A survey was conducted to identify problems on major cereal crop production in Rupandehi district. Three
Village Development Committees (VDCs) were selected purposively from the district. Sample size of 60
as 20 from each VDCs was taken, and the survey was conducted with the face-to-face interview of the
respondents. The collected data were analyzed through statistical package system. In descriptive statistics,
frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. The index value was used to identify
the major problem of the major cereal crops. The major problems before the cultivation of cereal crops
were found to be unavailability of hybrid seeds, weeds and grass problems, irrigation problems, labors and
mechanization problems, and fertilizers and manures problems, etc. Different problems during cultivation
of cereal crops were found to be irrigation problems, labor problems weeds, fertilizers, insects, pests, and
disease. Similarly, the problems of storage house, storage insects, climate change, and weather condition
and threshing problems, etc., were found to be the post-harvest problems in cereal crops cultivation.
Gender Based Comparison on Participation of Farmers in Agricultural Extension...Premier Publishers
Agriculture extension service plays a significant role in dissemination of technology among rural farmers. Therefore, participation of female as well as male farmers for these activities and application of agricultural knowledge is vital in developing the agricultural sector. However, to authors knowledge, studies on gender-based comparisons of participation in extension activities are lacking in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to find the determinants of women and men participation of extension activities separately. Taking a sample of one hundred and fifty female farmers and one hundred and fifty male farmers using simple random sampling technique this study was conducted in Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat and Poisson regression was applied to find the determinants. Study results showed that civil status of female farmer, time barriers, inflexible domestic activities and improper extension activities are the major barriers of the participation of female farmers in agricultural extension activities. Similarly, time barriers such as lack of time available to participate in extension activities, household responsibilities, financial problems, lack of enthusiasm in participating to extension activities are the major constraints that hinder male farmers’ participation in agricultural extension activities. This study recommends that wealthy female farmers should be encouraged to participate in extension activities. Furthermore, they should be educated with more cost management strategies in allocating inputs in the production through extension activities.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Migration and Agricultural Production: Analysis of Farming Communities of Lam...BRNSS Publication Hub
123 household from Madhya Nepal Municipality of Lamjung District was selected to study socioeconomic
trend of the remittance-receiving households and the effect of international labor migration in agricultural
activities management. Purposive snowball sampling technique and semi-structured questionnaires were
used. The study showed that majority of household heads were male (61%) and female (39%), were
involved in agriculture occupation. Migration is the major source of income followed by agriculture.
The main destination of migrant was gulf country, i.e., 81% followed by India (16%) and 3% were in
developed countries such as the UK and the USA. Major affected factor by migration was found to
be agriculture labor shortage (32%). Correlation showed that there is negative and significant relation
between migration and labor used (−0.216*) and change in cropping pattern (−0.275**). It implies that
migration leads to labor shortage which leads to change in cropping pattern.
Abstract— Production of vegetables is a key factor in ensuring a continuous supply of raw materials for the development of agribusiness in horticulture. It is often argued that vegetable production in Zanzibar has reasonable advantages but the information regarding the commercial potential of local farmers in producing and retailing vegetables is limited. The present work has assessed the situation of vegetable production and marketing in Zanzibar. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather the necessary information, including interviewer administered questionnaires, informal group discussions, field observations and key informant interviews. The study revealed that about 59% of the farmer’s population produces vegetables commercially, though only 30% to 35% of their yields are sold in market. It was also observed that out of 16 types of vegetables that were found to dominate the market, only 9typeswereproduced profitably by the local farmers. In general, almost all vegetables encountered were imported from regional countries to fill the market demand gaps.It is recommended that both or (the) government and non-government organization should extend their supports to local vegetable farmers, through (by providing them with) information, technology, production inputs and credit as a means of improving the quality and the quantity of their yield.
Studying the Livelihood Diversification of Landowner Farmer in Tondong Tallas...inventionjournals
This study aim is to identify the trigger factors of farmer landowner to become labor to plant rice and to know the differences of expected income and factual income to identify the role of opportunity cost. This study was conducted by a survey method at 4 (four) village in Tondong Tallasa Subdistrict, Pangkajene and Kepulauan District. Data is collected by observation, questionnaires, interviews and documentation. The data analysis techniques are descriptive and inferential statistic. The results of this study are follows. First, the trigger factors of landowner farmer to become labor to plant rice of Tondong Tallasa Subdistrict are economic and cultural factors. From fourteen factors to affect of landowner farmer to become labor to plant rice, the biggest three factors are culture of friends/relatives invitation, like to work to other people, like to work in groups, and income certainty. Second, the variance test result shows that the factual income is lower than expected income.
Gender Based Comparison on Participation of Farmers in Agricultural Extension...Premier Publishers
Agriculture extension service plays a significant role in dissemination of technology among rural farmers. Therefore, participation of female as well as male farmers for these activities and application of agricultural knowledge is vital in developing the agricultural sector. However, to authors knowledge, studies on gender-based comparisons of participation in extension activities are lacking in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to find the determinants of women and men participation of extension activities separately. Taking a sample of one hundred and fifty female farmers and one hundred and fifty male farmers using simple random sampling technique this study was conducted in Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat and Poisson regression was applied to find the determinants. Study results showed that civil status of female farmer, time barriers, inflexible domestic activities and improper extension activities are the major barriers of the participation of female farmers in agricultural extension activities. Similarly, time barriers such as lack of time available to participate in extension activities, household responsibilities, financial problems, lack of enthusiasm in participating to extension activities are the major constraints that hinder male farmers’ participation in agricultural extension activities. This study recommends that wealthy female farmers should be encouraged to participate in extension activities. Furthermore, they should be educated with more cost management strategies in allocating inputs in the production through extension activities.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Migration and Agricultural Production: Analysis of Farming Communities of Lam...BRNSS Publication Hub
123 household from Madhya Nepal Municipality of Lamjung District was selected to study socioeconomic
trend of the remittance-receiving households and the effect of international labor migration in agricultural
activities management. Purposive snowball sampling technique and semi-structured questionnaires were
used. The study showed that majority of household heads were male (61%) and female (39%), were
involved in agriculture occupation. Migration is the major source of income followed by agriculture.
The main destination of migrant was gulf country, i.e., 81% followed by India (16%) and 3% were in
developed countries such as the UK and the USA. Major affected factor by migration was found to
be agriculture labor shortage (32%). Correlation showed that there is negative and significant relation
between migration and labor used (−0.216*) and change in cropping pattern (−0.275**). It implies that
migration leads to labor shortage which leads to change in cropping pattern.
Abstract— Production of vegetables is a key factor in ensuring a continuous supply of raw materials for the development of agribusiness in horticulture. It is often argued that vegetable production in Zanzibar has reasonable advantages but the information regarding the commercial potential of local farmers in producing and retailing vegetables is limited. The present work has assessed the situation of vegetable production and marketing in Zanzibar. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather the necessary information, including interviewer administered questionnaires, informal group discussions, field observations and key informant interviews. The study revealed that about 59% of the farmer’s population produces vegetables commercially, though only 30% to 35% of their yields are sold in market. It was also observed that out of 16 types of vegetables that were found to dominate the market, only 9typeswereproduced profitably by the local farmers. In general, almost all vegetables encountered were imported from regional countries to fill the market demand gaps.It is recommended that both or (the) government and non-government organization should extend their supports to local vegetable farmers, through (by providing them with) information, technology, production inputs and credit as a means of improving the quality and the quantity of their yield.
Studying the Livelihood Diversification of Landowner Farmer in Tondong Tallas...inventionjournals
This study aim is to identify the trigger factors of farmer landowner to become labor to plant rice and to know the differences of expected income and factual income to identify the role of opportunity cost. This study was conducted by a survey method at 4 (four) village in Tondong Tallasa Subdistrict, Pangkajene and Kepulauan District. Data is collected by observation, questionnaires, interviews and documentation. The data analysis techniques are descriptive and inferential statistic. The results of this study are follows. First, the trigger factors of landowner farmer to become labor to plant rice of Tondong Tallasa Subdistrict are economic and cultural factors. From fourteen factors to affect of landowner farmer to become labor to plant rice, the biggest three factors are culture of friends/relatives invitation, like to work to other people, like to work in groups, and income certainty. Second, the variance test result shows that the factual income is lower than expected income.
“Problems of Rural Farmer: A Case Study Based on the Lowphulabori Village und...iosrjce
Rural farmers account for the greater part of the population of any developing country such as India.
Government of the developing countries have major responsibility for ensuring that there is adequate rural
development in their various communities and local governments which would lead to effective and efficient
agricultural system, that will not only supply food and animal protein but also foster the utilization of natural
resources in a sustainable manner. When the rural farmers lack access to knowledge and information that
would help them achieve maximum agricultural yield, they will not only grope in the dark but will be driven to
the urban centers in search of formal employment.
In Assam over 70 percent of the state’s population relies on agriculture as farmers, as agricultural labours or
both for their livelihood. In terms of the state domestic product (SDP), the agriculture sector contributed over
19 per cent of the state income in 2010-11. We all know that majority of the people of Assam live in villages as
farmer. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the problems of rural farmers and to solve their problems, like
poverty, lack of knowledge about modern technology, illiteracy, lack of knowledge about market demandable
agricultural commodities, irrigation system, flood, drought etc. The present study attempts to investigate the
problems of rural farmers of the study area. For this both primary and secondary data have been used. Thirty
(30) S.T. villagers from Lawphulabori village were the sample of the study and they were selected through
random sampling method from the study area. For collecting data, a self prepared tool/questionnaire and
interview was used by investigators and analysis the data. The finding of the study reveals that there are so
many problems among the rural farmers of the Lowphulabori village
economy of production and labor requirement in major fieldIJEAB
Economic analysis is found as the major aspect of measurement of efficiency of a farm. In most cases, this part is lagging in Nepalese farmers. With the objective to find benefit cost ratio of growing different crops, identify profitable crops and estimate labor requirement for cultivation, this case study was performed. The scope of this case study isit helps farmers in selecting the crop comparing the profit and labor available. This study was done as a case study in Kavre district, Nepal. From this research, potato (B: C=2.44) and onion (B: C=1.95) were found the most profitable crops and wheat and maize the least. Labor requirement for onion was highest 643 men/ha and wheat was the lowest i.e. 142 men/ha.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Diversification of livelihood activities minimizes households’ vulnerability to shocks by reducing income variability. Livelihoods of rural Bangladesh is encompass both farm and non-farm activities. This study investigated the patterns and extent of diversification of livelihoods in rural areas of Bangladesh. The study drew a random sample of 500 rural farm households in Bangladesh through a multi-stage random sampling technique. The primary data were collected using structured questionnaires coupled with interview schedules and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Simpson index. Result revealed that remittance contributed highest to the household income followed by business and caste occupation, and rice farming. Furthermore results showed that rural Bangladeshi households have diversified their livelihood activities at medium level. The small and medium landholding households are more likely to diversify their livelihoods compared to the functionally-landless and large landholding households. The implication is that non-farm employment opportunities should be expanded to combat poor households’ vulnerability to shocks and income fluctuations. It is also suggested to give more attention to functionally-landless households for increasing and diversifying their income.
Role Performance and Relationship between the Selected Characteristics of the...inventionjournals
Farm school serve as a mechanism for farmer to farmer extension at every block or tehsil. Role performance of the respondents towards ATMA has shown its prescribed role and their relative success or failure. A study was undertaken to know role performance and relationship between the selected characteristics and role performance towards farm school. The study was conducted in eight farm schools of Sri Ganganager District of Rajasthan with a sample of 160 farmers working on farm school. The findings inferred that majority (68.75%) of the respondents of Farm School fall in the category of moderate performance of role followed by 25.00 and 06.25 per cent of them fall in the poor and good role performance categories respectively. The result clearly indicates that the farmers were highly influenced by the farm school of ATMA project running in their area.
lysis of The Factors Responsible for Occupational Mobility from Agriculture t...inventionjournals
The tribal people are relatively isolates, encysted, tradition bound, inward looking and less enterprising. During the post independence period, they have been experiencing induced social change through planned development and interventions. But in spite of such endeavor, the rate of progress and development are not commensurate with the expectations. Majority of cultivators use land in only in kharif season and migrated to other places for alternative occupation like brickwork, construction work and industrial purposes in lean period. Even if they do not hesitate to leave their house including all other resources and migrated to other districts and continue to work as labourer for the rest period of their life. Due to lack of sufficient scope for livelihood and deterioration of natural resources on which the tribal people depend much for their hereditary occupation, they migrate to other occupation or other places in search of job. Pitrim Sorokin (1927) defined social mobility as “any transition of an individual or social object or value, anything that has been created or modified by human activity, from one social position to another”. The mobility of the tribal people mainly depends on the availability of work/job, job satisfaction, relative economic advantage etc. The present study has been carried out with the objectives of to study the modalities of the occupational mobility from the agriculture to non-agricultural activities along with the factors responsible for such mobility.The study was conducted in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha purposefully in which the tribals occupy 58.72 % of the total population. Four blocks were selected randomly each one from four sub divisions. Fifteen tribal people were selected from each village as respondents randomly from twelve villages three from each block totaling to sample size of 180. The finding from the study implies that 86.11 percent respondents were going outside their locality for their occupation. The table indicates that majority of the respondents (63.88 %) were moving within their own locality regularly whereas 40% of the respondents were moving within their block. It was observed that majority of respondents (84.44 percent) were always moving for other occupation during the period of April to June. It was observed that 48.88 percent respondents regularly visited outside after harvest of own crop. It was also observed that mobility of the respondents according to their occupation was highest in case of agricultural labourer (53.88 %) followed by labour in construction work. In the study majority of the respondents opined that to get more income was the main factor responsible for change in occupation followed by skill developed, government developmental schemes, communication facility, infrastructural development, change in life style, educational support, social status, change in climate, extension/technical support, marketability, input support, credit support and political influence.
Development of Coffee Agribusiness toward Community Income in Siborongborong ...AI Publications
Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the priority commodities to be developed, because farming provides high profits, so it can be used as a source of income for farmers. This research was conducted in Siborongborong District, North Tapanuli Regency. The number of villages in Siborongborong District are 20 villages and 1 City. The number of farmer groups in Siborongborong District are 319 Farmer Groups. Based on the results of the research in Siborongborong, the following conclusions can be derived : Potential variables of land, harvest and post-harvest, overall marketing has a significant effect on the income of farmers, while planting and maintenance do not significantly affect the income of farmers in Siborongborong. Sumatera Specialty Coffees Company does not affect the income farmers in Siborong Borong because farmers sell their coffee more to the broker.
Abstract— The study examined the cost and return of local chicken marketing in Mubi north local government area of Adamawa state. Data were collected from 120 respondents with aid of structured questionnaire using purposive and random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, net income analysis, marketing efficiency (ME) were the analytical tools employed. The result revealed that local chicken marketing in the study area is mostly undertaken by the male gender (85%) who were in their active age between the age of 30-60 years. Majority of them had one form of formal education or the other and have marketing experience of more than five years. On the profitability of the enterprise a total variable cost ₦7887.00 was estimated using 2014 price of input and output. Cost of transportation accounting for 72.84%. The total revenue from the enterprise was estimated ₦13, 100 given the net income of ₦5213 an indication that the enterprise is profitable. A high marketing efficiency of 160% was computed an indication that the profit maximization motive of local chicken marketing is assured. It is recommended that the marketers should be motivated and encouraged with soft loans so as to expand their production.
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
Wheat being major crop is great source of nutrition food in Pakistan. Despite its importance from economic and agricultural point of view, the government negligence, certain market and non market factors affected its production, consequently small farmers have suffered badly. A survey research study was conducted on wheat crop during 2014 to find out cultivated area, yield, farm production, stored, sold and price at Sakrand, Sindh. Results demonstrated that minimum cultivated area 01 acre, yield 22 mds acre-1 and production 45 mds farm-1 and maximum cultivated area 70 acres, yield 60 mds acre-1 and production 2800 mds farm-1 were recorded, while mean cultivated area 9.79 acres, yield 44.1 mds acre-1 and production 428.2 mds farm-1 were noted. In case of storage and quantity sold, the maximum 100 mds, minimum 15 mds and mean 52.71 mds stored by the farmers for family food purposes and greater grain yield 2725 mds, reduced 25 mds and mean 375.49 mds were sold. The higher price Rs. 1200 m-1, lower Rs. 950 m-1 and mean Rs. 106.36 m-1 were measured, while, more income Rs. 62563, reduced Rs. 18375 and average Rs. 37869.35 acre-1 were observed. In case of income farm-1, the highest Rs. 2861250, lowest Rs. 26500 and mean Rs. 399571.71 farm-1 were noted. Whereas, economic analysis of wheat showed average Rs. 51305 gross, 28976 net revenue and Rs. 1.29 benefit on invested rupee-1. The results depict that small farmers are producing lower quantity and getting lower wheat prices due to soil environmental and market factors. Government through policy intervention by subsidy for small farmers may enhance wheat productivity in the study area.
Estimating productivity gap and contribution of wheat productionsanaullah noonari
Shaheed Benazirabad farmers were divided into groups named high yield group, medium yield group and low
yield group. The farmers applied an average of 45.27 kg, 45.82 kg and45.18 kg seed per acre respectively.
Though, there is not a very large difference in average seed used by both farmer groups but the later used less
quantity of wheat seed per acre to some extent. The impact of different factors on these groups was measured
through multiple liner regression models. It was found that there exists a yield gap of 17.84 mounds per acre
between high yield group and research station. The yield gap between medium and high group was 8.02 Mds per
acre while the yield gap between medium group and low yield group was 5.93 Mds per acre. The standard error
of estimates F-statics and R-square for high yield group was 0.0623, 2.470 and 0.398 respectively, for medium
yield group 0.0314, 3.231 and 0.486 respectively and for low yield group 0.056, 1.342 and 0.345 respectively.
The other objective of the study was to calculate the growth rate of wheat in District Shaheed Benazirabad
Sindh. The exponential function was used to calculate the growth rate. It was found during study that the growth
rate of wheat in Pakistan was 2.59%, 2.94% growth of wheat in Sindh and in District Shaheed Benazirabad was -
1.17%, 9.75% respectively.
Keywords: Wheat, Productivity, yield gap, F-statics, R-square, Benazirabad, Pakistan.
Coconut Farming Industry in Dingalan, Aurora: Practices and ChallengesIJAEMSJORNAL
This study attempted to describe the status of coconut farming industry practices and challenges in Dingalan, Aurora. Using Descriptive research design with 50 purposively chosen coconut farmers as respondents, the study revealed that the coconut farming industry in the subject town was in need of improvement in terms of farming practices. It also needed assistance to addressing the challenges that included low yield and lack of strong political assistance. Two from among the recommendations were to establish an extension activity focused on farmers’ training and capability building and to strengthen political will in promoting marketing and farming practices in the town.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important widely grown food crops worldwide. In Zambia, it is an important cereal crop, second after maize. However, its production amongst the small-scale farmers has declined over the years. To determine the causes of this decline, a participatory rural appraisal was conducted in Mpika district in Zambia as a case study to assess farmers’ perceived constraints and preferences of rain-fed wheat varieties. Focus group discussions, semi-structured questionnaires, scoring and ranking were used. The results showed that wheat is produced both for food and income generation. The average wheat fields were 0.48 ha, with yields averaging 1.5 t ha -1. The major production constraints are lack of improved seed, bird damage, termites, lack of markets and diseases with spot blotch being the most important. Farmers preferred a white coloured grain cultivar, high yielding, resistant to diseases, termite attack and bird damage.
“Problems of Rural Farmer: A Case Study Based on the Lowphulabori Village und...iosrjce
Rural farmers account for the greater part of the population of any developing country such as India.
Government of the developing countries have major responsibility for ensuring that there is adequate rural
development in their various communities and local governments which would lead to effective and efficient
agricultural system, that will not only supply food and animal protein but also foster the utilization of natural
resources in a sustainable manner. When the rural farmers lack access to knowledge and information that
would help them achieve maximum agricultural yield, they will not only grope in the dark but will be driven to
the urban centers in search of formal employment.
In Assam over 70 percent of the state’s population relies on agriculture as farmers, as agricultural labours or
both for their livelihood. In terms of the state domestic product (SDP), the agriculture sector contributed over
19 per cent of the state income in 2010-11. We all know that majority of the people of Assam live in villages as
farmer. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the problems of rural farmers and to solve their problems, like
poverty, lack of knowledge about modern technology, illiteracy, lack of knowledge about market demandable
agricultural commodities, irrigation system, flood, drought etc. The present study attempts to investigate the
problems of rural farmers of the study area. For this both primary and secondary data have been used. Thirty
(30) S.T. villagers from Lawphulabori village were the sample of the study and they were selected through
random sampling method from the study area. For collecting data, a self prepared tool/questionnaire and
interview was used by investigators and analysis the data. The finding of the study reveals that there are so
many problems among the rural farmers of the Lowphulabori village
economy of production and labor requirement in major fieldIJEAB
Economic analysis is found as the major aspect of measurement of efficiency of a farm. In most cases, this part is lagging in Nepalese farmers. With the objective to find benefit cost ratio of growing different crops, identify profitable crops and estimate labor requirement for cultivation, this case study was performed. The scope of this case study isit helps farmers in selecting the crop comparing the profit and labor available. This study was done as a case study in Kavre district, Nepal. From this research, potato (B: C=2.44) and onion (B: C=1.95) were found the most profitable crops and wheat and maize the least. Labor requirement for onion was highest 643 men/ha and wheat was the lowest i.e. 142 men/ha.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Diversification of livelihood activities minimizes households’ vulnerability to shocks by reducing income variability. Livelihoods of rural Bangladesh is encompass both farm and non-farm activities. This study investigated the patterns and extent of diversification of livelihoods in rural areas of Bangladesh. The study drew a random sample of 500 rural farm households in Bangladesh through a multi-stage random sampling technique. The primary data were collected using structured questionnaires coupled with interview schedules and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Simpson index. Result revealed that remittance contributed highest to the household income followed by business and caste occupation, and rice farming. Furthermore results showed that rural Bangladeshi households have diversified their livelihood activities at medium level. The small and medium landholding households are more likely to diversify their livelihoods compared to the functionally-landless and large landholding households. The implication is that non-farm employment opportunities should be expanded to combat poor households’ vulnerability to shocks and income fluctuations. It is also suggested to give more attention to functionally-landless households for increasing and diversifying their income.
Role Performance and Relationship between the Selected Characteristics of the...inventionjournals
Farm school serve as a mechanism for farmer to farmer extension at every block or tehsil. Role performance of the respondents towards ATMA has shown its prescribed role and their relative success or failure. A study was undertaken to know role performance and relationship between the selected characteristics and role performance towards farm school. The study was conducted in eight farm schools of Sri Ganganager District of Rajasthan with a sample of 160 farmers working on farm school. The findings inferred that majority (68.75%) of the respondents of Farm School fall in the category of moderate performance of role followed by 25.00 and 06.25 per cent of them fall in the poor and good role performance categories respectively. The result clearly indicates that the farmers were highly influenced by the farm school of ATMA project running in their area.
lysis of The Factors Responsible for Occupational Mobility from Agriculture t...inventionjournals
The tribal people are relatively isolates, encysted, tradition bound, inward looking and less enterprising. During the post independence period, they have been experiencing induced social change through planned development and interventions. But in spite of such endeavor, the rate of progress and development are not commensurate with the expectations. Majority of cultivators use land in only in kharif season and migrated to other places for alternative occupation like brickwork, construction work and industrial purposes in lean period. Even if they do not hesitate to leave their house including all other resources and migrated to other districts and continue to work as labourer for the rest period of their life. Due to lack of sufficient scope for livelihood and deterioration of natural resources on which the tribal people depend much for their hereditary occupation, they migrate to other occupation or other places in search of job. Pitrim Sorokin (1927) defined social mobility as “any transition of an individual or social object or value, anything that has been created or modified by human activity, from one social position to another”. The mobility of the tribal people mainly depends on the availability of work/job, job satisfaction, relative economic advantage etc. The present study has been carried out with the objectives of to study the modalities of the occupational mobility from the agriculture to non-agricultural activities along with the factors responsible for such mobility.The study was conducted in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha purposefully in which the tribals occupy 58.72 % of the total population. Four blocks were selected randomly each one from four sub divisions. Fifteen tribal people were selected from each village as respondents randomly from twelve villages three from each block totaling to sample size of 180. The finding from the study implies that 86.11 percent respondents were going outside their locality for their occupation. The table indicates that majority of the respondents (63.88 %) were moving within their own locality regularly whereas 40% of the respondents were moving within their block. It was observed that majority of respondents (84.44 percent) were always moving for other occupation during the period of April to June. It was observed that 48.88 percent respondents regularly visited outside after harvest of own crop. It was also observed that mobility of the respondents according to their occupation was highest in case of agricultural labourer (53.88 %) followed by labour in construction work. In the study majority of the respondents opined that to get more income was the main factor responsible for change in occupation followed by skill developed, government developmental schemes, communication facility, infrastructural development, change in life style, educational support, social status, change in climate, extension/technical support, marketability, input support, credit support and political influence.
Development of Coffee Agribusiness toward Community Income in Siborongborong ...AI Publications
Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the priority commodities to be developed, because farming provides high profits, so it can be used as a source of income for farmers. This research was conducted in Siborongborong District, North Tapanuli Regency. The number of villages in Siborongborong District are 20 villages and 1 City. The number of farmer groups in Siborongborong District are 319 Farmer Groups. Based on the results of the research in Siborongborong, the following conclusions can be derived : Potential variables of land, harvest and post-harvest, overall marketing has a significant effect on the income of farmers, while planting and maintenance do not significantly affect the income of farmers in Siborongborong. Sumatera Specialty Coffees Company does not affect the income farmers in Siborong Borong because farmers sell their coffee more to the broker.
Abstract— The study examined the cost and return of local chicken marketing in Mubi north local government area of Adamawa state. Data were collected from 120 respondents with aid of structured questionnaire using purposive and random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, net income analysis, marketing efficiency (ME) were the analytical tools employed. The result revealed that local chicken marketing in the study area is mostly undertaken by the male gender (85%) who were in their active age between the age of 30-60 years. Majority of them had one form of formal education or the other and have marketing experience of more than five years. On the profitability of the enterprise a total variable cost ₦7887.00 was estimated using 2014 price of input and output. Cost of transportation accounting for 72.84%. The total revenue from the enterprise was estimated ₦13, 100 given the net income of ₦5213 an indication that the enterprise is profitable. A high marketing efficiency of 160% was computed an indication that the profit maximization motive of local chicken marketing is assured. It is recommended that the marketers should be motivated and encouraged with soft loans so as to expand their production.
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
Wheat being major crop is great source of nutrition food in Pakistan. Despite its importance from economic and agricultural point of view, the government negligence, certain market and non market factors affected its production, consequently small farmers have suffered badly. A survey research study was conducted on wheat crop during 2014 to find out cultivated area, yield, farm production, stored, sold and price at Sakrand, Sindh. Results demonstrated that minimum cultivated area 01 acre, yield 22 mds acre-1 and production 45 mds farm-1 and maximum cultivated area 70 acres, yield 60 mds acre-1 and production 2800 mds farm-1 were recorded, while mean cultivated area 9.79 acres, yield 44.1 mds acre-1 and production 428.2 mds farm-1 were noted. In case of storage and quantity sold, the maximum 100 mds, minimum 15 mds and mean 52.71 mds stored by the farmers for family food purposes and greater grain yield 2725 mds, reduced 25 mds and mean 375.49 mds were sold. The higher price Rs. 1200 m-1, lower Rs. 950 m-1 and mean Rs. 106.36 m-1 were measured, while, more income Rs. 62563, reduced Rs. 18375 and average Rs. 37869.35 acre-1 were observed. In case of income farm-1, the highest Rs. 2861250, lowest Rs. 26500 and mean Rs. 399571.71 farm-1 were noted. Whereas, economic analysis of wheat showed average Rs. 51305 gross, 28976 net revenue and Rs. 1.29 benefit on invested rupee-1. The results depict that small farmers are producing lower quantity and getting lower wheat prices due to soil environmental and market factors. Government through policy intervention by subsidy for small farmers may enhance wheat productivity in the study area.
Estimating productivity gap and contribution of wheat productionsanaullah noonari
Shaheed Benazirabad farmers were divided into groups named high yield group, medium yield group and low
yield group. The farmers applied an average of 45.27 kg, 45.82 kg and45.18 kg seed per acre respectively.
Though, there is not a very large difference in average seed used by both farmer groups but the later used less
quantity of wheat seed per acre to some extent. The impact of different factors on these groups was measured
through multiple liner regression models. It was found that there exists a yield gap of 17.84 mounds per acre
between high yield group and research station. The yield gap between medium and high group was 8.02 Mds per
acre while the yield gap between medium group and low yield group was 5.93 Mds per acre. The standard error
of estimates F-statics and R-square for high yield group was 0.0623, 2.470 and 0.398 respectively, for medium
yield group 0.0314, 3.231 and 0.486 respectively and for low yield group 0.056, 1.342 and 0.345 respectively.
The other objective of the study was to calculate the growth rate of wheat in District Shaheed Benazirabad
Sindh. The exponential function was used to calculate the growth rate. It was found during study that the growth
rate of wheat in Pakistan was 2.59%, 2.94% growth of wheat in Sindh and in District Shaheed Benazirabad was -
1.17%, 9.75% respectively.
Keywords: Wheat, Productivity, yield gap, F-statics, R-square, Benazirabad, Pakistan.
Coconut Farming Industry in Dingalan, Aurora: Practices and ChallengesIJAEMSJORNAL
This study attempted to describe the status of coconut farming industry practices and challenges in Dingalan, Aurora. Using Descriptive research design with 50 purposively chosen coconut farmers as respondents, the study revealed that the coconut farming industry in the subject town was in need of improvement in terms of farming practices. It also needed assistance to addressing the challenges that included low yield and lack of strong political assistance. Two from among the recommendations were to establish an extension activity focused on farmers’ training and capability building and to strengthen political will in promoting marketing and farming practices in the town.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important widely grown food crops worldwide. In Zambia, it is an important cereal crop, second after maize. However, its production amongst the small-scale farmers has declined over the years. To determine the causes of this decline, a participatory rural appraisal was conducted in Mpika district in Zambia as a case study to assess farmers’ perceived constraints and preferences of rain-fed wheat varieties. Focus group discussions, semi-structured questionnaires, scoring and ranking were used. The results showed that wheat is produced both for food and income generation. The average wheat fields were 0.48 ha, with yields averaging 1.5 t ha -1. The major production constraints are lack of improved seed, bird damage, termites, lack of markets and diseases with spot blotch being the most important. Farmers preferred a white coloured grain cultivar, high yielding, resistant to diseases, termite attack and bird damage.
The study assessed factors limiting production of citrus among smallholder farmers in Benue state, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 120 respondents using structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean score and factor analysis. Results revealed that 80% males and 20% females were involved in citrus production in the study area, 95% were married with 74.17% having citrus farm size of 1-3 hectares. Site selection (93.3%), variety and rootstock selection (91.7%), irrigation (91.7%), disease control (91.7%), pest management (88.3%), fertilizer application (86.7%), wind breaks (83.3%), grafting/budding (81.7%) were major citrus management practices used by the respondents. Respondents’ activities in citrus production were constrained by infrastructural, fund-related and institutional factors. The study concluded that more males than females were involved in citrus production. It is recommended that research and extension agencies should target appropriate technologies that will improve productivity of citrus and increase income of smallholder farmers for economic empowerment.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Practices and Knowledge on Environmental and Health Hazards of Pesticides Use...Kenneth Barrientos
An Undergraduate Thesis presented during the Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges-Region VI Student Research Symposium held at Iloilo City, Philippines on February 2013.
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DAVAN...AkashSharma618775
India is the agriculture based country in the world and most of the people were depend on agriculture
mode of life. The major livelihoods in this area of the study are related to irrigation based agricultural practices.
How far irrigation has influence on income of youth cultivators? What is the other non-water related factors
influencing income level of youth cultivators? The paper addresses these questions. Irrigation plays an important
role in improving production and productivity of agriculture.
The present research study try to highlight the involvement of youth in agricultural activities and income impact
of irrigation study has been done in Nalluru village of Davanagere district, Karnataka. Consisting of 150
households, having different livelihoods, a set of 55 respondents have been found out whose main occupation is
cultivation and annual income comes under below poverty line (BPL). Among these 55 cultivators a sample of 20
youth cultivators has been selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) method
and further required data have been collected for this sample group using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of
both quantitative and qualitative variables. Finally, conclude the findings of study.
Source, Availability and Use of Agricultural Informationby Extension Agents i...paperpublications3
Abstract: Assessment of the agricultural information systems and communication arrangement used by extension workers provided a framework to identify the strength and weaknesses of the current systems and led to recommendations to improve their performance. Structured interviews were used to collect data from a randomly selected twenty eight extension workers of the Sidama zone of SNNPRs. The data analysis was performed using SPSS. The responses indicated that Woreda agricultural office top rated (77.8%), followed by mass media (55.6%), news paper (51.9%) and mobile (37%) by delivering agricultural information regularly. The result of the study shows that all of the respondents (100%) have got agricultural information in the form of training and extension meeting. Similarly, 96.3% have got from local radio program and 88.9% from field visit, manual and national radio program. In addition to this, national television program, leaflets, and regional television program serves as source of agricultural information for 74.1, 74.1, and 70.4% of the respondents respectively whereas reports and websites provide agricultural information for 3.7 and7.4% respectively. Among the respondents, the majority (59.3%) have used notebook to file agricultural information obtained from different sources through different means. However, 3.7 and 29.6% of them have been used farmers training centers (FTC) and kept the original document to file the available agricultural information. Based on the result of the study most (74.04%) of the respondents were highly motivated on their work. However 22.2 and 3.7% of them were low and medium motivated on their work respectively. The study revealed that extension agents in the study area had adequate job autonomy. However the extension workers did not have an appropriate information management system. The finding of this research revealed that the governments need to frame sensitive policies to address the problem of the extension workers loyalty to their organization in order to increase their commitment in which they play vital roles in agricultural development.
Source, Availability and Use of Agricultural Information by Extension Agents ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Assessment of the agricultural information systems and communication arrangement used by extension workers provided a framework to identify the strength and weaknesses of the current systems and led to recommendations to improve their performance. Structured interviews were used to collect data from a randomly selected twenty eight extension workers of the Sidama zone of SNNPRs. The data analysis was performed using SPSS. The responses indicated that Woreda agricultural office top rated (77.8%), followed by mass media (55.6%), news paper (51.9%) and mobile (37%) by delivering agricultural information regularly. The result of the study shows that all of the respondents (100%) have got agricultural information in the form of training and extension meeting. Similarly, 96.3% have got from local radio program and 88.9% from field visit, manual and national radio program. In addition to this, national television program, leaflets, and regional television program serves as source of agricultural information for 74.1, 74.1, and 70.4% of the respondents respectively whereas reports and websites provide agricultural information for 3.7 and7.4% respectively. Among the respondents, the majority (59.3%) have used notebook to file agricultural information obtained from different sources through different means. However, 3.7 and 29.6% of them have been used farmers training centers (FTC) and kept the original document to file the available agricultural information. Based on the result of the study most (74.04%) of the respondents were highly motivated on their work. However 22.2 and 3.7% of them were low and medium motivated on their work respectively. The study revealed that extension agents in the study area had adequate job autonomy. However the extension workers did not have an appropriate information management system. The finding of this research revealed that the governments need to frame sensitive policies to address the problem of the extension workers loyalty to their organization in order to increase their commitment in which they play vital roles in agricultural development.
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
Effect of Remittance on Farmer’s Livelihood: A Case of Sundarbazar Municipali...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study was conducted in Sundarbazar Municipality, Lamjung, western part of Nepal with primary
objective of studying socioeconomic trend of the remittance-receiving households (HHs) and the effect of
international labor migration in agricultural activities management. For the study, 60 HHs where at least
one of the members were international labor migrant for >1 year; 20 each from Brahmin/Chhetri, Janajati/
Ethnic, and Dalit community were selected purposively. The HH snowball sampling technique and semistructured questionnaires were used. The study showed that majority of HH heads were female (68.3%), 80%
of whom were involved in agriculture occupation with 50% HHs food insecure. Out of the total monthly
cash income, 86.65% was contributed by remittance and 29.83% was used for food expenditure. The major
push factor for migration was found to be unsatisfactory income (40%) where the 38.3% of the migrants
were 26–30 years of age at the first migration with major destination as Gulf countries (80%). Similarly,
21.7% of HHs purchased agricultural land and the landholdings after the migration were found higher than
before (7.3 vs. 6.2, P < 0.05). The major part of the agricultural activities after the migration was done with
the hired labor (41.7%). Agricultural workload was perceived to be increased by 56.7% of HHs. Further,
26 HHs responded that livestock number decreased and 43% of HHs perceived no change in overall land
productivity. Scaling technique showed that the average scale value for the inputs (chemical fertilizers,
farmyard manure, and improved seeds) used after the migration was found to be 0.75 where 34 HHs had
higher scale value than average which was moderately correlated (0.38) to the duration of migration.
Effect of Remittance on Farmer’s Livelihood: A Case of Sundarbazar Municipali...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study was conducted in Sundarbazar Municipality, Lamjung, western part of Nepal with primary objective of studying socioeconomic trend of the remittance-receiving households (HHs) and the effect of international labor migration in agricultural activities management. For the study, 60 HHs where at least one of the members were international labor migrant for >1 year; 20 each from Brahmin/Chhetri, Janajati/Ethnic, and Dalit community were selected purposively. The HH snowball sampling technique and semi-structured questionnaires were used. The study showed that majority of HH heads were female (68.3%), 80% of whom were involved in agriculture occupation with 50% HHs food insecure. Out of the total monthly cash income, 86.65% was contributed by remittance and 29.83% was used for food expenditure. The major push factor for migration was found to be unsatisfactory income (40%) where the 38.3% of the migrants were 26–30 years of age at the first migration with major destination as Gulf countries (80%). Similarly, 21.7% of HHs purchased agricultural land and the landholdings after the migration were found higher than before (7.3 vs. 6.2, P < 0.05). The major part of the agricultural activities after the migration was done with the hired labor (41.7%). Agricultural workload was perceived to be increased by 56.7% of HHs. Further, 26 HHs responded that livestock number decreased and 43% of HHs perceived no change in overall land productivity. Scaling technique showed that the average scale value for the inputs (chemical fertilizers, farmyard manure, and improved seeds) used after the migration was found to be 0.75 where 34 HHs had higher scale value than average which was moderately correlated (0.38) to the duration of migration.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analysis of Rural Households Food Security Status in Dibatie District, Wester...Premier Publishers
This study examines the rural household’s food security status and its determinants in the Dibatie district of Bebishangul Gumuz region. The simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents with proportionate sample size based on the number of households that exists in sampled kebele administrations. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and key informants interviews. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model (binary logit model) were used to analyze this data at household levels. Food Security Index is used to measure the food security status of sample households based on average kcal/day/adult equivalent. The results of this study revealed that households of 59.4% were found food secure and 46.6% food insecure. The mean calorie intake of all sampled households was 2431.68kcal/day/equivalent. Furthermore, estimated a binary logit model results show that the variables such as education level of household head, utilization of formal credit, cultivated land size, access to training, farm experience, household size and distance to nearest market were found significant influence on households’ food security status in the study area. However, the remaining variables were not found significant effect on households’ food security status. Finally, the study suggests that any interventions designed to promote farmers to increase food security status at household level in the study area are welcome.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
2. Kafle, et al.: Problem identification on major cereal crops production
AEXTJ/Jul-Sep-2019/Vol 3/Issue 3 147
for increasing population, increasing the crop
production by identifying the major problems in
cultivation of crops and solving them is essential.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
AstudywascarriedoutinRupandehidistrict,Western
development region of Nepal, because the district
is popular for cereal crop production. Rupandehi
is considered as one of the potential districts in
agriculture producing a large amount of cereal grains
that support agriculture commercialization. An
explanatoryresearchdesignwascarriedouttoanalyze
effectiveness of problem identification in cereal
crops cultivation. Both qualitative and quantitative
data were used to access the effectiveness of study.
Informationsuchaspriorityofcerealcropscultivation
and production and pre- and post-harvest problems
were mainly collected through a structured survey
questionnaire. The population for the study was made
up of all the farmers in Rupandehi district. Farmers
cultivatingcerealcropsinmorethan0.5hectareofland
were generally selected. Three localities including
Semlar, Manigram, and Paklihawa were selected for
research purpose using random selection. A sample
of farmers of 20 households from each locality by
using simple random sampling technique was taken
as the respondent of the research. Therefore, there
were altogether 60 respondents in total.
The collected data through questionnaire were
coded, tabulated, and analyzed using both
descriptive tools such as mean, standard deviation,
and percentage. The descriptive statistics was
used to describe the respondents’ socioeconomic
characters such as sex, age, farm size, education,
and knowledge level. The analysis was carried out
withthehelpofastatisticalpackageknownasSPSS
(Version 20.0) and MS-Excel programs. The score
of each problem in cultivation of cereal crops was
tabulated after analyzing the frequencies in SPSS
data entry. The priority of problems according to
frequencies was indexed using summated scales.
In this scale, the respondent is asked to respond
to each of the statement in several degrees,
usually 5° of agree and disagreement. This degree
constituted a scale. Each point on the scale carries
a score, response indicating the least favorable
degree is given the least score, and the most
favorable is given the highest score. Likewise, the
least favorable degree of problem was given the
least score (0.25) and the most favorable degree of
problem was given the highest score (1).
Following formula was used for indexing:
Index=Total value/total index
4
1
* / *
n
fn wn tn wn
Where,
“f” indicates frequency of problem, “w” indicates
weight of problems, “n” indicates no of problems,
and “t” indicates total sum of problems.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Study on socioeconomic status of farmers [Tables 1-3]
The farmers’socioeconomic characteristics included
in this study were age, education, occupation, gender,
landholding size, and family size. The education
level of respondent farmers was categorized as
Table 1: Different socioeconomic attributes of farmers
Particulars Attributes Frequency
Sex Male 48 (80.00)
Female 12 (20.00)
Total 60 (100.00)
Education No schooling 8 (13.33)
Primary 12 (20.00)
Secondary 24 (40.00)
Higher secondary 16 (26.67)
Total 60 (100.00)
Secondary job Yes 35 (58.30)
No 25 (41.70)
Total 60 (100.00)
Source: Survey, 2014
Table 2: Indexing the problems in rice before cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Seed 36.5 0.302
Soil fertility 26.25 0.217
Weed 14 0.116
Irrigation 32.75 0.271
Labor 11.5 0.095
Source: Survey, 2014
Table 3: Indexing the problems in wheat before cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Seed 27.25 0.241
Soil fertility 29.5 0.261
Weed 19 0.168
Irrigation 20 0.177
Late maturity of previous crop 17.25 0.153
Source: Survey, 2014
3. Kafle, et al.: Problem identification on major cereal crops production
AEXTJ/Jul-Sep-2019/Vol 3/Issue 3 148
illiterate, i.e., no schooling, primary secondary,
and higher secondary. Furthermore, the secondary
source of job holding was recorded in the study.
The sampled respondents were majorly male and
few females. The education status among the
samples was found in highest number of people who
were studied secondary level followed by higher
secondary and primary, and the lowest numbers of
people were illiterate. Majority of people have next
job to agriculture.
Problems before cultivation of rice [Tables 4-7]
The major problems before the cultivation of rice we
have found from the research were unavailability of
seed, irrigation, soil fertility, weeds, labor, etc. These
problems caused the reduction in the production of
rice. The following problems with their priority index
were recorded after the research study.
The major problem revealed was seed (0.302) and
the least problem revealed was labor (0.095).
Problems before cultivation of wheat [Tables 8-10]
Theproblemsbeforethecultivationofwheataccording
to the research we have found are soil fertility seed,
irrigation,weed,andlatematurityofthepreviouscrops
respectively. These activities resulted in a decrease
of the result of the production of wheat. The various
problems are listed with their priority index.
Major problem as soil fertility (0.261) was recorded;
likewise, late maturity of the previous crop (0.153)
was seen accordingly.
Problems before the cultivation of maize
The problems before the cultivation of maize recorded
in the research are listed as hybrid seeds, irrigation, low
nutrient soil, compost manure, and machinery and tools
which resulted the decrease in the yield of the maize.
The major problem recorded after the research is the
availability of the hybrid seeds (0.300) and machinery
and tools (0.060) were recorded as the least.
Table 4: Indexing the problems in maize before cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Hybrid seeds 30 0.300
Irrigation 27.75 0.278
Low nutrient soil 26.25 0.263
Compost manure 10 0.100
Machinery and tools 6 0.060
Source: Survey, 2014
Table 5: Indexing the problems in rice during cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Irrigation 42 0.427
Fertilizer 5.5 0.056
Weed 20.75 0.211
Labor 28.5 0.290
Climate change 4.5 0.046
Source: Survey, 2014
Table 6: Indexing the insects in rice cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Gundhi bug 30.5 0.247
Stem borer 34.5 0.279
Grasshopper 31.75 0.257
Rice hispa 24.5 0.198
Field cricket 2.25 0.018
Source: Survey, 2014
Table 7: Indexing the disease in rice cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Khaira 38 0.321
Blight 32.5 0.274
Blast 30 0.253
Foot rot 15.25 0.129
Nematodes 2.75 0.023
Source: Survey, 2014
Table 8: Indexing the problems during wheat cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Irrigation 35.75 0.386
Climate change 25.75 0.278
Weeds 18.25 0.197
Fertilizers 12.5 0.135
Source: Survey, 2014
Table 9: Indexing the insects in wheat cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Stem borers 29 0.239
Aphids 32.5 0.268
Worms 25.25 0.208
Parrot 28.75 0.237
Rat 5.75 0.047
Source: Survey, 2014
Table 10: Indexing the problems in maize cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Weeds 29.5 0.273
Labour 23.5 0.218
Irrigation 35 0.324
Climate change 12 0.111
Manures 1 0.009
Source: Survey, 2014
4. Kafle, et al.: Problem identification on major cereal crops production
AEXTJ/Jul-Sep-2019/Vol 3/Issue 3 149
Problems in rice during cultivation
After the research, different problems we have found
during the cultivation of rice were irrigation, labors,
weeds and grasses in the crop field, fertilizer, and
climate changes. We have prioritized the problems in
the respective index during the research.
Irrigation (0.427) was seen as a major problem and
climate change (0.046) as the least followed by
labor, weed, and fertilizer, respectively.
Insects in the rice cultivation practice
We have found that the different insects attack on
the rice were recorded as gundhi bug, stem borer,
grasshopper, rice hispa, and field cricket, and we
have calculated the index value according to the
data obtained from the respondents.
Major field problem was stem borer (0.279) in the
rice, and field cricket (0.018) as the least.
Disease and pest in the rice cultivation
[Tables 11,12]
We observed that the different diseases were recorded
as Khaira, leaf blight, blast, foot rot, and nematodes as
pest in rice. The indexing of the observed disease was
shown in the table with their prioritization.
ThemajordiseaserecordedaftertheresearchwasKhaira
(0.321), and nematodes (0.023) were among the least.
Problems during wheat cultivation
The problems in the wheat cultivation were recorded
as irrigation, climate change, weeds, and fertilizers
from the respondents. The indexing of the problems
was analyzed and tabulated.
The major problem during the wheat cultivation
was irrigation (0.386), and fertilizers (0.135) were
among the least.
Insects in wheat cultivation [Tables 13-15]
The insects and pest in the wheat were recorded as
stem borer, aphids, worms, parrot, and rat. These
pests result in the considerable damage in the yield
of wheat. We have indexed the problem insect
parameters of the wheat cultivation.
The major insect causing yield reduction is obtained
as aphid (0.268), and rat (0.047) is observed as
among the least.
Disease in wheat cultivation
The disease causing damage on wheat production
was found loose smut, leaf blight, spot blotch, and
Table 11: Indexing the insects in maize cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Stem borer 36.5 0.287
Worms 21.25 0.167
White grub 35.25 0.278
Parrot 26.5 0.209
Grasshopper 7.5 0.059
Source: Survey, 2014
Table 12: Indexing the disease in maize cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Stalk rot 45.75 0.365
Ear rot 25.25 0.201
Leaf blight 24.25 0.193
Smut 21 0.167
Downy mildew 9.25 0.074
Source: Survey, 2014
Table 13: Indexing the post‑harvest problems in rice
cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Storage insects 36 0.283
Threshing 30.5 0.240
Uneven rainfall 20.5 0.161
Rodents, mice 20 0.157
Store house 10 0.079
Source: Survey, 2014
Table 14: Indexing the post harvest problems in wheat
cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Uncertain rainfall 31.75 0.293
Threshing 26.75 0.247
Rodents 15.5 0.143
Storage insects 20.5 0.189
Weevils 14 0.129
Source: Survey, 2014
Table 15: Indexing the post‑harvest problems in maize
cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Storage insect 28.75 0.255
Storage house 24 0.213
Threshing 15.25 0.135
Strom, winds 18.75 0.166
Weevils 26 0.231
Source: Survey, 2014
5. Kafle, et al.: Problem identification on major cereal crops production
AEXTJ/Jul-Sep-2019/Vol 3/Issue 3 150
tan spot. The diseases of the wheat are prioritized
and are listed in the form of Table 16.
The above tables reveal that loose smut (0.276) is a
major problem in the sample and tan spot (0.132) is
among the least.
Problems in maize cultivation
The major problems during the cultivation of maize
according to the above table mention irrigation,
weed, labor, climate change, and manures.
The major problem identified is irrigation (0.324)
and manure (0.009) is among the minors.
Insects in maize cultivation
The problems identified in the maize cultivation were
stemborer,whitegrub,parrot,worms,andgrasshopper.
We found major as stem borer (0.287) and minor as
grasshopper (0.059) among both of them.
Disease in maize cultivation
The disease causing damage in maize is stalk rot,
ear rot, leaf blight, smut, and downy mildew.
Above table reveals that downy mildew (0.074) is
the minor problem and the stalk rot (0.365) is the
major problem.
Post harvest problems in rice cultivation
Thedifferentpost-harvestproblemsofricecultivation
were storage insect’s weevils, threshing problems,
uneven rainfall, rodents, and storage house.
The major problem recorded as storage insects (0.283)
and store house (0.079) availability as among the least.
Post-harvest problems in wheat cultivation
The different post-harvest problems by the research
study of wheat cultivation were uncertain rainfall,
threshing problems, rodent, and weevil.
The above table reveals that uncertain rainfall (0.293)
is the major problem and rodents (0.143) are the minor.
Post-harvest problems in maize cultivation
The different post-harvest problems of maize
cultivation were storage insects, storage house,
storms and winds, weevils, and threshing.
From the above table, we can conclude that storage
insects (0.255) are the major problem in the maize
cultivation and threshing (0.135) is the minor
problem in the cultivation practice.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The major problems before the cultivation of
cereal crops were found to be unavailability of
hybrid seeds, weeds and grass problems, irrigation
problems, labors and mechanization problems, and
fertilizers and manures problems, etc. Different
problems during cultivation of cereal crops were
found to be irrigation problems, labor problems
weeds, fertilizers, insects, pests, and disease.
Similarly, the problems of storage house, storage
insects, climate change, and weather condition and
threshing problems, etc., were found to be the post-
harvest problems in cereal crops cultivation. At last, the
expensive mechanization over small landholding was
creating the problems in adoption of new technology in
farmer field. The study of the problem identification in
cultivation of major cereal crops was effective because
theproductionofthesecerealswassubsequentlyreducing
due to different cultivation problems. Thereby, the study
was helpful for the enrichment of the productivity of the
cereal crops in the district. Farmers who were cultivating
the cereal crops pointed out the different core problems,
before, during, and after the cultivation of major cereal
crops which have made the study further flexible in
solving the problem for the better farming.
REFERENCES
1. Gairhe S, Shrestha HK, Timsina K. Dynamics of major
cereals productivity in Nepal. J Nepalese Agric. Res.
Counc 2018;4:60-71.
2. Bhattarai KK. Gender Dynamics in Crop Production in
Hills of Nepal Feminization of Agriculture. Thesis, M.Sc.
Agriculture University of Norway, Norway; 2002. p. 75.
3. Paudel MN. Prospects and limitation of agriculture
industrialization in Nepal. Agron J Nepal 2116;4:38-63.
Table 16: Indexing the disease in wheat cultivation
Problems Total value Index
Loose smut 33.5 0.276
Blight 25.25 0.208
Spot blotch 25.25 0.208
Powdery mildew 21.25 0.175
Tan spot 16 0.132
Source: Survey, 2014