Introduction to stearic acid, the physical properties of stearic acid.) is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain and has the IUPAC name octadecanoic acid. It is a waxy solid and its chemical formula is C17H35CO2H.
Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and serve several functions in the body including as an energy source. They are found in foods like meat, fish, dairy and processed foods. Chemically, lipids are triglycerides composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid molecules. Fats can be saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated depending on the number of double bonds in the fatty acids. Essential fatty acids must be obtained through diet and are important for cell membrane structure and hormone production.
This document discusses the physical, chemical, and biological treatment of fats and oils. It provides details on the history and production of cottonseed oil, as well as examples of products that often contain cottonseed oil. The document also discusses various techniques for treating waste oil, including acid-clay processing, dehydration methods, and hydro-treatment and cracking. Finally, it briefly outlines chemical processes for decomposing fats into glycerin and fatty acids and re-constituting fats from glycerin and fatty acids.
The document discusses fats, oils, detergents and their analysis. It begins by defining fats and oils as glycerol esters of fatty acids. It describes the different types of fats and oils that occur in nature, including vegetable oils like olive oil and palm oil, and animal oils like whale oil and lard oil. It then discusses the manufacture of soybean oil using solvent extraction. The document concludes by explaining the analysis of fats and oils using tests like acid value, saponification value and iodine value. It also describes the different types of detergents like sodium alkyl sulfates and their cleansing action.
Changes occur to fats during food processing and cooking. Heating fats can cause randomization of glyceride structure, dimer formation, cis-trans isomerization, and formation of conjugated fatty acids. Specific processes like hydrogenation, interesterification, and deodorization further impact fat composition. Deep frying is high heat cooking that promotes reactions like oxidation, leading to rancidity over time. Thermal properties like smoke point are important considerations for fat selection in cooking.
Fats and oils are triglycerides composed of fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol backbone. They undergo various chemical reactions including hydrolysis, hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, and saponification. The properties of fats and oils can be analyzed using various values such as acid value, saponification value, iodine value, and Reichert Meissl value. These values provide information about the fatty acid composition and purity of the sample being tested.
Introduction to stearic acid, the physical properties of stearic acid.) is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain and has the IUPAC name octadecanoic acid. It is a waxy solid and its chemical formula is C17H35CO2H.
Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and serve several functions in the body including as an energy source. They are found in foods like meat, fish, dairy and processed foods. Chemically, lipids are triglycerides composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid molecules. Fats can be saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated depending on the number of double bonds in the fatty acids. Essential fatty acids must be obtained through diet and are important for cell membrane structure and hormone production.
This document discusses the physical, chemical, and biological treatment of fats and oils. It provides details on the history and production of cottonseed oil, as well as examples of products that often contain cottonseed oil. The document also discusses various techniques for treating waste oil, including acid-clay processing, dehydration methods, and hydro-treatment and cracking. Finally, it briefly outlines chemical processes for decomposing fats into glycerin and fatty acids and re-constituting fats from glycerin and fatty acids.
The document discusses fats, oils, detergents and their analysis. It begins by defining fats and oils as glycerol esters of fatty acids. It describes the different types of fats and oils that occur in nature, including vegetable oils like olive oil and palm oil, and animal oils like whale oil and lard oil. It then discusses the manufacture of soybean oil using solvent extraction. The document concludes by explaining the analysis of fats and oils using tests like acid value, saponification value and iodine value. It also describes the different types of detergents like sodium alkyl sulfates and their cleansing action.
Changes occur to fats during food processing and cooking. Heating fats can cause randomization of glyceride structure, dimer formation, cis-trans isomerization, and formation of conjugated fatty acids. Specific processes like hydrogenation, interesterification, and deodorization further impact fat composition. Deep frying is high heat cooking that promotes reactions like oxidation, leading to rancidity over time. Thermal properties like smoke point are important considerations for fat selection in cooking.
Fats and oils are triglycerides composed of fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol backbone. They undergo various chemical reactions including hydrolysis, hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, and saponification. The properties of fats and oils can be analyzed using various values such as acid value, saponification value, iodine value, and Reichert Meissl value. These values provide information about the fatty acid composition and purity of the sample being tested.
This document discusses the structure, composition, and physical properties of fats and oils. It states that fats and oils have similar chemical structures as triesters formed from glycerol and long-chain carboxylic acids. Whether a triglyceride is solid or liquid depends on the degree of saturation of its fatty acid components. Fats contain saturated fatty acids and are solid at room temperature, while oils contain unsaturated fatty acids and are liquid. The document also outlines some physical properties of fats and oils, including that they are insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, can form emulsions with water and emulsifiers, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
This document discusses oils and fats. It explains that oils are liquid at room temperature due to unsaturated fatty acid chains, while fats are solid due to saturated chains. Key processes mentioned include hydrogenation, which converts unsaturated oils to saturated fats, and hydrolysis, which breaks triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids. Fatty acid oxidation and lipoproteins that transport fats and cholesterol in the blood are also summarized.
this slides will help to provide the better information about the role, properties, nutritive aspect of Fat and oil.
can be use by under graduate or post graduate students as well.
This document discusses rancidity and corrosion. It defines rancidity as the spoilage of food, particularly oils and fats, due to oxidation. Factors that cause rancidity include temperature, oxygen, light, microorganisms, and moisture. Some foods prone to rancidity are vegetable oils, ghee, butter, fish, bread, and pickles. Preventive measures include adding inert gases, antioxidants, refrigeration, vacuum packaging, and storing in airtight containers in dark places. Corrosion is the oxidation of metals in the presence of air and moisture. It can occur uniformly or localized in pits. Corrosion causes economic losses and safety issues through reduced strength and equipment downtime.
FATS AND OILS- Fats and oils are triglycerides(triesters).They are made from glycerol and fatty acids.Fats are solids at room temperature whereas oils are liquids.Fatty acids present in fats and oils can be saturated or unsaturated.Fats and oils store energy and help to insulate the body, cushion and protect organs.
SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS- Synthetic detergents or soapless soaps are synthetic substances that are being increasingly employed as cleansing agents these days.
Started to create milestones, we, SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd marked our presence in the year 1994 and operate in the manufacturing/servicing of Vegetable Oil Plants since 21 years. Our quality services products have been always appreciated by our clients. Our spontaneous attitude and confident approach in offering an excellent range of Vegetable Oil Plants, Vegetable Oil Plants, Oleo Chemical Industry Vegetable Oil Plants, Industrial Vegetable Oil Plants, Batch Neutralizing and Bleaching Machines, Continuous Bleaching Oil Machinery, Continuous Physical Refining Machines, Continuous Chemical Refining Machines, Hydrogenation Plants has deepened our roots in the market. We, SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd breathe with the aim of fully satisfying our clients with our high-quality products services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals, all of them contributing at the best of their potentials to offer the highest degree of efficiency and client satisfaction.
Fat usually means any ester of fatty acids or mixture of such compounds most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food. Fat is used as the fatty components of foods and diet. Fats are best known members of a chemical group called the lipids.
Content
Classification
Functions
Sources
Digestion
Absorption
Deficiency and disorders of lipids
Essential fatty acid
Role of omega-3 & omega 6 fatty acids in physiological disorders
References
C H 2 ) 16
C
O
C
O
C
(C H 2 ) 18
CH 3
H
O
CH 2
O
C
(C H 2 ) 16
CH 3
S te a r o -d io le in
(m ix e d tria c ylg ly c e r o l)
1. Fats provide energy, carry fat-soluble vitamins, and act as insulation. Only 10% of our diet should come from fat.
2. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds. They are made of glycer
Properties of fats and oils/Organic chemistry 2/Neet preparation/ Reactions of fats and oil/Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
Also see videos:
Properties of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/ux09yaPPPHw
Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/WXO6Ggdjwvo
Hi dear students, in this presentation I had explained the introduction, sources, functions and chemistry of fats and oils. I had covered the chemical reactions of fats and oils too, which includes hydrolysis, hydrogenation, Rancidity and drying of oils.
I had covered acid value, saponification value, iodine value, ester value, acetyl value, Reichert meissl value and polenske value of fats and oils. After watching this presentation it will be be able to answer the following questions,
What are fats and oils?
What are fats and oils?
What are the qualitative analysis tests for fats and oils?
What is fatty acid?
What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the difference between fats and oils?
What is fatty acid?
What is triglyceride?
What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What are essential fatty acids?
What is omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids?
How vanaspati ghee is made?
What is acid value?
What is acid number?
What is saponification value?
What is iodine value?
What is ester value?
What is acetyl value?
What is reichert meissl value?
Lipids are a group of naturally occurring, nonpolar and water-insoluble compounds that include fats, oils, waxes and other fatty substances. They serve important biological functions such as energy storage, cell signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. Lipids can be classified as simple lipids like fatty acids, fats and oils, or compound lipids which contain additional functional groups. Fats are composed of triglycerides containing fatty acid chains that are saturated, while oils contain some unsaturated fatty acid chains, making them liquid at room temperature. Lipids play critical roles in the body and have a variety of industrial applications.
Lipids can be classified by their structure as simple lipids like fats and oils or complex lipids like phospholipids. They can also be classified based on whether they undergo hydrolysis in alkaline solutions. Lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerol, forming triglycerides. Fats are usually saturated while oils contain some unsaturated fatty acids. Waxes differ from fats and oils in that they are esters of long-chain alcohols and fatty acids with higher melting points. Lipids serve important functions and have many applications, such as in soaps, foods, and cosmetics.
This document summarizes key information about fats and oils, including their structure, rancidity, and how heat affects them. It also outlines several extraction methods for fats and oils like rendering, pressing, and solvent extraction. Refining processes are discussed along with winterization and hydrogenation. Shortenings and their uses in foods are covered. Finally, the document defines cholesterol, lists foods containing it, and outlines its functions in the body.
Oils are triglyceride esters that are liquid at room temperature. They are mainly produced by plants and are less saturated with lower melting points compared to fats. Oils can come from animal sources like livestock or plant sources like seeds and nuts. They are classified based on properties like iodine value into drying, semi-drying, and non-drying oils. The oil refining process involves four main stages: degumming to remove phospholipids, neutralization to remove free fatty acids, bleaching to remove color, and deodorization to remove odors. Refined oils have many applications including cooking, cosmetics, paints, lubricants, and fuel.
Here is a brief overview on the chapter Fats and Oils for BPharma students. It is an organic chemistry topic. All the definitions along with chemical reactions are mentioned and explained in an easy way.
The document discusses different types of lipids found in biology including fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids, and cholesterol. It describes saturated fatty acids as containing no carbon double bonds and being found in meat, while unsaturated fatty acids contain carbon double bonds and are liquid at room temperature like oils. The document also discusses essential fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 that should be obtained through diet as our bodies cannot produce them, and how these can help process HDL and LDL cholesterol. Phospholipids are described as molecules with one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic end that form bilayers.
Esters are compounds formed from an organic acid and alcohol. They have a distinctive fruity smell and can be natural or man-made. Natural esters include fats, oils, and aromas in fruits. Man-made esters are used in perfumes, solvents, paints, varnishes, and biodiesel. Esters have lower boiling points than acids and are more soluble in organic solvents. They are formed via the reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol, producing an ester and water. Esters can also be hydrolyzed back into an acid and alcohol using acid or base catalysts.
Biochemical tests for purity of fats & oilsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on BIOCHEMICAL TESTS FOR PURITY OF FATS & OILS for MBBS, BDS , B. Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self-study.
The document summarizes various processes for biodiesel production, with a focus on transesterification. It describes four main methods - pyrolysis, micro-emulsification, dilution, and transesterification. Transesterification, which is the reaction of triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of an acid or base catalyst, is identified as the most common industrial process. The key steps of transesterification including catalyst selection, reaction conditions, and separation of biodiesel and glycerol are outlined. Post-production processes like refining, washing, drying and additive treatment are also summarized to purify the biodiesel and meet fuel standards.
The document discusses four methods of biodiesel production: pyrolysis, micro-emulsification, dilution, and transesterification. It focuses on describing the transesterification process, which involves reacting triglycerides with an alcohol in the presence of an acid, alkaline, or lipase catalyst. This produces mono alkyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol. Alkaline catalysis is described as the fastest method and simplest setup. The document provides details of the catalytic transesterification reaction and separation of biodiesel and glycerol layers.
This document discusses the structure, composition, and physical properties of fats and oils. It states that fats and oils have similar chemical structures as triesters formed from glycerol and long-chain carboxylic acids. Whether a triglyceride is solid or liquid depends on the degree of saturation of its fatty acid components. Fats contain saturated fatty acids and are solid at room temperature, while oils contain unsaturated fatty acids and are liquid. The document also outlines some physical properties of fats and oils, including that they are insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, can form emulsions with water and emulsifiers, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
This document discusses oils and fats. It explains that oils are liquid at room temperature due to unsaturated fatty acid chains, while fats are solid due to saturated chains. Key processes mentioned include hydrogenation, which converts unsaturated oils to saturated fats, and hydrolysis, which breaks triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids. Fatty acid oxidation and lipoproteins that transport fats and cholesterol in the blood are also summarized.
this slides will help to provide the better information about the role, properties, nutritive aspect of Fat and oil.
can be use by under graduate or post graduate students as well.
This document discusses rancidity and corrosion. It defines rancidity as the spoilage of food, particularly oils and fats, due to oxidation. Factors that cause rancidity include temperature, oxygen, light, microorganisms, and moisture. Some foods prone to rancidity are vegetable oils, ghee, butter, fish, bread, and pickles. Preventive measures include adding inert gases, antioxidants, refrigeration, vacuum packaging, and storing in airtight containers in dark places. Corrosion is the oxidation of metals in the presence of air and moisture. It can occur uniformly or localized in pits. Corrosion causes economic losses and safety issues through reduced strength and equipment downtime.
FATS AND OILS- Fats and oils are triglycerides(triesters).They are made from glycerol and fatty acids.Fats are solids at room temperature whereas oils are liquids.Fatty acids present in fats and oils can be saturated or unsaturated.Fats and oils store energy and help to insulate the body, cushion and protect organs.
SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS- Synthetic detergents or soapless soaps are synthetic substances that are being increasingly employed as cleansing agents these days.
Started to create milestones, we, SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd marked our presence in the year 1994 and operate in the manufacturing/servicing of Vegetable Oil Plants since 21 years. Our quality services products have been always appreciated by our clients. Our spontaneous attitude and confident approach in offering an excellent range of Vegetable Oil Plants, Vegetable Oil Plants, Oleo Chemical Industry Vegetable Oil Plants, Industrial Vegetable Oil Plants, Batch Neutralizing and Bleaching Machines, Continuous Bleaching Oil Machinery, Continuous Physical Refining Machines, Continuous Chemical Refining Machines, Hydrogenation Plants has deepened our roots in the market. We, SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd breathe with the aim of fully satisfying our clients with our high-quality products services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals, all of them contributing at the best of their potentials to offer the highest degree of efficiency and client satisfaction.
Fat usually means any ester of fatty acids or mixture of such compounds most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food. Fat is used as the fatty components of foods and diet. Fats are best known members of a chemical group called the lipids.
Content
Classification
Functions
Sources
Digestion
Absorption
Deficiency and disorders of lipids
Essential fatty acid
Role of omega-3 & omega 6 fatty acids in physiological disorders
References
C H 2 ) 16
C
O
C
O
C
(C H 2 ) 18
CH 3
H
O
CH 2
O
C
(C H 2 ) 16
CH 3
S te a r o -d io le in
(m ix e d tria c ylg ly c e r o l)
1. Fats provide energy, carry fat-soluble vitamins, and act as insulation. Only 10% of our diet should come from fat.
2. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds. They are made of glycer
Properties of fats and oils/Organic chemistry 2/Neet preparation/ Reactions of fats and oil/Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
Also see videos:
Properties of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/ux09yaPPPHw
Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/WXO6Ggdjwvo
Hi dear students, in this presentation I had explained the introduction, sources, functions and chemistry of fats and oils. I had covered the chemical reactions of fats and oils too, which includes hydrolysis, hydrogenation, Rancidity and drying of oils.
I had covered acid value, saponification value, iodine value, ester value, acetyl value, Reichert meissl value and polenske value of fats and oils. After watching this presentation it will be be able to answer the following questions,
What are fats and oils?
What are fats and oils?
What are the qualitative analysis tests for fats and oils?
What is fatty acid?
What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the difference between fats and oils?
What is fatty acid?
What is triglyceride?
What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What are essential fatty acids?
What is omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids?
How vanaspati ghee is made?
What is acid value?
What is acid number?
What is saponification value?
What is iodine value?
What is ester value?
What is acetyl value?
What is reichert meissl value?
Lipids are a group of naturally occurring, nonpolar and water-insoluble compounds that include fats, oils, waxes and other fatty substances. They serve important biological functions such as energy storage, cell signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. Lipids can be classified as simple lipids like fatty acids, fats and oils, or compound lipids which contain additional functional groups. Fats are composed of triglycerides containing fatty acid chains that are saturated, while oils contain some unsaturated fatty acid chains, making them liquid at room temperature. Lipids play critical roles in the body and have a variety of industrial applications.
Lipids can be classified by their structure as simple lipids like fats and oils or complex lipids like phospholipids. They can also be classified based on whether they undergo hydrolysis in alkaline solutions. Lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerol, forming triglycerides. Fats are usually saturated while oils contain some unsaturated fatty acids. Waxes differ from fats and oils in that they are esters of long-chain alcohols and fatty acids with higher melting points. Lipids serve important functions and have many applications, such as in soaps, foods, and cosmetics.
This document summarizes key information about fats and oils, including their structure, rancidity, and how heat affects them. It also outlines several extraction methods for fats and oils like rendering, pressing, and solvent extraction. Refining processes are discussed along with winterization and hydrogenation. Shortenings and their uses in foods are covered. Finally, the document defines cholesterol, lists foods containing it, and outlines its functions in the body.
Oils are triglyceride esters that are liquid at room temperature. They are mainly produced by plants and are less saturated with lower melting points compared to fats. Oils can come from animal sources like livestock or plant sources like seeds and nuts. They are classified based on properties like iodine value into drying, semi-drying, and non-drying oils. The oil refining process involves four main stages: degumming to remove phospholipids, neutralization to remove free fatty acids, bleaching to remove color, and deodorization to remove odors. Refined oils have many applications including cooking, cosmetics, paints, lubricants, and fuel.
Here is a brief overview on the chapter Fats and Oils for BPharma students. It is an organic chemistry topic. All the definitions along with chemical reactions are mentioned and explained in an easy way.
The document discusses different types of lipids found in biology including fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids, and cholesterol. It describes saturated fatty acids as containing no carbon double bonds and being found in meat, while unsaturated fatty acids contain carbon double bonds and are liquid at room temperature like oils. The document also discusses essential fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 that should be obtained through diet as our bodies cannot produce them, and how these can help process HDL and LDL cholesterol. Phospholipids are described as molecules with one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic end that form bilayers.
Esters are compounds formed from an organic acid and alcohol. They have a distinctive fruity smell and can be natural or man-made. Natural esters include fats, oils, and aromas in fruits. Man-made esters are used in perfumes, solvents, paints, varnishes, and biodiesel. Esters have lower boiling points than acids and are more soluble in organic solvents. They are formed via the reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol, producing an ester and water. Esters can also be hydrolyzed back into an acid and alcohol using acid or base catalysts.
Biochemical tests for purity of fats & oilsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on BIOCHEMICAL TESTS FOR PURITY OF FATS & OILS for MBBS, BDS , B. Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self-study.
The document summarizes various processes for biodiesel production, with a focus on transesterification. It describes four main methods - pyrolysis, micro-emulsification, dilution, and transesterification. Transesterification, which is the reaction of triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of an acid or base catalyst, is identified as the most common industrial process. The key steps of transesterification including catalyst selection, reaction conditions, and separation of biodiesel and glycerol are outlined. Post-production processes like refining, washing, drying and additive treatment are also summarized to purify the biodiesel and meet fuel standards.
The document discusses four methods of biodiesel production: pyrolysis, micro-emulsification, dilution, and transesterification. It focuses on describing the transesterification process, which involves reacting triglycerides with an alcohol in the presence of an acid, alkaline, or lipase catalyst. This produces mono alkyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol. Alkaline catalysis is described as the fastest method and simplest setup. The document provides details of the catalytic transesterification reaction and separation of biodiesel and glycerol layers.
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oileSAT Journals
Abstract Crude Castor oil was transesterified using methanol, mixtures of methanol and butanol in molar percentages and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions, based on the percentage yield of biodiesel, were 45 mins reaction time at 650C and 1.5w/w% catalyst. The alcohol/oil ratio and agitation rate were both held constant at 12:1 and 450rpm respectively throughout the process. The yield of biodiesel from castor oil at such optimum reaction conditions were 87.1%, 85.7 % and 81.7 for 100%, 95% and 90% methanol-butanol molar blends respectively. . The specific gravities at 150C were 0.898 and 0.902ml/g, kinematic viscosities at 400C varied from 6.4 to 7.8 cSt. The calorific values were between 10690 and 10708 cal/g and the flash points were found to be within the range 144 to 1500C. The standard specifications for biodiesel (ASTM D67651) show that the specific gravity, flash point and calorific value requirements were satisfied. The higher viscosity (above 6.0 cSt.) can be controlled by the use of additives. Alternatively, blending with petroleum diesel will lead to improvement of the flow properties of the biodiesel fuel. Keywords: Transesterification, Castor oil, methanol/butanol molar blend, Biodiesel yield.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
this presentation is about the technology in the oil called interesterification, This presentation is giving the knowledge about how interesterification is done and its classification
Biodiesel is produced by transesterification of
triglycérides present in animal fat or vegetable oils, by
displacing glycerine with a low molar mass atcobol. This
resulting ester mixture has physico-chemical properties
similar to those of petroleum diesel.
This paper reviews the synthetic paths that lead to
biodiesel by means of the catalytic transesterification of
vegetable oils. Although methyl esters are at present the only
ones produced at industrial scale, the use of ethanol, which
can also be obtained from renewable resources, has been
considered, since it would generate a cleaner and more
biocompatible fuel.
There are four main methods to produce biodiesel from vegetable oils and animal fats: direct use and blending, transesterification, pyrolysis, and microemulsions. Transesterification is the most common process, which uses a catalyst like sodium hydroxide to react triglycerides with alcohol, producing biodiesel and glycerin. Pyrolysis involves thermal cracking of oils at 250-350°C to reduce viscosity. Microemulsions create a stable mixture of oil, water, and surfactant to improve properties. Biodiesel has benefits over petroleum diesel like being renewable, having lower emissions, and similar fuel characteristics.
This document describes a study on the production and characterization of biodiesel from cottonseed oil. The researchers investigated various parameters that affect biodiesel yield, including methanol to oil ratio, catalyst type and concentration, and reaction time. The highest biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained using a 1:1 methanol to oil ratio, 0.75% NaOH catalyst, and 150 minutes reaction time. The properties of the produced biodiesel, such as viscosity, flash point, carbon residue and specific gravity, were tested and found to meet ASTM standards for biodiesel.
Biodiesel is one of the most important biofuels today. It is produced by the process called trans-esterfication. Biodiesel is a green energy that decrease the pollutants to air.
Biodiesel can be made through several processes, including direct use and blending of vegetable oils with diesel, microemulsions, thermal cracking through pyrolysis, and transesterification. Transesterification is the most common process, where a fat or oil is reacted with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to form esters and glycerol. Key factors that affect the transesterification reaction include the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, the type of catalyst used, the reaction time, and temperature. The conversion rate increases with longer reaction times and higher temperatures, with most reactions taking less than an hour to reach high yields.
The document discusses various methods for isolating fatty acids and glycerine from triglycerides including chemical and enzymatic modifications. Chemical modifications include transesterification, hydrolysis, aminolysis, and saponification. Transesterification is used to produce biodiesel and involves a reaction of triglycerides with an alcohol like methanol. Enzymatic modifications use lipases to selectively modify triglycerides in ways that cannot be achieved with chemical modifications. Overall, the document provides an overview of important industrial processes for separating fatty acids and glycerine from oils and fats.
Biodiesel Production Technology & Feedstocks For Indiashekhar619
1) Biodiesel can be produced from a variety of vegetable oils or animal fats through a chemical process called transesterification.
2) For high free fatty acid feedstocks, acid catalysis is used first to convert free fatty acids to esters, followed by base catalysis to transesterify triglycerides.
3) Jatropha is a suitable biodiesel crop for India as it grows in varied climates with minimal inputs and its press cake can be used as organic fertilizer. Large-scale cultivation of Jatropha is being demonstrated across India.
Waste Vegetable Oil as a Diesel Fuel Replacement X3X
This document discusses using waste vegetable and animal oils and fats as fuels in diesel engines. It notes that while biodiesel conversion is one option, using unmodified oils avoids issues with toxic chemicals and byproducts. Key challenges with using unmodified oils include high viscosity, chemical instability, and tendency to polymerize. Various oils were tested in a diesel vehicle with acceptable results using preheated waste canola oil, which has properties making it suitable as a fuel replacement for diesel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Transesterification of Waste Frying Oil for the Production of Biodiese...IRJET Journal
The document discusses producing biodiesel from waste vegetable oil through a transesterification process. Key points:
- Waste vegetable oil is collected and pretreated by filtration and heating to remove particles and water.
- A titration process determines the free fatty acid content to calculate the amount of catalyst needed.
- In a transesterification reaction, the waste oil reacts with methanol and a sodium hydroxide catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerin.
- The biodiesel's properties are tested and found to have better flash point, cloud point, and cetane number compared to diesel fuel. Biodiesel produced is a viable alternative fuel for diesel engines.
1. The document describes an experiment to synthesize biodiesel from oils extracted from coffee grounds through a base-catalyzed transesterification reaction. 2.4% yield of triglyceride oil was obtained from the coffee grounds through refluxing in hexane. This oil was then used to produce a 40% yield of biodiesel through the transesterification reaction. 3. Analysis of the biodiesel product by IR, GC, and GC-MS identified it as containing fatty acid methyl esters, though the composition differed slightly from literature values possibly due to excess acetic acid used in the reaction.
i'm making this slide for my assignment and will be very happy to receive any kind comments, response or suggestions in correcting the slides. and yes, cause i'm still a student :)
The document summarizes information about oligoglycerols, including their types (linear, branched, cyclic), history, synthesis methods, analysis techniques, applications in polymer production, food industry and cosmetics, commercialization, and future scope. Oligoglycerols are synthesized from glycerol and have various industrial and commercial uses. Further research is needed to develop more sustainable and economical production methods.
The document discusses optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil using response surface methodology. Three variables (temperature, catalyst concentration, and molar ratio of methanol to oil) were analyzed for their interaction effects on biodiesel yield using a central composite design. The maximum predicted biodiesel yield of 98.181% was obtained at 48°C, a methanol to oil ratio of 6.825:1, 0.679 wt% catalyst concentration, and 2 hours of reaction time. Response surface methodology was successfully used to optimize the transesterification process for high biodiesel production.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Biodiesel
1. U N I V E R S I T Y O F A L - Q A D I S I Y A H
C O L L E G E O F E N G I N E E R I N G
C H E M I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G D E P A R T M E N T
B I O D I E S E L F R O M V E G E T A B L E O I L S
B Y
S A D I Q S H A K E R
S U P E R V I S O R
D R . A L I J A Z I E
2 0 2 0 - 2 0 2 1
4. HISTORY
The emergence of transesterification dates back to as early as 1846 when
Rochieder described glycerol preparation through ethanolysis of castor oil.
In 1853, scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick conducted transesterification of
vegetable oil, long before the first diesel engine became functional.
German inventor Rudolph Diesel designed the diesel engine in 1893 with a
revolutionary design in which air could be compressed by a piston to very high
pressure.
The use of vegetable oils as an alternative renewable fuel, competing with
petroleum, was proposed in the early 1980s, but commercial production did not
begin until the late 1990s.
10. TRANSESTERIFICATION
Fatty acids in oils are present in the form of triglycerides. For example, palmitic acid,
oleic acid, and α-linolenic acid can be joined by a glycerol unit to form the following
triglyceride:
In transesterification (or Alcoholysis), triglyceride is reacted with an alcohol(e.g.,
methanol or ethanol) to form esters and glycerol. Acatalyst (e.g., KOH, NaOH) is usually
used to enhance rate and yield of the reaction. Because the reaction is reversible,
excess alcohol is used to shift the equilibrium to the product side
11.
12. 1-CATALYTIC METHODS
Transesterification can be catalyzed by alkalis, acids, or enzymes. Atypical procedure for
the alkali-catalyzed the method is as follows. The catalyst (KOH or NaOH) is dissolved
into methanol by vigorous stirring in a small vessel. Then, this mixture is pumped into a
reactor containing oil. The reactor is heated (71◦C) and vigorously stirred for about 2
hours to complete the transesterification. Upon successful completion of the reaction,
settling of the phases is allowed in which crude glycerin (heaver liquid) collects at the
bottom and biodiesel (lighter liquid, ester) collects at the top. the ester is carefully
washed. Water is added at 5.5% by volume of the ester
and then stirred for 5 minutes, and the glycerin is allowed to settle again.
13. 2-NONCATALYTIC SUPERCRITICAL ALCOHOL METHOD
In order to overcome the problems of conventional transesterification, Kusdiana and
Saka (2001) and Demirbas (2002a, 2003) have proposed esterification of vegetable oil
with supercritical methanol (SCM). This novel, noncatalytic, one-phase (due to a low
dielectric of SCM) process has solved some of the challenges arising
from the two-phase nature of normal methanol/oil mixtures. In the SCM process, the
reaction completes in a very short time and the purification of the product is much
simpler. However, the reaction requires temperatures of 250–400◦C and pressures of
350–600 bar In the transesterification process, vegetable oil should have an acid value
of less than 1, and all the materials should be substantially anhydrous. The higher the
acid value, the more NaOH or KOH is required to neutralize the free fatty acids.
14. 3-RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
About 10 tons of glycerol is produced for every 100 tons of biodiesel. Hence, worldwide
production of 13 million tons/year of biodiesel has given rise to 1.3 million tons/year of
glycerol. Recovery and use of this byproduct can add value to the biodiesel process.
However, a recent surge of glycerol supply in the market has
significantly depressed its prices. In a steady economic operation, valuable products
can be made from glycerol; hence, its efficient recovery is important. the separation of
biodiesel and glycerin can be achieved using an inexpensive settling tank. If faster
separation is needed, then a centrifuge can be used. The denser phase preferentially
separates to the outer surface of the centrifuge. The choice of appropriate centrifuge
type and size is dependent on the degree of separation needed in a specific system.
Glycerol has been used in a variety of ways, including as a humectant, plasticizer,
emollient, thickener, dispersing medium, lubricant, sweetener, bodying agent,
and antifreeze.
15.
16. VEGETABLE OIL RESOURCES
Vegetable oils have different chemical structures than diesel. Vegetable oils contain
fatty acids that are linked to a glycerin molecule with ester linkages, called a
triglyceride.
World vegetable oil production of about 0.13 billion tons/year is very small
when compared with the world petroleum consumption at 4.25 billion tons/year.
19. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL
higher viscosity, lower energy content, higher price.
higher CP and PP, higher emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx)
lower engine speed and power, injector coking, engine compatibility.
A significant disadvantage with biodiesel is that it competes with food supply of
vegetable oil.