Presentation by Sonja Vermeulen, Head of Research, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) at University of Copenhagen, 13 June 2012. Visit www.ccafs.cgiar.org for more.
At the Africa Agriculture Science Week AASW 15-20 July, the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Head of Research Sonja Vermeulen gave a presentation on Climate-Smart Agriculture for an African context.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Presentation by Pramod Aggarwal at the 3rd Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpellier.
Read more: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/3rd-global-science-conference-%E2%80%9Cclimate-smart-agriculture-2015%E2%80%9D#.VRurLUesXX4
Presentation on success stories and challenges ahead to make global agriculture more climate smart. Brownbag presentation in the WorldBank on 15th May by Andy Jarvis from the CCAFS program of the CGIAR.
Presentation by Sonja Vermeulen, Head of Research, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) at University of Copenhagen, 13 June 2012. Visit www.ccafs.cgiar.org for more.
At the Africa Agriculture Science Week AASW 15-20 July, the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Head of Research Sonja Vermeulen gave a presentation on Climate-Smart Agriculture for an African context.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Presentation by Pramod Aggarwal at the 3rd Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpellier.
Read more: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/3rd-global-science-conference-%E2%80%9Cclimate-smart-agriculture-2015%E2%80%9D#.VRurLUesXX4
Presentation on success stories and challenges ahead to make global agriculture more climate smart. Brownbag presentation in the WorldBank on 15th May by Andy Jarvis from the CCAFS program of the CGIAR.
Innovation for Sustainable Food and AgricultureFAO
Presentación (inglés) de Clayton Campanhola (FAO) en el marco del Eleventh regional planners forum on agriculture and Symposium on innovation systems for sustainable agriculture and rural development, realizado en Barbados del 13 al 15 de septiembre de 2017.
How to achieve climate-smart agriculture and the potential triple-win that can be achieved from these practices such as adaptation, mitigation and increasing livelihoods.
Presentation by Robert Zougmore, CCAFS Regional Program Leader, West Africa, at the at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Presentation by Prof. Dr. Chinwe IFEJIKA SPERANZA. Presented during a pre - SBSTA meeting on CSA Alliance: Building Climate Change Resilience in Africa held on 30th May 2014 in Bonn, Germany http://ccafs.cgiar.org/csa-alliance-building-climate-change-resilience-africa#.U42GUihCCTs
van Asten P. 2014. Implementing Climate-Smart Agriculture. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
Contents:
1. CCAFS – what we do
2. What is CSA in the African context
3. Best bet CSA technologies
4. CSA services and approaches
5. How can we identify the priorities?
6. Collaborative possibilities
Climate-smart agriculture: panacea or propaganda? CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Todd Rosenstock & Christine Lamanna was given at a session titled "Using climate-smart technologies to scale up climate-smart agriculture practices" at the Global Landscapes Forum in Lima, Peru, on December 7, 2014.
The panel presentation and discussion focused on how these climate-smart technologies can be scaled-up to benefit smallholder farmers. This was followed by a public debate.
www.fao.org/climatechange/epic
This presentation was prepared to provide a general overview of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and the EPIC programme. After providing a definition of CSA, the presentation focuses on Sustainable Land Management and the role of climate finance to support CSA. It concludes with a description of the FAO-EC project on CSA.
Climate-smart food systems
Presentation by Sonja Vermeulen at the 3rd Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpellier.
Read more: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/3rd-global-science-conference-%E2%80%9Cclimate-smart-agriculture-2015%E2%80%9D#.VRurLUesXX4
Launch of the Southeast Asia office of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security http://ccafs.cgiar.org
7 May 2013, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Presentation by Bruce Campbell, CCAFS Program Director
Planning, implementing and evaluating Climate-Smart Agriculture in smallholde...FAO
http://www.fao.org/in-action/micca/
This presentation by Janie Rioux, FAO, outlines the experience of the Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA) pilot projects in Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Presentation made in the APEC workshop on Food Security and Climate Change, in Hanoi, Vietnam on 19th April. Outlines what Climate Smart Agriculture is, and concrete cases across the globe. Presentation made by Andy Jarvis.
Innovation for Sustainable Food and AgricultureFAO
Presentación (inglés) de Clayton Campanhola (FAO) en el marco del Eleventh regional planners forum on agriculture and Symposium on innovation systems for sustainable agriculture and rural development, realizado en Barbados del 13 al 15 de septiembre de 2017.
How to achieve climate-smart agriculture and the potential triple-win that can be achieved from these practices such as adaptation, mitigation and increasing livelihoods.
Presentation by Robert Zougmore, CCAFS Regional Program Leader, West Africa, at the at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Presentation by Prof. Dr. Chinwe IFEJIKA SPERANZA. Presented during a pre - SBSTA meeting on CSA Alliance: Building Climate Change Resilience in Africa held on 30th May 2014 in Bonn, Germany http://ccafs.cgiar.org/csa-alliance-building-climate-change-resilience-africa#.U42GUihCCTs
van Asten P. 2014. Implementing Climate-Smart Agriculture. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
Contents:
1. CCAFS – what we do
2. What is CSA in the African context
3. Best bet CSA technologies
4. CSA services and approaches
5. How can we identify the priorities?
6. Collaborative possibilities
Climate-smart agriculture: panacea or propaganda? CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Todd Rosenstock & Christine Lamanna was given at a session titled "Using climate-smart technologies to scale up climate-smart agriculture practices" at the Global Landscapes Forum in Lima, Peru, on December 7, 2014.
The panel presentation and discussion focused on how these climate-smart technologies can be scaled-up to benefit smallholder farmers. This was followed by a public debate.
www.fao.org/climatechange/epic
This presentation was prepared to provide a general overview of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and the EPIC programme. After providing a definition of CSA, the presentation focuses on Sustainable Land Management and the role of climate finance to support CSA. It concludes with a description of the FAO-EC project on CSA.
Climate-smart food systems
Presentation by Sonja Vermeulen at the 3rd Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpellier.
Read more: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/3rd-global-science-conference-%E2%80%9Cclimate-smart-agriculture-2015%E2%80%9D#.VRurLUesXX4
Launch of the Southeast Asia office of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security http://ccafs.cgiar.org
7 May 2013, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Presentation by Bruce Campbell, CCAFS Program Director
Planning, implementing and evaluating Climate-Smart Agriculture in smallholde...FAO
http://www.fao.org/in-action/micca/
This presentation by Janie Rioux, FAO, outlines the experience of the Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA) pilot projects in Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Presentation made in the APEC workshop on Food Security and Climate Change, in Hanoi, Vietnam on 19th April. Outlines what Climate Smart Agriculture is, and concrete cases across the globe. Presentation made by Andy Jarvis.
Bridging the gaps: Challenges and Opportunities CGIAR
Bridging the gaps between AR and ARD Challenges and Opportunities- presented by Alain Vidal, Senior Advisor, Capacity Development and Partnerships, CGIAR Consortium at the AKIS-ARCH Workshop, Brussels, 26-27 May 2014
Presentation by P.K. Aggarwal, A. Khatri-Chetri, P.B. Shirsath, M.L. Jat, P.T. Thornton and A. Jarvis at the Our Common Future Under Climate Change conference CFCC15
Presented FIspace at a matchmaking event in The Netherlands for the FIWARE Accelerator FInish. Also the other accelerators SmarAgriFood, Fractals and SpeedUP!Europe were mentioned.
What is Climate-Smart Agriculture? Background, opportunities and challengesCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Alexandre Meybeck of the FAO was given at a session titled "Using climate-smart technologies to scale up climate-smart agriculture practices" at the Global Landscapes Forum in Lima, Peru, on December 7, 2014.
The panel presentation and discussion focused on how these climate-smart technologies can be scaled-up to benefit smallholder farmers. This was followed by a public debate.
Climate smart agriculture prioritization and policy makingILRI
Full set of training slides for Green Innovation Center Adaptation Academy climate change and foresight training co-organized by AICCRA Themes 1 and 2 presented by Ivy Kinyua, Dorcas Jalongo Anyango and Stephanie Jacquet, AICCRA team
Presented by: Sonja Vermulen
SESSION II: PLENARY – APPROACHES TO ADAPTATION IN SELECTED SECTORS
The session will set the context for approaches to adaptation by looking at: latest approaches on assessing impacts of climate change on agriculture and food security; applying disaster risk reduction as a pillar of national adaptation strategy in the Philippines; and The Hydrologic Corridor in Africa - an affordable and scalable approach to restore the water cycle and impact local climate through large scale landscape restoration, including rainwater harvesting, reforestation, soil regeneration and sustainable climate adapted agriculture.
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
Climate Smart aquaculture/Agriculture is the approach towards sustainable development of agriculture and allied sectors reducing the emission of GHG gases from aquaculture sector/agriculture sector at the same time increase the productivity that support the nutritional security of millions of people . Climate Smart aquaculture(CSA) topic was presented by me at college of fisheries lembucherra, agartala CAU, imphal. All the content and important data has been taken from authentic sources.
This is a general presentation on WLE made by Andrew Noble for his trip to visit partners and donors in July 2014. Provides an overview of the WLE program and a number of examples of its work.
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the Nepal Agricultural Economics Society (NAES) are jointly organizing Annual Conference of Nepal Agricultural Economics Society on February 13-14, 2015 at Conference Hall, Trade Tower, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. During the annual conference of NAES, a special session on “Convergences of Policies and Programs relating to Sustainable and Climate Resilient Agriculture” is being organized. The aim of this special session is to showcase the studies and experiences in South Asian countries on climate resilient agriculture and how they can learn from each other to formulate progressive and sustainable policies to promote climate smart agriculture in a regional perspective.
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the Nepal Agricultural Economics Society (NAES) are jointly organizing Annual Conference of Nepal Agricultural Economics Society on February 13-14, 2015 at Conference Hall, Trade Tower, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. During the annual conference of NAES, a special session on “Convergences of Policies and Programs relating to Sustainable and Climate Resilient Agriculture” is being organized. The aim of this special session is to showcase the studies and experiences in South Asian countries on climate resilient agriculture and how they can learn from each other to formulate progressive and sustainable policies to promote climate smart agriculture in a regional perspective.
What will it take to establish a climate smart agricultural world? Presentation on the problems, solutions and key challenges in Climate Smart Agriculture. Presentation made in the Wayamba Conference in Sri Lanka, August 2014.
Project Launch: Nutrient-rich small fish production, processing and marketing...WorldFish
Presentation by panelists Mike Akester, Quennie Vi Rizalso and Raider Mugode on 'Nutrient-rich small fish production, processing and marketing in Myanmar and Zambia' on Thursday, 24 March 2022.
Fish4Thought Event: Gender-inclusive innovations for aquatic food systems tra...WorldFish
Presentation by panelists Rahma Adam, Peerzadi Rumana Hossain, Anouk Ride and Muhammad Arifur Rahman on 'Gender-inclusive innovations for aquatic food systems transformation' on Tuesday, 8 March 2022.
Women’s Empowerment in Fisheries and Aquaculture Index (WEFI): Guidance NotesWorldFish
Presentation by WorldFish's Affiliated Researcher and KIT Royal Tropical Institute's Agricultural Development Economist, Froukje Kruijssen, and Consultant, Katie Sproule, on 'Women’s Empowerment in Fisheries and Aquaculture Index (WEFI): Guidance Notes' in December 2021.
Resilient aquatic food systems for healthy people and environment in the Asia...WorldFish
Presentation by panelists Edward Allison, Marie-Charlotte Buisson and Arun Padiyar on 'Resilient aquatic food systems for healthy people and environment in the Asia-Pacific region' on Wednesday, 26 January 2022.
Identifying niches for women’s entrepreneurship in aquatic food chains: A me...WorldFish
This resource has been created
for civil society associations (such as fish processing and retail networks), development actors, private sector and research for development actors
for people and institutions who want to collaborate with current or potential women entrepreneurs and
the purpose is to equitably enhance women’s opportunities, involvement in and returns from markets by identifying business opportunities.
World Water Week: Back to the Future: Integrating rice-fish systems for build...WorldFish
Presentation by panelists Alvin Lopez and Sudhir Yadav on 'Back to the Future: Integrating rice-fish systems for building resilience' during World Water Week, Thursday, 26 August 2021.
World Water Week: Fish friendly irrigation: Enhancing production, livelihoods...WorldFish
Presentation by panelists Simon Funge-Smith, Chaiwat Prechawit and Sophie Nguyen-Khoa on 'Fish friendly irrigation: Enhancing production, livelihoods and health' during World Water Week, Tuesday, 24 August 2021.
Fish4Thought: Youth in small-scale fisheries and aquacultureWorldFish
Presentation by panelists IWMI'S Indika Arulingam and Likimyelesh Woldegiorgis on 'Youth in small-scale fisheries and aquaculture' on International Youth Day, Thursday, 12 August 2021
Aquatic foods for healthy people and planetWorldFish
Presentation by panelist Anu Garg, IAS on 'Aquatic foods for healthy people and planet' at the UN Food System Pre-Summit Affiliated Session on Monday, 26 July 2021.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. Why climate-smart agriculture
Regional Asia-Pacific Workshop on Climate
Smart Agriculture: A Call for Action
Bangkok, 18 June 2015
Suan Pheng Kam http://www.worldfishcenter.org/
2.
3. The Climate Change, Agriculture and Food
Security (CCAFS) is one of the 16 CRPs
4. The three pillars of climate-smart
agriculture
Enhance achievement of agricultural development and national
food security goals
• FAO (2010) defines climate-smart agriculture as consisting of
three main pillars:
1. Sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes;
2. Building resilience to climate change (through adaptation); and
3. Reducing and/or removing greenhouse gases emissions where
possible (through mitigation)
5. Why climate-smart agriculture in the
Asia-Pacific region
THE ASIA-PACIFIC IS AN ENORMOUSLY DIVERSE REGION THAT IS VULNERABLE TO
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE1
1
Agriculture in the broad sense: crops, livestock, fish production
• >60% of world’s population; >50% of population in coastal zones
• Agriculture dominates land use
• A leading producer of food commodities
• Largest producer of rice and animal products regionally
• India is the largest producer of milk
• China is the largest producer of pigs and aquaculture products
• Thailand and Vietnam together form the largest exporters of shrimp and
catfish
• 87% of world’s smallholder farms, mainly rainfed
7. Asia-Pacific: challenges for agriculture
• Population is growing
• Increasing demand for agricultural products – food, fibre, fuel
• Average calorie consumption is rising
• 60% more food will be needed by 2050, to be produced on
less land and water (i.e. sustainable intensification)
• The future of agriculture in the Asia Pacific region
depends on it being climate smart
8. Changing climate: warmer, wetter, wierder
‘Virtually certain’
• Warming of atmosphere and oceans
• Diminishing of snow, ice and permafrost
‘Very likely’
• Fewer cold days and nights, more hot days and nights
• Warm spells/heat waves
• Generally wetter, some areas drier
• Faster sea level rise, in 95% of ocean area
‘Likely’
• Heavy rainfall events over more areas
• Area affected by drought increases; delay in onset of rains
• Intense extreme coastal events increase
Source: IPCC Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers
10. Risks from changing climate
Source: IPCC Climate change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers
Increasi
ng risk
11. CLIMATE CHANGE IS AFFECTING CROP YIELDS
Mean relative yield change (%) from
reference period (1980–2010) compared to
local mean temperature change (°C)
Source: Rosenzweig et al., 2014
Median yield change (%) for RCP8.5 with CO2 effects for
main crops, without and with explicit N stress
Source: Rosenzweig et al., 2014
The costs of not being climate smart
12. Source: Myers et al., 2014. Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition. Nature
DOI:10.1038/Nature13179
The costs of not being climate smart
CLIMATE CHANGE IS AFFECTING NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF FOOD
13. Countries below the dashed line are part of the Low-
Income Food Deficit Countries (LIFDC) 2014 list.
Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao’s People’s Democratic
Republic and Vanuatu were in the 2010 LIFDC list.
The costs of not being climate smart
CLIMATE CHANGE WILL AFFECT HUMAN NUTRITIONAL BALANCE
14. The costs of not being climate smart
CLIMATE CHANGE IS AFFECTING FISH PRODUCTION
15. The costs of not being climate smart
How climate change might affect plans to derive livelihoods from fisheries
and aquaculture in the Pacific
CLIMATE CHANGE IS AFFECTING FISH PRODUCTION
16. Livestock production in the Asia Pacific: largely based on grazing and
mixed farming systems
•Supports >35% of poor households
•By 2020, 30-40% of global milk and meat will be produced in Asia
CC impacts on livestock:
•Negative effect of elevated temperature and higher rainfall variability on
pasture productivity
•Direct effects of elevated temperature and solar radiation on
• production (growth, meat, milk yield and quality, egg yield, weight
and quality)
• reproductive performance
• animal health, immune response and disease susceptibility
The costs of not being climate smart
CLIMATE CHANGE IS AFFECTING LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
23. - Case of the livestock industry
Complementing climate-smart practices
24. Farm and food
systems issues
Landscapes and
regional issues
Institutional and
policy issues
Sustainable
productivity
improvement
Breed crops, livestock, fish
for a climate changed
world
Sustainable intensification
and integrated farming of
crops, livestock, fish
Improve nutrient and
water management and
flows
Integrated models for
prioritizing practices and
managing trade-offs
Restore degraded farm
lands, wetlands and
forests
Strengthen science-
policy linkage
Policy support to
overcome barriers to
CSA
Understand trade-offs
of diversification vs
specialization
Gender and class equity
Building
resilience
Conservation agriculture
Adjust crop calendars
Use different crop cultivars
and animal species/strains
Integrated pest, disease
and weed management
Shift production areas
over a changing landscape
Improve ecosystem
services: enhance role of
forests and agro-forestry
in disaster protection,
water and biodiversity
provision
Enhanced weather
forecasting and
advisory services
Empower women and
the poor
Pro-poor financing and
insurance mechanisms
Reducing GHG
emission,
enhancing
GHG removal
Improve soil carbon
storage through good
agronomy
Develop carbon
sequestration options
Culture and consume
lower down the food chain
Increase energy use
efficiency in food supply
chains
Innovative use of biomass
and by-products
Incentives for pro-poor
mitigation
The three pillars of CSA at scale
25. CSA: No regrets What’s new
1. Increased emphasis on a systems context, drawing on the
notion of sustainable intensification to increase productivity
with minimal environmental and climate change impacts
2. Longer term perspective on development pathways; climate
change is a slow variable
3. More attention on assessing and managing climate risks
4. Greater emphasis on developing capacity to deal with
uncertainty and trade-offs
5. Thinking about emissions too
6. Measuring efficacy of adaptation and mitigation efforts
26. SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM
Global climate and
environmental changes
Finite natural resources
-Land
-Water
-Forests
-Aquatic resources
DRIVERS OF CHANGE
Population growth and migration
Urbanization
Food availability and access
Culture and behavior
Changing food habits
Poverty
Market forces
Trade
Policies and
regulations
Governance
VULNERABILITIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE
CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE
Awareness
Planning
Implementation
Monitoring and evaluation
SCIENCE AND POLICYDESIRED OUTCOMES
Food security
Resilient agriculture
Healthy livelihoods
Comprehensive
Collaborative
Committed
Modified from Steenwerth, et al., 2014
CSA in the context of the socio-ecological system
27. Climate-smart agriculture in international
development agenda
• Development plans of UN FAO, UN IFAD, World Bank, etc.
• Sustainable and food secure pathways in discussions at
• Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development;
• 1st and 2nd Global Conferences on Agriculture, Food
Security and Climate Change; and
• Agriculture, Landscapes and Livelihoods Day at COP18
• May 2015 IPCC meeting on CC, Food and Agriculture
recognized multi-functionality of agriculture; special report
proposed on “Climate Change, Agriculture and Food
Security”
• June 2015 UNFCC climate talks in Bonn: ensuring
agriculture is in the global climate deal (Dec in Paris)
29. Embedding climate change in
sustainable agriculture
CGIAR’s 2016-2030 Research Strategy and Agenda
– Source: CGIAR CRPII Draft Portfolio Narrative.docx
Forests
Climate change: a cross-cutting issue
30. Regional initiatives:
•Regional climate outlook
•Coordinate agriculture and forestry for
sustainable landscapes
•Build innovation platforms
•Bring science and policy together
CSA: Thinking regionally, acting locally?
31. Sea-level rise increases tidal and salinity intrusion into low-lying areas of the
Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh
•Landscapes become more waterlogged with fresh and saline water at different
times of the year
•Farmers adapt by shifting from rice mono-cropping to diverse aquaculture-
horticulture-rice systems
Climate change adaptation in Bangladesh
32. Aquaculture-Horticulture- Rice System Fish rings in rice fields – microhabitats for fish
Climate change adaptation in Bangladesh
• WorldFish and local partners provide technical support for aquaculture by
• Improving genetics of fishes
• Enhancing the capacity of hatcheries to produce quality seed
• Strengthening the private feed industry to produce quality feeds and provide
advice on feeding practices
• Support community-level efforts to sustain diverse population of local fish
species for culture in farming landscapes
33. Climate change adaptation in Bangladesh
Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia in Bangladesh (CSISA-BD)
Aquaculture for Income and Nutrition (AIN)
• Introduce aquaculture to diversify income sources and improve
food and nutrition security, especially among poor and landless
rural households
34. Building adaptive capacity in the Mekong
region
Integrating fisheries into local agro-ecosystem analysis for improved
water allocation
Supporting rice field fisheries and community-based fish culture
Identify and improve productivity of best practice climate smart
Aquaculture & IAA farming systems
Optimizing water harvesting for pond aquaculture operations in flood
plains
Managing conflict associated with water allocation and water quality in
the Mekong Delta
35. Building adaptive capacity in the Mekong
region
Scenario of increased salinity
intrusion in the Mekong Delta of
Vietnam
Source: SIWRP
Floating hapa cages adapted for fish farming in the wet season (left) and in the dry season (right)
Slide 4: Climate change threatens to undo years of progress achieved in agricultural development toward enhancing livelihoods and food security, with the most severe consequences falling on developing countries and the poor.Reducing this threat requires that agriculture must be practiced in climate smart ways so that the achievement of agricultural development and national food security goals is not compromised.
The three pillars of Climate-Smart Agriculture are sustainable improvements in productivity, building resilience (through adaptation), and reducing and removing greenhouse gases (mitigation).
Slide 5: The Asia-Pacific is an enormously diverse region, widely ranging in eco-physiography, nation size, population densities and economic development. Given its sheer population size (accounting for >60% of the world’s population) and considering that about half of the population live in the coastal zone, large populations are exposed to sea level rise and greater risks of extreme coastal events besides increasing vagaries of weather as direct impacts of climate change. Between 2002 and 2011, the Asian and Pacific region had the largest number of people affected, as well as the largest number of people killed by disasters (Statistical Yearbook for the Asia and the Pacific 2013).
Accounting for roughly a quarter of the world’s GDP, the Asia Pacific region is a leading producer of food commodities - largest producer of rice and aquaculture products regionally, India being the largest producer nation of milk, China of pigs, Vietnam of catfish). Food production is predominantly at the smallholder scale (about 87% of the world’s smallholder farms are in the region) and mainly rainfed, thus being vulnerable to increasing uncertainty of rainfall events.
Slide 6: Demand for agricultural products – food as well as fibre and fuel – continues to increase due to population growth, changes in diet as per capital income increases, and the need for alternative energy sources. Agriculture in the Asia Pacific thus needs to produce more on limited and dwindling land and water resources and be more resilient to risks associated with extreme weather events.
Slide 7: Climate change simulation models vary considerably in projected results; however broad trends are indicative of a warmer, wetter but more marked seasonality and more unpredictable weather events that affect agriculture, directly and indirectly, through multiple pathways.
The IPCC AR5 report estimates a confidence level >90% that there will be more frequent warm spells, heat waves and heavy rainfall and a confidence level >66% that there will be an increase in drought, tropical cyclones and extreme high tides. The magnitude of the events will vary depending on regions and the geographic areas within the region, but the signs are clear that climate change is affecting, and will further affect food production in the Asia-Pacific region.
Slide 8: Risks associated with climate change vary across the Asia-Pacific region but the ultimate effect is on destabilizing livelihoods and food security through impacts on terrestrial and aquatic systems.
More intensive rainfall exacerbates flooding on the one hand, while prolonged and more severe droughts cause greater vegetation water stress and water shortages for irrigation and aquaculture in terrestrial systems.
Ocean warming and acidification are already showing impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems.
Explanation of the slide: Representative key risks* for each region, including the potential for risk reduction through adaptation and mitigation, as well as limits to adaptation. Each key risk is assessed as very low, low, medium, high or very high. Risk levels are presented for three time frames: present, near term (here, for 2030–2040) and long term (here, for 2080–2100). In the near term, projected levels of global mean temperature increase do not diverge substantially across different emission scenarios. For the long term, risk levels are presented for two possible futures (2°C and 4°C global mean temperature increase above pre-industrial levels). For each timeframe, risk levels are indicated for a continuation of current adaptation and assuming high levels of current or future adaptation.
Risk levels are not necessarily comparable, especially across regions.
*Identification of key risks was based on expert judgment using the following specific criteria: large magnitude, high probability or irreversibility of impacts; timing of impacts; persistent vulnerability or exposure contributing to risks; or limited potential to reduce risks through adaptation or mitigation.
Slide 9: Climate change is affecting crop yields. Inter-comparison of multiple global gridded crop models (GGCMs) indicates strong negative effects from climate change, especially at higher levels of warming and at low latitudes where developing countries are concentrated. The slight increase in crop productivity at mid to high latitude for an increased local mean temperature of 1–3 °C would be offset by increased occurrence of frosts, heat waves and heavy rainfall. Simulations that consider explicit nitrogen stress result in much more severe impacts from climate change, with implications for adaptation planning.
Explanation of the slide: Median yield changes (%) for RCP8.5 (2070–2099 in comparison to 1980–2010 baseline) with CO2 effects over all five GCMs x seven GGCMs (6 GGCMs for rice) for rainfed maize (35 ensemble members), wheat (35 ensemble members), rice (30 ensemble members), and soy (35 ensemble members). Hatching indicates areas where more than 70% of the ensemble members agree on the directionality of the impact factor. Gray areas indicate historical areas with little to no yield capacity. The bottom 8 panels show the corresponding yield change patterns over all five GCMs x four GGCMs with nitrogen stress (20 ensemble members from EPIC, GEPIC, pDSSAT, and PEGASUS; except for rice which has 15) (Left); and 3 GGCMs without nitrogen stress (15 ensemble members from GAEZ-IMAGE, LPJ-GUESS, and LPJmL).
Slide 10: Climate change is affecting nutritional quality of food. Not only does crop yields decline with elevated temperatures, the nutritional quality of the main staple crops is also compromised at elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. C3 grains and legumes have lower concentrations of zinc and iron when grown under field conditions at the elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration predicted for the middle of this century (Myers et al., 2014). Dietary deficiencies of zinc and iron are a substantial global public health problem. An estimated two billion people suffer these deficiencies, causing a loss of 63 million life-years annually. Most of these people depend on C3 grains and legumes as their primary dietary source of zinc and iron.
C3 crops other than legumes also have lower concentrations of protein, whereas C4 crops seem to be less affected. Differences between cultivars of a single crop suggest that breeding for decreased sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 concentration could partly address these new challenges to global health.
Slide 11: Climate change will also human nutritional balance when production of meat and fish protein food is impacted.
Asia accounts for almost two-thirds of global fish consumption and 21.4 kg per capita3 in 2011 – a level similar to Europe (22.0 kg/cap/yr) and North America (21.7 kg/cap/yr). Oceania has highest levels per capita at 25.1 kg/cap/yr.
The share of total animal protein from fish is between 50 and 70 percent in Myanmar, Cambodia, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. Fish provides a similarly significant proportion of protein in the human diets in most small island states (e.g. more than 75 percent in the Solomon Islands).
Explanation of the slide: Countries below the dashed line are part of the Low-Income Food Deficit Countries (LIFDC) 2014 list. Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao’s People’s Democratic Republic and Vanuatu were in the 2010 LIFDC list. The updated list of LIFDCs can be found at: http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/lifdc/en/
Slide 12: Climate change is affecting marine fisheries. Warming oceans are reshaping marine fisheries. Marine species are gradually moving away from the equator into cooler waters.
From 1970 to 2006, as ocean temperatures were rising, fish catch in he sub-tropic and temperate areas increasingly included more warm-water species and fewer cool-water species. In the tropics the catch composition changed from 1970 to 1980 and then stabilized because there are no species with high enough temperature preferences to replace those that moved into higher latitudes.
Simulations of catch potential suggest that besides a shift from low to mid-latitudes, a longitudinal shift occurring in the Pacific Ocean that would affect the tuna fisheries (to be elaborated in the next slide).
Slide 13: Climate change will affect the sources and quality of food fish. Predicted spatial patterns of ocean warming suggest a likely shift of the prime feeding grounds for the skipjack tuna eastward resulting in higher skipjack tuna biomass in waters east of 170deg E, and marginal reduction in waters west of 170deg E, by 2035 and 2050, owing to climate change alone. Greater decreases are expected in the west when the effects of fishing are considered.
Climate change is also expected to affect existing plans in the Pacific region to derive more livelihoods from fisheries and aquaculture resources in the Pacific (Bell, et al., 2013). with greater declines (in coral reef and coastal aquaculture) and smaller increases (for freshwater fisheries and pond aquaculture) than anticipated without climate change impacts.
Explanation of the slide: Projected directions of existing plans to derive more livelihoods from fisheries and aquaculture resources, and effects of climate change on these plans.
Projections are for the IPCC SRES A2 emissions scenario in 2035, 2050 and 2100, summarized as estimated increases (winners) or decreases (losers) in broad percentage categories.
Oceanic (tuna) fisheries are separated into those east and west of 170degE.
Projections for pond and coastal aquaculture (mariculture) are not relative to present-day production (which has potential for increase) and indicate estimated changes in production efficiency.
Slide 14: Climate change is affecting livestock production. Globally livestock production has to increase in the next decades to satisfy growing needs. It is estimated that by 2050 global meat consumption will double that of today (Cohen (2001) with expected growth in population per capita consumption. By 2020, 30-40% of global milk and meat production is expected to be produced in Asia. Already India presently leads in milk production and China in swine production in the world.
Livestock production in the Asia-Pacific is predominantly pastoral or mixed farming systems and hence is highly dependent on pasture productivity which is impacted in the same way as crops by climate change. Warming temperatures also impair animal production (growth, meat and milk yield and quality, egg yield, weight, and quality) and reproductive performance, metabolic and health status, and immune response.
Slide 15: Climate change impacts are most severely felt by the poor. Given the sheer population size of the Asia Pacific and a region-wide poverty rate of about 20% (in 2011), the number of poor people living in extreme poverty remains high – estimated at 743 million people in 2011 (Statistical Yearbook for the Asia and the Pacific 2013) -despite several Asian countries having made remarkable progress in poverty reduction.
Slide 16: Recent history has shown that food price spikes can cause instability and social revolt. The Center for American Program released a report in 2013 that traced the connection between climate change and the Arab Spring. It illustrated how a volatile mix of extreme weather, reduced food production, and food price spikes contributed to the instability that ripped through the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in 2011. Following a rash of extreme weather events, including severe drought and wildfires in Russia & Ukraine – which scientists have connected to climate change – the price of wheat jumped from just $4 per bushel in July 2010 to nearly $9 by February 2011. For the average Egyptian family, which spends 40% of its income on food, watching the price of food stuffs increase by up to ten-fold was too much to bear. Egyptians marched through the streets carrying loaves of bread and demanding the end of the Mubarak regime. The Arab Spring is far from the only time that food price spikes have driven instability and revolt, however. Food riots destabilized Haiti in 2008, while the Tortilla Crisis rocked Mexico in 2007.
There is therefore a compelling need for agriculture to be climate smart to avoid social and political destabilization that will have repercussions on the economy and security of affected nations.
http://timkovach.com/wp/2013/03/15/reshaping-americas-climate-and-food-aid-policies-to-tackle-instability/
Slide 17: An array of agricultural interventions that enable sustained productivity increases through adaptation to and mitigation of climate change have been tested and promoted; successes achieved demonstrate the diversity of potential options across different regions, agricultural systems and thematic aspects including improved crop varieties, farm-level techniques, better weather forecasting and risk insurance.
References:
CCAFS, 201x. Climate-smart agriculture: Success stories from farming communities around the World. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/34042/Climate_smart_farming_successesWEB.pdf?sequence=5
FAO Success Stories on Climate-Smart Agriculture
Slide 15: CSA Pillar 1. Attaining sustained productivity improvements (aka sustainable intensification) in CSA includes both traditional techniques, such as mulching, intercropping, conservation agriculture, and pasture and manure management, and innovative practices such as integrated nutrient, water and pest management and improved water and nutrient flows in integrated farming systems.
Limited attention has been given so far to fish as a climate smart adaptation. Unlike single-species commodities like crops and livestock, there are diverse aquatic species (loosely referred herewith as ‘fish’) that fit different ecologies and changing environmental conditions brought about by climate change. Small-scale fish farming is managed within the context of a livelihood approach and often is an adaptation option in itself through diversification of farmer’s income while increasing the total factor productivity of the farm.
Slide 18: CSA Pillar 2. Specific adaptation measures responding to climate change include:
using improved crop varieties and livestock and fish breeds that are better adapted to changed climatic conditions;
simple adjustments to land, crop and livestock management such as optimizing sowing times;
more efficient use (including multiple use and re-use where possible) of water and energy in the food production and supply chains;
better weather forecasting and timely provision of data and information to farmers;
risk insurance; and
sustaining the ecosystem services of forests and water sources for combating climate change impacts, e.g. shoreline protection function of mangroves which are also important breeding and feeding grounds of commercially-important fish species
Slide 19: CSA Pillar 3. Direct GHG emissions from the agriculture sector and associated land use changes are low relative to other urban-based sectors. Notwithstanding that, mitigation of GHG emissions reduces the impact of agriculture on climate change and is feasible.
Explanation of the slide: Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by sector and total non-CO2 greenhouse gases (Kyoto gases) across sectors in baseline (faded bars) and mitigation scenarios (solid colour bars) that reach about 450 (430 to 480) ppm CO2-eq concentrations in 2100 (likely to limit warming to 2°C above preindustrial levels). Mitigation in the end-use sectors leads also to indirect emissions reductions in the upstream energy supply sector. Direct emissions of the end-use sectors thus do not include the emission reduction potential at the supply-side due to, for example, reduced electricity demand. The numbers at the bottom of the graphs refer to the number of scenarios included in the range (upper row: baseline scenarios; lower row: mitigation scenarios), which differs across sectors and time due to different sectoral resolution and time horizon of models. Emissions ranges for mitigation scenarios include the full portfolio of mitigation options; many models cannot reach 450 ppm CO2-eq concentration by 2100 in the absence of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS).
Negative emissions in the electricity sector are due to the application of bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage (BECCS). ‘Net’ agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) emissions consider afforestation, reforestation as well as deforestation activities.
Slide 20: CSA Pillar 3. Sequestering carbon in the soils of croplands and grazing lands offers agriculture’s highest potential for climate change mitigation, followed by improved fertilizer management (particularly nitrogen fertilizer) which also increases fertilizer use efficiency and reduces production costs. Methane (with a global warming potential that is 25 times that of CO2) produced from cattle enteric fermentation is another source of agricultural GHG emission that can be mitigated.
Slide 21: Climate-smart management, even within a sector, are not confined to just technological interventions (improved genetics, farming practices, etc.) but encompasses a range of options that synergistically contribute to adaptive and mitigative outcomes. As illustrated here by the livestock sector, being climate smart entails integrating various aspects of stock breeding and selection, animal health and disease management, grassland and feed management and manure management; while ensuring the build-up and flow of knowledge from experimentation to piloting to scaling out best practices across the value chain.
Integration that extends beyond the farm to landscape and coordination across agricultural sectors (with crops and fish) would further capitalize on potential synergies and optimize the use of natural resources and ecosystem services.
Slide 22: Integration that extends beyond the farm to landscape and coordination across agricultural sectors (with crops and fish) further capitalizes on potential synergies and optimize the use of natural resources and ecosystem services. Climate-smart management is applicable across a range of spatial scales from farm to landscape and catchments, as well as across the scale of governance hierarchy from local to national and regional institutions and policies.
Slide 23: Practicing CSA is often considered a ‘no-regrets’ strategy in that its benefits of sustainable improvements in agriculture will accrue anyway even if climate change impacts turn out not to be or as severe as expected. While this may be a persuasive argument for the initial steps of adaptation in the immediate to short term, ‘no-regrets’ will only go so far and cannot be an ‘end-all’ without taking a longer term perspective of how climate change might affect the agricultural development pathways in specific contexts. There is a risk in concentrating on short-term measures and the incremental steps of adjusting agricultural practices (e.g. shifting cropping calendars, multiple use of water resources, etc.), and losing sight on longer-term solutions for sustained resilience that call for more difficult choices and trade-offs and, associated with that, heavier financial and human capacity investments.
Slide 24: It is therefore important to consider climate smart management of agriculture within a broad socio-ecological context. Climate change is one of many drivers of change that influence vulnerability of the agricultural sector and dependent communities. Climate change is a slow variable, and its impacts may be masked by shorter-term perturbations (markets, prices, land conversions, etc.) that take priority in eliciting response. Attendant adaptation and mitigation outcomes of CSA, if widely practiced, provide positive feedback by reducing vulnerabilities to climate change, hence achieving the longer term outcomes of enhancing livelihoods and food security through a more building a more resilient agricultural sector. But for this to become a reality, the technological solutions offered by good science must be supported by enabling policies and institutional and financial arrangements; and be based on an understanding of the socio-cultural-economic contexts to provide insights about barriers to adoption – behavioral or otherwise - and ways of overcoming them.
Slide 25: Climate-smart agriculture already features in several international development fora and agenda. CSA is central to the development plans of several high-level international bodies (e.g. UN FAO, UN IFAD, World Bank). CSA was touted as the sustainable and food secure pathway in recent discussions at Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development; the First and Second Global Conferences on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change; and at the Agriculture, Landscapes and Livelihoods Day at COP18. The recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Meeting on Climate Change, Food and Agriculture in May 2015 articulated the need to situate climate issues in wider sustainable agriculture development agenda, with emphasis on multi-functionality of agriculture linking across adaptation and mitigation - in essence climate smart agriculture.
Slide 26: The CGIAR Research Program (CRP) on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), through its research projects of piloting climate-smart villages in various countries across the continents, attempts to deal with climate change response in agriculture in a more holistic manner. Interventions deemed to be weather-smart, water-smart, carbon-smart, nitrogen-smart, energy-smart and knowledge-smart are identified with target communities and other stakeholders, tried out and evaluated. Successes are beginning to emerge; the challenge remains for scaling out to other villages and scaling up beyond the village level to encompass larger landscapes where different sets of sustainability issues might emerge and broader-level management, institutional and policy interventions would come into play.
Slide 27: As the CGIAR moves into a second 15-year phase of CRPs in 2016 a major rethinking emerges that recognizes climate change as a cross-cutting issue that needs to be addressed in meeting the challenges of reducing poverty, improving food and nutrition security for health, and improving natural resource systems and ecosystem services - the three System Level Outcomes. A new CRP structure is expected to have climate change research embedded into a number of ‘Agri-Food systems’ CRPs for the major food types, rather than constituting a separate research program as presently configured. This will foster climate-smart thinking and integrate climate change management actions into the food-systems research programs that strive towards sustainable improvements in agriculture for food and nutritional security while enhancing the ecosystem services of the natural resources that it depends on. Designing and implementing an integrated framework of research programs such as this is challenging and is being pursued.
Slide 28: Climate change is global, and response to its impacts must be universal. While countries grapple with action plans to deal with climate change, including climate-smart agriculture, there is scope for regional initiatives and cooperation at a number of fronts. Such an initiative has already emerged in Africa, where alliances (such as the Africa Climate-Smart Agriculture Alliance) and partnerships (such as the Climate-Smart Agricultural Partnership for Africa) have been established to foster collaboration on common themes and undertake region-wide programs on common issues related to climate change management. Would this be a model for the Asia-Pacific?