This document analyzes the economic benefit of fresh tomato production at the Tono Irrigation Scheme in Ghana from 2006 to 2010. It finds that while the market value of tomatoes increased over this period, the profitability declined significantly. The average return on investment decreased from 4.22 in 2006 to 2.34 in 2010. A time series analysis was conducted to forecast profits for the next 5 years, which confirmed the declining trend. Interventions are needed from the government and policymakers to address the challenges facing the industry and help alleviate poverty in the region.
20170131 enhancing the fav seedling business models in ethiopia final reportNtalemu
This document provides a final report on enhancing fruit and vegetable seedling business models in Ethiopia. It finds that while Ethiopia has great potential for horticulture, the FAV sector remains underdeveloped due to inefficient input markets. Currently, most smallholder farmers raise seedlings from recycled open-pollinated seeds, and quality is poor. Some flower farms have begun vegetable seed and seedling production to supply commercial and smallholder farmers. In 2016, modern propagators produced over 71 million seedlings, less than 2% of estimated national demand. The report evaluates current business models, proposes three new models to improve access and quality, and identifies areas for government and partners to intervene to strengthen the market system, such as supporting satellite
Determinants of Tomato Smallholder Farmers Market Outlet Choices in West Shew...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes the determinants of market outlet choices for tomato smallholder farmers in West Shewa, Ethiopia. A survey was conducted with 300 farmers across 12 villages and 3 districts selected based on tomato production. Descriptive statistics found retailers were the most common outlet. A multivariate probit model was used to analyze the effects of variables on choices for wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. The model found 5 variables significantly affected wholesaler choices, 4 variables affected retailer choices, and 3 variables affected consumer choices. The model showed good fit and explanatory power. Distance to market, access to credit, family size, education, and tomato production volume were among the factors found to significantly influence farmers' outlet choices.
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
Determinants of Market outlet Choice for Major Vegetables Crop: Evidence from...Premier Publishers
This study was initiated to investigate factors affecting market outlet choices by smallholder farmers’ in Ambo and Toke-Kutaye districts. A total of 150 sample households were randomly selected for an interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. The Descriptive statistics and multinomial logit regression model were used for data analysis. Hence, 49.33% of sampled respondents choice direct sell to market while the remaining 31.33% and 19.33% of respondents choice wholesaler and retailer channel respectively. On the other hand, the multinomial logit regression analysis result showed that family size and access to market negatively affecting choice of retailer channel. Similarly, dummy model farmer, education level, and access to credit decrease the probability choice of retailer channel while it increases probability choice of wholesaler channel. Livestock in TLU and access to market decreases the probability choice of wholesaler channel. Finally, the study suggested that being model farmer, allocating more land for vegetables production, efficient use of family labor, access to market, and access to credit services would help to enhance smallholders capacity to produce vegetables that aligned to improve vegetables value chain in the study areas.
This document summarizes a study on crop diversification patterns, trends, and determinants among smallholder farmers in eastern Ethiopia. The study analyzed survey data from 167 households in two districts. Crop diversification is an important risk management strategy for farmers in the region due to risks from drought, pests, soil degradation, and input price variations. The study found that farmers with more access to extension services, larger livestock holdings, and market information were less likely to diversify crops, while those with more farm plots, machinery, and irrigation access were more likely to diversify. The document recommends improving access to machinery, market information, and irrigation to promote greater crop diversification in the region.
Even though Ethiopia had undertaken different policy measures since 1991 to boost agricultural production and increase the spillover effects of agriculture, there is no available study done to know the effects of such policies. This study aimed to fill this gap by analyzing the supply response of the commodity chosen haricot bean in Sidama Zone of Southern Ethiopia. The study applies the modified Nerlovian model and uses price data and non price data from 1991-2012.The result of the estimates of the time series data shows that acreage is positively and significantly influenced by change in its own price in the long run. Acreage and yield are highly influenced by price and non price factors both in the long run and short run. Generally farmers respond to price incentives by reallocating land and increase yield. The error correction term shows that deviation of acreage from the equilibrium corrected in the current period and it takes less than five years to come to the equilibrium. On the other hand any deviation of yield from the equilibrium corrected in the current period and takes less than two years to come to the equilibrium. The empirical results illustrate that there is still great potential to increase production through improvement of price and non price inputs. Hence the ongoing measures should be directed towards assuring appropriate remunerative prices and increase investment and supply of other non price factors like, increase investment in irrigation.
Analysis of market participation by rice farmers in southern nigeria.Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors affecting market participation among smallholder rice farmers in southern Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers. Results showed that factors like higher crop production levels, larger land sizes, use of improved seeds, access to market information, group participation, and contractual agreements positively influenced farmers' ability to participate in output markets. However, lack of timely market information, transportation issues, and limited access to extension agents posed challenges. The study concluded that improving smallholder farmers' access to resources, market information, and group participation could help them better commercialize and contribute to economic growth in rural areas.
20170131 enhancing the fav seedling business models in ethiopia final reportNtalemu
This document provides a final report on enhancing fruit and vegetable seedling business models in Ethiopia. It finds that while Ethiopia has great potential for horticulture, the FAV sector remains underdeveloped due to inefficient input markets. Currently, most smallholder farmers raise seedlings from recycled open-pollinated seeds, and quality is poor. Some flower farms have begun vegetable seed and seedling production to supply commercial and smallholder farmers. In 2016, modern propagators produced over 71 million seedlings, less than 2% of estimated national demand. The report evaluates current business models, proposes three new models to improve access and quality, and identifies areas for government and partners to intervene to strengthen the market system, such as supporting satellite
Determinants of Tomato Smallholder Farmers Market Outlet Choices in West Shew...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes the determinants of market outlet choices for tomato smallholder farmers in West Shewa, Ethiopia. A survey was conducted with 300 farmers across 12 villages and 3 districts selected based on tomato production. Descriptive statistics found retailers were the most common outlet. A multivariate probit model was used to analyze the effects of variables on choices for wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. The model found 5 variables significantly affected wholesaler choices, 4 variables affected retailer choices, and 3 variables affected consumer choices. The model showed good fit and explanatory power. Distance to market, access to credit, family size, education, and tomato production volume were among the factors found to significantly influence farmers' outlet choices.
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
Determinants of Market outlet Choice for Major Vegetables Crop: Evidence from...Premier Publishers
This study was initiated to investigate factors affecting market outlet choices by smallholder farmers’ in Ambo and Toke-Kutaye districts. A total of 150 sample households were randomly selected for an interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. The Descriptive statistics and multinomial logit regression model were used for data analysis. Hence, 49.33% of sampled respondents choice direct sell to market while the remaining 31.33% and 19.33% of respondents choice wholesaler and retailer channel respectively. On the other hand, the multinomial logit regression analysis result showed that family size and access to market negatively affecting choice of retailer channel. Similarly, dummy model farmer, education level, and access to credit decrease the probability choice of retailer channel while it increases probability choice of wholesaler channel. Livestock in TLU and access to market decreases the probability choice of wholesaler channel. Finally, the study suggested that being model farmer, allocating more land for vegetables production, efficient use of family labor, access to market, and access to credit services would help to enhance smallholders capacity to produce vegetables that aligned to improve vegetables value chain in the study areas.
This document summarizes a study on crop diversification patterns, trends, and determinants among smallholder farmers in eastern Ethiopia. The study analyzed survey data from 167 households in two districts. Crop diversification is an important risk management strategy for farmers in the region due to risks from drought, pests, soil degradation, and input price variations. The study found that farmers with more access to extension services, larger livestock holdings, and market information were less likely to diversify crops, while those with more farm plots, machinery, and irrigation access were more likely to diversify. The document recommends improving access to machinery, market information, and irrigation to promote greater crop diversification in the region.
Even though Ethiopia had undertaken different policy measures since 1991 to boost agricultural production and increase the spillover effects of agriculture, there is no available study done to know the effects of such policies. This study aimed to fill this gap by analyzing the supply response of the commodity chosen haricot bean in Sidama Zone of Southern Ethiopia. The study applies the modified Nerlovian model and uses price data and non price data from 1991-2012.The result of the estimates of the time series data shows that acreage is positively and significantly influenced by change in its own price in the long run. Acreage and yield are highly influenced by price and non price factors both in the long run and short run. Generally farmers respond to price incentives by reallocating land and increase yield. The error correction term shows that deviation of acreage from the equilibrium corrected in the current period and it takes less than five years to come to the equilibrium. On the other hand any deviation of yield from the equilibrium corrected in the current period and takes less than two years to come to the equilibrium. The empirical results illustrate that there is still great potential to increase production through improvement of price and non price inputs. Hence the ongoing measures should be directed towards assuring appropriate remunerative prices and increase investment and supply of other non price factors like, increase investment in irrigation.
Analysis of market participation by rice farmers in southern nigeria.Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors affecting market participation among smallholder rice farmers in southern Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers. Results showed that factors like higher crop production levels, larger land sizes, use of improved seeds, access to market information, group participation, and contractual agreements positively influenced farmers' ability to participate in output markets. However, lack of timely market information, transportation issues, and limited access to extension agents posed challenges. The study concluded that improving smallholder farmers' access to resources, market information, and group participation could help them better commercialize and contribute to economic growth in rural areas.
Status and Solutions on Safe Vegetable Production Development in Hanoi, Vietnamtheijes
The document analyzes the status and development of safe vegetable production in Hanoi, Vietnam from 2005 to 2015. It finds that while the safe vegetable area and production fluctuated initially, they have increased in recent years due to government policies promoting development. However, the economic efficiency of safe vegetable production in Hanoi remains low, with capital use efficiency of 1.56 and investment efficiency of 0.56 in 2015. To achieve long-term effectiveness, consistent policies are needed to create sustainable environments for the development of safe vegetable production in Hanoi.
Agricultural extension needs of farmers in telfaria production and marketingGabriel Ken
This study aimed to determine the agricultural extension needs of farmers producing and marketing fluted pumpkin (Telfaria) in Enugu North Agricultural Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that most Telfaria farmers had low levels of production and used poor marketing strategies. Majority of farmers lacked extension contact and information on improved production and marketing techniques. Key issues identified included a lack of farm inputs, inadequate marketing channels, and constraints like poor infrastructure, technical difficulties, and financial problems. The study concluded there was a need for greater agricultural extension support to help farmers boost production, access appropriate markets, and overcome constraints through training on better production and marketing practices.
Attitudes of Vegetable Farmers towards Risk In Al-Mafraq Governorate – JordanEditor IJAIEM
Ebraheem Suliman Yousef AL-Tahat
Jerash University, 26150 Jerash, Jerash, Jordan
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study is to examine vegetable farmers’ attitudes towards risk in Al-Mafraq Governorate. A random
sample of 68 vegetable farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate was selected. In order to measure risk attitudes, utility functions for
vegetable farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate were estimated. For this purpose, Von Neumann– Morgenstern model was used.
Based on the estimated utility functions, risk attitudes coefficient for each farmer was measured. Studying farmer’s attitudes
towards risk is very important in the decision-making process. These attitudes are considered to be the main constraints to the
adoption rates of vegetable technology by farmers. Consequently, vegetable production is affected by these attitudes. Of the total
random sample of 68 farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate, a purpose sample of 30 vegetable farmers was selected, i.e. 12
farmers (40%), 14 farmers (47%), and 4 farmers (13%) were falling into three categories: risk avert, risk neutral and risk taker,
respectively. They gave answers, which can be used for the purpose of utility function estimation. It is believed that those
farmers took the subject seriously so that their decisions are good indications of their preferred choices. To analyze the
relationship between farmers' personal characteristics such as age, education, farm size, family size, and experience in
agriculture and their risk attitudes, a multiple linear regression model was used, The risk – coefficient is taken as the
dependent variable, while the farmers' characteristics are taken as independent variables. The regression results of the study
indicated that the coefficient of the intercept, the coefficient of age (X1), the coefficient of educational level (X2), were
statistically significant at 5% of the significance level. The coefficient of family size (X5), the coefficient of farm size (X3), were
statistically significant at 10% of the significance level. The coefficient of agricultural experience (X4) was not statistically
significant.
11.productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farmsAlexander Decker
This study examines productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farms in Ghana. The value of output for watermelon farms was higher than for tomato farms, due to differences in output prices and input costs. It cost more to produce a hectare of tomato (GH¢704.59) than watermelon (GH¢509.03), but tomato yields per hectare were lower (GH¢480.37 vs GH¢1738.68 for watermelon). Factors like land, labor, and experience influenced tomato output value, while land, non-farm activity, and training impacted watermelon output. Marginal values for land and labor exceeded market prices, indicating inefficient resource use for both crops
Productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farmsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farms in Ghana. The study found that the value of output for watermelon was higher than for tomato, due to differences in output prices and input costs. Analysis of factors affecting output value found that for tomato, land, labor and experience were significant, while for watermelon, land, non-agricultural activity and training were significant. Marginal values for land and labor were higher than market prices, indicating inefficient use of those resources for both crops. Fertilizer use for tomato and capital use for watermelon did not significantly impact output values, showing underutilization of those inputs. The results have implications for
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Agricultural transformation in Africa? Assessing the evidence in Ethiopia essp2
This document summarizes evidence on agricultural transformation in Ethiopia over the past decade. It finds that agricultural output and productivity have grown rapidly, with crop output 127% higher in 2013/14 than 2003/04. Labor and total factor productivity were initially the largest contributors to growth, but modern inputs like fertilizer, improved seeds, and extension services have become increasingly important drivers in recent years, together accounting for over 40% of growth from 2009-2014. The intensification of agriculture was supported by factors like improved agricultural extension, growing connectivity to markets, and rising education levels, which facilitated greater adoption of modern farm technologies and practices.
This document presents a proposed system to help control rising vegetable prices by providing farmers access to cultivation information. The system would collect data on recently sold vegetable seed packets in different areas and store the processed data. Farmers could then access this information to see cultivation trends and make informed decisions about what crops to grow. They would also have access to pest and disease information to help with crop monitoring. The proposed system is intended to address the problems farmers currently face in not having access to cultivation data from other places and relying only on assumptions when deciding what to plant. It aims to help stabilize prices by preventing oversupply of any single crop. The document outlines the data collection and processing steps, as well as how farmers could retrieve information from the system
Eliciting willingness to pay for quality maize and beans: Evidence from exper...africa-rising
Poster prepared by Julius Manda, Adane Tufa, Christopher Mutungi, Arega Alene, Victor Manyong and Tahirou Abdoulaye for the IITA Social Science Group Virtual Meeting, 7 December 2021.
Postharvest orange losses and small scale farmers’ perceptions on the loss ca...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on postharvest orange losses and the perceptions of small-scale farmers in Rusitu Valley, Zimbabwe on the causes of losses. On average, small-scale farmers in the valley own 1 acre of land with 55 orange trees, harvesting 1,200 kg per tree (66,000 kg total). However, farmers reported losing an average of 480 kg per tree (26,400 kg or 40% of total harvest). The total estimated loss across all valley farmers was 89.5 million kg, valued at $8.95 million. Farmers perceived fruit flies (54%) and red weaver ants (36%) as the main causes of losses. Trapping identified the invasive fruit fly Bactrocer
Stability criterion of periodic oscillations in a (5)Alexander Decker
This document discusses using exponential smoothing models to forecast food crop prices in Ghana's Upper East Region. It compares the Holt-Winters multiplicative method to double exponential smoothing. Results found that double exponential smoothing performed better for crops with a trend, while Holt-Winters was better for groundnuts which had both trend and seasonality. The study recommends using double exponential smoothing for cereals with a trend and Holt-Winters for legumes with trend and seasonality. It analyzes food crop price data from 1992-2000 to test the models and examine price trends in the region.
Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Ou...ijtsrd
Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is an important crop that plays a major role in food security and poverty reduction to a large proportion of rural farmers in the North West than other parts of Rwanda. However, potato is a perishable product which necessitates an effective choice decision of the market outlet. This paper presents factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions for market outlets in Rwanda. Through a multistage sampling technique, cross sectional data were collected from 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts.Both descriptive statistical methods and econometrics methods were used for data analysis. Multivariate probit model was used to determine the factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decision to sell to particular market outlets. Results showed that farming experiences, level of education of decision maker, household size, household income, household assets, access to market information and distance to market significantly influenced the smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions of selling to consumer, retailer, wholesaler, cooperative, collection centres and processors market outlets. The study recommends establishment of structured market systems to improve access to potato market information. This should be supported by agricultural financingfor improved seeds acquisition and other productive inputs to enable farmers to increase surplus potato supplied to market. Improving the farmers’ education in marketing would also help them to effectively deliver potato to efficient market outlet. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Outlets in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts, Rwanda: A Multivariate Probit Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/43632/factors-influencing-smallholder-potato-farmers’-choice-decisions-of-market-outlets-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts-rwanda-a-multivariate-probit-model/patrice-mugenzi
Postharvest status of plantains in some selected markets in Ghanaresearchagriculture
Plantain production and marketing has been done traditionally, as the problem of
food
production shortage during the last decade in Ghana has temporarily been solved
with
import substitute staple like rice.
A survey of marketing and utilisation of plantain in
twenty
-
two urban markets from five regions of Ghana revealed that fruit maturity has
important criteria to all players in the plantain postharvest system.
Unavailable, improper
infrastructure and facilities coupled with unreliable transportation system and poor road
network shorten the shelf
-
life thus causing rapid ripening with subsequent increase in
postharvest losses.
The practiced technology for enhancing ripening of fruits, though
low, was appropriate
and cost effective. The role of market queens in the retailing of
the product had a
negative effect on the rate of returns of the retailers, which
contributed to about 45% of
the traders being seasonal sellers. However with about 60%
of respondents had basic education and their level of record and book keeping was
impressive.
Postharvest status of plantains in some selected markets in Ghanaresearchagriculture
Plantain production and marketing has been done traditionally, as the problem of food production shortage during the last decade in Ghana has temporarily been solved with import substitute staple like rice. A survey of marketing and utilisation of plantain in twenty-two urban markets from five regions of Ghana revealed that fruit maturity has important criteria to all players in the plantain postharvest system. Unavailable, improper infrastructure and facilities coupled with unreliable transportation system and poor road network shorten the shelf-life thus causing rapid ripening with subsequent increase in postharvest losses. The practiced technology for enhancing ripening of fruits, though low, was appropriate and cost effective. The role of market queens in the retailing of the product had a negative effect on the rate of returns of the retailers, which contributed to about 45% of the traders being seasonal sellers. However with about 60% of respondents had basic education and their level of record and book keeping was impressive.
Article Citation:
Pearl A. Adu-Amankwa, Bernard Agyeman Boateng.
Postharvest status of plantains in some selected markets in Ghana
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1: 006-010.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0002.pdf
Policy Studies of Capacity of Nepalese Smallholders and Landless Rural Poor i...ExternalEvents
This document summarizes studies conducted on policies to help smallholder farmers and landless rural poor in Nepal manage risks from climate change, natural disasters, and market forces. It identifies the target groups as marginalized communities including women-headed households and landless wage earners. The studies reviewed existing policies and best practices, consulted stakeholders, and analyzed the key challenges of climate change and price volatility as well as potential adaptation strategies in areas like diversified crops and alternative livelihoods. The goal is to design policies that strengthen food security and sustainable livelihoods for vulnerable populations through improved access to resources, capacity building, and coordinated support services.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Are farmers surviving the level of seasonal cultivation of tomatoes in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document reports on a study that used a Tobit regression analysis to identify factors influencing the seasonal farm size devoted to tomato cultivation in Ghana. 159 farmers across 3 regions were surveyed about their tomato production over 3 seasons in the 2010/2011 year. The results of the Tobit regression model suggest that as the dry season approaches, farmers with irrigation technologies allocate smaller portions of farmland to tomato, and that acquiring additional farmland leads farmers to reduce tomato cultivation. The study aims to understand why domestic tomato production in Ghana appears to be declining.
Assessment of passion fruit orchard management and farmersAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed passion fruit orchard management and farmer technical efficiency in central-eastern and north-rift highlands of Kenya. The study found:
1) Technical efficiency varied across counties, with Meru having the highest mean at 65% followed by Uasin Gishu at 57% and Embu the lowest at 47%.
2) Orchard management practices like training vines, pruning, weeding and watering also varied significantly across counties and influenced technical efficiency.
3) Improving management practices could help farmers increase technical efficiency and reduce input costs by 35-53%, improving profits. The study recommends increased farmer training to boost awareness of good management.
Status and Solutions on Safe Vegetable Production Development in Hanoi, Vietnamtheijes
The document analyzes the status and development of safe vegetable production in Hanoi, Vietnam from 2005 to 2015. It finds that while the safe vegetable area and production fluctuated initially, they have increased in recent years due to government policies promoting development. However, the economic efficiency of safe vegetable production in Hanoi remains low, with capital use efficiency of 1.56 and investment efficiency of 0.56 in 2015. To achieve long-term effectiveness, consistent policies are needed to create sustainable environments for the development of safe vegetable production in Hanoi.
Agricultural extension needs of farmers in telfaria production and marketingGabriel Ken
This study aimed to determine the agricultural extension needs of farmers producing and marketing fluted pumpkin (Telfaria) in Enugu North Agricultural Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that most Telfaria farmers had low levels of production and used poor marketing strategies. Majority of farmers lacked extension contact and information on improved production and marketing techniques. Key issues identified included a lack of farm inputs, inadequate marketing channels, and constraints like poor infrastructure, technical difficulties, and financial problems. The study concluded there was a need for greater agricultural extension support to help farmers boost production, access appropriate markets, and overcome constraints through training on better production and marketing practices.
Attitudes of Vegetable Farmers towards Risk In Al-Mafraq Governorate – JordanEditor IJAIEM
Ebraheem Suliman Yousef AL-Tahat
Jerash University, 26150 Jerash, Jerash, Jordan
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study is to examine vegetable farmers’ attitudes towards risk in Al-Mafraq Governorate. A random
sample of 68 vegetable farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate was selected. In order to measure risk attitudes, utility functions for
vegetable farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate were estimated. For this purpose, Von Neumann– Morgenstern model was used.
Based on the estimated utility functions, risk attitudes coefficient for each farmer was measured. Studying farmer’s attitudes
towards risk is very important in the decision-making process. These attitudes are considered to be the main constraints to the
adoption rates of vegetable technology by farmers. Consequently, vegetable production is affected by these attitudes. Of the total
random sample of 68 farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate, a purpose sample of 30 vegetable farmers was selected, i.e. 12
farmers (40%), 14 farmers (47%), and 4 farmers (13%) were falling into three categories: risk avert, risk neutral and risk taker,
respectively. They gave answers, which can be used for the purpose of utility function estimation. It is believed that those
farmers took the subject seriously so that their decisions are good indications of their preferred choices. To analyze the
relationship between farmers' personal characteristics such as age, education, farm size, family size, and experience in
agriculture and their risk attitudes, a multiple linear regression model was used, The risk – coefficient is taken as the
dependent variable, while the farmers' characteristics are taken as independent variables. The regression results of the study
indicated that the coefficient of the intercept, the coefficient of age (X1), the coefficient of educational level (X2), were
statistically significant at 5% of the significance level. The coefficient of family size (X5), the coefficient of farm size (X3), were
statistically significant at 10% of the significance level. The coefficient of agricultural experience (X4) was not statistically
significant.
11.productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farmsAlexander Decker
This study examines productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farms in Ghana. The value of output for watermelon farms was higher than for tomato farms, due to differences in output prices and input costs. It cost more to produce a hectare of tomato (GH¢704.59) than watermelon (GH¢509.03), but tomato yields per hectare were lower (GH¢480.37 vs GH¢1738.68 for watermelon). Factors like land, labor, and experience influenced tomato output value, while land, non-farm activity, and training impacted watermelon output. Marginal values for land and labor exceeded market prices, indicating inefficient resource use for both crops
Productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farmsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farms in Ghana. The study found that the value of output for watermelon was higher than for tomato, due to differences in output prices and input costs. Analysis of factors affecting output value found that for tomato, land, labor and experience were significant, while for watermelon, land, non-agricultural activity and training were significant. Marginal values for land and labor were higher than market prices, indicating inefficient use of those resources for both crops. Fertilizer use for tomato and capital use for watermelon did not significantly impact output values, showing underutilization of those inputs. The results have implications for
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Agricultural transformation in Africa? Assessing the evidence in Ethiopia essp2
This document summarizes evidence on agricultural transformation in Ethiopia over the past decade. It finds that agricultural output and productivity have grown rapidly, with crop output 127% higher in 2013/14 than 2003/04. Labor and total factor productivity were initially the largest contributors to growth, but modern inputs like fertilizer, improved seeds, and extension services have become increasingly important drivers in recent years, together accounting for over 40% of growth from 2009-2014. The intensification of agriculture was supported by factors like improved agricultural extension, growing connectivity to markets, and rising education levels, which facilitated greater adoption of modern farm technologies and practices.
This document presents a proposed system to help control rising vegetable prices by providing farmers access to cultivation information. The system would collect data on recently sold vegetable seed packets in different areas and store the processed data. Farmers could then access this information to see cultivation trends and make informed decisions about what crops to grow. They would also have access to pest and disease information to help with crop monitoring. The proposed system is intended to address the problems farmers currently face in not having access to cultivation data from other places and relying only on assumptions when deciding what to plant. It aims to help stabilize prices by preventing oversupply of any single crop. The document outlines the data collection and processing steps, as well as how farmers could retrieve information from the system
Eliciting willingness to pay for quality maize and beans: Evidence from exper...africa-rising
Poster prepared by Julius Manda, Adane Tufa, Christopher Mutungi, Arega Alene, Victor Manyong and Tahirou Abdoulaye for the IITA Social Science Group Virtual Meeting, 7 December 2021.
Postharvest orange losses and small scale farmers’ perceptions on the loss ca...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on postharvest orange losses and the perceptions of small-scale farmers in Rusitu Valley, Zimbabwe on the causes of losses. On average, small-scale farmers in the valley own 1 acre of land with 55 orange trees, harvesting 1,200 kg per tree (66,000 kg total). However, farmers reported losing an average of 480 kg per tree (26,400 kg or 40% of total harvest). The total estimated loss across all valley farmers was 89.5 million kg, valued at $8.95 million. Farmers perceived fruit flies (54%) and red weaver ants (36%) as the main causes of losses. Trapping identified the invasive fruit fly Bactrocer
Stability criterion of periodic oscillations in a (5)Alexander Decker
This document discusses using exponential smoothing models to forecast food crop prices in Ghana's Upper East Region. It compares the Holt-Winters multiplicative method to double exponential smoothing. Results found that double exponential smoothing performed better for crops with a trend, while Holt-Winters was better for groundnuts which had both trend and seasonality. The study recommends using double exponential smoothing for cereals with a trend and Holt-Winters for legumes with trend and seasonality. It analyzes food crop price data from 1992-2000 to test the models and examine price trends in the region.
Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Ou...ijtsrd
Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is an important crop that plays a major role in food security and poverty reduction to a large proportion of rural farmers in the North West than other parts of Rwanda. However, potato is a perishable product which necessitates an effective choice decision of the market outlet. This paper presents factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions for market outlets in Rwanda. Through a multistage sampling technique, cross sectional data were collected from 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts.Both descriptive statistical methods and econometrics methods were used for data analysis. Multivariate probit model was used to determine the factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decision to sell to particular market outlets. Results showed that farming experiences, level of education of decision maker, household size, household income, household assets, access to market information and distance to market significantly influenced the smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions of selling to consumer, retailer, wholesaler, cooperative, collection centres and processors market outlets. The study recommends establishment of structured market systems to improve access to potato market information. This should be supported by agricultural financingfor improved seeds acquisition and other productive inputs to enable farmers to increase surplus potato supplied to market. Improving the farmers’ education in marketing would also help them to effectively deliver potato to efficient market outlet. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Outlets in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts, Rwanda: A Multivariate Probit Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/43632/factors-influencing-smallholder-potato-farmers’-choice-decisions-of-market-outlets-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts-rwanda-a-multivariate-probit-model/patrice-mugenzi
Postharvest status of plantains in some selected markets in Ghanaresearchagriculture
Plantain production and marketing has been done traditionally, as the problem of
food
production shortage during the last decade in Ghana has temporarily been solved
with
import substitute staple like rice.
A survey of marketing and utilisation of plantain in
twenty
-
two urban markets from five regions of Ghana revealed that fruit maturity has
important criteria to all players in the plantain postharvest system.
Unavailable, improper
infrastructure and facilities coupled with unreliable transportation system and poor road
network shorten the shelf
-
life thus causing rapid ripening with subsequent increase in
postharvest losses.
The practiced technology for enhancing ripening of fruits, though
low, was appropriate
and cost effective. The role of market queens in the retailing of
the product had a
negative effect on the rate of returns of the retailers, which
contributed to about 45% of
the traders being seasonal sellers. However with about 60%
of respondents had basic education and their level of record and book keeping was
impressive.
Postharvest status of plantains in some selected markets in Ghanaresearchagriculture
Plantain production and marketing has been done traditionally, as the problem of food production shortage during the last decade in Ghana has temporarily been solved with import substitute staple like rice. A survey of marketing and utilisation of plantain in twenty-two urban markets from five regions of Ghana revealed that fruit maturity has important criteria to all players in the plantain postharvest system. Unavailable, improper infrastructure and facilities coupled with unreliable transportation system and poor road network shorten the shelf-life thus causing rapid ripening with subsequent increase in postharvest losses. The practiced technology for enhancing ripening of fruits, though low, was appropriate and cost effective. The role of market queens in the retailing of the product had a negative effect on the rate of returns of the retailers, which contributed to about 45% of the traders being seasonal sellers. However with about 60% of respondents had basic education and their level of record and book keeping was impressive.
Article Citation:
Pearl A. Adu-Amankwa, Bernard Agyeman Boateng.
Postharvest status of plantains in some selected markets in Ghana
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1: 006-010.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0002.pdf
Policy Studies of Capacity of Nepalese Smallholders and Landless Rural Poor i...ExternalEvents
This document summarizes studies conducted on policies to help smallholder farmers and landless rural poor in Nepal manage risks from climate change, natural disasters, and market forces. It identifies the target groups as marginalized communities including women-headed households and landless wage earners. The studies reviewed existing policies and best practices, consulted stakeholders, and analyzed the key challenges of climate change and price volatility as well as potential adaptation strategies in areas like diversified crops and alternative livelihoods. The goal is to design policies that strengthen food security and sustainable livelihoods for vulnerable populations through improved access to resources, capacity building, and coordinated support services.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Are farmers surviving the level of seasonal cultivation of tomatoes in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document reports on a study that used a Tobit regression analysis to identify factors influencing the seasonal farm size devoted to tomato cultivation in Ghana. 159 farmers across 3 regions were surveyed about their tomato production over 3 seasons in the 2010/2011 year. The results of the Tobit regression model suggest that as the dry season approaches, farmers with irrigation technologies allocate smaller portions of farmland to tomato, and that acquiring additional farmland leads farmers to reduce tomato cultivation. The study aims to understand why domestic tomato production in Ghana appears to be declining.
Assessment of passion fruit orchard management and farmersAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed passion fruit orchard management and farmer technical efficiency in central-eastern and north-rift highlands of Kenya. The study found:
1) Technical efficiency varied across counties, with Meru having the highest mean at 65% followed by Uasin Gishu at 57% and Embu the lowest at 47%.
2) Orchard management practices like training vines, pruning, weeding and watering also varied significantly across counties and influenced technical efficiency.
3) Improving management practices could help farmers increase technical efficiency and reduce input costs by 35-53%, improving profits. The study recommends increased farmer training to boost awareness of good management.
This document discusses a study on the postharvest quality of fresh tomatoes under different storage temperatures and sanitizers. The study had two experiments where tomatoes were stored at ambient or cold storage temperatures after being treated with different sanitizers (water, chlorine, salt, vinegar). The goal was to determine the suitable storage temperature and most effective sanitizer for longer shelf life and reduced spoilage. Losses of 20-50% of tomatoes are common postharvest in tropical countries due to factors like temperature management, microbial contamination and water loss. The study aimed to help minimize postharvest losses through optimized storage conditions and sanitation methods.
This study evaluated 36 tomato varieties over two rainy seasons in Mali to identify superior varieties for fruit yield under rainy conditions. Key findings:
- The highest yielding varieties (20-30 t/ha) were heat tolerant varieties adapted to local conditions. Four varieties - F1 Mongal, Xina, F1 Xewel, and CoCr - were classified as significantly superior based on positive effects on yield.
- Important yield components for superior varieties included early flowering time, high plant survival at harvest, and high fruitfulness.
- While the superior varieties showed intermediate performance for most traits, Xina displayed more diverse rankings, being sometimes inferior, intermediate or superior depending on the trait.
Pricing Strategies and Business Alliances – A Comparative Integrated Study of...Waqas Tariq
This paper aims to analyze the fruits and vegetables market landscape and reveal the major differences in this industry between Italy and Romania, and make a comparative review of the influence of several key business drivers (e.g. natural factors, farm structure, demographics, cultivated area, production and yield values) on price levels in the above mentioned countries. Assuming that the price level is a key purchasing driver and also that profitability of fruits and vegetables growers is a pending competitive issue in the European Union, especially at small and medium sized producers’ level, this paper concludes that producers should focus on obtaining higher yields, enlarging farm sizes, strengthening the actual producer organizations and establishing new associative forms, capable to increase their negotiation power with retail chains and local authorities. They should also focus their strategies in becoming more competitive by accessing the latest agro-food technologies and implementing stronger trade initiatives.
C:\fakepath\the removal of agricultural subsidies and their effects on tomato...george atauhene boateng
The document discusses the removal of agricultural subsidies in Ghana and their effects on tomato production in Akomadan, Offinso District. It provides background on Ghana's agricultural sector and the decline in production following reductions in subsidies. The study aims to examine the effects of subsidy removal on tomato farmers' access to inputs, production levels, incomes, and the future of the sector. It describes the research methodology used, including a literature review, survey of farmers, and analysis of production data from before and after subsidy reductions.
Farmer's Agribusiness Training Course: Module 1 Lesson 3 Supplementary Readin...Saide OER Africa
The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) to assess the direction and magnitude of changes in agricultural productivity in Kenya in the last 25 years for five of the most important agricultural provinces in Kenya, with particular focus on the period since the initiation of agricultural policy adjustment in the 1990s; (2) to identify the major factors affecting changes in crop productivity; and (3) to identify cost-effective strategies likely to promote future agricultural intensification and productivity growth in Kenya's crop sector in the post-reform period.
Farmer's Agribusiness Training Course: Module 1 Lesson 3 Supplementary Readin...PiLNAfrica
The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) to assess the direction and magnitude of changes in agricultural productivity in Kenya in the last 25 years for five of the most important agricultural provinces in Kenya, with particular focus on the period since the initiation of agricultural policy adjustment in the 1990s; (2) to identify the major factors affecting changes in crop productivity; and (3) to identify cost-effective strategies likely to promote future agricultural intensification and productivity growth in Kenya's crop sector in the post-reform period.
Value Chain Analysis of Banana in Mizan Aman Town of Benchi Maji Zone, Southw...AI Publications
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. About 10 variables were hypothesized to affect farm level of marketable supply of banana in the study area. Age of respondent, experience, family size, education level of the household head, market information and distance to the market affects farm level marketable supply of banana positively and negatively. The study result exhibited also that banana producers are faced lack market, lack of cooperatives and low price of banana. The result revealed that banana passes through several intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the area are producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study showed that Input Suppliers, Improved infrastructure and strengthening the linkage/interaction among value chain actors is necessary for good marketing of banana.
Postharvest Loss Assessment of Banana at Jimma Town Market.Premier Publishers
A survey was conducted to assess the extent of postharvest losses of banana fruits and its causes along the wholesaler and retailer supply chain at Jimma town. Postharvest loss at wholesalers and retailers were surveyed in jimma market by taking a total of 10 wholesalers and, 15 retailers who were randomly selected based on purposive sampling Primary data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire. Based on the present context of banana marketing, two stages were identified to assess the postharvest loss: wholesale and retail levels. Two sets of questionnaires were scheduled and information on postharvest handling and marketing practices were collected from participants at the two levels of the marketing chain. Data regarding losses at wholesale and retail level were also collected separately. Finally, SPSS software was used to analyses the data obtained from the survey and then average means and percentages were used to compute postharvest losses. The study estimated postharvest losses of banana in the supply chain with the total loss found to be 26.5% of which more percent of the total loss being at the retail market (64.10%) and wholesale level (35.90%). Mechanical damage followed by improper transport and improper storage were identified as the main causes of banana loss at wholesale level while fruit rotting followed by improper ripening and mechanical damage were identified as the main causes to the loss of banana fruit at retail level. Despite the fact that poor postharvest handling during harvesting, transportation and marketing could have contributed more to the injuries noted, the respondent’s perception for these factors to influence the loss was lower.
Social economic factors affecting consumption of sweet potato productsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the social economic factors affecting consumption of sweet potato products in Tanzania. The study used a multiple regression model to analyze how consumption of sweet potato value-added products is related to various explanatory variables. Key findings include:
1) Land size owned by households and education level were found to be statistically significant factors affecting consumption, with land size being highly significant.
2) Other factors like household income, prices, and household characteristics were found to not be statistically significant in explaining variations in consumption.
3) The regression model explained about 73% of the variations in consumption of sweet potato products, indicating good fit. Land size had a positive correlation with consumption levels.
Analyzing Marketing Margins and the Direction of Price Flow in the Tomato Val...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document analyzes the tomato value chain in Limpopo Province, South Africa. It finds that farmers receive a low portion of the final consumer price for tomatoes, with about 85% of the consumer's rand going towards marketing margins. Examining prices at different levels of the chain, it determines that both wholesale and retail prices are "caused by" or dependent on farm gate prices through Granger causality tests. Therefore, the farm level plays a key role in price determination for tomatoes in Limpopo Province. Policies to improve the tomato farming sector may help enhance other sectors in the value chain.
The document presents background information on a research proposal for a cost benefit analysis of tomato production in the dry season using wood shavings and black plastic mulch. It provides context on water scarcity issues in Africa and how irrigation can help address food security. It discusses tomato production trends in Ghana and how the use of mulches and irrigation could help improve yields, especially during the dry season. The proposal aims to determine the soil moisture regulation and temperature effects of different mulches on tomato growth and analyze the costs and benefits of production methods.
Climate change awareness and coping strategies of cocoa farmers in rural ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed cocoa farmers' awareness of and perceptions about climate change in Ghana. The following key points were made:
1. The study found that cocoa farmers across Ghana's cocoa growing regions are highly aware of climate change and its impacts on their farming activities from planting to harvesting.
2. Farmers perceived several causes of climate change including acts of God, deforestation, heavy machinery, urbanization, and human sinfulness. The most commonly perceived cause was that climate change signifies the end of times according to God's plan.
3. Farmers have adopted various coping strategies in response to climate impacts, such as soil fertility management, shade management, and farm size adjustments. However
1. The document discusses annual post-harvest losses of grains in Ganye, Southern Adamawa State, Nigeria. It finds that over 50% of annual losses are due to a lack of viable storage and processing facilities.
2. Major losses occur during harvesting, storage, transportation and processing. Up to 30% of crops like groundnuts are lost during post-harvest operations due to traditional techniques and inadequate infrastructure.
3. The study estimates that 15-20% of grains are lost or wasted annually across the entire supply chain from production to consumption. Improving storage technologies and establishing agro-processing facilities could significantly reduce losses.
Farmer’s Participation in Irish Potato Marketing in Njombe Urban and Wanging’...Premier Publishers
Irish potato is one of the most important economic crops in Tanzania contributing to household food requirements and income. In order to ascertain the contributions of Irish potatoes to stakeholders involved, this study aimed at determining the factors influencing Irish potato farmers’ decision to participate in the marketing and the extent of participation in Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Multistage sampling technique was used to collect cross section data from 497 Irish potato farmers. Cragg’s two step model was used to analyze data. In the first step Probit model was used to determine the factors that influence decision to participate in the market, while in the second step Truncated regression model was used to determine factors that influence the proportion of output sold. The results showed that socio-economic factors significant in the first stage are not necessarily significant in the second stage. Factors such as farming experience, farm size, price, education, extension service, credit and gender significantly influence the decision to participate in the marketing and the extent of participation. Policies need to enhance capacity of farmers through adult literacy programmes and help farmers to adopt the modern farming techniques that will lead to increased Irish potatoes output and market participation.
Farmer’s Participation in Irish Potato Marketing in Njombe Urban and Wanging’...Ochuko Siemuri
Irish potato is one of the most important economic crops in Tanzania contributing to household food requirements and income. In order to ascertain the contributions of Irish potatoes to stakeholders involved, this study aimed at determining the factors influencing Irish potato farmers’ decision to participate in the marketing and the extent of participation in Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Multistage sampling technique was used to collect cross section data from 497 Irish potato farmers. Cragg’s two step model was used to analyze data. In the first step Probit model was used to determine the factors that influence decision to participate in the market, while in the second step Truncated regression model was used to determine factors that influence the proportion of output sold. The results showed that socio-economic factors significant in the first stage are not necessarily significant in the second stage. Factors such as farming experience, farm size, price, education, extension service, credit and gender significantly influence the decision to participate in the marketing and the extent of participation. Policies need to enhance capacity of farmers through adult literacy programmes and help farmers to adopt the modern farming techniques that will lead to increased Irish potatoes output and market participation.
Demand-led market opportunities for farmers in the high value product sector ...Premier Publishers
Market information is indispensable in facilitating marketing of agricultural produce, particularly fresh produce given its high perishability. The purpose of this study was to estimate South African consumers’ demand for vegetables. Demand for six vegetables was analysed via a multi-stage budgeting system, using data from the Household Expenditure Survey and the 2010 edition of the Abstract of Agricultural Statistics. The estimated demand elasticities show that the demand for all vegetables increases with rising per capita income. Most of the vegetables were found to respond substantially to changes in their own prices and in the direction as expected with estimated negative own-price elasticities.
Similar to Analyzing the economic benefit of fresh tomato production at the tono irrigation scheme in upper east region of ghana (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Analyzing the economic benefit of fresh tomato production at the tono irrigation scheme in upper east region of ghana
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2012
Analyzing the Economic Benefit of Fresh Tomato Production at
the Tono Irrigation Scheme in Upper East Region of Ghana
Gladys B. Tampoare1* Gloria K. Bob – Milliar1 Aaron N. Adazabra 2
1. Department of Mathematics with Economics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University for
Development Studies, P. O. Box 24, Navrongo, Ghana
2. Faculty of Applied Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box 24, Navrongo, Ghana
* E-mail of the corresponding author: tampoaregladys@yahoo.com
Abstract
The cultivation of fresh tomatoes at Tono irrigation scheme by mostly the lowly educated youth is bedeviled by
so many challenges. However, even though the full cost of producing fresh tomato at Tono appears to be
increasing rapidly over the years under review, the venture is still economically beneficial but with decreasing
profitability by using conventional statistics. The average return on investment for 2006 dry season was 4.22
while that for 2010 dry season was 2.34. Thus, there was a general decline in profits over the years. Time series
analysis was therefore, carried out to forecast for the next five years which confirmed the declining profits nature
of the industry. It was realized that, various interventions from government and policy makers were needed to
arrest the appalling situation and make the industry one of the keys to alleviating the chronic poverty in the
Upper East Region of Ghana.
Keywords: Time series model, Tono irrigation scheme, Ghana, Tomato production
1. Introduction
Agricultural activities are the main driving forces behind Ghana’s economy, accounting for approximately 42
percent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employing 54 per cent of its work force (GIPC,
2001). These activities play vital roles through employment generation, poverty alleviation, food security and
enhancing the standard of living by increasing income levels of the rural population. Fresh tomato production is
one such significant agricultural activity in Ghana especially in the Upper East Region where conditions are
suitable for its all – year – round cultivation. Among the vegetables, tomato is one of the most important
vegetables in terms of acreage, production, yield, commercial use and consumption. It is cultivated all over the
country due to its adaptability to a wide range of soil and climate (Ahmed, 1976). Ghana has the natural potential
and competitive advantage to produce this commodity in commercial quantities for export.
Even though Ghana has the right topographical and agro – ecological conditions and one of the biggest
agricultural dams (Tono Dam) in West Africa, the country seems increasingly incapable of producing enough
fresh tomato for canned tomato products. In addition, the availability of tomato processing factories for
processing the excess tomatoes produced and most importantly, the high unemployment rates in the country has
failed to lure the energetic youth into this agribusiness. Available statistics indicates that Ghana is the second
largest importer of tomato paste, only second to Germany, consuming an average of twenty five thousand
(25,000) tonnes of tomato paste in a year at a total cost of about $25 million dollars (Aryeetey, 2006). Ironically,
tomato traders from the Southern Ghana dubbed “market queens” often refuse to purchase fresh tomato directly
from tomato producers in Ghana but rather cross into Burkina Faso to purchase the produce.
The “finger pointing” flies in many directions for these depressing developments, but some available literature
(Clottey et al., 2009; Yeboah, 2011; Anonymous 2012 a) suggest the following as root causes;
• Major privatization, deregulation and liberalization programmes embarked upon by the Ghanaian
government as part of policy conditions of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) during
the 1980s and 1990s,
• Lack of a secured ready market for fresh tomatoes produced at dam sites,
• Import surge from highly subsidized and under – invoiced tomato paste from Europe thus flooding the
Ghanaian market with various brands of tomato paste and
• Post harvest, processing and storage losses by farmers, traders and consumers etc.
In this paper, we evaluated the current state of affairs in the fresh tomato industry at the Tono irrigation scheme,
by financially analysing each of the major steps in the production process using conventional statistics. Statistics
of the pricing of the commodity was also done in other to determine the economic benefit of this produce.
Through a combination of field survey and secondary information from Irrigation Company of Upper Region
15
2. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2012
(ICOUR), we predicted the trends in this industry for the next five years, provided all things being equal, using a
regression analytical model.
2. Methodology
The present study was conducted at Tono in the Kassena – Nankana District within which the catchment of the
Tono irrigation project is located. It covers an estimated land mass of 1,674 kilometres square. 80 percent of the
land is arable while the remaining 20 percent is covered by forest, rivers, hills and eroded areas. The District falls
approximately between latitude 11º and 10º North and longitude 10º West (KNDA, 2006; Anonymous,
10´ 3´ 1´
2012b) as shown in figure 1. The study area was purposively selected by considering the higher concentration of
fresh tomato cultivation during dry season using formal survey methods.
2.1 Sampling
A combination of field survey and literature review was conducted. The primary information (obtained from
farmers and “market queens”) served as the critical framework for analysis while the secondary information
(obtained from ICOUR archives) provided important inputs for understanding the context and rationality behind
the status of the fresh tomato production. This combination provided rich context-bound information that lead to
explaining the situation more concretely. As a result, both qualitative and quantitative investigation was done
(Flyvbjerg, 2004). This has resulted in providing meaningful insights into how the producers and traders
perceive various issues and deal with specific business situations. A structured format, therefore, was not used.
A list of 50 “market queens” and 150 tomato farmers were chosen randomly to collect information regarding
tomato cultivation and pricing at various intervals. The sampled farmers were not classified due to the
non-existence of identifiable categories of farmers in this area. Data were collected through pre-designed
interview schedules, questionnaires (semi-structured with probing guidelines) and discussions with ICOUR
technical support team.
2.2 Analysis
Conventional statistical analysis using average, percentages, ratio etc. were applied to derive meaningful
findings in this study. A discrete time series analytical model was also used to analyse the data obtained. This
model was used because of the best fit of the sample data and its versatile component of being able to forecast
future observations. In addition, the robust nature of the model being capable of describing, explaining
observations and predicting future values made it the model of choice for this work.
3. Results and discussion
The results of personal data of respondents in this research are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 for farmers and
market queens respectively. A perusal of Table 1 reveal that majority of the tomato farmers are in their energetic
and productive years (20 -39) which was an indication that, tomato production in this area should be more
promising with the potential for expansion. However, the educational levels of these farmers were rather low.
This high illiteracy rate might have resulted in their inability to adopt improved variety of seeds and improved
farming practices leading to the use of wrong dosages and unapproved chemicals, wrong application rates etc.
This thus, confirmed earlier report of Bull (1989).
Table 2 shows the age distribution of local market queens who purchase most of the fresh tomatoes
cultivated in the study area. Unlike the farmers, majority of the “market queens” had basic or secondary
education. They therefore might have had basic knowledge about the dynamics of the market forces that
determines the demand for fresh tomatoes and the benefits of being in groups (strong bargaining power). They
were therefore aware of times of excess supply of the product coupled with the lack of storage or processing
facilities in the area, to offer low prices for the commodity to their advantage. Hence, the farmers were also at
the mercy of the “market queens”.
3.1 Cost of fresh tomato cultivation
In this study cost of production was calculated on the basis of variable inputs like seed, fertilizer, human labour,
agro - chemicals, pesticide, irrigation cost by taking averages. A careful scrutiny of Table 3 revealed that total
variable cost (Full cost basis) of fresh tomato cultivation during the dry season was about Gh ¢711.8 per hectare
in 2006 to about Gh ¢1830.23 per hectare in 2010. This was an increase of approximately 157.13% within the
years under review. Similarly, considering the wet season for the same years under review, the total variable cost
was about Gh ¢630.36 in 2006 and Gh ¢1738.5 in 2010. Again, this was an increase in over 175%. When only
cash costs was considered, the cost per hectare in dry season was Gh ¢645.8 which was about 91% of the total
cost in 2006. Likewise for 2010, cash costs per hectare was Gh ¢1568.23 representing 85.68% of the total cost
16
3. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2012
of producing fresh tomato. Similar trends were observed in the wet season. Among the different cost items for
the various years, human labour cost was the major cost items which accounted for an average of about 46% of
the total cost for both seasons. The second highest (13.99%) cost item was fertilizer followed by land preparation
(10.94%) with the least cost item being seed (3.80%).
Broadly, there was a steady increasing trend in the full cost of producing fresh tomato at Tono in both dry
and wet seasons (Table 3). This trend was attributed to the ever increasing cost of inputs i.e. human labour, land
preparation, cost of chemicals etc. In 2009, there was reconstruction of the canals for better circulation of the
irrigation water. Therefore, farming in the dry season was not done. Hence, the zero cost for that season.
3.2 Profitability of fresh tomato cultivation
Gross return was calculated by multiplying average marketed yield with the market value of an average unit
price of fresh tomato. Return per hectare of tomato cultivation was shown in Table 4. The average yield of fresh
tomato was 2.671 t/ha (wet season) which was found to be a bit higher for 2006 year. Hence year 2006 was
termed “good year”. The average gross return was found to be Gh ¢ 3,007.00 per hectare in 2006 dry season and
Gh ¢ 4, 285.00 per hectare in 2010. The average price of fresh tomato up to the last week of December, 2010
was Gh ¢2.2 per kilogram. The average return over variable cost was observed to be Gh ¢2,455.00 on full cost
basis and Gh ¢2,717.00 on cash cost basis for the same year. Corresponding values for the wet seasons for these
periods were also shown in Table 4.
In general, considering the years under review, except for dry season 2009, there was an increasing trend in
gross returns in fresh tomato production at Tono as shown in figure 2. This increasing tendency can, to a large
extent, be explained by the ever increasing market value of the fresh tomato commodity on the market for each
season.
Even though, there was a general, increasing trend in gross returns in fresh tomato production, one expected
the returns on investments to also increase. On the contrary, there was a general decreasing trend in return on
investment as depicted in figure 3. This decreasing propensity can mainly be justified by the continual increase
in cost of production of fresh tomato at Tono and the general decrease in yield of the commodity as already
shown in Table 3 and Table 4. Thus, the gross returns were increasing at a decreasing rate. This situation
confirms other research works available (Bediako et al., 2007; FAO, 2006; Assuming – Brempong et al., 2006).
Nevertheless, a return on investment as seen in figure 3 was always greater than unity for all the years under
review. Hence, it was still economically beneficial to produce fresh tomato at Tono. However, the opportunity
cost analysis of producing tomato at Tono was beyond the scope of this research and hence not considered.
3.3 Seasonal Indexes for the past five years and forecasting for the next five years
Table 5 – 7 show detail calculations of the time series model for Gross Return, Full Cost and Return on
investment respectively for both dry and wet seasons using data obtained over the past five years. These
calculations where done on semi quarterly basis with 1 and 2 representing dry and wet seasons respectively. In
general it was found that the average seasonal index for the Dry season was much higher than the corresponding
values of the Wet season. However, estimations for 2011 year showed higher values for the Wet season compared
to the Dry season. Thus the average seasonal indexes for the past five years and estimations for the 2011 year
were used to forecast for the next five years.
Table 8 shows the forecasting of Gross Return, Full Cost and Return on investment for the next five years.
Surprisingly, even though Gross Return was predicted to increase yearly, Return on investment showed a
declining tendency for the next five years for all seasons.
3.4 The way forward
Due to the highly perishability of this commodity, the Ghanaian government should regulate the prices during
glut periods. Secondly, the country’s legislature should apply Article 2 of WTO agreements (WTO, 1994) on
safeguard measures in order to safe this industry from total collapse. Or better still the Nigerian example should
be emulated by closing all Ghanaian boarders to the importation of tins of tomato paste from Europe altogether.
5. Conclusion
Even though, the market value of the fresh tomato commodity was increasing over the years (2006 -2010), the
converse was not true for return on investment. The return on investment for year 2006 dry season recorded the
highest value of 4.22 followed by the same year wet season of 3.82. There was a general decrease in these values
which may be attributed to the ever increasing cost of production and decreasing marketed yield. Prediction of
future values using discrete time series analytical model painted the same “picture”. However, since return on
investment is greater than unity, fresh tomato production at Tono irrigation scheme is still economically
profitable but at a declining rate. The opportunity cost analysis of producing this commodity was beyond the
17
4. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2012
scope of this research.
Acknowledgement
We wish to express our sincere gratitude first to the management and technical team of Irrigation Company of
Upper Region (ICOUR) for their expert advice at moments that we were apparently “lost at sea”. Secondly, we
are highly – indebted to Mrs Rose Mma Atidoo – a leader of the “market queens” for sharing we us in-depth
knowledge about their operations in the market. Also, we are profoundly grateful to Mr. Fatai Usman – a
financial analyst, for his proof readings of the financial computations, pieces of advice and constructive criticism
that have greatly impacted on the outline of this article. We will be incomplete if we fail to acknowledge the
financial support of Mr. Kwaku Appiah – Kubi and Mr. Mathias Akamba. Indeed we are very appreciative for
their generous support for bringing this work to fruition.
References
Ahmed, LU., (1976) “Phul Phal O Shak Shabji (in Bangla)”. 2nd Edition, Alhaj Kamaluddin Ahmed, Banglow
No. 2, Farm Gate, Bhaka, Bangladesh, 470.
Anonymous, a, (2012), “The Struggle of Tomato Farmers in Northern Ghana”, Available:
www.eed.de/dyn/download?entry=page.en.pub.de.265. Accessed on: 11/05/12
Anonymous, b, (2012), “Ghana Districts- a repository of all districts in the republic of Ghana”, Available:
www.ghanadistricts.gov.gh. Accessed on 20/06/12
Antony Kwasi Yeboah. A. (2011), “A survey on postharvest handling, preservation and processing methods of
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in the Dormaa and Tano south districts of the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana”.
Thesis. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Aryeetey, E. (2006), “ISSER-Merchant Bank Development Seminar Series”
Available:http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/election2008/artikel.php?ID=101256. Accessed:
10/05/12
Asare – Bediako, E., Showemimo, A.F., Buah, J.N. & Ushawu, Y. (2007), “Production constraints in the
Bolgatanga Irrigation Project in the Northern Region of Ghana”, Journal of Applied Sciences, 7 (3), 459 – 461.
Asuming – Brempong, S., Yaw Bonsu Osei A. & Anim – Somuah H. (2006) “Import Surge and their Effect on
Developing Countries. Ghana a Case Study. Rice, Poultry Meat and Tomato Paste,” edited by Nancy Morgan,
Merritt Cluff and Alexandra Rottger. (unpublished).
Bull, D. A. (1989), “Growing Problem: Pesticide and the Third World poor Farmers”. Oxford Press. 207
Clottey, V.A., Karbo, N. & Gyasi, K.O. (2009). “The Tomato Industry in Northern Ghana: Production
Constraints And Strategies To Improve Competitiveness.” African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and
Development. 9(6), 1436-1451.
FAO.(2006), “Briefs on Import Surges - Issues, No 5. Ghana: rice, poultry and tomato paste”, Available:
www.fao.org. Access on 13/07/12
Flyvbjerg B. (2004), “Five Misunderstandings about Case-Study Research. In, Seale, C., Gobo, G., Gubrium, J.F.
& Silverman, D. [Eds], Qualitative Research Practice”, London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 420-434.
Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC), (2001), “Ghana investment profile: cash crops” Available: www.
gipc.org.gh. Accra, Ghana. Accessed on 10/06/12
Kassena Nankana District Assembly (KNDA) (2006), “District Medium Term Development Plan (2006-2009)”,
Navrongo, Ghana.
MOFA, (2005), “Facts and Figures. Statistics, Research and Information Directorate. Ministry of Food and
Agriculture”, Accra, Ghana.
WTO, (1994), “The Legal Texts: The Result of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations”
Available:http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/ursum_e.htm. Accessed on: 19/06/12
18
5. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2012
Figure 1. Map of Tono irrigation Dam in the District Context.
Figure 2. A diagram showing Gross Returns
Figure 3. A diagram showing Returns on Investments
19
6. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2012
Table 1. Personal information on farmers sampled
Age groups (In
Frequency Percentage Educational level Frequency Percentage
years)
10 – 19 17 11 Illiterates 82 55
20 – 29 61 41 Non – formal 18 12
30 – 39 40 27 Basic/ Sec. Sch 35 23
40 – 49 32 21 Dipl./graduate 15 10
Total 150 100 Total 150 100
Source: Field Survey, 2010
Table 2. Personal information on market queens sampled
Age groups (In
Frequency Percentage Educational level Frequency Percentage
years)
10 – 19 0 0 Illiterates 19 38
20 – 29 7 14 Non – formal 11 22
30 – 39 31 62 Basic/ Sec. Sch 17 34
40 – 49 12 24 Dipl./graduate 3 6
Total 50 100 Total 50 100
Source: Field Survey, 2010
Table 3. Cost of fresh tomato cultivation on per hectare basis
Source: Field Survey, 2010
Source: ICOUR archives and field survey, 2010
20
7. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2012
Table 4. Return from fresh tomato cultivation (Gh ¢/hec.)
Source: ICOUR archives and field survey, 2010
Source: ICOUR archives and field survey, 2010
Table 5. Gross Return
Table 6. Full Cost
21
8. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2012
Table 7. Return on Investment
Table 7. Full cost
Table 8. Forecasting for the next five years
Gross Return Full Cost Return on investment
Years Wet
Dry Season Wet Season Dry Season Season Dry Season Wet Season
2011 5523.94 4376.80 2363.34 1913.75 2.34 2.29
2012 6257.53 4921.85 2689.87 2161.09 2.33 2.28
2013 6991.12 5466.91 3016.41 2408.42 2.32 2.27
2014 7724.71 6011.96 3342.95 2655.75 2.31 2.26
2015 8458.30 6557.02 3669.48 2903.08 2.31 2.26
22
9. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar