Types faults make earth quake
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Normal faults occur when rocks pull apart, causing the rock on one side of the fault to move down relative to the other side. Reverse faults occur when rocks are pushed together, causing the rock on one side to move up. Transform faults cause horizontal movement between blocks of rock on either side. Oblique faults involve a combination of these movements. Faults represent zones of weakness where future earthquakes and surface rupturing are most likely to occur. Infrastructure like buildings and transportation corridors in fault zones faces damage during seismic activity.
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Faults
Faults occur along planes of weakness in the Earth's crust where displacement has taken place due to tectonic forces. There are three main types of faults - normal faults caused by tension, reverse faults caused by compression, and strike-slip faults caused by horizontal shear. Faults lead to different types of mountain formation, such as folded mountains from crustal compression, fault-block mountains from vertical movement along fault planes, and volcanic mountains from magma erupting at divergent boundaries.
Ch10 structural geology_fall2007
This document discusses crustal deformation and geologic structures. It describes the different types of stresses that cause deformation, including compressional, tensional, and shear stresses associated with convergent, divergent, and transform plate boundaries. It also explains how rocks deform through folding, faulting, and fracturing in response to these stresses. Specific structures covered include folds like anticlines and synclines, as well as normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip faults. The document concludes by discussing how geologists measure and map the orientation of rock layers and faults.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes occur when rocks under stress accumulate strain energy and break, releasing seismic waves. There are two types of seismic waves: body waves that travel through the interior of the Earth, and surface waves that travel along the surface. Seismographs record these waves and the analysis of timing between P and S waves allows the distance to the earthquake to be determined. Triangulating data from multiple seismograph stations locates the earthquake epicenter. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the logarithmic Richter Scale based on seismic wave amplitude. Earthquakes can cause shaking, ground displacement, tsunamis, and fires. While prediction remains difficult, monitoring subsurface activity may provide future warning of earthquakes.
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This document discusses various types of folding and faulting that occur due to the movement of tectonic plates. It describes six types of folds (anticline, syncline, tight fold, overfold, recumbent fold, nappe fold) and five types of faults (normal, reverse, tear, rift valley, horst). Folds result from the compression of the earth's crust, causing it to bend upward or downward, while faults form when the crust fractures due to extreme tension or compression. Both folding and faulting shape the earth's surface over long periods of time.
Faults
This document discusses faults, beginning with definitions and terminology. Faults occur due to brittle deformation from differential stresses and cause displacement of rock blocks. There are two types of movement: translational and rotational. Faults are classified based on their geometry, such as dip, pattern, and apparent movement. They are also classified based on the forces causing them, such as tensional, compressional, or shear stresses. Faults form important structures as ore deposits can be associated with them.
Structural Geology
This document provides an overview of structural geology concepts including folds, faults, strike, dip, and fold classification. It discusses that structural geology studies secondary rock structures like folds and faults, and defines key terms like outcrop, strike, and dip. It also categorizes and describes various types of folds such as anticlines, synclines, symmetrical/asymmetrical, plunging/non-plunging, open/closed, and domes and basins. The causes of folding from tectonic forces and effects on erosion are summarized. Faults are described as unfavorable for construction.
Phes Ch11
1. The document discusses different types of mountain formation including folded mountains formed by plate collisions at convergent boundaries, fault-block mountains formed by uplift along normal faults, and domed mountains formed by uplifting of basement rock.
2. Mountain building occurs through processes like folding, faulting, and metamorphism of rock layers as tectonic plates converge. Different mountain types result from ocean-ocean, ocean-continental, and continental-continental plate collisions.
3. After mountain building, thickened crust undergoes isostatic adjustment through regional uplift to reach a new equilibrium with the mantle.
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The document discusses different types of stresses that can occur in the Earth's crust, including tension, compression, and shearing. These stresses can cause rocks to break or bend. Compression occurs when rock is squeezed together, such as when tectonic plates push against each other. Tension pulls and stretches rock. Shearing pushes rock in opposite directions and can cause slipping or changes in shape. Different types of faults, such as reverse faults, strike-slip faults, and normal faults are formed by these stresses. Reverse faults occur when rock is pushed together in compression. Strike-slip faults are formed by shearing as plates slide past each other. Normal faults occur when tension pulls rock apart.
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Faults
Faults occur along planes of weakness in the Earth's crust where displacement has taken place due to tectonic forces. There are three main types of faults - normal faults caused by tension, reverse faults caused by compression, and strike-slip faults caused by horizontal shear. Faults lead to different types of mountain formation, such as folded mountains from crustal compression, fault-block mountains from vertical movement along fault planes, and volcanic mountains from magma erupting at divergent boundaries.
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This document discusses crustal deformation and geologic structures. It describes the different types of stresses that cause deformation, including compressional, tensional, and shear stresses associated with convergent, divergent, and transform plate boundaries. It also explains how rocks deform through folding, faulting, and fracturing in response to these stresses. Specific structures covered include folds like anticlines and synclines, as well as normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip faults. The document concludes by discussing how geologists measure and map the orientation of rock layers and faults.
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Earthquakes occur when rocks under stress accumulate strain energy and break, releasing seismic waves. There are two types of seismic waves: body waves that travel through the interior of the Earth, and surface waves that travel along the surface. Seismographs record these waves and the analysis of timing between P and S waves allows the distance to the earthquake to be determined. Triangulating data from multiple seismograph stations locates the earthquake epicenter. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the logarithmic Richter Scale based on seismic wave amplitude. Earthquakes can cause shaking, ground displacement, tsunamis, and fires. While prediction remains difficult, monitoring subsurface activity may provide future warning of earthquakes.
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Faults
This document discusses faults, beginning with definitions and terminology. Faults occur due to brittle deformation from differential stresses and cause displacement of rock blocks. There are two types of movement: translational and rotational. Faults are classified based on their geometry, such as dip, pattern, and apparent movement. They are also classified based on the forces causing them, such as tensional, compressional, or shear stresses. Faults form important structures as ore deposits can be associated with them.
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This document provides an overview of structural geology concepts including folds, faults, strike, dip, and fold classification. It discusses that structural geology studies secondary rock structures like folds and faults, and defines key terms like outcrop, strike, and dip. It also categorizes and describes various types of folds such as anticlines, synclines, symmetrical/asymmetrical, plunging/non-plunging, open/closed, and domes and basins. The causes of folding from tectonic forces and effects on erosion are summarized. Faults are described as unfavorable for construction.
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1. The document discusses different types of mountain formation including folded mountains formed by plate collisions at convergent boundaries, fault-block mountains formed by uplift along normal faults, and domed mountains formed by uplifting of basement rock.
2. Mountain building occurs through processes like folding, faulting, and metamorphism of rock layers as tectonic plates converge. Different mountain types result from ocean-ocean, ocean-continental, and continental-continental plate collisions.
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The document discusses different types of stresses that can occur in the Earth's crust, including tension, compression, and shearing. These stresses can cause rocks to break or bend. Compression occurs when rock is squeezed together, such as when tectonic plates push against each other. Tension pulls and stretches rock. Shearing pushes rock in opposite directions and can cause slipping or changes in shape. Different types of faults, such as reverse faults, strike-slip faults, and normal faults are formed by these stresses. Reverse faults occur when rock is pushed together in compression. Strike-slip faults are formed by shearing as plates slide past each other. Normal faults occur when tension pulls rock apart.
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The document discusses faults in terms of geology. It begins by defining a fault as a fracture between rock blocks that have moved relative to each other parallel to the fracture plane. It then discusses different types of faults including normal faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique slip faults. It provides examples of key features associated with different fault types, such as horsts and grabens associated with normal faults, and flower structures associated with strike-slip faults. The document also discusses methods for recognizing faults based on geological, fault plane, and physiographic evidence observed in the field.
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Diastrophism refers to deformation of the Earth's crust due to tectonic stress. It results in folding and faulting of rock layers. Folding occurs when compressional stress causes rocks to buckle, forming arches (anticlines) and sinks (synclines). Faulting occurs when rock is strained beyond its ability to remain intact, resulting in fracturing and displacement along a fault plane. The three main types of faults are normal, reverse, and strike-slip (transcurrent). Normal faults result from extensional stress, reverse from compressional, and strike-slip involve horizontal movement with no vertical displacement.
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Faults are fractures where there is movement parallel to the fault plane. They can range in length from hundreds of meters to a few centimeters. The key parts of a fault include the fault plane, hanging wall, and footwall. The fault plane is the surface where movement occurs, and dip and strike are measured here. The hanging wall is the rock mass above the fault plane, while the footwall is below. Faults can be classified based on their movement as dip-slip faults, like normal and reverse faults where movement is parallel to dip, or strike-slip faults where movement is parallel to strike. Normal faults involve the hanging wall dropping down, while reverse faults involve it moving up.
Anticlines and synclines
Anticlines are folds where rock layers slope upwards on both sides of a central low point, forming a hill or mountain range, while synclines are folds where rock layers slope downwards on both sides of a central crest, forming a valley or the side of a cliff. Both anticlines and synclines form due to compression from plate tectonic forces.
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Diastrophism is the movement and deformation of the Earth's crust. Forces acting on the crust can cause it to fold, fault, or fracture. Folding occurs when crust crumples upward or downward into anticlines and synclines. Faulting happens when unequal forces cause crust to break along normal, reverse, or strike-slip faults. The movement of tectonic plates explains diastrophism, with convergent boundaries generating compression and uplift, divergent producing tension and rifting, and transform causing shear. Plate tectonics theory developed in the 1960s and explains phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
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This document discusses different types of rock deformation including stress, strain, anticlines, synclines, monoclines, normal faults, reverse faults, thrust faults, and strike-slip faults. It also notes that rocks can deform through brittle deformation or ductile formation and that stresses like tensional, compressional, and shear can cause rocks to deform over long periods of time through processes like folding and faulting.
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Geological structures folds faults joints types of folds joints
This document discusses different types of geological structures including folds, faults, and joints. It defines key terms related to these structures and provides examples. Specifically, it describes:
1) Different types of folds such as anticlines, synclines, symmetrical, asymmetrical, overturned, and recumbent folds.
2) Fault types including normal, reverse, strike-slip, oblique-slip, and blind faults. It explains the movement and features of each.
3) Joints as fractures with no displacement that form due to stresses and rock movements, and classifies them as tension or shear joints.
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The document discusses faults in terms of geology. It begins by defining a fault as a fracture between rock blocks that have moved relative to each other parallel to the fracture plane. It then discusses different types of faults including normal faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique slip faults. It provides examples of key features associated with different fault types, such as horsts and grabens associated with normal faults, and flower structures associated with strike-slip faults. The document also discusses methods for recognizing faults based on geological, fault plane, and physiographic evidence observed in the field.
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This document discusses different types of landforming processes caused by stress and strain on rocks. It describes three main types of deformation - folding, faulting, and fracturing. Folds form from compressional stress causing rocks to buckle into arches (anticlines) or sinks (synclines). Faults form when rocks fracture from strain, with one side displaced relative to the other along the fault plane. The main types of faults are normal, reverse, thrust, transform, and oblique-slip faults, which result from different types of differential stress.
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This document defines and describes different types of unconformities in geology. It begins by defining an unconformity as a break or gap in the geological record representing a period of erosion or non-deposition. It then describes the major types of unconformities, including angular, disconformity, non-conformity, and local unconformities. Finally, it outlines several ways that unconformities provide significance, such as indicating time intervals missing from the geological record, structural discordances between rock layers, evidence of past topography, and signs of weathering at the contact surface.
249106 633903263710328750
Diastrophism refers to the dynamic forces that generally act to elevate the earth's surface, such as uplift, subsidence, and thrusting. There are several theories that attempt to explain diastrophism, including isostasy, contraction theory, and convection theory. The effects of diastrophism can be seen in the structural features of rocks, including folding patterns like anticlines and synclines, joints, faults, and tilting or bending of strata.
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This document discusses key concepts around folding and faulting in the Earth's crust. It describes how fold mountains like the Himalayas are formed by compressional forces causing rock layers to bend and crumple. The Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates around 50 million years ago. Faulting is caused by fractures in the crust along which rock masses move, and can result in normal faults, reverse faults, and transform faults. Block mountains and rift valleys can form from the vertical displacement of rock blocks along these fault lines. The Great Rift Valley extending through Africa provides an example of a rift valley formed by tectonic forces tearing apart the Earth's crust.
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1) Rocks can deform through folding or faulting when subjected to compression or tension stress from tectonic plate movement. There are three main types of folds - anticlines, synclines, and monoclines - and three main types of faults - normal, reverse, and strike-slip.
2) Mountains form through various processes including folding of rock layers, faulting that drops crustal blocks, and volcanic eruption of magma at the surface.
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The document discusses different types of unconformities:
- Angular unconformity occurs when rock layers above and below are not parallel due to erosion and deposition over a long period of time with changes in bedding orientation.
- Nonconformity separates older crystalline rocks from overlying younger sedimentary or volcanic rocks, representing a long period of erosion.
- Disconformity has parallel bedding above and below, separated by erosion over some time.
- Local unconformity is similar to a disconformity but represents only a short period of non-deposition over a small area.
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Diastrophism refers to deformation of the Earth's crust due to tectonic stress. It results in folding and faulting of rock layers. Folding occurs when compressional stress causes rocks to buckle, forming arches (anticlines) and sinks (synclines). Faulting occurs when rock is strained beyond its ability to remain intact, resulting in fracturing and displacement along a fault plane. The three main types of faults are normal, reverse, and strike-slip (transcurrent). Normal faults result from extensional stress, reverse from compressional, and strike-slip involve horizontal movement with no vertical displacement.
Final fault new
Faults are fractures where there is movement parallel to the fault plane. They can range in length from hundreds of meters to a few centimeters. The key parts of a fault include the fault plane, hanging wall, and footwall. The fault plane is the surface where movement occurs, and dip and strike are measured here. The hanging wall is the rock mass above the fault plane, while the footwall is below. Faults can be classified based on their movement as dip-slip faults, like normal and reverse faults where movement is parallel to dip, or strike-slip faults where movement is parallel to strike. Normal faults involve the hanging wall dropping down, while reverse faults involve it moving up.
Anticlines and synclines
Anticlines are folds where rock layers slope upwards on both sides of a central low point, forming a hill or mountain range, while synclines are folds where rock layers slope downwards on both sides of a central crest, forming a valley or the side of a cliff. Both anticlines and synclines form due to compression from plate tectonic forces.
Diastrophism 111006063856-phpapp02 (1)
Diastrophism is the movement and deformation of the Earth's crust. Forces acting on the crust can cause it to fold, fault, or fracture. Folding occurs when crust crumples upward or downward into anticlines and synclines. Faulting happens when unequal forces cause crust to break along normal, reverse, or strike-slip faults. The movement of tectonic plates explains diastrophism, with convergent boundaries generating compression and uplift, divergent producing tension and rifting, and transform causing shear. Plate tectonics theory developed in the 1960s and explains phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
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This document discusses different types of rock deformation including stress, strain, anticlines, synclines, monoclines, normal faults, reverse faults, thrust faults, and strike-slip faults. It also notes that rocks can deform through brittle deformation or ductile formation and that stresses like tensional, compressional, and shear can cause rocks to deform over long periods of time through processes like folding and faulting.
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The Great Unconformity Frenchman Mountain Southern Nevada
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Here are the key points your group discussed about fault lines and earthquakes in the local area:
1. A fault line is a fracture or break in the Earth's crust along which movement has occurred.
2. Major local fault lines include the Waimea, Grampians, Flaxmore, Sharland, and 88 Faults.
3. Earthquakes are caused by movement along fault lines. When the rocks on either side of a fault slip or grind past each other, energy is released in waves that cause the shaking we feel during earthquakes.
4. Historical earthquakes in the Nelson area, such as in 1848, 1868, 1893, 1929 and 1968, were likely caused by movement along local faults
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Earthquakes occur along faults in the Earth's crust. Stress builds up along faults as the blocks of rock are pushed against one another. When the stress becomes too great, the rocks break free causing the blocks to suddenly move, resulting in an earthquake. Most earthquakes happen along plate boundaries where faults are common due to the movement of tectonic plates. The strength of an earthquake depends on factors like how much stress accumulates before release and the distance the rock slides during the earthquake.
Earthquakes ii
Earthquakes originate from a focus point within the earth and seismic waves travel outward, reaching the surface at the epicenter above the focus. Body waves including P-waves and S-waves originate at the focus and travel through the earth, while surface waves cause more damage when they reach the epicenter. Faults occur along tectonic plate boundaries and are classified as normal, reverse, or strike-slip depending on whether the rocks above the fault plane move down, up, or sideways relative to the other side.
What is a fault and what are the different types
A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust where rock on one side has moved relative to the other. There are several types of faults classified by the direction of movement: normal faults occur during extension and cause the hanging wall to drop down; thrust faults occur during compression and involve the hanging wall moving up and over the footwall; strike-slip faults involve sideways movement where the blocks slide past each other. The angle of the fault and direction of movement determine its classification as normal, reverse, or a strike-slip fault.
what is earth quake
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from faulting or breaking of rocks deep within the earth. The majority of earthquakes occur along plate boundaries where tectonic plates are converging, diverging, or sliding past one another. Earthquakes generate seismic waves that radiate out from the hypocenter or focus, including P waves, S waves, and surface waves. The location and magnitude of earthquakes can be determined through analysis of seismic wave arrival times recorded by seismographs. Larger earthquakes pose significant hazards through ground shaking and can potentially trigger destructive tsunamis.
Fault
The document discusses different types of faults including normal faults, thrust faults, strike-slip faults, transform faults, and oblique-slip faults. It provides examples of each type of fault and explains the forces and motions that cause each one. Faults form when stress in the earth's crust exceeds the strength of rocks, causing fractures. The movement of tectonic plates applies stress that can result in earthquakes at fault boundaries.
Impact of Tectonics on Landscapes
Tectonic activity shapes landscapes through various volcanic and non-volcanic processes. Volcanic landforms include extrusive features like volcanic cones and lava plateaus formed by eruptions, and intrusive features such as batholiths, stocks, and dikes formed by underground magma intrusions. Non-volcanic landforms are shaped by earthquakes, faulting, and folding which produce structures like rift valleys, faults, and fold belts that influence topography and coastal geography. The interplay between tectonic forces and erosion over time exposes and modifies these landforms at and below the Earth's surface.
Earthquake plates
1. Earthquakes occur along faults in the Earth's crust due to the buildup and sudden release of strain energy from tectonic plate movement.
2. Seismic waves generated by earthquakes travel through the Earth and are used to determine the internal structure, including distinct layers of the crust, mantle, and core.
3. The core is determined to be liquid based on seismic evidence showing the disappearance of different wave types in certain regions.
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Rocks experience different types of stress that cause deformation. The three main types of stress are tension, compression, and shear. Tension causes rocks to pull apart and break, compression squeezes rocks together causing folding or fracturing, and shear stress causes slippage when forces slide past each other in opposite directions. These stresses result in the formation of geologic structures like folds, including anticlines and synclines, and faults, such as normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults.
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Rocks experience different types of stress that cause deformation. The three main types of stress are tension, compression, and shear. Tension causes rocks to pull apart and break, compression squeezes rocks together causing folding or fracturing, and shear stress causes slippage between rocks sliding past each other. These stresses form different geologic structures in rocks, including folds like monoclines, anticlines, and synclines, and faults like normal faults at divergent boundaries, reverse faults at convergent boundaries, and strike-slip faults at transform boundaries.
EARTHQUAKE AND FAULTS, Epicenter and Focus .pptx
This document provides information about earthquakes and seismic waves. It discusses that earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates along faults in the earth's crust. It describes the different types of seismic waves produced by earthquakes including P waves, S waves, Love waves, and Rayleigh waves. P waves are compressional waves that move fastest through solid rock. S waves are slower shear waves that only travel through solids. Love and Rayleigh waves are lower frequency surface waves that cause the most ground shaking during an earthquake.
geology field trip
The document summarizes a geology field trip taken by students to study faults, folds, and other geological structures. Some key stops included:
1) Stop 1 featured a "weathering balance" rock formation shaped by a surrounding river.
2) Stop 2 showed examples of anticlines and synclines, as well as normal faults and open fractures.
3) Stop 3 contained many fractures, folds, and normal and reverse faults.
4) Stop 4 also featured normal faults, synclines, and anticlines.
5) Stop 5 observed bitumen seeping to the surface due to a lack of traps for lighter oil deposits. Photographs supported the observations at each location.
DEFORMATION OF THE CRUST.pptx
Deformation of the crust occurs along tectonic plate margins and produces geologic structures like folds and faults. Folds form as bent layers of rock in response to compressional forces, and the main types are anticlines, synclines, and monoclines. Faults form when stresses exceed a rock's strength, causing fractures. The main types of faults are normal, reverse, strike-slip, and oblique-slip faults. Evidence for seafloor spreading includes drilling samples from the ocean floor that show the oldest rocks farthest from mid-ocean ridges and the youngest rocks closest.
Faults and Folds2.pptx
The document discusses faults and folds in the Earth's crust. It defines faults as fractures where rocks have moved relative to each other due to stress, strain and deformation. The three main types of faults are reverse, normal, and strike-slip faults. Folds are deformations in rock layers caused by pressure that result in structures like anticlines and synclines. Examples are given of famous mountain ranges formed by folding and faulting at tectonic plate boundaries, like the Himalayas and Alps.
Earthquakesppt
The document discusses earthquakes and seismic waves. It begins with an introduction to faults and folds caused by tectonic plate movement. It then describes the three main types of faults: normal, reverse, and strike-slip. The document discusses seismic waves generated by earthquakes, including primary, secondary, and surface waves. Studying the properties of seismic wave reflection and refraction has provided insights into Earth's internal structure, such as the existence of the crust, mantle, and core.
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Types faults make earth quake
- 1. Question1 A fault is a crack in the Earth's crust. Typically, faults are associated with, or form, the boundaries between Earth's tectonic plates. In an active fault, the pieces of the Earth's crust along a fault move over time. The moving rocks can cause earthquakes. Inactive faults had movement along them at one time, but no longer move. The type of motion along a fault depends on the type of fault. The main types of faults are described below. Normal dip-slip fault Normal faults happen in areas where the rocks are pulling apart (tensile forces) so that the rocky crust of an area is able to take up more space. The rock on one side of the fault is moved down relative to the rock on the other side of the fault. Normal faults will not make an overhanging rock ledge. In a normal fault it is likely that you could walk on an exposed area of the fault.
- 2. Reverse dip-slip fault Reverse faults happen in areas where the rocks are pushed together (compression forces) so that the rocky crust of an area must take up less space. The rock on one side of the fault is pushed up relative to rock on the other side. In a reverse fault the exposed area of the fault is often an overhang. Thus you could not walk on it. Thrust faults are a special type of reverse fault. They happen when the fault angle is very low. Transform (strike-slip) faults The movement along a strike slip fault is horizontal with the block of rock on one side of the fault moving in one direction and the block of rock along the other side of the fault moving in the other direction. Strike slip faults do not make cliffs or fault scarps because the blocks of rock are not moving up or down relative to each other.
- 3. Oblique- slip fault However, faults are usually more complex than these diagrams suggest. Often movement along a fault is not entirely of one variety. A fault may be some combination of strike slip and normal or reverse faulting.
- 4. Question 2 Faults are have had displacement of the rocks along them. Typically plane of dislocation movement occur during faulting. The pictured below shown the place where the fault will be happen. Because at that placed it’s a line of displacement or zone of deformation. Buildings in the zone of deformation would be damaged. Also anything crossing the fault, such as transportation corridors, utilities will be damage. Question 3 Fault movement they are most likely to generate future earthquakes or commonly create zones of broken ground-weaker and less stable than the adjacent rock. If the earthquake is large enough, surface fault rupture can occur. Surface rupture is big earthquake that above 6.5 magnitude. If dam structure build on the fault area the engineering problem that possible to be occurred is, as we know if the earth quake not big it will cause the dam crack in the future and in long term it will collapsed finally. Faults can be avoid by setting the dam back a safe distance or using special studies to recommended to assess the hazard.
- 5. CONCLUSION