Faults Model
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Folded mountains are formed by the convergence of two continental crust plates, which causes the rock layers to fold upward. Examples include the Himalayas, which were formed by the Indian plate colliding with the Eurasian plate. Convergent boundaries can also occur between oceanic crust and continental crust, or two oceanic crust plates, resulting in volcanic mountain ranges like the Aleutian Islands of Alaska.
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Geo Features From Plate Interactions
Folded mountains are formed by the convergence of two continental crust plates, which causes the rock layers to fold upwards. Examples include the Himalayas formed by the Indian and Eurasian plates converging, and the Andes formed by the South American and Nazca plates converging. Volcanoes also form at convergent boundaries, such as where oceanic crust subducts under either continental crust or other oceanic crust, like the Aleutian Islands formed by oceanic-oceanic convergence.
Geo Features From Plate Interactions
Folded mountains are formed by the convergence of two continental crust plates, which causes the rock layers to fold upwards. Examples include the Himalayas formed by the Indian and Eurasian plates converging, and the Andes formed by the South American and Nazca plates converging. Volcanoes also form at convergent boundaries, such as where oceanic crust subducts under either continental crust or other oceanic crust, like the Aleutian Islands formed by oceanic-oceanic convergence.
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Geo
Continental-continental convergence occurs when two continental plates collide and push against each other, forming large mountain ranges such as the Himalayas. When sedimentary layers between the plates are crumpled and folded, fold mountains are created, with anticlines where the rocks fold upward and synclines where they fold downward. Folds can be symmetrical, asymmetrical, isoclinal, overturned, or recumbent, depending on the orientation and steepness of the axial plane and limbs. Examples of fold mountain ranges include the Himalayas, Alps, Andes, Rockies, and Urals.
Mountains
The document discusses different types of mountains including volcanic, domed, folded, fault-block, and smallest/tallest examples. Volcanic mountains form from molten rock erupting from the earth's crust, examples include mountain ranges on western coasts of North and South America. Folded mountains are formed by the folding of rock layers, examples given are the Appalachians, Rockies, and Andes ranges. Fault-block mountains form when an elongated block of crust is displaced between two faults, examples named are the Great Basin and Range Province and Flinders Ranges.
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The Krummel Valley in Rauris, Austria was formed during geological events like the collision of the African and Eurasian plates, which caused folding and rising of the Alps mountains. Glaciers later carved out the valley during the Ice Age. Rocks unique to the area include Rauriser stone, a crystal marble formed over 350 million years ago. Slate and quartz are also abundant due to metamorphism during the plate collision. The valley provides habitat for diverse plant and animal life including welted thistles, heath spotted orchids, alpine marmots, and is subject to erosion from mudslides.
Uses of mountains
The document discusses different types of mountains through examples like the Rocky Mountains and Appalachian Mountains. It notes that while the Rocky Mountains have steep, jagged peaks, the Appalachians have been worn down over time and are rounded with trees growing all the way to their tops. It also provides details on mountain ranges, valleys, glaciers, and volcanoes, mentioning Mount Everest and Mount St. Helens.
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Folded mountains are formed by the convergence of two continental crust plates, which causes the rock layers to fold upwards. Examples include the Himalayas formed by the Indian and Eurasian plates converging, and the Andes formed by the South American and Nazca plates converging. Volcanoes also form at convergent boundaries, such as where oceanic crust subducts under either continental crust or other oceanic crust, like the Aleutian Islands formed by oceanic-oceanic convergence.
Geo Features From Plate Interactions
Folded mountains are formed by the convergence of two continental crust plates, which causes the rock layers to fold upwards. Examples include the Himalayas formed by the Indian and Eurasian plates converging, and the Andes formed by the South American and Nazca plates converging. Volcanoes also form at convergent boundaries, such as where oceanic crust subducts under either continental crust or other oceanic crust, like the Aleutian Islands formed by oceanic-oceanic convergence.
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Geo
Continental-continental convergence occurs when two continental plates collide and push against each other, forming large mountain ranges such as the Himalayas. When sedimentary layers between the plates are crumpled and folded, fold mountains are created, with anticlines where the rocks fold upward and synclines where they fold downward. Folds can be symmetrical, asymmetrical, isoclinal, overturned, or recumbent, depending on the orientation and steepness of the axial plane and limbs. Examples of fold mountain ranges include the Himalayas, Alps, Andes, Rockies, and Urals.
Mountains
The document discusses different types of mountains including volcanic, domed, folded, fault-block, and smallest/tallest examples. Volcanic mountains form from molten rock erupting from the earth's crust, examples include mountain ranges on western coasts of North and South America. Folded mountains are formed by the folding of rock layers, examples given are the Appalachians, Rockies, and Andes ranges. Fault-block mountains form when an elongated block of crust is displaced between two faults, examples named are the Great Basin and Range Province and Flinders Ranges.
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The Krummel Valley in Rauris, Austria was formed during geological events like the collision of the African and Eurasian plates, which caused folding and rising of the Alps mountains. Glaciers later carved out the valley during the Ice Age. Rocks unique to the area include Rauriser stone, a crystal marble formed over 350 million years ago. Slate and quartz are also abundant due to metamorphism during the plate collision. The valley provides habitat for diverse plant and animal life including welted thistles, heath spotted orchids, alpine marmots, and is subject to erosion from mudslides.
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The document discusses different types of mountains through examples like the Rocky Mountains and Appalachian Mountains. It notes that while the Rocky Mountains have steep, jagged peaks, the Appalachians have been worn down over time and are rounded with trees growing all the way to their tops. It also provides details on mountain ranges, valleys, glaciers, and volcanoes, mentioning Mount Everest and Mount St. Helens.
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Plate Tectonics
Chapter 19
Plate TectonicsPlate tectonics - Earth’s surface composed thick plates that moveIntense geologic activity is concentrated at plate boundariesCombination of continental drift and seafloor spreading hypotheses proposed in late 1960s
Review: Three Types of Plate Boundaries
But how do we
know that plates
move at all ?
Transform Convergent Divergent
(strike-slip) (subduction) (spreading)
Early Case for Continental DriftPuzzle-piece fit of coastlines of Africa and South America has long been known
In early 1900s, Alfred Wegner noted South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia have almost identical rocks and fossils
Early Case for Continental DriftGlossopteris (plant), Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus (animals) fossils found on all five continents Mesosaurus (reptile) fossils found in Brazil and South Africa only
Glaciers Most of the Earth's ice is found in Antarctic continental glacier. Where are some other continental glaciers ?
FIGURE 10.5 Iceberg calving at Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska. Calving occurs when huge blocks of ice break off at the edge of a glacier that has moved to a shoreline. [Tom Bean.]
Glacial striations on a rock from stones grinding at the base of a heavy ice sheet leave these shiny linear marks on the bedrock below.
FIGURE 10.18 Glacial striations on bedrock in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. Striations are evidence of the direction of ice movement and are especially important clues for reconstructing the movement of continental glaciers. [Carr Clifton.]
Glacial Characteristics Glaciers flow downhill as a solid mass that creates channels, and walls made of ground up rock debris known as a merraine.
Erosional LandscapesErosional landforms produced by valley glaciers include: U-shaped valleys Hanging valleysSmaller tributary glacial valleys left stranded above more quickly eroded central valleys
Early Case for Continental DriftWegner reassembled continents into the supercontinent Pangaea
Late Paleozoic glaciation patterns on southern continents best explained by their reconstruction into (Pangaea) Gondwanaland
Early Case for Continental DriftCoal beds of North America and Europe indicate Laurasia super continent
Continental Drift hypothesis initially rejected Wegener could not come up with viable driving force continents should not be able to “plow through” sea floor rocks
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The document discusses how plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates creates different landforms on Earth. It explains that plates can move together, apart, or side by side, and each type of movement results in distinct landforms. Plates colliding form mountains like the Himalayas. Plates pulling apart form underwater mountain ranges like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Plates sliding past each other cause earthquakes along faults like the San Andreas Fault. Some volcanoes form from hotspots in plate interiors, like the Hawaiian Islands.
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The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It describes how early scientists like Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea based on matching coastlines and fossil evidence. Later, developments in technology like sonar and sea floor drilling provided further evidence of seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, supporting the modern theory of plate tectonics. The earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other at different boundary types, including divergent boundaries where new crust is created and convergent boundaries where plates collide.
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The document discusses different types of plate boundaries and associated tectonic landscapes. It provides details on convergent, divergent and transform plate boundaries. Convergent boundaries result in ocean trenches, volcanic mountain ranges or fold mountains depending on the type of crust involved. Divergent boundaries form mid-ocean ridges and new sea floor. Transform boundaries involve lateral movement of plates without creation or destruction of crust.
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Paleogeography studies the geography of the past by mapping the positions of continents and distribution of land and seas over geological time. The positions of past continents can be determined using data like paleomagnetism, magnetic anomalies, paleobiogeography, paleoclimatology, and geological history. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915 to explain geological evidence that continents have moved over time, such as matching fossil and rock formations found across separated continents. Plate tectonics later expanded on this theory by proposing that Earth's lithosphere is composed of plates that move over Earth's asthenosphere, causing geological activity along plate boundaries.
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The document summarizes plate tectonics and the structure and dynamics of the Earth. It describes the four main layers of the Earth and explains that plate tectonics involves the constant motion of tectonic plates due to convection currents in the mantle. It provides evidence that supported the theory of continental drift and discusses how sea floor spreading and subduction at trenches cause the plates to move over time.
Unique Landforms Locate At Plate Margins Bv
Fold mountains form along plate boundaries where two plates collide and push sedimentary rock layers upwards into folds. The movement of plates compresses and bends the layers at different rates, creating anticlines and synclines. Ocean trenches form at destructive plate boundaries where an oceanic plate subducts under a continental or oceanic plate, creating the deepest parts of the ocean. Composite volcanoes are steep-sided and symmetrical with layers of lava and ash, while shield volcanoes have gentle slopes and wide bases due to more fluid basic lava.
Plate movement
The document describes different types of plate boundaries including divergent boundaries which form grabens and rift valleys, convergent boundaries where oceanic plates subduct under continents (like the Andes) or under other oceanic plates forming island arcs, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. It also discusses examples of each boundary type and how they relate to earthquake and volcanic activity patterns around the world.
Continental Drift
The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915. Some of the key evidence includes:
1) The fit of the continents' coastlines and continental shelves suggests the continents were once joined together.
2) Glacial deposits and fossils found in regions that are now tropical provide evidence these areas were once farther from the equator when the continents were in different positions.
3) Certain fossil types found across continents that are now separated by oceans could not have crossed the oceans, indicating the land was once joined.
Contonentaldrift
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It introduces Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Evidence that supported continental drift included matching coastline shapes, matching fossil and rock formations on separated continents, and mountain ranges formed perpendicular to the drift direction. Seafloor spreading provided further evidence as studies showed rocks were youngest at mid-ocean ridges and older further away, with matching magnetic patterns on either side. This led to the theory of tectonic plates, with ocean floors spreading at ridges and subducting at zones. Plate boundaries were classified as divergent, convergent, or transform.
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Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915, suggesting that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. He provided evidence from matching landforms, fossil distributions, and past climate patterns. However, his theory was rejected by many geologists at the time due to lack of explanation for the driving forces. It was not until the 1950s and discoveries of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics that Wegener's theory became widely accepted.
Volcanoes and plate tectonics
Volcanoes occur primarily at plate boundaries where tectonic plates are moving apart (divergent boundaries), moving together (convergent boundaries), or where hotspots exist in the mantle. At divergent boundaries like oceanic ridges, volcanoes form as new crust is created by magma upwelling from the mantle. At convergent boundaries, volcanoes occur in places like oceanic trenches where one plate subducts beneath another, and in volcanic island arcs which form over subduction zones. Hotspots are also locations for volcanism unrelated to plate boundaries.
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The document discusses different types of mountains and how they form. It describes fold mountains as forming from the compression and folding of sedimentary rock layers along converging tectonic plates. Block mountains form from the breaking up of large areas by faults, creating uplifted and dropped blocks. Volcanic mountains form at divergent and convergent plate boundaries and where stretching of the crust occurs within tectonic plates. It also discusses plains, plateaus, and specific examples of each landform type.
Structure And Plates
The document summarizes the structure and tectonic plates of the Earth. It describes the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. It then discusses the two types of crust (oceanic and continental), how convection currents cause plate movement, examples of tectonic plates, and evidence of plate tectonics from fossil and geological records. It also defines three types of plate boundaries - destructive, conservative, and constructive - and provides an example of each type.
Continental drift theory
According to the continental drift hypothesis, the continents have slowly moved over time to their current positions. Alfred Wegener first proposed this theory in 1912. Seafloor spreading provided insight into the mechanism of plate tectonics, with magma pushing the plates apart at mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones pulling them under. About 225 million years ago, nearly all land was part of the supercontinent Pangaea, which has since broken apart, forming the continents in their current positions.
Platetectonics theory
The document discusses plate tectonic theory and provides evidence for plate tectonics. It explains that the lithosphere is broken into plates that move atop the asthenosphere due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate tectonics helps explain geological phenomena like volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building.
Destructive plate boundaries
This document summarizes the three types of plate boundaries:
1) When an oceanic plate meets a continental plate, the oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate. This can form deep trenches and volcanic island arcs.
2) When two oceanic plates meet, one plate subducts beneath the other, forming ocean trenches and island arcs offshore.
3) When two continental plates meet, they are forced upwards to form fold mountains rather than subducting. This leads to earthquakes but no volcanic activity. Mountain ranges like the Himalayas and Andes are examples of this type of plate boundary.
Earth’s land features
Earth has various land features formed by geological processes, including mountains formed by tectonic uplift, volcanoes formed by eruptions of magma, islands which can form from volcanoes or deposition of materials by water, valleys eroded by rivers or glaciers, canyons formed by deep river erosion over long periods, and caverns formed by water interacting with rock materials. These landforms each provide clues about the geological forces that shaped them.
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The document discusses different types of landforms associated with plate tectonic activity, including forces inside and outside the Earth. It describes fold mountains as formed by the buckling of crust along plate boundaries. Oceanic trenches form deep under the sea at destructive boundaries where one plate subducts below another. Island arcs are chains of volcanic islands formed above subduction zones, where melting of the subducting plate fuels volcanism. Ocean ridges occur at divergent boundaries and are underwater mountain ranges built up by volcanic eruptions along spreading centers.
Revision on the restless earth
The earth's crust is made up of plates that float on molten rock in the mantle. These plates collide and separate, causing geological events. When plates collide, fold mountains like the Alps are formed through compression, and earthquakes occur along plate boundaries. When plates separate, volcanic islands and mid-ocean ridges result from magma rising through cracks between the plates. Examples are the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and volcanoes in Iceland. The Pacific Ring of Fire is a zone with many volcanoes and earthquakes caused by plate tectonics in the Pacific Ocean region.
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Plate TectonicsPlate tectonics - Earth’s surface composed thick plates that moveIntense geologic activity is concentrated at plate boundariesCombination of continental drift and seafloor spreading hypotheses proposed in late 1960s
Review: Three Types of Plate Boundaries
But how do we
know that plates
move at all ?
Transform Convergent Divergent
(strike-slip) (subduction) (spreading)
Early Case for Continental DriftPuzzle-piece fit of coastlines of Africa and South America has long been known
In early 1900s, Alfred Wegner noted South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia have almost identical rocks and fossils
Early Case for Continental DriftGlossopteris (plant), Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus (animals) fossils found on all five continents Mesosaurus (reptile) fossils found in Brazil and South Africa only
Glaciers Most of the Earth's ice is found in Antarctic continental glacier. Where are some other continental glaciers ?
FIGURE 10.5 Iceberg calving at Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska. Calving occurs when huge blocks of ice break off at the edge of a glacier that has moved to a shoreline. [Tom Bean.]
Glacial striations on a rock from stones grinding at the base of a heavy ice sheet leave these shiny linear marks on the bedrock below.
FIGURE 10.18 Glacial striations on bedrock in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. Striations are evidence of the direction of ice movement and are especially important clues for reconstructing the movement of continental glaciers. [Carr Clifton.]
Glacial Characteristics Glaciers flow downhill as a solid mass that creates channels, and walls made of ground up rock debris known as a merraine.
Erosional LandscapesErosional landforms produced by valley glaciers include: U-shaped valleys Hanging valleysSmaller tributary glacial valleys left stranded above more quickly eroded central valleys
Early Case for Continental DriftWegner reassembled continents into the supercontinent Pangaea
Late Paleozoic glaciation patterns on southern continents best explained by their reconstruction into (Pangaea) Gondwanaland
Early Case for Continental DriftCoal beds of North America and Europe indicate Laurasia super continent
Continental Drift hypothesis initially rejected Wegener could not come up with viable driving force continents should not be able to “plow through” sea floor rocks
The Earth's Magnetic Field
Can Give Us Clues
Paleomagnetism and Continental Drift RevivedStudies of rock magnetism allowed determination of magnetic pole locations (close to geographic poles) Paleomagnetism uses mineral magnetic alignment and dip angle to determine the distance to the magnetic pole when rocks formedSteeper dip angles indicate rocks formed closer .
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The document discusses how plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates creates different landforms on Earth. It explains that plates can move together, apart, or side by side, and each type of movement results in distinct landforms. Plates colliding form mountains like the Himalayas. Plates pulling apart form underwater mountain ranges like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Plates sliding past each other cause earthquakes along faults like the San Andreas Fault. Some volcanoes form from hotspots in plate interiors, like the Hawaiian Islands.
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The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It describes how early scientists like Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea based on matching coastlines and fossil evidence. Later, developments in technology like sonar and sea floor drilling provided further evidence of seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, supporting the modern theory of plate tectonics. The earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other at different boundary types, including divergent boundaries where new crust is created and convergent boundaries where plates collide.
Tectonic Processes and Landscapes
The document discusses different types of plate boundaries and associated tectonic landscapes. It provides details on convergent, divergent and transform plate boundaries. Convergent boundaries result in ocean trenches, volcanic mountain ranges or fold mountains depending on the type of crust involved. Divergent boundaries form mid-ocean ridges and new sea floor. Transform boundaries involve lateral movement of plates without creation or destruction of crust.
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Paleogeography studies the geography of the past by mapping the positions of continents and distribution of land and seas over geological time. The positions of past continents can be determined using data like paleomagnetism, magnetic anomalies, paleobiogeography, paleoclimatology, and geological history. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915 to explain geological evidence that continents have moved over time, such as matching fossil and rock formations found across separated continents. Plate tectonics later expanded on this theory by proposing that Earth's lithosphere is composed of plates that move over Earth's asthenosphere, causing geological activity along plate boundaries.
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The document summarizes plate tectonics and the structure and dynamics of the Earth. It describes the four main layers of the Earth and explains that plate tectonics involves the constant motion of tectonic plates due to convection currents in the mantle. It provides evidence that supported the theory of continental drift and discusses how sea floor spreading and subduction at trenches cause the plates to move over time.
Unique Landforms Locate At Plate Margins Bv
Fold mountains form along plate boundaries where two plates collide and push sedimentary rock layers upwards into folds. The movement of plates compresses and bends the layers at different rates, creating anticlines and synclines. Ocean trenches form at destructive plate boundaries where an oceanic plate subducts under a continental or oceanic plate, creating the deepest parts of the ocean. Composite volcanoes are steep-sided and symmetrical with layers of lava and ash, while shield volcanoes have gentle slopes and wide bases due to more fluid basic lava.
Plate movement
The document describes different types of plate boundaries including divergent boundaries which form grabens and rift valleys, convergent boundaries where oceanic plates subduct under continents (like the Andes) or under other oceanic plates forming island arcs, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. It also discusses examples of each boundary type and how they relate to earthquake and volcanic activity patterns around the world.
Continental Drift
The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915. Some of the key evidence includes:
1) The fit of the continents' coastlines and continental shelves suggests the continents were once joined together.
2) Glacial deposits and fossils found in regions that are now tropical provide evidence these areas were once farther from the equator when the continents were in different positions.
3) Certain fossil types found across continents that are now separated by oceans could not have crossed the oceans, indicating the land was once joined.
Contonentaldrift
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It introduces Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Evidence that supported continental drift included matching coastline shapes, matching fossil and rock formations on separated continents, and mountain ranges formed perpendicular to the drift direction. Seafloor spreading provided further evidence as studies showed rocks were youngest at mid-ocean ridges and older further away, with matching magnetic patterns on either side. This led to the theory of tectonic plates, with ocean floors spreading at ridges and subducting at zones. Plate boundaries were classified as divergent, convergent, or transform.
Continental Drift - Plate tectonic - Theory evidences.pptx
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915, suggesting that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. He provided evidence from matching landforms, fossil distributions, and past climate patterns. However, his theory was rejected by many geologists at the time due to lack of explanation for the driving forces. It was not until the 1950s and discoveries of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics that Wegener's theory became widely accepted.
Volcanoes and plate tectonics
Volcanoes occur primarily at plate boundaries where tectonic plates are moving apart (divergent boundaries), moving together (convergent boundaries), or where hotspots exist in the mantle. At divergent boundaries like oceanic ridges, volcanoes form as new crust is created by magma upwelling from the mantle. At convergent boundaries, volcanoes occur in places like oceanic trenches where one plate subducts beneath another, and in volcanic island arcs which form over subduction zones. Hotspots are also locations for volcanism unrelated to plate boundaries.
landforms of earth
The document discusses different types of mountains and how they form. It describes fold mountains as forming from the compression and folding of sedimentary rock layers along converging tectonic plates. Block mountains form from the breaking up of large areas by faults, creating uplifted and dropped blocks. Volcanic mountains form at divergent and convergent plate boundaries and where stretching of the crust occurs within tectonic plates. It also discusses plains, plateaus, and specific examples of each landform type.
Structure And Plates
The document summarizes the structure and tectonic plates of the Earth. It describes the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. It then discusses the two types of crust (oceanic and continental), how convection currents cause plate movement, examples of tectonic plates, and evidence of plate tectonics from fossil and geological records. It also defines three types of plate boundaries - destructive, conservative, and constructive - and provides an example of each type.
Continental drift theory
According to the continental drift hypothesis, the continents have slowly moved over time to their current positions. Alfred Wegener first proposed this theory in 1912. Seafloor spreading provided insight into the mechanism of plate tectonics, with magma pushing the plates apart at mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones pulling them under. About 225 million years ago, nearly all land was part of the supercontinent Pangaea, which has since broken apart, forming the continents in their current positions.
Platetectonics theory
The document discusses plate tectonic theory and provides evidence for plate tectonics. It explains that the lithosphere is broken into plates that move atop the asthenosphere due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate tectonics helps explain geological phenomena like volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building.
Destructive plate boundaries
This document summarizes the three types of plate boundaries:
1) When an oceanic plate meets a continental plate, the oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate. This can form deep trenches and volcanic island arcs.
2) When two oceanic plates meet, one plate subducts beneath the other, forming ocean trenches and island arcs offshore.
3) When two continental plates meet, they are forced upwards to form fold mountains rather than subducting. This leads to earthquakes but no volcanic activity. Mountain ranges like the Himalayas and Andes are examples of this type of plate boundary.
Earth’s land features
Earth has various land features formed by geological processes, including mountains formed by tectonic uplift, volcanoes formed by eruptions of magma, islands which can form from volcanoes or deposition of materials by water, valleys eroded by rivers or glaciers, canyons formed by deep river erosion over long periods, and caverns formed by water interacting with rock materials. These landforms each provide clues about the geological forces that shaped them.
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Mixtures
The document discusses different types of mixtures including solutions, suspensions, and colloids. It explains that a solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances where a solute dissolves evenly throughout a solvent. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures where insoluble particles settle out of the mixture. Colloids have intermediate particle sizes that do not settle out.
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Elements, compounds, and mixtures are discussed. Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down further, while compounds are formed when two or more elements are chemically bonded together. Compounds have unique properties and can be broken down into their constituent elements through chemical or electrolytic processes. Elements are classified as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids based on their physical properties such as conductivity.
Review ch 2 & 3 8th grade
This document is a review sheet for chapters 2 and 3 covering key concepts of matter including the definition of matter, its physical and chemical properties, and the different states that matter can be in. It asks students to define key terms like density and volume and explain physical and chemical changes. It also reviews the four states of matter, how temperature relates to molecular movement, differences between solid structures, and how gases differ from plasma.
Chapter 3 notes 1
There are four main states of matter: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. Solids have a definite shape and volume, with particles vibrating in a fixed position. Liquids have a definite volume but indefinite shape, as particles slide past one another. Gases have indefinite shapes and volumes, as particles move rapidly away from each other. Plasma is the hottest state and consists of ionized gas particles that are electrically charged.
3 2 changes_of_state
This document discusses different changes of state that substances can undergo as energy is added or removed. It defines key terms like melting, freezing, vaporization, evaporation, condensation, and sublimation. Melting and freezing occur at the same temperature and involve a substance changing between solid and liquid states. Vaporization and boiling involve a substance changing from liquid to gas, while evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Condensation is the reverse process of a gas changing to a liquid. Sublimation describes changing directly from solid to gas.
New book ch 1, sect 1
Physical science is the study of matter and energy. It has two main branches - chemistry, which looks at the structure and properties of matter and how substances change through chemical reactions, and physics, which studies different forms of energy and concepts like motion, force, and gravity. Both matter and energy are fundamental to physical science - matter is what everything is made of, while energy is the ability for matter to do work and is present in all objects and substances.
Chapter 1 section 3 models
Scientific models are representations that use something familiar to help explain something unfamiliar. They can be used to represent objects too small or large to directly observe and help explain the past, present, and future. Models can illustrate things like atoms or the space shuttle.
Telescopes & astronomy andie
There are many ways to view the universe beyond just visible light. Telescopes collect different wavelengths of light and energy, from optical to infrared, radio, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. Each type of telescope reveals different information and allows us to study different phenomena in the universe. The best locations for telescopes are high mountain tops for optical and infrared telescopes, and satellites in orbit for telescopes studying wavelengths blocked by Earth's atmosphere like x-rays and gamma rays. Advanced telescopes have allowed scientists to discover more about star and galaxy formation, black holes, and the early universe.
Major features of the universe andie
The document summarizes key facts about the Milky Way galaxy and the universe:
1) A constellation is a group of stars that appear close together but are not actually physically close. Constellations help people navigate the night sky.
2) A light year is the distance light travels in one year, around 6 trillion miles. The closest star to our solar system, Proxima Centauri, is about 4 light years away.
3) A galaxy is a large group of stars bound together by gravity. Our Milky Way galaxy is a spiral galaxy estimated to contain 200 billion stars.
Retake Outline
This document outlines the structure of a chapter with nested sections, sub-sections, and facts. The chapter includes a name, date, and period. It then lists the name of the chapter and sections with associated facts. Sections are denoted by letters and sub-sections by numbers or letters. Headings are in red and sub-headings are in blue, with facts provided for each level. This structure is repeated as needed throughout the chapter.
Solar System Model
The document provides instructional steps for a lesson on the solar system. Students will research the planets and sun online and in books. They will take notes and create a model or poster showing the organization of the solar system. Students will present their projects and be assessed using a rubric focusing on inclusion of planets, order, size, color, and facts about each planet. The goal is for students to understand how the solar system is organized and limitations of models in representing it.
Comets And Asteroids Comparison Graphic Organizer
The document compares and contrasts comets and asteroids. It notes that comets are made of ice and dust while asteroids are made of rocks and metals. Comets form tails when passing through the inner solar system, while asteroids do not form tails. Comets typically have more elliptical and tilted orbits than asteroids and planets, and originate from the Kuiper Belt or Oort Cloud, while asteroids typically remain in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
Short Notes Chapter 20 The Solar System Andie
This document provides an overview of the history of astronomy and the current understanding of the solar system. It describes how models have progressed from Ptolemy's geocentric view to the acceptance of Copernicus' heliocentric model supported by Galileo's observations of phases of Venus and moons orbiting Jupiter. Newton later explained gravity and inertia as the forces that cause objects to remain in orbit. The document outlines the definition of planets and characteristics of the inner and outer planets, as well as how the solar system formed from a nebula 4.6 billion years ago. Minor objects like comets, asteroids, and meteoroids are also briefly described.
History Of Astronomy Andie
The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient Greek astronomers to Isaac Newton. It describes how Ptolemy first proposed the geocentric model which was believed for over 1500 years. Copernicus later proposed the heliocentric model which placed the Sun at the center. Kepler took Tycho Brahe's data and developed his laws of planetary motion, showing their orbits were elliptical not circular. Galileo made important astronomical observations with his telescope that supported the heliocentric model, such as the phases of Venus and moons orbiting Jupiter. Finally, Newton explained gravity and inertia as what kept the planets in orbit around the Sun.
Es 4th Quarter Overview 09 10
During the fourth quarter, science classes will study the Earth-moon system including seasons and eclipses, the objects that make up the solar system, and stars and space. Students will learn about the causes of day and night, seasons, phases of the moon, and solar and lunar eclipses as it relates to the Earth-moon system. When studying the solar system, students will examine how scientists' work has expanded understanding and the formation and characteristics of planets, comets, asteroids, and meteoroids. Finally, students will learn how astronomers study the universe using various tools and about constellations, galaxies, the Milky Way, and the big bang theory. CRCT testing will take place from April 19th to
Solar eclipse[1]
This document discusses key things to observe during a solar eclipse including sunspots, first and second contact when the moon begins blocking the sun, Bailey's beads when the moon's mountains are visible, the diamond ring effect when the moon completely covers the sun, the crimson chromosphere, solar corona, and prominences which are large structures in the sun's atmosphere, as well as third and fourth contact marking the end of the eclipse.
Moon phases[1]
The moon appears to change shapes throughout the month as it orbits Earth. During a new moon, the side facing Earth is not illuminated so the moon is not visible. A full moon occurs when the entire side facing Earth is illuminated, appearing as a bright circle in the night sky. The waxing and waning crescent moons occur in between the new and full phases as the illuminated portion grows larger or smaller each night.
Earth moon system andie
The document summarizes various topics relating to Earth's rotation, revolution, seasons, phases of the moon, eclipses, and tides. It includes animations and diagrams explaining how Earth's tilt and yearly orbit around the sun cause seasons. It also describes the lunar phases and how the moon's position relative to Earth and sun causes phases to change daily. Eclipses of both the sun and moon are explained. Finally, it discusses tides and how the gravitational pull of the sun and moon influence high and low tides each day.
Earth and moon jeopardy review
The document contains a Jeopardy-style quiz with questions about Earth, its seasons, eclipses and tides, the Moon, and Moon phases. There are 5 questions under each topic worth $100 to $500, for a total of 25 questions. The questions test knowledge about topics like how many times Earth rotates in a month, the causes of seasons, characteristics of lunar eclipses, and phases of the Moon.
More from charsh (20)
Recently uploaded
A Deep Dive into ScyllaDB's Architecture
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMs
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
JavaLand 2024: Application Development Green Masterplan
My presentation slides I used at JavaLand 2024
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdf
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
Biomedical Knowledge Graphs for Data Scientists and Bioinformaticians
Dmitrii Kamaev, PhD
Senior Product Owner - QIAGEN
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during Migration
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
Mutation Testing for Task-Oriented Chatbots
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...
“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...Edge AI and Vision Alliance
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity server
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...
These are the slides for the presentation, "Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend applications" that was presented at QA or the Highway 2024 in Columbus, OH by Zachary Hamm.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 2 – CoE Roles
In this session, we will review the players involved in the CoE and how each role impacts opportunities.
Topics covered:
• What roles are essential?
• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor Ivaniuk
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Day 2 - Intro to UiPath Studio Fundamentals
In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
📕 Detailed agenda:
Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
Conditional Statements
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
"NATO Hackathon Winner: AI-Powered Drug Search", Taras Kloba
This is a session that details how PostgreSQL's features and Azure AI Services can be effectively used to significantly enhance the search functionality in any application.
In this session, we'll share insights on how we used PostgreSQL to facilitate precise searches across multiple fields in our mobile application. The techniques include using LIKE and ILIKE operators and integrating a trigram-based search to handle potential misspellings, thereby increasing the search accuracy.
We'll also discuss how the azure_ai extension on PostgreSQL databases in Azure and Azure AI Services were utilized to create vectors from user input, a feature beneficial when users wish to find specific items based on text prompts. While our application's case study involves a drug search, the techniques and principles shared in this session can be adapted to improve search functionality in a wide range of applications. Join us to learn how PostgreSQL and Azure AI can be harnessed to enhance your application's search capability.
Principle of conventional tomography-Bibash Shahi ppt..pptx
before the computed tomography, it had been widely used.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin Goedecke
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Crafting Excellence: A Comprehensive Guide to iOS Mobile App Development Serv...
Crafting Excellence: A Comprehensive Guide to iOS Mobile App Development Serv...Pitangent Analytics & Technology Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.Recently uploaded (20)
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMs
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMs
JavaLand 2024: Application Development Green Masterplan
JavaLand 2024: Application Development Green Masterplan
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdf
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdf
Biomedical Knowledge Graphs for Data Scientists and Bioinformaticians
Biomedical Knowledge Graphs for Data Scientists and Bioinformaticians
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during Migration
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during Migration
“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...
“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...
Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity server
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity server
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor Ivaniuk
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor Ivaniuk
"NATO Hackathon Winner: AI-Powered Drug Search", Taras Kloba
"NATO Hackathon Winner: AI-Powered Drug Search", Taras Kloba
Principle of conventional tomography-Bibash Shahi ppt..pptx
Principle of conventional tomography-Bibash Shahi ppt..pptx
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin Goedecke
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin Goedecke
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...
Crafting Excellence: A Comprehensive Guide to iOS Mobile App Development Serv...
Crafting Excellence: A Comprehensive Guide to iOS Mobile App Development Serv...
Faults Model
- 1. Folded mountains from space Formed by continental crust converging with continental crust
- 2. Folded mountains – notice the rock layers
- 3. Eurasian plate Indian plate Indian plate (continental crust) running into Eurasian plate (continental crust)
- 4. South American plate (continental crust) running into Nazca plate (oceanic crust)
- 6. Volcanoes form where a convergent boundary occurs between oceanic crust and continental crust.
- 7. Volcanoes also form where a convergent boundary occurs between oceanic crust and oceanic crust.
- 8. Aleutian islands of Alaska are volcanoes formed by oceanic crust converging with oceanic crust
- 9. Following volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean can show us where oceanic crust is being subducted by oceanic crust.
- 10. Oceanic crust diverging from oceanic crust