The document defines fallacies and discusses different types of logical fallacies such as begging the question, red herrings, and hasty generalizations. It provides examples of each fallacy type and explains how fallacies are used in communication to appeal to emotion rather than reason and to win arguments. Logical fallacies distort arguments and mislead audiences rather than relying on valid reasoning.

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Preview of Chapter
 What is a fallacy?
 Typesof Fallacies: Logical, Ethos and
Pathos.
 What are Logical Fallacies?
 What are Ethos?
 What are Pathos
 How
are fallacies used in the process of
communication?

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WHAT IS A FALLACY?
A Fallacy is a deceptive, misleading, or
false notion, belief, etc.:
“The world was flat” was at one time a
popular fallacy.

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Logical Fallacies
 Begging the Question
A Red Herring
 Non sequitur
 Straw Man.
 Stacked Evidence.
 Either-Or
 Post Hoc
 Hasty Generalization

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Logical Fallacies
 Begging the Question:
 demonstrates a conclusion by means of premises that assume
that conclusion.
Ex. Aspirin users are at risk of becoming dependent on the drug, because
aspirin is an addictive substance
 A Red Herring:
 provides irrelevant and misleading support that pulls the
audience away from the real argument
Ex. We admit that gay marriage is an unchangeable tendency, but this issue
is ridiculous.
 Non Sequitur:
 incorrectly assumes one thing is the cause of another
Ex. I hear the rain falling; therefore, there’s no game.

6. + Logical Fallacies
 Straw Man:
 when an individual ignores the other’s position and replaces
it with distorted arguments in order to misrepresent the
opponent’s position.
Ex. Have you stopped beating your kids?
 Stacked Evidence:
 represents only one side of an issue, therefore distorting the
argument.
Ex. Dogs are superior than cats because they are smarter and loyal.
 Either-Or:
 reduce complicated issues to only two possible courses of
action.
Ex. Barack Obama either creates an immigration reform or he say goodbye
to the Latino vote.

7. + Logical Fallacies
 Faulty Casualty: (Post Hoc)
 Talking about an event or situation to create confusion that it
caused the point of argument.
Ex. After the Red Sox fired Bobby Valentine, they never won another
World Series.
 Hasty Generalization:
 drawing conclusions from very little or not enough
evidence.
Ex. I wouldn’t go to a Yankees’ game, the only time I went there people
were rude to me.

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How are fallacies used in the
communication process?
 Not rhetorically intended to appeal to reason but rather to
emotion, or to create more sensitive disposition.
 Fallacies are used to win arguments.

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What we learned…
 We learned the definition of fallacies
 We identified the different logical fallacies
 Begging the Question
 A Red Herring
 Non sequitur
 Straw Man.
 Stacked Evidence.
 Either-Or
 Faulty Casualty
 Hasty Generalization
 We stated the function of fallacies in the process of
communication.