Fallacies Lt Presentation
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The document discusses various types of logical fallacies: 1) Slippery slope fallacy assumes one action will lead to negative consequences without evidence. Affirming the consequent fallacy wrongly assumes evidence for one part of an "if-then" statement supports the other part. 2) Appeal to emotion uses feelings instead of facts. Argument from analogy assumes without justification. Equivocation changes the meaning of words to deceive. 3) Begging the question assumes the conclusion is true without evidence. Common belief or bandwagon fallacy assumes an argument is true because many believe it. Past belief assumes something is right just because it was practiced in the past.
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Fallacyslidess
Inย logicย andย rhetoric, aย fallacyย is a misconception resulting from incorrectย reasoningย inย argumentation
Critical thinking Logical Fallacies t
With a view to employing logic appropriately we should be aware of logical fallacies we might commit. Some are common and unintentional , others are deliberate .Some are tricks to win an argument, others are simply immoral and should be avoided.
Logical Fallacies
A brief discussion of some of the basic logical fallacies:
Dicto Simpliciter
Hasty Generalization
Post Hoc
Contradictory Premises
Ad Misericordiam
False Analogy
Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
Poisoning the Well
Bandwagon Appeal
Begging the Question
Red Herring
Non Sequitur
Slippery Slope
Either/Or Argument
Equivocation
Examine written and visual advertisements.Select five advert
Examine
written and visual advertisements.
Select
five advertisements that demonstrate the use of five different fallacies outlined in the University of Phoenix Material: Common List of Logical Fallacies.
Write
a 350-word summary for each of your selected advertisements in which you address the following: in apa format
Summarize the content of the advertisement.
Identify the fallacy portrayed by the advertisement.
Describe how the fallacy is used as a persuasive argument.
Explain why you think that the creators of the advertisement used the fallacy to promote this product or concept.
Common Logical Fallacies
The following is a list of common fallacies. Some are covered in the textbook, and others are introduced by the faculty member. Use this document for your reference.ย
1. Ad hominem, or attacking the person: This fallacy involves attacking the arguer rather than his or her argument. Consider the following example: John's objections to capital punishment carry no weight because he is a convicted felon.ย
Note. Saying something negative about someone is not automatically ad hominem. If you are discussing a personโsuch as a politicianโcriticizing him or her does not mean you have created an ad hominem fallacy.ย
2. Ad ignorantium, or appeal to ignorance: This fallacy, sometimes called the burden of proof fallacy, involves arguing on the basis of what is not known and cannot be proven; if you can't prove that something is true, then it must be false, and vice versa. Consider the following example: You can't prove the Loch Ness monster doesnโt exist, so there must be one.
3. Ad verecundiam, or appeal to authority: This fallacy involves trying to convince the listener by appealing to the reputation of a famous or respected person. This often involves an authority in one field speaking about a subject outside of his or her expertise. A sports star with little car expertise who endorses a car and the actor on a TV commercial who says "I'm not a doctor, but I play one on TVโ are examples of this fallacy.
4. Affirming the consequent: This fallacy involves an invalid form of the conditional argument in which the second premise affirms the consequent of the first premise and the conclusion affirms the antecedent. Consider the following example: If he wants to get that job, he must know Spanish. He knows Spanish, so he will get the job.
5. Amphiboly: This is a fallacy of syntactical ambiguity in which the position of words in a sentence or the juxtaposition of two sentences conveys a mistaken idea. This fallacy is like equivocation except that the ambiguity does not result from a shift in meaning of a single word or phrase; it is created by word placement. Consider the following example: Jim said he saw Jenny walk her dog through the window. She should be reported for animal abuse.ย
6. Appeal to emotion: In this fallacy, the arguer uses emotional appeals rather than logic to persuade the listener. This fallacy may appeal to v ...
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Fallacyslidess
Inย logicย andย rhetoric, aย fallacyย is a misconception resulting from incorrectย reasoningย inย argumentation
Critical thinking Logical Fallacies t
With a view to employing logic appropriately we should be aware of logical fallacies we might commit. Some are common and unintentional , others are deliberate .Some are tricks to win an argument, others are simply immoral and should be avoided.
Logical Fallacies
A brief discussion of some of the basic logical fallacies:
Dicto Simpliciter
Hasty Generalization
Post Hoc
Contradictory Premises
Ad Misericordiam
False Analogy
Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
Poisoning the Well
Bandwagon Appeal
Begging the Question
Red Herring
Non Sequitur
Slippery Slope
Either/Or Argument
Equivocation
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Similar to Fallacies Lt Presentation
Examine written and visual advertisements.Select five advert
Examine
written and visual advertisements.
Select
five advertisements that demonstrate the use of five different fallacies outlined in the University of Phoenix Material: Common List of Logical Fallacies.
Write
a 350-word summary for each of your selected advertisements in which you address the following: in apa format
Summarize the content of the advertisement.
Identify the fallacy portrayed by the advertisement.
Describe how the fallacy is used as a persuasive argument.
Explain why you think that the creators of the advertisement used the fallacy to promote this product or concept.
Common Logical Fallacies
The following is a list of common fallacies. Some are covered in the textbook, and others are introduced by the faculty member. Use this document for your reference.ย
1. Ad hominem, or attacking the person: This fallacy involves attacking the arguer rather than his or her argument. Consider the following example: John's objections to capital punishment carry no weight because he is a convicted felon.ย
Note. Saying something negative about someone is not automatically ad hominem. If you are discussing a personโsuch as a politicianโcriticizing him or her does not mean you have created an ad hominem fallacy.ย
2. Ad ignorantium, or appeal to ignorance: This fallacy, sometimes called the burden of proof fallacy, involves arguing on the basis of what is not known and cannot be proven; if you can't prove that something is true, then it must be false, and vice versa. Consider the following example: You can't prove the Loch Ness monster doesnโt exist, so there must be one.
3. Ad verecundiam, or appeal to authority: This fallacy involves trying to convince the listener by appealing to the reputation of a famous or respected person. This often involves an authority in one field speaking about a subject outside of his or her expertise. A sports star with little car expertise who endorses a car and the actor on a TV commercial who says "I'm not a doctor, but I play one on TVโ are examples of this fallacy.
4. Affirming the consequent: This fallacy involves an invalid form of the conditional argument in which the second premise affirms the consequent of the first premise and the conclusion affirms the antecedent. Consider the following example: If he wants to get that job, he must know Spanish. He knows Spanish, so he will get the job.
5. Amphiboly: This is a fallacy of syntactical ambiguity in which the position of words in a sentence or the juxtaposition of two sentences conveys a mistaken idea. This fallacy is like equivocation except that the ambiguity does not result from a shift in meaning of a single word or phrase; it is created by word placement. Consider the following example: Jim said he saw Jenny walk her dog through the window. She should be reported for animal abuse.ย
6. Appeal to emotion: In this fallacy, the arguer uses emotional appeals rather than logic to persuade the listener. This fallacy may appeal to v ...
Understanding arguments
The slides aim to train members of Ateneo Debate Union to detect fallacies in argumentation. It is the hope that this would enhance their case construction skills. The principles used borrows heavily from logic.
Week 3 - Instructor GuidanceWeek 3 Inductive ReasoningThis we.docx
Week 3 - Instructor Guidance
Week 3: Inductive Reasoning
This weekโs guidance will cover the following topics:
1. The Nature of Inductive Reasoning
2. Appeals to Authority
3. Inductive Generalizations
4. Statistical Syllogisms
5. Arguments from Analogy
6. Inferences to the Best Explanation
7. Causal Reasoning
8. Things to Do This Week
The Nature of Inductive Reasoning
Will the sun rise tomorrow morning? Of course it will, but how do you know? The reasoning seems to go as follows:
Premise 1: The sun has risen every morning throughout known history
Conclusion: Therefore, the sun will rise tomorrow
Deductively, this argument is invalid, for it is logically possible that the earth could stop spinning tonight. Does that mean that the argument is no good? Of course not. In fact, its premise makes the conclusion is virtually certain. This is an example of a very good argument that is not intended to be deductively valid. That is because it is actually an inductive argument.
An argument is inductive if it does not attempt to be valid, but intends to give strong evidence for the truth of its conclusion.
Many might see inductive reasoning as inferior to deductive reasoning, but that is not generally the case. In fact, inductive arguments often provide much better arguments for the truths of their conclusions than deductive ones. The deductively valid version of our argument about the sun, for example, goes:
Premise 1: The sun will always rise in the morning
Conclusion: Therefore the sun will rise tomorrow morning
This second argument, while valid, actually gives less evidence for the conclusion because its second premise is false (the sun will eventually expand to engulf the earth and then collapse). Therefore the deductive argument is unsound and so offers little evidence for the conclusion, whereas the original inductive argument made the conclusion virtually certain. In other words, inductive reasoning in general can be even better than deductive reasoning in many cases; the trick is to determine which inductive arguments are good and which ones are not so good.Strength versus Weakness
Just as it is the goal of deductive reasoning to be valid, it is the goal of a inductive reasoning to be
strong
. An inductive argument is strong in case its premises, if true, would make the conclusion very likely to be true as well. The above argument about the sun rising is very strong. Most inductive arguments are less strong, all the way along a spectrum between strength and weakness. Here are three with varying degrees of inductive strength:
Weak:
Premise 1: John is tall and in college.
Conclusion: Therefore, he probably plays on the basketball team.
Moderate:
Premise 1: The Lions are a 14 point favorite.
Conclusion: So they will probably win.
Strong:
Premise 1: All of the TV meteorologists report a 99% chance of rain tomorrow.
Conclusion: So it will probably rain tomorrow.
Note that the degree of strength of an inductive argument is independent of whether the.
Fallacies 4.1 Fallacies Questions 0 of 5 complete (0) 0 of 1.docx
Fallacies / 4.1 Fallacies Questions: 0 of 5 complete (0%) | 0 of 1 correct (0%)
Fallacies
There are many different ways our reasoning can be flawed, but some of these mistakes are so common that they have names. This chapter explores fallacies, inhabitants of the often ridiculous but not always obvious world of flawed reasoning.
A fallacy is a type of flawed reasoning, while a fallacious argument is an argument that commits a fallacy. There are two great reasons to study fallacies: to prevent yourself from being fooled by them, and to prevent yourself from committing them unintentionally.
Ground Rules
ยท Fallacies can be found in both deductive and inductive arguments.
ยท Fallacies can seem very plausible and, when undetected, are often persuasive.
ยท The presence of a fallacy doesn't necessarily mean the conclusion is false. It just means that the logic is flawed and so the argument isn't compelling.
Tips for Spotting Fallacies
ยท Become familiar with the common ones.
ยท Evaluate assumptions in an argument.
ยท Find the conclusion, and then ask yourself if the premises are relevant to it.
ยท Look for things in the argument that distract your attention from the main point.
Common Fallacies
For the rest of the chapter we are going to explore 12 of the most common fallacies.
1. Red herring: fallacy in which the arguer raises an irrelevant side issue to distract the opponent or audience from what is really at stake.
I don't know why you're arguing that working a full day on Saturday drains you and makes you less productive in the work week. You should consider yourself lucky... before there were unions, factory laborers would have to work 14 hours a day for six days a week!
Bringing up the conditions of factory workers in pre-union days is mostly irrelevant to the opponent's main point that a full day of work on Saturday reduces productivity for the following week.
2. Appeal to popularity: fallacy in which the arguer attempts to bolster his or her argument by mentioning that "everybody" (or a large group of people) shares the same belief, preference, or habit.
Diane, getting an iPhone will make your life better. I mean, look aroundโpractically everyone in America has an iPhone by this point!
The fact that millions of people own iPhones is not a logically sound reason to believe that buying one will make Diane's life better.
3. Post hoc ergo propter hoc: fallacy in which the arguer assumes that because there is a correlation between two events (i.e., one preceded the other), then the first must have caused the second. The phrase is Latin for "after this, therefore because of this."
In the years after nutrition facts were added to food packaging, obesity rates in the United States rose higher than ever before. Therefore, listing nutrition facts causes people to get fatter.
Just because the rise in obesity rates happened to coincide with the new practice of listing nutrition facts, no logical reason is offered as to why one might have caused the other.
4. ...
Informalย FallaciesEnterlineย Designย Servicesย LLCiStockThinkst.docx
Informalย Fallacies
Enterlineย Designย Servicesย LLC/iStock/Thinkstock
Learningย Objectives
Afterย readingย thisย chapter,ย youย shouldย beย ableย to:
1. Describeย theย variousย fallaciesย ofย support,ย theirย origins,ย andย circumstancesย inย whichย specificย argumentsย mayย notย beย fallacious.
2. Describeย theย variousย fallaciesย ofย relevance,ย theirย origins,ย andย circumstancesย inย whichย specificย argumentsย mayย notย beย fallacious.
3. Describeย theย variousย fallaciesย ofย clarity,ย theirย origins,ย andย circumstancesย inย whichย specificย argumentsย mayย notย beย fallacious.
Weย canย conceiveย ofย logicย asย providingย usย withย theย bestย toolsย forย seekingย truth.ย Ifย ourย goalย isย toย seekย truth,ย thenย weย mustย beย clearย thatย theย taskย isnotย limitedย toย theย formationย ofย trueย beliefsย basedย onย aย solidย logicalย foundation,ย forย theย taskย alsoย involvesย learningย toย avoidย formingย falsebeliefs.ย Therefore,ย justย asย itย isย importantย toย learnย toย employย goodย reasoning,ย itย isย alsoย importantย toย learnย toย avoidย badย reasoning.
Towardย thisย end,ย thisย chapterย willย focusย onย fallacies.ย Fallaciesย areย errorsย inย reasoning;ย moreย specifically,ย theyย areย commonย patternsย ofreasoningย withย aย highย likelihoodย ofย leadingย toย falseย conclusions.ย Logicalย fallaciesย oftenย seemย likeย goodย reasoningย becauseย theyย resembleperfectlyย legitimateย argumentย forms.ย Forย example,ย theย followingย isย aย perfectlyย validย argument:
Ifย youย liveย inย Paris,ย thenย youย liveย inย France.
Youย liveย inย Paris.
Therefore,ย youย liveย inย France.
Assumingย thatย bothย ofย theย premisesย areย true,ย itย logicallyย followsย thatย theย conclusionย mustย beย true.ย Theย followingย argumentย isย veryย similar:
Ifย youย liveย inย Paris,ย thenย youย liveย inย France.
Youย liveย inย France.
Therefore,ย youย liveย inย Paris.
Thisย secondย argument,ย however,ย isย invalid;ย thereย areย plentyย ofย otherย placesย toย liveย inย France.ย Thisย isย aย commonย formalย fallacyย knownย asaffirmingย theย consequent.ย Chapterย 4ย discussedย howย thisย fallacyย wasย basedย onย anย incorrectย logicalย form.ย Thisย chapterย willย focusย onย informalfallacies,ย fallaciesย whoseย errorsย areย notย soย muchย aย matterย ofย formย butย ofย content.ย Theย restย ofย thisย chapterย willย coverย someย ofย theย mostย commonandย importantย fallacies,ย withย definitionsย andย examples.ย Learningย aboutย fallaciesย canย beย aย lotย ofย fun,ย butย beย warned:ย Onceย youย beginย noticingfallacies,ย youย mayย startย toย seeย themย everywhere.
Beforeย weย start,ย itย isย worthย notingย aย fewย things.ย First,ย thereย areย many,ย manyย fallacies.ย Thisย chapterย willย considerย onlyย aย samplingย ofย someย ofย themostย well-knownย fallacies.ย Second,ย thereย isย aย lotย ofย overlapย betweenย fallacies.ย Reasonableย peopleย canย interpretย theย sameย errorsย asย differentfallacies.ย Focusย onย tryingย toย understandย bothย interpretationsย ratherย thanย onย insistingย thatย onlyย oneย canย beย right.ย Third,ย differentย philosophersoftenย haveย differentย terminologyย forย theย sameย fallaciesย andย makeย differentย distinctionsย amongย them.ย Therefore,ย youย mayย findย thatย othersย usedifferentย terminologyย forย theย fallaciesย thatย weย willย learnย aboutย inย thisย chapter.ย Notย toย worryโitย isย theย ideasย hereย thatย areย mostย important:ย Ourgoalย isย toย learnย toย identi.
Chapter 3Evaluating Moral ArgumentsWhat Is Moral Reasoning.docx
Chapter 3
Evaluating Moral Arguments
What Is Moral Reasoning?
Moral reasoningis ordinary critical reasoning applied to ethics.
Critical reasoning(also called critical thinking) is the careful, systematic evaluation of statementsand arguments.
Statements
A statement(or claim) is the assertion that something is either true or false. The following are examples of statements:โMurder is wrong.โโ1 + 1 = 2โโShakespeare wrote The Tempest.โ
Statements and Arguments โ1
When at least one statement attempts to provide reasons for believing another statement, we have an argumentโa group of statements, one of which is supposed to be supported by the rest.
Statements and Arguments โ2
The supporting statements are called premises.
The statement that is being supported by the others is the conclusion.
Identifying ArgumentsAn argumentis intended to prove something.All arguments share a pattern: at least one premise is required to support a conclusion.A cluster of unsupported claims is not an argument.The most reliable way to identify arguments is to look for the conclusion first.Look for indicator words:terms that often appear in arguments and signal that a premise or conclusion may be nearby.
Some words indicating a conclusion:
Therefore, consequently, hence, it follows that, thus, so, it must be thatSome words indicating a premise:
Because, since, for, given that, due to the fact that, for the reason that, the reason being, assuming that, as indicated by
Two Forms of Argument
A deductive argumentis supposed to give logically conclusivesupport to its conclusion.
An inductive argumentis supposed to offer probablesupport to its conclusion.
Common Deductive Argument FormsValid forms:Denying the antecedentAffirming the consequent Invalid forms:Affirming the antecedent(modus ponens)Denying the consequent(modus tollens)The hypothetical syllogism
Deductive Arguments
A deductive argument isvalidif the premises support the conclusion. That is, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. If the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true.
A deductive argument is invalidif the premises do not support the conclusion. That is, the conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premises. If the premises are true, then the conclusion may or may not be true.
A deductive argument is sound if it is valid and all its premises are true.
A deductive argument is unsound if it is invalid and/or any of its premises are false.
Inductive Arguments
An inductive argument is strongif it gives probable support to its conclusion. That is, if its premises are true, its conclusion is also likely to be true.
An inductive argument is weak if it does not give probable support to its conclusion. That is, if its premises are true, its conclusion is not more probable than not to be true.
An inductive argument is cogentif it is strong and all of its premises are true.
An inductive argument is not cogent if it is weakand/or any of.
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Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO Quality Management (UA)
Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO Quality Management (UA)
Lemberg PMO School 2024
Website โ https://lembs.com/pmoschool
Youtube โ https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB โ https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
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(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
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