The study examined factors influencing food security status of irrigated vegetable farmers and price trend of vegetables in Northern Agricultural Zone of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was adopted where 360 framers were randomly selected for the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as binary logistic model. The result reveals that average quantity produced per hectare of tomato, sweat pepper, and onion was about 227 baskets (6810 kg), 185 bags (7400 kg), and 168 bags (18480 kg), respectively. The net income was N187,245.00 ($520.00), N145,114.00 ($403.00), and N330,761.00 ($919.00) per hectare, for the respective vegetable crops. The result on binary logistic model indicates that the quantity of vegetable produced was found to be positively related with farmers food security status and statistically significant at P = 0.001. Monthly income had a positive odds ratio (2.214) and statistically significant at P = 0.000. The result also reveals that age was significant (P = 0.014) and positively related with a food security status of the farmers with the odds ratio of 0.943. The pseudo R2 was found to be 0.481, implying that about 48% of variation in the dependent variable is explained by independent factors included in the model. The result on price trend analysis indicates that seasonal variations occur in vegetable prices, for several reasons such as demand and supply factors. Thus, the study recommends that farmers should be provided with adequate information concerning prices, supply, and demand, especially at the local level. Farmers should be encouraged to adopt improved technologies and new farming practices to boost output. In addition, farmers should be encouraged to diversify the source of income to have more funds to purchase other foodstuffs that they could not producing.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Postharvest systems of selected vegetables in the upper east and west regio...researchagriculture
Every Ghanaian household uses eggplant, okra, onion, pepper and tomato as well
as other leafy vegetables. Its widespread usage had led to wide cultivation using different
soil types. Pockets of spoilage predominate during favourable seasons. Postharvest losses
up to about 50% have been documented for some of these perishables. Interventions in
the postharvest subsector were in the past oriented
towards isolated technical solutions
with subsequent dissemination. In this
survey using a structured questionnaire, the
whole set of operations within the chain from production to consumption was studied
for the two upper regions of
Ghana. Production was basically during the dry season when
there was no major
farming active for the main staples. Tomato and onions had high
premium thus
were the main vegetables grown. Cultivation was done near dams,
waterbeds or
dugout for source of irrigation. The drudgery involved in cultivation
restricted
production to lower acreage and basically men.
This research work examines the impact of technology adoption on agricultural productivity. It considers the south-west region of Bangladesh as the study area. Since most of the farmers in the study area are engaged in rice production, this study surveys randomly selected 60 rice farmers in the IRRI season of year 2015 through using a questionnaire. This study finds sufficient variation in frequency and degree of technology adoption in agricultural practices among the surveyed farmers. The analysis results indicate that farmers are adopting high level of technology in seed variety and irrigation phases, medium level of technology in land preparation, pest management and fertilizer application phases and low level of technology in weeding and harvesting phases. There is a statistically significant difference in productivity between high and low degree technology adopters. Education and land holdings are the statistically significant variables in determining technology adoption level. According to the study findings, a one percent increase in technology adoption leads to increase in productivity by 0.22 percent, holding other factors constant, and this influence is statistically significant at one percent level. Therefore, this study concludes that there is a scope for further increase in productivity through planned manipulation of technology adoption level in different phases of agricultural production.
Socio-economic Analysis of the place and use of Agricultural Chemical inputs ...AI Publications
This study aims at analysing the place of chemical inputs in agricultural activities in rural areas, especially in Northen Bafou, in Nkong – Ni subdivision. It assesses the impact of agricultural chemical inputs such as fertilisers, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and nematicides on Northen Bafou vegetable producers’ works. To this end, we identified the supply mechanisms for chemical inputs used in agriculture. We assessed the compliance with operating instructions for their use and, we examined the follow-up framework for producers in the use of those products. Our study population consists of 42 vegetable producers, divided into seven groups, i.e. six (6) producers per village, as the survey was conducted in the seven (7) villages of the study zone, regarding questionnaires. As for group interviews, we conducted seven (7) group interviews in the seven villages. We found that 67.5% of producers don’t keep the prescribed doses of chemical inputs. They affirm that chemical inputs improve yields, even if they feel various discomforts such as breathing difficulties, hands itching, eyelids palpitations, dizziness, nausea and vomiting after using the said products. With regard to monitoring producers in the use of chemical inputs, only 5% benefited from training and seminars.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Postharvest systems of selected vegetables in the upper east and west regio...researchagriculture
Every Ghanaian household uses eggplant, okra, onion, pepper and tomato as well
as other leafy vegetables. Its widespread usage had led to wide cultivation using different
soil types. Pockets of spoilage predominate during favourable seasons. Postharvest losses
up to about 50% have been documented for some of these perishables. Interventions in
the postharvest subsector were in the past oriented
towards isolated technical solutions
with subsequent dissemination. In this
survey using a structured questionnaire, the
whole set of operations within the chain from production to consumption was studied
for the two upper regions of
Ghana. Production was basically during the dry season when
there was no major
farming active for the main staples. Tomato and onions had high
premium thus
were the main vegetables grown. Cultivation was done near dams,
waterbeds or
dugout for source of irrigation. The drudgery involved in cultivation
restricted
production to lower acreage and basically men.
This research work examines the impact of technology adoption on agricultural productivity. It considers the south-west region of Bangladesh as the study area. Since most of the farmers in the study area are engaged in rice production, this study surveys randomly selected 60 rice farmers in the IRRI season of year 2015 through using a questionnaire. This study finds sufficient variation in frequency and degree of technology adoption in agricultural practices among the surveyed farmers. The analysis results indicate that farmers are adopting high level of technology in seed variety and irrigation phases, medium level of technology in land preparation, pest management and fertilizer application phases and low level of technology in weeding and harvesting phases. There is a statistically significant difference in productivity between high and low degree technology adopters. Education and land holdings are the statistically significant variables in determining technology adoption level. According to the study findings, a one percent increase in technology adoption leads to increase in productivity by 0.22 percent, holding other factors constant, and this influence is statistically significant at one percent level. Therefore, this study concludes that there is a scope for further increase in productivity through planned manipulation of technology adoption level in different phases of agricultural production.
Socio-economic Analysis of the place and use of Agricultural Chemical inputs ...AI Publications
This study aims at analysing the place of chemical inputs in agricultural activities in rural areas, especially in Northen Bafou, in Nkong – Ni subdivision. It assesses the impact of agricultural chemical inputs such as fertilisers, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and nematicides on Northen Bafou vegetable producers’ works. To this end, we identified the supply mechanisms for chemical inputs used in agriculture. We assessed the compliance with operating instructions for their use and, we examined the follow-up framework for producers in the use of those products. Our study population consists of 42 vegetable producers, divided into seven groups, i.e. six (6) producers per village, as the survey was conducted in the seven (7) villages of the study zone, regarding questionnaires. As for group interviews, we conducted seven (7) group interviews in the seven villages. We found that 67.5% of producers don’t keep the prescribed doses of chemical inputs. They affirm that chemical inputs improve yields, even if they feel various discomforts such as breathing difficulties, hands itching, eyelids palpitations, dizziness, nausea and vomiting after using the said products. With regard to monitoring producers in the use of chemical inputs, only 5% benefited from training and seminars.
Analysis of Land Use Efficiency among Women Cassava Farmers in South-West Nig...Premier Publishers
The study analyzed the land use efficiency among women cassava farmers in Southwest, Nigeria. The study identified the determinants of access to land and land tenure security status of women cassava farmers and also compared farm level efficiencies of the land secured and non-land secured respondents. The study is carried out in Ogun and Ondo State of Nigeria. Primary data obtained from 300 respondents using multistage sampling procedure is analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Heckman Probit model reveals that farm size (0.000), primary occupation (P=0.002), income (P=0.003), number of dependants (P=0.035), proximity to processing industry (P=0.042) and social group (P=0.068) were positively significant to access to land while cassava output (P=0.000), access to extension (P=0.001), household size (P=0.019) and proximity to market (P=0.059) are negatively significant. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) shows that 12.8% of the land secured farmers are technically efficient with the mean efficiency of 0.55 apiece for Constant Return to Scale Technical Efficiency (CRSTE) and Scale Efficiency. The CRSTE and scale efficiency of non-land secured farmers shows that 3.74% of the respondents are both technically and scale efficient with the mean efficiency of 0.38 and 0.39 respectively. Result of paired t-test reveals that there is significant difference in the level of technical efficiency between land secured and non-land secured women cassava farmers (t=2.29).
A survey experiment was conducted during the 2018 cropping season to assess the utilization of herbicides by farmers in Kogi state. The study was carried out through the use of structured questionnaires administered to nine hundred (900) farmers across five (5) Local Government Areas (LGAs), (three villages per LGA and 20 farmers in each village were sampled) in each of the three senatorial districts of the state.Results showed that farmers across the three senatorial districts were mostly males (79%), married (78.7%) illiterates (55.31%) and aged (41-60 years). Very few farmers had post secondary education with Kogi west taking the lead (6.7%). A large proportion of farmers (94.6%) applied herbicides on their farms by using mostly (72.8%) CP15 sprayers which were most often borrowed. Results also indicated that in the three senatorial districts, majority of famers (91%) did not put on protective attire during spraying operation and mostly (82.4%) used milk tin in dispensing herbicides into the spray tank. The survey revealed that inspite of high acceptability of herbicides as a means of weed control, most farmers did not observe safety measures and purchased chemicals from the open market. Therefore, there is the need for advocacy by the State Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Development Project (ADP) in order to reverse the trend for optimum herbicide utilization in the state.
Adoption of banana tissue culture in Uganda still remains low despite the availability of policies geared to enhancing agriculture. A survey was carried out on 115 smallholder farmers in Central Uganda to establish the influence of agro-related policies in tissue culture banana adoption between January and July 2018. Results from the study indicated that 83.8% of the respondents were aware about the Plan for Modernization of Agriculture policy as compared to National Agricultural Policy (5.5%), National Development Plan (13.12%) and Agricultural Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan (3.3%). Age, gender and education level all exhibited weak correlations in relation to policy awareness while generally, the study found out that awareness of the of the policies did not significantly influence farmer’s adoption of tissue culture banana in central Uganda (P>0.05). We conclude that most of the agro-related polices were on paper and minimal efforts were in place to enhance their awareness amongst small holder farmers. We therefore recommend that increased awareness of agro-related policies to the farmers as well as integration of farmer interests in policy formulation are paramount in order to achieve wide uptake of agro-technologies like banana tissue culture.
Abstract— Production of vegetables is a key factor in ensuring a continuous supply of raw materials for the development of agribusiness in horticulture. It is often argued that vegetable production in Zanzibar has reasonable advantages but the information regarding the commercial potential of local farmers in producing and retailing vegetables is limited. The present work has assessed the situation of vegetable production and marketing in Zanzibar. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather the necessary information, including interviewer administered questionnaires, informal group discussions, field observations and key informant interviews. The study revealed that about 59% of the farmer’s population produces vegetables commercially, though only 30% to 35% of their yields are sold in market. It was also observed that out of 16 types of vegetables that were found to dominate the market, only 9typeswereproduced profitably by the local farmers. In general, almost all vegetables encountered were imported from regional countries to fill the market demand gaps.It is recommended that both or (the) government and non-government organization should extend their supports to local vegetable farmers, through (by providing them with) information, technology, production inputs and credit as a means of improving the quality and the quantity of their yield.
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Study of Causes Losses Post-Harvests Of Cereal the Case of the Wheat - Ba...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The paper reports results of a study on investigating impacts of climate change on teff (Eragrostis tef) production in three agro-ecological zones (highlands, midlands and lowlands) of Endamehoni and Raya Azebo weredas of Tigray. The impact of climate change on teff farming was estimated taking into account farm households’ characteristics, socio-economic, climate, adaptations, production factors and agro-ecological settings in a low-income developing country. Ricardian model was used to analyze data obtained from teff farming households. From the fourteen predictor variables fitted in the model, six variables e.g. climate factors, adaptation strategies, production factors, weather and climate information, socio-economic factors and agro-ecology were found to have significance influence on net revenues with model coefficients at p=0.05 and less. Climate factors (temperature and rainfall) and adaptation to climate change were found to play key roles on net revenues. Increasing (decreasing) temperature reduces (increases) teff revenues. Therefore, policies of government on adaptation ought to be given enough attention to reduce vulnerability and improve food security among teff farming communities in rural areas.
The state of agricultural productivity and food security in Zimbabwe’s Post 2...inventionjournals
The paper explores the outcomes of the post 2000 land reform programme implemented in the communal area of Umguza district. This involved the triangulation of qualitative data collection methods to gather data from the respondents. A total of 45 famers were sampled for unstructured interviews and focus group discussions. The findings of the study revealed that there are numerous factors that contributed to the decline in agricultural production that included limited skills from the farmers, lack of investment on land because of tenure insecurities, sabotage from former white commercial famers and the rise of climate change. Among the recommendations made was thatthe state should consider training new farmers upon allocating land to them as this will ensure that farmers know what to do once they are in the farms.
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Food Security Status of Farm Households in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study assessed the effect of yam-based production on the food security status of farm households in Edo south, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, analyse the contribution of yam-based production to the income profile of the households, estimate their mean per capita daily calorie intake and examine the determinants and the probability of households being food secured.
A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 120 farm households from Edo South agro-ecological zone of Edo-State data were collected with the aid of well – structured interview schedule on households socio-economic variables which included sex, age, marital status, level of education, farm size, household size and household income and expenditure profile among others. Data collected were analyzed by appropriate statistical analysis which included frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and Logit regression model.
The results showed that 97 males, represented majority of the households with (80.8%) and females 23, represented 19.2%of the house heads. The mean age of household reads was 50 years, of which (92.5%) of them were married, 53% owned houses and 58% had farming experience of 11.20 years the mean household size was estimated as seven persons with a mean farm size of 1.35 hectares. The mean annual household income in the study area was estimated as N 496.850.88 out of which farm income contributed N 62.4307, and off income contributed (37.57%). The mean monthly household expenditure was N 40,934.31 out of which food expenditure accounted for 40 .22%. The results also showed that the area was fairly food -secured with 52.5% being food secured and 47.67 being food insecure with mean per capita calorie intake of 36,okcal and 120.2 kcal respectively.
Finally, the results also revealed that three variables in the logit model were significant in explaining variation in the food security status of the households. These are farm size, form income and off-income. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business.
The abstract should summarize the content of the paper. Try to keep the abstract below 250 words. Do not make references nor display equations in the abstract. The journal will be printed from the same-sized copy prepared by you. Your manuscript should be printed on A4 paper (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm). It is imperative that the margins and style described below be adhered to carefully. This will enable us to keep uniformity in the final printed copies of the Journal. Please keep in mind that the manuscript you prepare will be photographed and printed as it is received. Readability of copy is of paramount importance.
Measuring the economic performance of smallholder organic maize farms; Implic...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The use of chemical inputs in conventional agriculture is associated with some health and environmental issues. This led to a call for more sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture without health issues. However, there is low participation in organic farming in Nigeria, which could be linked to less knowledge about its profitability. The study investigated smallholder organic maize farming profitability in Northern Nigeria. We employed descriptive statistics, profitability analysis, and a multiple regression model to analyse data collected from 480 maize farmers. The results revealed that organic maize farmers had a gross profit of USD 604.81 per hectare, a 0.46 profit ratio, a 0.54 gross ratio, a 0.32 operating ratio, a benefit-cost ratio of 1.85, and a 0.85 return on capital invested. Thus, organic maize farming is a productive and profitable venture. Organic manure, compost manure, farm size, selling price, cooperative membership, extension contact, access to credit, irrigation, education, and major occupation were factors that enhanced organic maize farming’s net profit. However, seed and transportation costs negatively influenced organic maize farming's net profit. Therefore, government and development agencies must intervene to make organic farming more sustainable and profitable by subsidizing seed costs and providing f inancial assistance to farmers.
Analysis of Land Use Efficiency among Women Cassava Farmers in South-West Nig...Premier Publishers
The study analyzed the land use efficiency among women cassava farmers in Southwest, Nigeria. The study identified the determinants of access to land and land tenure security status of women cassava farmers and also compared farm level efficiencies of the land secured and non-land secured respondents. The study is carried out in Ogun and Ondo State of Nigeria. Primary data obtained from 300 respondents using multistage sampling procedure is analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Heckman Probit model reveals that farm size (0.000), primary occupation (P=0.002), income (P=0.003), number of dependants (P=0.035), proximity to processing industry (P=0.042) and social group (P=0.068) were positively significant to access to land while cassava output (P=0.000), access to extension (P=0.001), household size (P=0.019) and proximity to market (P=0.059) are negatively significant. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) shows that 12.8% of the land secured farmers are technically efficient with the mean efficiency of 0.55 apiece for Constant Return to Scale Technical Efficiency (CRSTE) and Scale Efficiency. The CRSTE and scale efficiency of non-land secured farmers shows that 3.74% of the respondents are both technically and scale efficient with the mean efficiency of 0.38 and 0.39 respectively. Result of paired t-test reveals that there is significant difference in the level of technical efficiency between land secured and non-land secured women cassava farmers (t=2.29).
A survey experiment was conducted during the 2018 cropping season to assess the utilization of herbicides by farmers in Kogi state. The study was carried out through the use of structured questionnaires administered to nine hundred (900) farmers across five (5) Local Government Areas (LGAs), (three villages per LGA and 20 farmers in each village were sampled) in each of the three senatorial districts of the state.Results showed that farmers across the three senatorial districts were mostly males (79%), married (78.7%) illiterates (55.31%) and aged (41-60 years). Very few farmers had post secondary education with Kogi west taking the lead (6.7%). A large proportion of farmers (94.6%) applied herbicides on their farms by using mostly (72.8%) CP15 sprayers which were most often borrowed. Results also indicated that in the three senatorial districts, majority of famers (91%) did not put on protective attire during spraying operation and mostly (82.4%) used milk tin in dispensing herbicides into the spray tank. The survey revealed that inspite of high acceptability of herbicides as a means of weed control, most farmers did not observe safety measures and purchased chemicals from the open market. Therefore, there is the need for advocacy by the State Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Development Project (ADP) in order to reverse the trend for optimum herbicide utilization in the state.
Adoption of banana tissue culture in Uganda still remains low despite the availability of policies geared to enhancing agriculture. A survey was carried out on 115 smallholder farmers in Central Uganda to establish the influence of agro-related policies in tissue culture banana adoption between January and July 2018. Results from the study indicated that 83.8% of the respondents were aware about the Plan for Modernization of Agriculture policy as compared to National Agricultural Policy (5.5%), National Development Plan (13.12%) and Agricultural Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan (3.3%). Age, gender and education level all exhibited weak correlations in relation to policy awareness while generally, the study found out that awareness of the of the policies did not significantly influence farmer’s adoption of tissue culture banana in central Uganda (P>0.05). We conclude that most of the agro-related polices were on paper and minimal efforts were in place to enhance their awareness amongst small holder farmers. We therefore recommend that increased awareness of agro-related policies to the farmers as well as integration of farmer interests in policy formulation are paramount in order to achieve wide uptake of agro-technologies like banana tissue culture.
Abstract— Production of vegetables is a key factor in ensuring a continuous supply of raw materials for the development of agribusiness in horticulture. It is often argued that vegetable production in Zanzibar has reasonable advantages but the information regarding the commercial potential of local farmers in producing and retailing vegetables is limited. The present work has assessed the situation of vegetable production and marketing in Zanzibar. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather the necessary information, including interviewer administered questionnaires, informal group discussions, field observations and key informant interviews. The study revealed that about 59% of the farmer’s population produces vegetables commercially, though only 30% to 35% of their yields are sold in market. It was also observed that out of 16 types of vegetables that were found to dominate the market, only 9typeswereproduced profitably by the local farmers. In general, almost all vegetables encountered were imported from regional countries to fill the market demand gaps.It is recommended that both or (the) government and non-government organization should extend their supports to local vegetable farmers, through (by providing them with) information, technology, production inputs and credit as a means of improving the quality and the quantity of their yield.
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Study of Causes Losses Post-Harvests Of Cereal the Case of the Wheat - Ba...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The paper reports results of a study on investigating impacts of climate change on teff (Eragrostis tef) production in three agro-ecological zones (highlands, midlands and lowlands) of Endamehoni and Raya Azebo weredas of Tigray. The impact of climate change on teff farming was estimated taking into account farm households’ characteristics, socio-economic, climate, adaptations, production factors and agro-ecological settings in a low-income developing country. Ricardian model was used to analyze data obtained from teff farming households. From the fourteen predictor variables fitted in the model, six variables e.g. climate factors, adaptation strategies, production factors, weather and climate information, socio-economic factors and agro-ecology were found to have significance influence on net revenues with model coefficients at p=0.05 and less. Climate factors (temperature and rainfall) and adaptation to climate change were found to play key roles on net revenues. Increasing (decreasing) temperature reduces (increases) teff revenues. Therefore, policies of government on adaptation ought to be given enough attention to reduce vulnerability and improve food security among teff farming communities in rural areas.
The state of agricultural productivity and food security in Zimbabwe’s Post 2...inventionjournals
The paper explores the outcomes of the post 2000 land reform programme implemented in the communal area of Umguza district. This involved the triangulation of qualitative data collection methods to gather data from the respondents. A total of 45 famers were sampled for unstructured interviews and focus group discussions. The findings of the study revealed that there are numerous factors that contributed to the decline in agricultural production that included limited skills from the farmers, lack of investment on land because of tenure insecurities, sabotage from former white commercial famers and the rise of climate change. Among the recommendations made was thatthe state should consider training new farmers upon allocating land to them as this will ensure that farmers know what to do once they are in the farms.
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Food Security Status of Farm Households in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study assessed the effect of yam-based production on the food security status of farm households in Edo south, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, analyse the contribution of yam-based production to the income profile of the households, estimate their mean per capita daily calorie intake and examine the determinants and the probability of households being food secured.
A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 120 farm households from Edo South agro-ecological zone of Edo-State data were collected with the aid of well – structured interview schedule on households socio-economic variables which included sex, age, marital status, level of education, farm size, household size and household income and expenditure profile among others. Data collected were analyzed by appropriate statistical analysis which included frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and Logit regression model.
The results showed that 97 males, represented majority of the households with (80.8%) and females 23, represented 19.2%of the house heads. The mean age of household reads was 50 years, of which (92.5%) of them were married, 53% owned houses and 58% had farming experience of 11.20 years the mean household size was estimated as seven persons with a mean farm size of 1.35 hectares. The mean annual household income in the study area was estimated as N 496.850.88 out of which farm income contributed N 62.4307, and off income contributed (37.57%). The mean monthly household expenditure was N 40,934.31 out of which food expenditure accounted for 40 .22%. The results also showed that the area was fairly food -secured with 52.5% being food secured and 47.67 being food insecure with mean per capita calorie intake of 36,okcal and 120.2 kcal respectively.
Finally, the results also revealed that three variables in the logit model were significant in explaining variation in the food security status of the households. These are farm size, form income and off-income. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business.
The abstract should summarize the content of the paper. Try to keep the abstract below 250 words. Do not make references nor display equations in the abstract. The journal will be printed from the same-sized copy prepared by you. Your manuscript should be printed on A4 paper (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm). It is imperative that the margins and style described below be adhered to carefully. This will enable us to keep uniformity in the final printed copies of the Journal. Please keep in mind that the manuscript you prepare will be photographed and printed as it is received. Readability of copy is of paramount importance.
Measuring the economic performance of smallholder organic maize farms; Implic...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The use of chemical inputs in conventional agriculture is associated with some health and environmental issues. This led to a call for more sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture without health issues. However, there is low participation in organic farming in Nigeria, which could be linked to less knowledge about its profitability. The study investigated smallholder organic maize farming profitability in Northern Nigeria. We employed descriptive statistics, profitability analysis, and a multiple regression model to analyse data collected from 480 maize farmers. The results revealed that organic maize farmers had a gross profit of USD 604.81 per hectare, a 0.46 profit ratio, a 0.54 gross ratio, a 0.32 operating ratio, a benefit-cost ratio of 1.85, and a 0.85 return on capital invested. Thus, organic maize farming is a productive and profitable venture. Organic manure, compost manure, farm size, selling price, cooperative membership, extension contact, access to credit, irrigation, education, and major occupation were factors that enhanced organic maize farming’s net profit. However, seed and transportation costs negatively influenced organic maize farming's net profit. Therefore, government and development agencies must intervene to make organic farming more sustainable and profitable by subsidizing seed costs and providing f inancial assistance to farmers.
Agricultural sector remains the main source of food and income for most rural communities in
Ethiopia. Being dependent mainly on rainfall, this sector has been affected by climate change. Hence,
employing adaptation strategies within the agricultural sector to climate change is vital to ensure food security
and care for the livelihoods of farmers. Food security and adaptation are among the options to abate the
negative impact of climate changes. This study has analyzed factors influencing the impact of climate change
on food security and adaptation choices by farm households in eastern Ethiopia. The study used data obtained
from 330 household heads randomly and proportionately sampled from two agroecologies in East Hararghe
Zone of Oromiya Region and Dire Dawa Administration, Ethiopia. The study used a univariate profit model
and multinomial logistic regression model to identify factors affecting food security and the choice of
adaptation strategies to climate change. As food security indicator, calorie intake per adult equivalent per day
was considered for adaptation strategies; changing planting date, irrigation water use, soil and water
conservation, and crop variety selection were considered. The result indicated that farmers in the study area are
vulnerable to climate change and the factors determining the choice of climate adaptation options were
determined by sex of household head, family size, education status of household head, Agroecology, distance
to market, cultivated land, credit access, decreasing precipitation and change of temperature. Policy thrust
should focus on linking farmers to fertilizer usage, credit access and social participation as well as in creating
awareness of climate change.
Agricultural sector remains the main source of food and income for most rural communities in Ethiopia. Being dependent mainly on rainfall, this sector has been affected by climate change. Hence, employing adaptation strategies within the agricultural sector to climate change is vital to ensure food security and care for the livelihoods of farmers. Food security and adaptation are among the options to abate the negative impact of climate changes. This study has analyzed factors influencing the impact of climate change on food security and adaptation choices by farm households in eastern Ethiopia. The study used data obtained from 330 household heads randomly and proportionately sampled from two agroecologies in East Hararghe Zone of Oromiya Region and Dire Dawa Administration, Ethiopia. The study used a univariate profit model and multinomial logistic regression model to identify factors affecting food security and the choice of adaptation strategies to climate change. As food security indicator, calorie intake per adult equivalent per day was considered for adaptation strategies; changing planting date, irrigation water use, soil and water conservation, and crop variety selection were considered. The result indicated that farmers in the study area are vulnerable to climate change and the factors determining the choice of climate adaptation options were determined by sex of household head, family size, education status of household head, Agroecology, distance to market, cultivated land, credit access, decreasing precipitation and change of temperature. Policy thrust should focus on linking farmers to fertilizer usage, credit access and social participation as well as in creating awareness of climate change.
Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices among Farmers in Ohaukwu Local...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study was conducted with the broad objective of determining the level of adoption of sustainable
agricultural practices (SAPs) among farmers in Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Multistage, random, and systematic sampling procedures were employed to select 160 respondents for
the study. The collected data were analyzed using relevant descriptive and inferential statistics suitable
for each objective. The result showed that majority of the respondents were females who were married,
having a mean age of 43 years and mean number of years of experience of 17. Majority of them acquired
secondary school education while practicing Christianity and were engaged in the production of both crops
and animals (mixed farming), having mean farm size of 0.8 ha in scattered plots and mean annual income
of N71,400 which was regarded as low income. Most of the farmers were not members to any farmers’
cooperative society. The predominant SAPs adopted included crop rotation, compost manure, and use of
tolerant varieties. Furthermore, socioeconomic characteristics of the rural farmers were observed to have
strong influence on adoption of SAPs by the farmers. The constraints to the adoption of SAPs among farmers
were socioeconomic, political, and institutional. The null hypothesis tested using F-test was rejected at 5%
level of significance. Consequently, it was concluded that socioeconomic characteristics of farmers actually
influenced adoption of SAPs, though there were identified constraints that limited the level of adoption
of such SAPs which if mitigated will improve adoption of the SAPs. Based on the study findings, the
policy recommendations were that relevant agencies should ensure vigorous dissemination of information
to farmers on available windows to low interest rate agricultural credit facilities by the government; reform
in land tenure system should be facilitated to support adoption of SAPs; Nigerian agricultural extension
program should be restructured to reflect sustainable agricultural context and emphasis; and farmers should
be encouraged to seek meteorological information to minimize risks from adverse weather conditions. This
will encourage adoption of SAPs and ensure that maximum result is achieved.
Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is a peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure.
article 3 o i i r j . o r g- 3 An Analysis of Socio.pdfEducational
Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN 2249-9598, Volume-08, Issue-04, July-Aug 2018 Issue
w w w . o i i r j . o r g I S S N 2 2 4 9 - 9 5 9 8 Page 358
An Analysis of Socio Economic Background of Organic Farmers: A Study with
Special References to Mandya District
aUma .K,
Article 3 An Analysis of Socio Economic Background of Organic Farmers A Study...Dr UMA K
Reference: Dr. Uma. K (2018) “An Analysis of Socio-Economic Background of Organic Farmers: A Study with Special References to Mandya District”, Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, (OIIRJ), {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN 2249-9598, Volume-08, Issue-04, Page No 358-368.
Drivers of Improved Cassava Variety Adoption among Farmers in Oyo State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Low cassava productivity in Nigeria has been linked to low adoption of modern technologies amongst farmers, creating a large gap between the current and the potential yield of cassava. Therefore, this study examined the level of adoption of improved cassava variety (TME 419) and its drivers among cassava farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria. Data collected from 236 cassava farmers with the aid of structured questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, adoption index and logit regression model. Results showed that cassava farmers in Oyo state were 49 years of age with farming experience of 21 years and farm size of 4 ha. About 69% of surveyed farmers adopted the improved cassava variety while the adoption coefficient was 0.66. The likelihood of adopting improved cassava varieties was significantly influenced by education, household size, primary occupation, farming experience, farm size, land ownership and age. Therefore, increasing the years of farmers’ education, farm size, ownership of land, entry of younger farmers, household size and non-farm occupation will increase the likelihood of adopting improved cassava variety among farmers.
Assessing the Food Security Determinants among Rural Households in Kano, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Food security is a serious challenge in Nigeria as a whole and Kano in particular. Numerous factors combine to make households food insecure, especially the rural households in Kano State. The aim and objective of the study is to indicate the food status of the rural households and identify the major determinants of food security in the region. Using a sample size of 326 rural households from eight local government areas in Kano, this study assessed the food security of rural households through a food security index (FSI). A binary regression was applied to identify the factors that determine food security in rural Kano. The FSI result revealed that 60% of the rural households are food insecure. Binary regression outcome revealed that age of household head, education, involvement in farming, farm size, expenditure, livestock ownership, household size and income of household members were found to be statistically significant factors. It is suggested that household heads, especially males, should curtail the size of the household; women in the study area need to be educated on the basic nutritional requirements and minimum standards of hygiene so that households; food security could be improved.
This research work examined the impact of Agriculture output on Economic Growth in Nigeria, with the objective of determining the relationship between the Agricultural sector and the Economic Growth rates in Nigeria. Thus, the research was aimed at examining the contributions of agriculture (value added) to the growth of the national economy, investigating government expenditure on agriculture in Nigeria, and determining the contributions of crop production from agriculture on the Nigerian economy. Data were collected from the World Bank Data base and CBN statistical bulletin. Co-Integration and Vector Error correction model techniques were employed as well as the Granger Causality test to determine the causality relationship between Agriculture and Economic Growth. As a result of the data collected, analyzed and interpreted, the research found that Agriculture has positive and long run impact on Economic Growth in Nigeria. The paper recommends amongst many other things that the Government of Nigeria should put in more efforts to diversify the Nigerian economy as the Nigerian agricultural sector currently suffers a lot of marginalization which has not enabled it to contribute more significantly as it should.
THE AGONIES OF COVID 19 ON VEGETABLE FARMERS ALONG THE WHITE VOLTA RIVER BASI...ijmvsc
The emergence of COVID 19 coupled with the enforcement of its safety protocols, coincided with the peak
of harvesting and saleof perishable vegetables in the 2020 dry season farming period in the Upper East
Region of Ghana.Using a qualitative approach, this study investigates the effects of the pandemic on
vegetable farmers along the White Volta River Basin in the Region. The findings are that there
weredisrupted supply and demand in the production-consumption chain resulting in low sales; a shortage
of hired labor; and high stigmatization. Farmers had few alternatives other than to leave their food stuff to
rot on the farm, use the produce to feed livestock, or smuggleof the produce across borders. The
implications are that the COVID 19 pandemic compounded the susceptibility of small-scale vegetable
farmers in the region. Their resilience and household income levels are adversely affected.
Similar to Determinants of Food Security Status among Irrigated Vegetable Farmers in Northern Agricultural Zone of Bauchi State, Nigeria (20)
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. Bose: Determinants of food security status among irrigated vegetable farmers in Northern agricultural zone of bauchi state, Nigeria
AEXTJ/Jul-Sep-2018/Vol 2/Issue 3 177
why farmers seem to be shifting toward irrigation
schemes. According to Mani et al.,[4]
vegetable
production is an integral part of the Nigerian
agricultural sector. Vegetables are produced in
different agro-ecological zones, particularly by
small-scale farmers. Thus, its production has been
on-going for decades, providing employment and
income for the increasing population.[5]
Vegetable
crops give 5–10 times more yield per unit area
than cereals, and they are quick growing and short
duration. The short duration nature of vegetables
offers scope for raising two or more crops a year
and for fitting effectively in different cropping
system. In addition, most of the vegetable farmers
under current agricultural sector were characterized
by smallness of farm size, 0.25–1.00 hectares.
[6]
Furthermore, there is a need to understand the
pattern of price variations, price trends, monthly
seasonal indices, and their deviations to establish
policiesthathelpstabilizefoodprices.Itisexpected
that rural populace in various communities may
benefit from the outcome of the study toward
irrigated vegetable production as a source of
income and a means of attaining food security.
Objectives of the study
The study has the following specific objectives:
1. Assess the quantity of vegetable produced per
hectare in the study area;
2. Evaluate the profit level of irrigated vegetable
production in the area;
3. Examine the factors influencing food security
status of irrigated vegetable farmers; and
4. Examine the price trend of vegetable crops in
the study area.
Conceptual framework
Logit regression model
Different researchers employed different
methods for the analysis of binary data, but
many of them adopted logistic regression
technique including.[1,7,8]
Since the dependent
variable food security is qualitative in nature
means dichotomous, it can only take two values
either the presence of something or absence, so
by pursuing the conventional method of binary
response, it will either take the value of one or zero.
This value of 1 means that farmer is food secure
and zero means otherwise because this measure
of food security in binary manner yields results
which have more policy implications.[9]
Logistic
regression technique can be used to model the
relationship between the dichotomous dependent
variable and set of independent variables that are
hypothesized to affect the outcome. The logistic
regression model characterizing the status of
farmer food security is given by Oyebanjo et al.,[8]
2013, and Abdullah et al.[1]
1 1 2 2
1
=+ + + +
i
i i i i i
i
P
Ln o X X n Xn
P (1)
This [Pi
/(1–Pi
)] is simply the odds ratio in favor of
food security (Fi
), i.e., the ratio of the probability
that the farmer is food secure to the probability
that it is not food secure. The subscript “i” shows
the ith
observation in the data. βo is the intercept
of the model, while X1, X2, X3 … Xn are the
explanatory variables. It is important to note that
the estimated coefficients do not directly affect
the change in corresponding explanatory variables
on the probability of the outcome. Rather,
the coefficients reflect the effect of individual
explanatory variables on its log of odds. The
positive coefficient shows that the odds ratio will
increase as the explanatory variables increases,
and conversely, the odds ratio will decrease as the
explanatory variables decreases.
METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted in Misau, Jama’are,
and Itas-Gadau Local Government Areas (LGAs)
in Northern Agricultural Zone of Bauchi State,
Nigeria. It is located between latitudes 90
31’ and
120
30’North and longitudes 80
50’ and 110
East.
The study area has two main seasonal climates
which comprise wet and dry seasons. April is
the hottest month of the year and December is
the coldest month, with temperatures averaging
22.4°C. The area received an average of
600–900 mm rainfall per year, which commences
lately on April and ends by September. In general,
the relief is between 300 and 900 m above the sea
level and the vegetation is typically of Northern
Guinea Savanna and Sudan Savannah types.[10]
It has arable land with rich, fertile soils which
is good for the cultivation of a wide variety of
food crops, including vegetables. The common
vegetable crops grown include tomatoes, onion,
cabbage, pepper, okra, fluted pumpkin, amaranths,
and garden egg.
3. Bose: Determinants of food security status among irrigated vegetable farmers in Northern agricultural zone of bauchi state, Nigeria
AEXTJ/Jul-Sep-2018/Vol 2/Issue 3 178
Sampling techniques and sample size
Multistage sampling technique was used for
this study. The first stage involves a purposive
selection of three LGAs which comprise Misau,
Jama’are, and Itas-Gadau LGAs in the Zone.
The selection of the LGAs was due to the large
production of vegetables in the areas. In the second
stage, three villages were purposively selected
from each LGA. In the final stage, 60 irrigated
vegetables farmers were randomly selected in
each community comprising of Misau, Jama’are,
and Itas communities. In addition, 30 irrigated
vegetable farmers were randomly selected in each
village which comprises Zindi, DabigiSabon-
Gari, Digiza, Melen-Dige, and Gulmo villages.
This gives a total sample of 360 farmers for this
study. The list of registered vegetable farmers was
used as a sampling frame. The sample size was
determined using a model adopted by Titus et al.[11]
and Bose et al.[12]
: It is specified as follows:
2
1 ( )
=
+
irvf
N
n
N e (2)
Where
nirvf
= Sample size of the irrigated vegetable
farmers in each village
N = Total number of the registered farmers in each
village
e2
= Error term (0.052
).
Method of data collection
Primary and Secondary data were used in this
study. The primary data were collected with the
aid of structured questionnaires. The information
collected are those on vegetable production and
food security status of the farmers in the study area.
Secondary data were obtained from the Bauchi
State Agricultural Development Programme
(BSADP). It consists of the average monthly
retailed price in naira (N) per kilogram of tomato,
sweat pepper, and onion from sampled markets in
rural areas of Bauchi State. The secondary data
were for 10 years (2008–2017).
Method of data analysis
The data generated will be subjected to a statistical
tool of analysis such as descriptive and inferential
statistics (logit regression model) and farm budget
model. Descriptive statistics such as frequency,
mean, percentages, and graphs were used in
analyzing objective one and four. Farm budget
model was used in analyzing objective two. Logit
regression model was used to analyze factors
influencing food security status of the vegetable
producers (objective three). Logit model was
used to analyze the relationship between the food
security status and its determinants. The data were
analyzed using IBM SPSS 22. Explicitly, this
model is specified as follows:
Fi
=β0
+β1
X1
+β2
X2
+β3
X3
+β4
X4
+β5
X5
+β6
X6
+β7
X7
+β8
X8
+β9
X9
+μi
(3)
Where
Fi
= 1 if household head is food secure, 0 otherwise
X1
= Quantity of vegetable produced (kg)
X2
= Monthly income (₦)
X3
= Age (years)
X4
= Sex (male =1 and female = 0)
X5
= Level of education (years)
X6
= Farm size (hectares)
X7
= Farming experience (years)
X8
= Household size (number of individuals)
X9
= Membership of cooperative (member =1, 0 =
otherwise)
βo
= Vector of parameters
μi
= Random error.
Farm budgeting model
Farm budget model will be used to evaluate the
costs and benefits of vegetable production, where
total costs and returns will be estimated. The
total cost incurred during the production period
is obtained by multiplying the various input
resources by their unit market prices, while returns
(revenue) refer to the sum of outputs multiplied by
their unit price which is also known as the gross
income (GI).[13]
The model is specified as follows:
NFI=GI-TC (4)
Where
NFI = Net farm income (₦)
GI = Gross income of vegetable production
TC= Total costs (variable + fixed costs) of
vegetable production
D
−
=
P S
N (5)
Where
D = Depreciation of fixed assets
P = Price of the assets
4. Bose: Determinants of food security status among irrigated vegetable farmers in Northern agricultural zone of bauchi state, Nigeria
AEXTJ/Jul-Sep-2018/Vol 2/Issue 3 179
S = Salvage value
N = Number of years (lifespan of asset)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Quantity of vegetable produced
The result in Table 1 shows the average quantity of
irrigated vegetable produced in the area. The result
reveals that tomato was produced in a large quantity
of about 227 baskets (6810 kg) per hectare with an
average market price of ₦1,585.00 per basket. The
average quantity of sweat pepper and hot pepper
produced was 185 bags (7400 kg) and 145 bags
(5800 kg) per hectare with an average market price
of N2,550.00 and N3,235.00, respectively. The
quantityofonionproducedwas168bags(18480 kg)
per hectare with an average price of N4,500.00 per
bag. This implies that farmers obtained a substantial
output in the area. The market price of the products
was favorable as confirmed by the farmers during
data collection session.
Profitability analysis
The result in Table 2 reveals that the most
prominent variable cost is the labor with
constituted about 36.2%, 45.3%, and 46.2% of the
total cost for production of tomato, sweat pepper,
and onion, respectively. This implies that most of
the farmers used hired labor in irrigated vegetable
production and this type labor is expensive. This
was followed by the cost of transportation with
covered about 13.8%, 10.9% and 9.7% of the
total cost for the respective vegetables. This may
be attributed to the fact that most of the farmers
convey their produce to market individually
instead to transport their vegetables collectively.
Hence,groupmarketingmayhelptheminreducing
transportation fare. This finding is in line with
Ala and Bello[14]
who reported that labor cost and
transportation cost were prominent variable cost
in crop production. The result also shows that net
income was N187,245.00 ($520.00), N145,114.00
($403.00), and N330,761.00 ($919.00) for the
respective vegetable crops. The Return per Naira
Invested was 0.92, 0.65, and 1.03 for tomato,
sweat pepper, and onion, respectively. This
implies that a farmer acquired a return of ₦0.92,
Table 1: Average quantity of vegetable produced per
hectare
Vegetable crops quantity produced market price
Tomato1
227 baskets 1.585.00
Sweat pepper2
185 bags 2.550.00
Hot pepper3
145 bags 3,235.00
Onion4
168 bags 4,500.00
Okra5
245 baskets 1,200.00
Lettuce6
155 baskets 1,000.00
Weight: 1=30 kg/basket, 2=40 kg/bag, 3=40 kg/bag, 4=110 kg/bag, 5=20 kg/basket,
6=8 kg/basket. Currency exchange rate (2018)$1.00=N 360.0. Source: Field survey,2018
Table 2: Cost and returns of some vegetable produced (N/kg) in the study area
Variables Tomato sweat pepper onion
Amount (n) (%) TC amount (n) % TC amount (n) % TC
Seeds/seedlings 12.700 (6.3) 10.250 (4.6) 13.350 (4.2)
Fertilizer 21.550 (10.6) 23.600 (10.5) 29.800 (9.3)
Pesticides 9.640 (4.8) 13.333 (5.9) 15.500 (4.8)
Herbicides 10.520 (5.2) 10.200 (4.5) 17.600 (5.5)
Labor 73.360 (36.2) 102.133 (45.3) 147.550 (46.2)
Empty bags/baskets 27.000 (13.3) 19.500 (8.7) 36.000 (11.3)
Transportation 28.000 (13.8) 24.650 (10.9) 31.114 (9.7)
Other cost 5.750 (2.8) 6.200 (2.8) 10.700 (3.3)
Total variable cost 188.520 209.866 301.614
Depreciation of farm equipment 14.350 (7.1) 15.420 (6.8) 18.050 (5.6)
Total fixed cost 14.350 15.420 18.050
TC 202.870 225.286 319.664
Gross income (sales of produce) 390.115 370.900 650.425
Net income 187.245 145.114 330.761
RNI 0.92 0.65 1.03
Currency exchange rate (2018)$1.00 = N 360.0 Source: Field survey, 2018. RNI: Return per naira invested, TC: Total costs
5. Bose: Determinants of food security status among irrigated vegetable farmers in Northern agricultural zone of bauchi state, Nigeria
AEXTJ/Jul-Sep-2018/Vol 2/Issue 3 180
₦0.65 and ₦1.03 for tomato, sweat pepper and
onion, respectively in every naira invested. Thus,
irrigated vegetable production is very profitable
and worth undertaking in the area. This finding
is in agreement with Ayodele[15]
that each rural
woman farmer on average earned $1,994.00
(N279,160.00) a year, but with the improved
yields, the income has increased to $3,376.00 (N
72,640.00) from the sale of indigenous vegetables.
Factors influencing food security status of the
irrigated vegetable farmers
Nine independent variables were included, of
which seven variables are found to be significant
determinant factors of farmers’food security status
in the study area. In line with prior expectation,
the quantity of vegetable produce was found to
be positively related with farmers food security
status and statistically significant at P = 0.001. The
positiverelationshipimpliesthatoddsratioinfavor
of being food secured increases with an increase
in the quantity of output and vice versa. Hence, as
the quantity of vegetable produced increases by
one kilogram, the odds ratio in favor of being food
secure increases by a factor of 2.030, assuming
that other factors are held constant. This results
are in line with Agbola[16]
who reported that crop
output had a significant influence on food security
status of farmers in Nigeria. In the same direction,
monthly income had positive odds ratio (2.214)
and statistically significant (P = 0.000), implying
that the odds ratio of being food secure increases
by a factor of 2.214. This could be attributed by
the fact that farmers’ monthly income obtained
from sales of vegetables and from non-agricultural
sources was used in purchasing other food items,
which in turn help them to attain food security.
Age is an important factor in determining
household food security status. The result
reveals that age was significant (P = 0.014) and
positively related with food security status of
the farmers with odds ratio of 0.943. Thus, the
positive coefficient is contrary to expectation
and this could be as a result of additional income
obtained by adults in the household. This finding
is in agreement with Oyebanjo et al.[8]
who
reported that age had a positive relationship and
significant influence on food security status of
farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. Furthermore,
the result shows that the odds ratio of sex being
food secure increases by a factor of 0.958 if the
farmer is a male, keeping other variables constant.
It is statistically significant at P 0.05. This is
in line with the general view that male has better
physical endurance and capacity in farm activity
unlike female counterpart. This may be because
irrigated vegetable production demands higher
physical effort and takes more time, whereas
females have additional responsibilities inside
their home besides farming activities. This finding
is in conformity with Teklay et al.[17]
who observed
that odds ratio for sex was positive and significant
(P 0.05) influence on the food security status of
household.
Education was found positively significant
(P = 0.002) with odds ratio of 0.993 implying that
farmers being food secure increases by a factor of
0.993 if the farmer had acquired formal education.
Thus, education had a positive influence on food
security status. The more the educated household
head is the more food secure the household will
be and vice versa. This is because individuals who
have access to formal education are less hesitant
to adopt improved technologies and farming
practices. It also enables them to read instructions
on sprayers, fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticide
packages, among others for efficient production.
This results are in line with Abdullah et al.[1]
that education had significant (odds ratio = 0.60,
P = 0.005) influence on food security status of
household head.
In addition, farm size had positive and statistical
influence on food security of the farmers. The
odds ratio was found to be 1.141 and significant
at P = 005 as shown in Table 3. This implies that,
as farmer increases his farm by one unit, food
security status increases by a factor of 1.141 other
variables kept constant. This findings conform
to Agbola[15]
who observed that farm size had
positive significant influence of food security
status of farmers.
In respect of household size, the result reveals a
significant (P = 0.043) influence with a positive
odds ratio of 1.118. The positive relationship
implies that the odds ratio in favor of being food
secure increases with an increase in household size
and vice versa. Thus, family size increases by one
more adult, the odds ratio in favor of being food
secure increases by a factor of 1.118, assuming that
other factors are held constant.A similar result was
obtained by Teklay et al.[17]
that family size had a
significant (odds ratio = 2.304, P = 0.000) influence
on food security status of household. Other
explanatory variables that influence food security
6. Bose: Determinants of food security status among irrigated vegetable farmers in Northern agricultural zone of bauchi state, Nigeria
AEXTJ/Jul-Sep-2018/Vol 2/Issue 3 181
status of the farmers are farming experience and
membership of cooperative societies, though they
are insignificant, implying that increase in the
odds ratio of these variables increases the food
security of the irrigated vegetable farmers in the
study area.
The log-likelihood ratio test robustly rejects
the hypothesis that all slope coefficients are
simultaneously equal to zero, and thus, the model
correctly predicted the observations as shown
in Table 3. The overall predictive power of the
model reveals that the independent variables had
a significant impact in explaining the food security
status of the farmers as justifying by the value of
pseudo R2
of 0.481. This implies that about 48%
of variation in the dependent variable is explained
by independent factors included in the model. Chi-
square test was found to be 96.85 with a degree of
freedomof8andstatisticallysignificantatP=0.001.
Price trend analysis of tomato, sweat pepper,
and onion
The results on rural price trend are presented in
Figures 1-3 for tomato, sweat pepper, and onion,
respectively. The seasons of the year were divided
into four seasons as adopted by BSADP[18]
and Bose
et al.,[12]
namely early dry (November–January),
late dry (February–April), early rainy (May–July),
and late rainy seasons (August–October).As shown
in Figure 1, in all the seasons, the prices of tomato
vary between the seasons of the year throughout the
period of the study, where increase and decrease in
pricewereobserved.Thehighestpricewasrecorded
in the early rainy season, especially in year 2016.
This is not surprising because, in 2016, there were
high prices of food commodities in Nigeria due to
low supply. The lowest price was observed in 2008
in all the seasons. Seasonal variations occur in
tomato prices, for several reasons such as demand
and supply factors. In most of the time, at the early
rainy season, the tomato products were scarce
because at that time irrigated tomato was very
scarce in the market and that of the rainy season was
yet to be available. Thus, low supply was observed
which in turn leads to high prices. This finding is
in line with Mani et al.[4]
who reported that high
price variation of fresh tomato in the market is
common, especially between harvest and lean
periods. Similarly, the result is in agreement with
Table 3: Binary logistic results on factors influencing food security status of vegetable farmers
Variable Coefficient SE Odds ratio Wald (Z) P value
Constant −1.674 1.407 0.188 1.414 0.006
Quantity of vegetable produced (kg) (X1) 1.026 0.103 2.030* 0.102 0.001
Monthly income (N) (X2) 2.130 0.410 2.214*** 1.004 0.000
Age (Years) (X3) 1.580 0.040 0.943* 2.140 0.014
Sex (male=1 and female=0) (X4) 0.346 0.117 0.958* 1.003 0.031
Level of education (years) (X5) 0.007 0.037 0.993** 0.033 0.002
Farm size (hectares) (X6) 0.132 0.235 1.141** 0.317 0.005
Farming experience (years) (X7) 0.042 0.047 1.043NS
0.811 0.231
Household size (number of individuals) (X8) 0.112 0.055 1.118* 4.077 0.043
Membership of cooperative (member=1 and 0 = otherwise) (X9) −0.524 0.731 0.592NS
0.514 0.473
Pseudo R2
=0.481 χ2
=97.38 (8), P0.001
***Implies P0.001, ** implies P 0.01, * implies P0.05, NS implies not significant. Source: Field Survey, 2018
Figure 1: Rural price trend of tomato (N/kg) in Bauchi
State
Figure 2: Rural price trend of sweat pepper (N/kg) from
2008 to 2017 in Bauchi State
7. Bose: Determinants of food security status among irrigated vegetable farmers in Northern agricultural zone of bauchi state, Nigeria
AEXTJ/Jul-Sep-2018/Vol 2/Issue 3 182
the findings of Akpan et al.[19]
who ascertain that
marketing of fresh tomato and pineapple in Akwa
Ibom State is generally not promising in terms of
better prices at the rural levels. However, a general
rising pattern of prices was observed throughout
the seasons.
In Figure 2, the results reveal that the price of
sweat pepper had a similar trend with that of
tomato where price fluctuated in all the seasons.
The highest prices were recorded in an early rainy
season. This was not surprising because at that
period there was a high demand of vegetables
for household consumption, especially during
festivities. In early dry and late rainy seasons
also, exorbitant prices were recorded in 2013 and
2016, respectively. This also may be attributed
to high demand of the product at those periods.
In general, prices move closely range with some
kind of interwoven movement in increasing
and decreasing within the seasons of the years
(between the harvest and the lean periods). Hence,
price fluctuates throughout the seasons.
In Figure 3, the highest price of onion was recorded
in early dry season in 2016 and lowest price was
recorded in late rainy season 2008. Moreover,
exorbitant price was recorded in late dry season
in 2014 and 2015. In addition to this, high price of
onion was observed in late rainy season in 2016.
It can be noted that the prices were increasing and
decreasing within all the seasons over the years.
The seasonal pattern was as the result of storage
needed to bridge a discontinuous flow of supply
with a continuous demand for the commodity over
an annual cycle. Thus, seasonal price variation is
common in all the vegetable crops under review
in the study area. It could be noted that there are
price swings in production and marketing periods
of fresh vegetables and that changes in price in the
market were influenced by time variable.
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings of this study, it can be
concluded that farmers obtained a substantial
output of about 227 baskets (6810 kg) of tomato,
185 bags (7400 kg) of sweat pepper, and 168 bags
(18480 kg) of onion per hectare. The net incomes
were N187,245.00 ($520.00), N145,114.00
($403.00), and N330,761.00 ($919.00) per hectare
for tomato, sweat pepper, and onion, respectively.
This indicates that vegetable production is very
profitable and worth undertaking in the area.
Seasonal price variation is common in all the
vegetable crops under the study in the area. The
pseudo R2
recorded was 0.481, implying that about
48% of variation in the dependent variable was
explained by independent factors that influence the
food security status of the farmers. The significant
independent variables influencing food security
status of the vegetable farmers were quantity of
vegetable produced, monthly income, age, sex,
education, and household size in the study area.
To minimize the problem of price fluctuations
at all levels of vegetable marketing, the study
recommends that farmers should be provided with
adequate information concerning prices, supply,
and demand, especially at the local level. This will
enable farmers to assess alternative opportunities
of marketing their crops and thereby minimize
the problem of low prices caused by seasonal
glut in the area. The study further recommends
that since the quantity of vegetable produced has
high influence on food security, farmers should be
encouraged to adopt improved technologies and
new farming practices to boast output. Similarly,
monthly income has significant influence on food
security; therefore, farmers should be encouraged
to diversify source of income to purchase other
foodstuffs that they could not producing in their
farms.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to express the profound
gratitude to Tertiary Education Trust Fund
(TETFund)forsponsoringthisresearchworkunder
Institution Based Research (IBR). In addition, the
author would like to appreciate the Management
of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi,
Nigeria, for giving me the opportunity to conduct
this research project.
Figure 3: Rural price trend of onion (N/kg) from 2008 to
2017 in Bauchi State
8. Bose: Determinants of food security status among irrigated vegetable farmers in Northern agricultural zone of bauchi state, Nigeria
AEXTJ/Jul-Sep-2018/Vol 2/Issue 3 183
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