudden death has been attributed to circulatory collapse and respiratory failure from acute pulmonary arterial infarction and acute lung injury. Acute collapse may occur with or without previous clinical signs. Cats which die from heartworms can be clinically normal 1 hour before death.
16. History: The most common historical complaints in cats with clinical signs are coughing, dyspnea , vomiting, lethargy, anorexia, and weight loss. Vomiting and respiratory signs are the predominate complaints in chronic clinical cases, although it is unusual for an infected cat to exhibit both symptoms concurrently. Vomiting tends to be sporadic. The etiology of vomiting in heartworm cats is unknown although the release of inflammatory mediators from the lungs which stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone has been hypothesized.
17. . The most common respiratory complaints are coughing and intermittent dyspnea. Hemoptysis is occasionally noted. The coughing can be in severe paroxysmal attacks. Periods of normalcy (days to weeks ) is often seen between episodes. Based on historical data, the coughing is usually temporarily corticosteroid responsive with exacerbation during therapy. The non-specific clinical signs are consistent with many feline diseases. Anorexia and/or lethargy can be the only presenting signs in heartworm cats. In these cases, heartworm disease is often an incidental finding on thoracic radiographs during diagnostic screening.
18. Physical Examination: The physical examination is usually normal in Dirofilaria immitis infected cats. A systolic murmur over the tricuspid valve area and occasionally a gallop rhythm can be present, but as a general rule are uncommon. Harsh lung sounds (dry rales) are the most frequent abnormal auscultatory finding and can be present in cats
19. Diagnosis There are 3 serologic methods which have been used for feline heartworm disease. Rapid advances are constantly changing these assays. 1 ) IFA for microfilarial antibody 2) ELISA for adult antibody 3) Adult antigen detection by ELISA and colloid gold
20. The IFA test (detecting antibodies to microfilarial cuticular antigen ) is diagnostic in about 33% of positive cases, but the presence of immature or sterile worms, worms of only one sex, or the absence of host response to antigen does not produce a diagnostic titer.
21. Antibody Testing: The ELISA test (detecting feline antibodies to adult heartworm antigen) shows promise and initial concerns related to false positives from cross-reactivity have not been detected. The use of the ELISA (as adapted from the canine ELISA) in the cat to confirm a clinical diagnosis has been very helpful and false positives from cross-reactivity have not been observed. The canine methods for measuring dog antibodies to heartworms cannot be used on cat serum. Additionally, the death of adult heartworms may produce a strong antibody response after release of large amounts of antigen. Some of the highest titers are associated with severe clinical signs in cats where the worms have died and the disease may be resolving.
22. Antigen Testing: Heartworm antigen detection tests utilizing blood or serum have been successful in dogs and have been positive in cats within days of transplantation of mature adult worms from dogs into cats. Since the antigen being detected seems to be derived primarily from the adult female reproductive tract, immature infections, a low worm burden, a male infection, or sexually immature worms may not produce enough antigen to be detected. The elimination of the adult parasite will also cause a negative antigen test. Cats may develop positive antigen tests 6 months after the experimental introduction of large numbers of infective larvae.
23. However, clinical cats and experimentally infected cats with active heartworm disease and high antibody titers can be negative on antigen testing. The low number and slow maturation of adult worms in clinical infections and the clinical signs associated with immature worms make it prudent to consider a positive antigen test diagnostic but not to rule out heartworms based on a negative antigen test. Most cats with heartworm disease are antigen negative.
24. Tracheal Cytology: The finding of eosinophils on a tracheal wash is common in heartworm disease, asthma and parasitic lung diseases. In feline heartworms, the presence of eosinophils on the wash seems to occur 4-7 months after L3 infection and often may not be present later in the infection even when adult worms are present. Tracheal cytology typical of chronic inflammation may be present after the eosinophilic reaction resolves.