Lower and/or inappropriate usages of improved agricultural technologies are among the major of causes for decline of production and productivity of wheat as compared to the potential in Ethiopia. This study aims to measure the status and extent of improved wheat technology adoption and identify its determinants among wheat producing smallholder farmers’ in Sekela district of West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling techniques used to select 204wheat producing farmers. The study primarily used collected primary data for 2017/18 production year using structured questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, both descriptive statistics and econometrics techniques such as double hurdle model are applied. The result shows that family size, availability of oxen and attitude towards risk affected positively adoption status of wheat production. While, farming experience, and off-farm income affected the extent of improved wheat variety adoption. On the other hand, farm size and cultivated farm land affected negatively the extent of improved wheat varieties adoption. Based on the result, the study recommended that the above factors should be considered both at stages in evaluating strategies aimed at promoting wheat production and productivity of the study area.
The document discusses the RiceCheck system for increasing productivity and efficiency in rice production. It notes that there is still a large yield gap in irrigated rice systems globally. RiceCheck was developed as an integrated crop management approach based on the Australian system. FAO is working with countries to modify and disseminate RiceCheck to help close yield gaps and increase productivity in a sustainable manner. Initial results show it has increased yields by up to 30% in countries like Brazil, Indonesia, and Vietnam.
Nature, scope and significance of Agricultural Production EconomicsRAVI SAHU
Agricultural production economics is concerned with the productivity and efficient use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It deals with factor-product, factor-factor and product-product relationships. The scope of agricultural production economics includes the economics of agricultural production, problems in the agricultural sector and remedies, agricultural credit, marketing, demand and supply of farm goods, agricultural policies and programs, and taxes on farm productivity. Agricultural production economics is significant as it applies economic theories to address agricultural issues and provides insights into the relationships between crop and animal production systems.
It is report on Mushroom cultivation . It shows the process about Mushroom growing in the farms. All the marketing strategy defined here. It based on commercial training that is held in 8th semester of B.Sc. agriculture final year according to ICAR module.
The document discusses several types of small millets including finger millet, foxtail millet, kodo millet, little millet, proso millet, and barnyard millet. It provides details on their drought tolerance, growing conditions, production areas, and uses. Finger millet is highlighted with information on its varieties, cultivation practices, cropping systems, and production in India. The document concludes with brief descriptions of foxtail millet and little millet.
effect of different weather elements on growth and development of rice cropveerendra manduri
this ppt includes effect of different weather elements on growth and development of rice crop. this was prepared by nandini of 2018 msc batch of pjtsau
This document summarizes information about onions and garlic. It discusses the taxonomy and importance of onions, describing their use as a vegetable and seasoning. It covers onion types including yellow, red, and white onions. The document also discusses garlic, its subspecies, importance as a medicinal crop, and history of cultivation. It provides details on breeding objectives and developed varieties for both onions and garlic, including varieties resistant to common diseases and insect pests.
The document discusses the RiceCheck system for increasing productivity and efficiency in rice production. It notes that there is still a large yield gap in irrigated rice systems globally. RiceCheck was developed as an integrated crop management approach based on the Australian system. FAO is working with countries to modify and disseminate RiceCheck to help close yield gaps and increase productivity in a sustainable manner. Initial results show it has increased yields by up to 30% in countries like Brazil, Indonesia, and Vietnam.
Nature, scope and significance of Agricultural Production EconomicsRAVI SAHU
Agricultural production economics is concerned with the productivity and efficient use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It deals with factor-product, factor-factor and product-product relationships. The scope of agricultural production economics includes the economics of agricultural production, problems in the agricultural sector and remedies, agricultural credit, marketing, demand and supply of farm goods, agricultural policies and programs, and taxes on farm productivity. Agricultural production economics is significant as it applies economic theories to address agricultural issues and provides insights into the relationships between crop and animal production systems.
It is report on Mushroom cultivation . It shows the process about Mushroom growing in the farms. All the marketing strategy defined here. It based on commercial training that is held in 8th semester of B.Sc. agriculture final year according to ICAR module.
The document discusses several types of small millets including finger millet, foxtail millet, kodo millet, little millet, proso millet, and barnyard millet. It provides details on their drought tolerance, growing conditions, production areas, and uses. Finger millet is highlighted with information on its varieties, cultivation practices, cropping systems, and production in India. The document concludes with brief descriptions of foxtail millet and little millet.
effect of different weather elements on growth and development of rice cropveerendra manduri
this ppt includes effect of different weather elements on growth and development of rice crop. this was prepared by nandini of 2018 msc batch of pjtsau
This document summarizes information about onions and garlic. It discusses the taxonomy and importance of onions, describing their use as a vegetable and seasoning. It covers onion types including yellow, red, and white onions. The document also discusses garlic, its subspecies, importance as a medicinal crop, and history of cultivation. It provides details on breeding objectives and developed varieties for both onions and garlic, including varieties resistant to common diseases and insect pests.
This document discusses risk and uncertainty in agricultural marketing. It identifies different types of risk farmers face, such as physical risk from accidents, pests or improper packing, as well as price risk from fluctuations in market prices. Methods to manage these risks include insurance, contract farming, forward/future contracts, and speculation or hedging. Contract farming in particular involves agreements where companies provide inputs and farmers deliver outputs. Proper management of these risks is important for the agricultural industry.
Farm Management, Production & Resource EconomicsSumit Jangra
1. The document discusses concepts related to depreciation, net worth statements, income statements, and farm planning. It defines depreciation and lists its objectives and common methods.
2. Net worth statements and income statements are summarized - net worth statements show the financial position of a business while income statements show revenues, expenses and profits over time.
3. The key steps of farm planning are outlined as preparing maps, recording farm history, planning labor needs, optimal land use, livestock programs, and marketing strategies. Characteristics of a good farm plan include being written and flexible.
Genetic variation is crucial for successful barley improvement. Genomic technologies are improving dramatically and are providing access to the genetic diversity within this important crop species. Diverse collections of barley germplasm are being assembled and mined via genome-wide association studies and the identified variation can be linked to the barley sequence assembly. Introgression of favorable alleles via marker-assisted selection is now faster and more efficient due to the availability of single nucleotide polymorphism platforms. High-throughput genotyping is also making genomic selection an essential tool in modern barley breeding.
principle of combining enterprises and principle of comparative advantageBhuvanesvari srinivasan
The document discusses two key principles for farm business economics:
1) The principle of combining enterprises states that farms can maximize profits by producing complementary products together through joint, complementary, supplementary, or competitive relationships.
2) The principle of comparative advantage shows that farms should specialize in the crops or activities they have a relative cost advantage in, even if they have an absolute advantage in multiple crops. A farm in region E has comparative advantage in groundnut compared to redgram, so should focus more on groundnut.
The document provides an overview of the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in international marketing. It begins with defining international marketing and trade, describing some of the largest trading partners of India. It then discusses the benefits of international trade and barriers such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers. The document explains the transition from GATT to the establishment of the WTO in 1995 following the Uruguay Round negotiations. It outlines the objectives and functions of the WTO, including administering trade agreements, implementing trade barrier reductions, examining member trade policies, and settling disputes. The document emphasizes that the WTO operates on consensus among member governments. Finally, it discusses some benefits for developing countries in joining the WTO.
This document discusses intercropping systems in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). It defines intercropping as cultivating two or more crops simultaneously in the same field. The objectives of intercropping include higher productivity, stability of production, and insurance against crop failure. Research has found that intercropping Bt cotton with fodder maize resulted in the highest seed cotton equivalent yield. Applying recommended doses of nitrogen to intercrops also increased intercrop yields. Intercropping was concluded to increase soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and income per unit area compared to sole cropping.
System of rice intensification, a sustainable method to increase crop productiondamini333
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a method for increasing rice crop yields. Some key points of SRI include transplanting young seedlings, reducing plant population, and maintaining aerated soil conditions. SRI emphasizes changes from conventional rice cultivation such as nursery management, transplanting timing, and water, nutrient, and weed management to improve yields, reduce water and seed usage, and increase profits for farmers.
Farm management involves making strategic decisions about how to organize and operate a farm to maximize sustainable profits. There are three main types of farm management decisions: organizational decisions, which involve determining what and how much to produce, as well as strategic decisions about farm size and infrastructure; administrative decisions around financing, supervision, and record keeping; and marketing decisions regarding buying farm inputs and selling farm outputs, including when, where, and to whom to sell. Making good decisions is essential to the sustainable profitability and success of a farm business over time.
This document provides information on the production technology of watermelon. It discusses the origin and varieties of watermelon including Sugar Baby, Asahi Yamato, Pusa Bedana, and Arka varieties. It also outlines soil preparation, sowing methods, fertilizer use, pruning, weed and water management, and harvesting. Key requirements are warm weather, well-drained soil, and regular irrigation. Yields average 200-250 quintals per hectare for varieties and 300-400 quintals for hybrids.
Kalanamak Rice is a heritage rice of eastern part of India. This is a published research paper in which we have included all aspects of its present situation and Improvement in its aroma and yield.
This document provides examples of how to calculate the seed rate per hectare for different crops. It lists the key factors needed for calculation such as spacing, germination percentage, purity percentage, 1000 grain weight, and plant population per hectare. It then shows step-by-step calculations for seed rates of various crops like mung bean, pigeon pea, groundnut, green gram, jute, maize, upland rice, and rice. The calculations follow a consistent formula and take into account additional needs like seeds for gap filling.
This document provides information about maize production technology. It discusses the origin and history of maize, its introduction and uses. It describes optimal soil and climate conditions for growth, and details seedbed preparation, sowing methods, fertilizer application, irrigation needs, and pest and disease management. Harvesting and storage methods are also outlined. The document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of maize cultivation practices.
Scope of Vegetable seed production in India ATMA RAM MEENA
Vegetable seed production in India has grown significantly over the past few decades. India is now the second largest producer of vegetables globally. The use of hybrid seeds has increased yields by 2-3 times compared to traditional saved seeds. However, vegetable seed production faces challenges such as high costs, perishability of seeds, and climate and pest issues. Strengthening public sector research and reducing import/export restrictions can help boost the vegetable seed industry in India.
The document discusses various concepts related to agricultural prices, including:
- Minimum support prices (MSP) which aim to protect farmers from steep price declines.
- Procurement prices which are slightly higher than MSP and used by the government to purchase crops from farmers.
- Issue prices which are the prices at which the government sells commodities to consumers through public distribution systems.
- The role of the Agricultural Prices Commission in recommending MSPs and other price policies to the government.
The document provides information about the College of Agriculture in Bhawanipatna, Odisha. It details the establishment of the college in 2009 under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology. It provides statistics about current student enrollment, staffing levels, and facilities available at the college including the library, nursery, and student plot. It also outlines some of the extension activities conducted by faculty members and achievements of the college and its students over the past year.
The document provides details about a Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) program conducted by the Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The 3-sentence summary is:
The RAWE program aims to provide practical agricultural experience to students through involvement in farm activities with local farmers, conducting surveys and farm planning, and extension education work in villages. Students are divided into groups and assigned villages to work in for a period of time. The program orientation provides training in participatory rural appraisal techniques to acquaint students with the socio-economic conditions of the villages.
The document discusses potato breeding, including the origin, botany, genetics, and breeding methods of potato. It provides details on several commercial potato varieties grown in India and their characteristics. The document also covers topics like biotechnology, future prospects, and the development of true potato seeds.
This document discusses wide hybridization in chickpea. It begins by explaining the importance of broadening the genetic base of crops through wide hybridization to reduce vulnerability to stresses. It then provides details on the chickpea gene pool and crossability with wild relatives. Various techniques for overcoming barriers to wide hybridization are described, such as embryo rescue and growth regulators. Applications of wide hybridization in chickpea include transferring resistance to diseases, pests, cold, and drought from wild species. Breeding methods like bulk selection and SSD are used in wide hybridization programs. Finally, some achievements in chickpea wide hybridization are highlighted.
Good Cultivation Practices of Lentil Lens culinaris.pdfAsbinKatwal
Good cultivation practices for lentils involve selecting high-quality seeds, preparing the soil with proper tillage and adding proper nutrients, providing adequate irrigation, controlling pests and diseases, and proper harvest management.
This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from a sample of 124 sorghum producing households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land size, fertilizer (Urea and DAP), human labour, oxen power and chemicals (herbicides or pesticides) found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The result further revealed significant differences in technical efficiency among sorghum producers in the study area. The discrepancy ratio, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 90%. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. Among the household specific socio-economic and institutional factors hypothesized to affect the level of technical inefficiency, age, education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility status were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
Report on gross margine of smallholder contton productionNtalemu
This study aimed to determine the gross margin of smallholder cotton production in Metema Woreda, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted interviewing 37 lead cotton farming households using a structured questionnaire, as well as key informant interviews. The study found that smallholder cotton farmers generated a gross margin of 39% after accounting for all production costs. The largest costs were weeding at 27% of total costs and harvesting. On average, farmers produced 12.05 quintals of cotton per hectare. However, smallholders face numerous constraints from production to marketing including pests, quality issues, asymmetric price information, and limited buyers. The study recommends improving access to market information and strengthening stakeholder integration to enhance smallholder cotton
This document discusses risk and uncertainty in agricultural marketing. It identifies different types of risk farmers face, such as physical risk from accidents, pests or improper packing, as well as price risk from fluctuations in market prices. Methods to manage these risks include insurance, contract farming, forward/future contracts, and speculation or hedging. Contract farming in particular involves agreements where companies provide inputs and farmers deliver outputs. Proper management of these risks is important for the agricultural industry.
Farm Management, Production & Resource EconomicsSumit Jangra
1. The document discusses concepts related to depreciation, net worth statements, income statements, and farm planning. It defines depreciation and lists its objectives and common methods.
2. Net worth statements and income statements are summarized - net worth statements show the financial position of a business while income statements show revenues, expenses and profits over time.
3. The key steps of farm planning are outlined as preparing maps, recording farm history, planning labor needs, optimal land use, livestock programs, and marketing strategies. Characteristics of a good farm plan include being written and flexible.
Genetic variation is crucial for successful barley improvement. Genomic technologies are improving dramatically and are providing access to the genetic diversity within this important crop species. Diverse collections of barley germplasm are being assembled and mined via genome-wide association studies and the identified variation can be linked to the barley sequence assembly. Introgression of favorable alleles via marker-assisted selection is now faster and more efficient due to the availability of single nucleotide polymorphism platforms. High-throughput genotyping is also making genomic selection an essential tool in modern barley breeding.
principle of combining enterprises and principle of comparative advantageBhuvanesvari srinivasan
The document discusses two key principles for farm business economics:
1) The principle of combining enterprises states that farms can maximize profits by producing complementary products together through joint, complementary, supplementary, or competitive relationships.
2) The principle of comparative advantage shows that farms should specialize in the crops or activities they have a relative cost advantage in, even if they have an absolute advantage in multiple crops. A farm in region E has comparative advantage in groundnut compared to redgram, so should focus more on groundnut.
The document provides an overview of the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in international marketing. It begins with defining international marketing and trade, describing some of the largest trading partners of India. It then discusses the benefits of international trade and barriers such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers. The document explains the transition from GATT to the establishment of the WTO in 1995 following the Uruguay Round negotiations. It outlines the objectives and functions of the WTO, including administering trade agreements, implementing trade barrier reductions, examining member trade policies, and settling disputes. The document emphasizes that the WTO operates on consensus among member governments. Finally, it discusses some benefits for developing countries in joining the WTO.
This document discusses intercropping systems in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). It defines intercropping as cultivating two or more crops simultaneously in the same field. The objectives of intercropping include higher productivity, stability of production, and insurance against crop failure. Research has found that intercropping Bt cotton with fodder maize resulted in the highest seed cotton equivalent yield. Applying recommended doses of nitrogen to intercrops also increased intercrop yields. Intercropping was concluded to increase soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and income per unit area compared to sole cropping.
System of rice intensification, a sustainable method to increase crop productiondamini333
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a method for increasing rice crop yields. Some key points of SRI include transplanting young seedlings, reducing plant population, and maintaining aerated soil conditions. SRI emphasizes changes from conventional rice cultivation such as nursery management, transplanting timing, and water, nutrient, and weed management to improve yields, reduce water and seed usage, and increase profits for farmers.
Farm management involves making strategic decisions about how to organize and operate a farm to maximize sustainable profits. There are three main types of farm management decisions: organizational decisions, which involve determining what and how much to produce, as well as strategic decisions about farm size and infrastructure; administrative decisions around financing, supervision, and record keeping; and marketing decisions regarding buying farm inputs and selling farm outputs, including when, where, and to whom to sell. Making good decisions is essential to the sustainable profitability and success of a farm business over time.
This document provides information on the production technology of watermelon. It discusses the origin and varieties of watermelon including Sugar Baby, Asahi Yamato, Pusa Bedana, and Arka varieties. It also outlines soil preparation, sowing methods, fertilizer use, pruning, weed and water management, and harvesting. Key requirements are warm weather, well-drained soil, and regular irrigation. Yields average 200-250 quintals per hectare for varieties and 300-400 quintals for hybrids.
Kalanamak Rice is a heritage rice of eastern part of India. This is a published research paper in which we have included all aspects of its present situation and Improvement in its aroma and yield.
This document provides examples of how to calculate the seed rate per hectare for different crops. It lists the key factors needed for calculation such as spacing, germination percentage, purity percentage, 1000 grain weight, and plant population per hectare. It then shows step-by-step calculations for seed rates of various crops like mung bean, pigeon pea, groundnut, green gram, jute, maize, upland rice, and rice. The calculations follow a consistent formula and take into account additional needs like seeds for gap filling.
This document provides information about maize production technology. It discusses the origin and history of maize, its introduction and uses. It describes optimal soil and climate conditions for growth, and details seedbed preparation, sowing methods, fertilizer application, irrigation needs, and pest and disease management. Harvesting and storage methods are also outlined. The document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of maize cultivation practices.
Scope of Vegetable seed production in India ATMA RAM MEENA
Vegetable seed production in India has grown significantly over the past few decades. India is now the second largest producer of vegetables globally. The use of hybrid seeds has increased yields by 2-3 times compared to traditional saved seeds. However, vegetable seed production faces challenges such as high costs, perishability of seeds, and climate and pest issues. Strengthening public sector research and reducing import/export restrictions can help boost the vegetable seed industry in India.
The document discusses various concepts related to agricultural prices, including:
- Minimum support prices (MSP) which aim to protect farmers from steep price declines.
- Procurement prices which are slightly higher than MSP and used by the government to purchase crops from farmers.
- Issue prices which are the prices at which the government sells commodities to consumers through public distribution systems.
- The role of the Agricultural Prices Commission in recommending MSPs and other price policies to the government.
The document provides information about the College of Agriculture in Bhawanipatna, Odisha. It details the establishment of the college in 2009 under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology. It provides statistics about current student enrollment, staffing levels, and facilities available at the college including the library, nursery, and student plot. It also outlines some of the extension activities conducted by faculty members and achievements of the college and its students over the past year.
The document provides details about a Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) program conducted by the Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The 3-sentence summary is:
The RAWE program aims to provide practical agricultural experience to students through involvement in farm activities with local farmers, conducting surveys and farm planning, and extension education work in villages. Students are divided into groups and assigned villages to work in for a period of time. The program orientation provides training in participatory rural appraisal techniques to acquaint students with the socio-economic conditions of the villages.
The document discusses potato breeding, including the origin, botany, genetics, and breeding methods of potato. It provides details on several commercial potato varieties grown in India and their characteristics. The document also covers topics like biotechnology, future prospects, and the development of true potato seeds.
This document discusses wide hybridization in chickpea. It begins by explaining the importance of broadening the genetic base of crops through wide hybridization to reduce vulnerability to stresses. It then provides details on the chickpea gene pool and crossability with wild relatives. Various techniques for overcoming barriers to wide hybridization are described, such as embryo rescue and growth regulators. Applications of wide hybridization in chickpea include transferring resistance to diseases, pests, cold, and drought from wild species. Breeding methods like bulk selection and SSD are used in wide hybridization programs. Finally, some achievements in chickpea wide hybridization are highlighted.
Good Cultivation Practices of Lentil Lens culinaris.pdfAsbinKatwal
Good cultivation practices for lentils involve selecting high-quality seeds, preparing the soil with proper tillage and adding proper nutrients, providing adequate irrigation, controlling pests and diseases, and proper harvest management.
This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from a sample of 124 sorghum producing households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land size, fertilizer (Urea and DAP), human labour, oxen power and chemicals (herbicides or pesticides) found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The result further revealed significant differences in technical efficiency among sorghum producers in the study area. The discrepancy ratio, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 90%. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. Among the household specific socio-economic and institutional factors hypothesized to affect the level of technical inefficiency, age, education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility status were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
Report on gross margine of smallholder contton productionNtalemu
This study aimed to determine the gross margin of smallholder cotton production in Metema Woreda, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted interviewing 37 lead cotton farming households using a structured questionnaire, as well as key informant interviews. The study found that smallholder cotton farmers generated a gross margin of 39% after accounting for all production costs. The largest costs were weeding at 27% of total costs and harvesting. On average, farmers produced 12.05 quintals of cotton per hectare. However, smallholders face numerous constraints from production to marketing including pests, quality issues, asymmetric price information, and limited buyers. The study recommends improving access to market information and strengthening stakeholder integration to enhance smallholder cotton
Agriculture in Ethiopia yet bases on small scale farming is experiencing frequent drought. The study examines, does improved wheat seed adoption benefit farmer’s wheat yield or not in Ofla woreda, Tigrai? A primary data sources from a survey of random sample 300 small scale farm households were gathered. Of which 100 were certified wheat seed adoptor farmers and the remaining 200 were non users. In dealing with propensity score matching (PSM) was applied. The average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) result revealed that improved wheat seed adoptor household’s earn 35 to 54 quintal of wheat yield per hectare at a cost of plowing 9,400 Birr larger in a single production year compared to non adoptors earn below 18 quintal at a cost of Birr 7,000. Adoption of certified wheat seed complementary with other packages is more recommendable to enhance wheat yield at small scale level.
Economic Efficiency Analysis of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Harargh...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed at analyzing the economic efficiency of sorghum producing smallholders in West Hareghe zone. It was based on cross-sectional data of 200 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimation of stochastic frontier production function indicated that labor, DAP fertilizer, area, seed and oxen power affects sorghum yield positively. The estimated results showed that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 78.9%, 38.6% and 33.6% respectively which indicates the presence of inefficiency in sorghum production in the study area. Among factors hypothesized to determine the level of efficiencies, frequency of extension contact had positive relationship with technical efficiency and it was negatively related to both allocative and economic efficiencies, while soil fertility was also found to significantly influence technical efficiencies positively and experience has positive relationships with technical efficiency and allocative efficiency and slope significantly affects technical efficiency negatively. The result also indicated that cultivated land was among significant variables in determining technical efficiency and economic efficiency of farmers in the study area. Education was found to significantly determine allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers positively. The result indicated that there is a room to increase the efficiency of sorghum producers in the study area. Therefore, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using the best practices of relatively efficient farmers.
Mechanization as a Solution for Skilled Labor Shortage of Paddy Farming Secto...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a research study on increasing mechanization as a solution for the shortage of skilled labor in paddy farming in Sri Lanka's wet zone. The study found that the current degree of mechanization is 90% for land preparation, 0% for sowing, and 30% for harvesting and threshing. Key barriers to greater mechanization included older farmer age, lower education levels, less farming experience, and poor field conditions. A cost-benefit analysis found that hiring machinery for land preparation and harvesting/threshing was financially feasible for farmers. The study recommends developing machinery that can operate in muddy fields and purchasing combine harvesters through farmer organizations.
Mechanization as a Solution for Skilled Labor Shortage of Paddy Farming Secto...BRNSS Publication Hub
Due to the limitation of productivity in dry zone paddy farmers, it is necessary to increase the productivity
of paddy cultivation in the wet zone by increasing the degree of mechanization as a labor solution
technology. However, the degree of mechanization in the paddy sector in Sri Lanka is lower than in other
developing countries. Therefore, this research study tries to find out the potentials of increasing paddy
productivity using new agricultural machinery for traditional ways of paddy cultivation in the wet zone.
The main objectives of the study are to identify paddy farmers’ degree of mechanization in each stage of
paddy farming process, identify the significant barriers that paddy farmers faced while using agricultural
machinery, identify farmers’ costs and benefits gained using agricultural machinery, and finally, to suggest
recommendations to uplift the mechanization in wet zone as a solution for skilled labor shortage. The
data were collected using pre-tested questioner from paddy farmers in Dodangoda ds division; collected
data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test, cost-benefit analysis (CBA), and descriptive methods.
The CBA indicated the lowest feasibility score for hiring machinery in both land preparation stage and
harvesting and threshing stage and those scores were 0.11 and 0.13, respectively. Accordingly, hiring
machinery seem beneficial for farmers. Very deeply muddy field condition (Stuck) in paddy lands avoided
the usage of machinery. Farmers who had >6 years of experience, tended to use traditional ways to do
paddy cultivation. Study findings further revealed that youth farmers tended to use agricultural machinery
in both stages the degree of mechanization can be increased if machinery developers can build machinery
that is compatible with the field condition of paddy fields, purchase own mini combine harvester (MCH)
is not beneficial for individual farmer; therefore, study suggests to purchase MCH for farmer organization.
This document analyzes the value chain of sesame in the Bench Maji Zone of Ethiopia. It identifies the major actors in the sesame value chain as producers, wholesalers, rural collectors, cooperatives, brokers, retailers, exporters, and NGOs. It uses survey data and statistical analysis to examine factors that influence farmers' choices of market outlets. The analysis finds that years of experience, cooperative membership, household size, education level, land area under sesame cultivation, quantity supplied, participation in training, and distance to the nearest market significantly impact farmers' decisions on where to sell their sesame. The study recommends strengthening farmers' cooperatives, improving infrastructure and access to transportation, enhancing farmers' knowledge through
Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Packag...Premier Publishers
Enhancing the probability of adoption and its intensity is not an easy task because there are numerous factors that affect producers’ adoption decision. Hence, the study was aimed to investigate the factors that affect adoption and intensity of adoption among malt barley producers in southern Ethiopia. Using random sampling technique, 251 smallholder malt barley producers were selected to collect primary data through semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and econometrics model (Tobit model) methods were used for data analysis. The study identified five major malt barley technology packages in the study area. Such practices are; improved seed, seeding rate, fertilizer rate, plowing frequency and row planting. Thus, non-adopter accounted for 7.5% of total sample, partial adopter (50.2%), fully adopter (42.3%) and intensity ranges from 0.12-0.84 for partially adopter and 0.85-0.96 for fully adopter. The results of Tobit model indicated that factors influencing adoption and its intensity are; education, family size, land size, access to credit, membership to cooperative, access to training, access to demonstration, total livestock unit and distance to nearest market. Which are affected farmers adoption decision and intensity of adoption significantly in one or another way. Therefore, government and any development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption, increased productivity and income to small scale.
This thesis presentation analyzes the technical efficiency of maize production among smallholder farmers in Boneya Boshe woreda, East Wollega Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The study was conducted by Gemechu Bari under the supervision of Dr. Esubalew and co-supervision of Mr. Gudina Tolosa. The presentation outlines the background, justification, objectives, research questions, methodology and literature review of the study. The objectives are to analyze the level of technical efficiency, identify determinants of efficiency, assess yield gaps, and identify sources of inefficiency. The study aims to provide information to farmers and local government to improve maize productivity and efficiency in the study area.
Participatory on farm evaluation of improved bread wheat technologies in some...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated 6 varieties of bread wheat on 27 farmers' fields in 3 districts of southern Ethiopia. Variety and location significantly affected plant height, spike length, seeds per spike, and yield. The highest-yielding variety was Digalu, which farmers in all districts ranked first due to its adaptation, disease resistance, quality, and market value. Variety Tay was also well-adapted and ranked second in 2 districts. However, variety HAR-604 performed poorly and was susceptible to diseases. The study concluded that Digalu can be recommended for all areas, while Tay is suitable for some locations.
Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Hararghe Zone, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at analyzing the technical efficiency of sorghum producing smallholder farmers in Chiro district. It was based on cross-sectional data of 130 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimated results of the Cobb-Douglas frontier model with inefficiency variables shows that the mean technical efficiency of the farmers in the production of sorghum is 78 percent. This implies that sorghum producers can reduce current level of input application by 22 percent given the existing technological level. The discrepancy ratio γ, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 84.6% and while the remaining 15.4% variation in output, was due to the effect of random noise. The estimated stochastic production frontier (SPF) model also indicates that Organic fertilizer, DAP fertilizer, Area, Labor and seed are significant determinants of sorghum production level. The estimated SPF model together with the inefficiency parameters shows that age, Frequency of extension contact, Household size, Slope, Fertility of soil and Livestock holding significantly determine the efficiency level of the farmers in sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using practices of relatively efficient farmers in the area so that they can be able to operate at the frontier. Beside this, a strategy of the government needs to be directed towards the above-mentioned determinants.
- The study examined the profitability of cashew production among smallholder farmers in Wenchi Municipality, Ghana.
- Data was collected from 140 farmers and analyzed using net present value, benefit-cost ratio, and internal rate of return to assess profitability over a 25-year period.
- The results showed that a 1-hectare cashew plantation has a positive net present value of GH¢260.82 ($343.16), a benefit-cost ratio of 1.13, and an internal rate of return of 43.85%, indicating that cashew production is profitable.
Optimization Model of Use of Production in Order to Increase Production and E...AI Publications
This research aims to; analyze the optimization model of the use of production inputs in order to increase production and the efficiency of potato farming. This study uses cross-section data from 62 farmers. Sampling was done by Simple Random Sampling. The approach taken to examine the response of production to inputs is made descriptively. The production and efficiency functions are estimated using the stochastic frontier production function and the dual cost function. The results showed that there was no optimal use of production inputs. The frontier production function was mainly determined by the input of seed production of SP-36 fertilizer, KCL fertilizer, and liquid insecticide. The determinants of optimal production are determined by the use of seeds, urea fertilizer, and the use of drugs. The optimal use of inputs can produce an optimal production of 21,768 kg, while the actual production is only 12,250 kg. The use of seeds, SP-36 fertilizer, organic fertilizers, liquid insecticides, and labor are risk-reducing productivity factors. The technical efficiency of potato farming is in the medium category (ET=0.6644). Sources of technical inefficiency mainly come from the land area, age, and distance of farming land. Meanwhile, income, farming experience education and the number of family members reduce the occurrence of technical inefficiency. Farmers' behavior in responding to productivity risks is the average risk taker.
Effect of Manual Screw Press Utilization on Output, Income, and Standard of L...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study assessed the effect of utilization of manual screw press for gari production on output, income, and standard of living of gari processors in four local government areas across the agricultural development program zones in Kwara state, Nigeria. Using multistage sampling technique and a semi-structured questionnaire as instrument, data for the study were collected from a sample of 384 gari processors who use the screw press in the state. Descriptive statistics, namely frequency count, percentages, and mean were used for analysis of generated field data. The study revealed a 35.5% increase in gari production was achieved with the utilization of the screw press for gari production. Furthermore, average annual income from gari processing after utilization went from N809662 to N1249375; 35.19% increase. Furthermore, average household properties owned by processors went from 2.31 before utilization to 3.24 after utilization which is an increase of 28.7%. The study concluded that utilization of manual screw press by gari producers in Kwara state has led to increased output, a higher income, and a better standard of living for gari producers. These increases would most probably lead to increase in their probability of escaping poverty, and in the long run, would lead to sustainable food security for the country.
Effect of Manual Screw Press Utilization on Output, Income, and Standard of L...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study assessed the effect of utilization of manual screw press for gari production on output, income,
and standard of living of gari processors in four local government areas across the agricultural development
program zones in Kwara state, Nigeria. Using multistage sampling technique and a semi-structured
questionnaire as instrument, data for the study were collected from a sample of 384 gari processors who
use the screw press in the state. Descriptive statistics, namely frequency count, percentages, and mean
were used for analysis of generated field data. The study revealed a 35.5% increase in gari production
was achieved with the utilization of the screw press for gari production. Furthermore, average annual
income from gari processing after utilization went from N809662 to N1249375; 35.19% increase.
Furthermore, average household properties owned by processors went from 2.31 before utilization to
3.24 after utilization which is an increase of 28.7%. The study concluded that utilization of manual screw
press by gari producers in Kwara state has led to increased output, a higher income, and a better standard
of living for gari producers. These increases would most probably lead to increase in their probability of
escaping poverty, and in the long run, would lead to sustainable food security for the country.
Technical efficiency in rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state Nigeria: S...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study analysed the technical efficiency of rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria using stochastic approach. The study was based on primary data collected from 140 respondents using simple random sampling for the period of 2014-15 Kharifmaize. The result reveals that resources were under-utilized in rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Moreover, the mean technical efficiency of 0.69 indicates that an average farmer in the study area have the scope for increasing technical efficiency by 31 per cent in short-run under the existing technology. The study therefore, recommends that government should pay more attention on the land consolidation programme. It will help farmers to adopt improved agronomic practices and enhance the production and productivity of rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state.
Agricultural Restructuring in Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Economic Analysis of R...IJEABJ
The study examined the economic analysis of sesame production compliant withagricultural restructuring plan in rural areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Conditional non-probability sampling technique was employed to select 90 respondents who have produced sesame rotationally on rice field in summer-autumn crop season. Primary data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics including percentage, frequency and farm budget model. Gross Margin analysis was used to estimate cost, returns sesame production in the study area. The study revealed that the average cost, revenue, gross margins of production per hectare was 17.60, 37.38 and 20.56 million VND, respectively.Moreover,the average rate of returnsalsoindicated that with every 1,000 VND invested to sesame production, a farmer made a profit of 1,390 VND. As a result, it can be concluded that sesame farming is profitable in the context of agricultural restructuring strategy from rice to other crops in Mekong Delta region. It is recommended that smallholders should take initiative in participation in sesame cooperatives and ‘big field’ model to be more beneficial to inputs price, harvested machine and formal credit in the beginning of each season.
An analysis of technical efficiency of rice farmers in ahero irrigation schem...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the technical efficiency of rice farmers in Ahero Irrigation Scheme, Kenya. It begins with background on rice production and consumption trends in Kenya. Rice consumption has been increasing at 12% annually compared to 4% for wheat and 1% for maize. However, production has not kept pace with demand, resulting in a large import deficit. The study estimates a stochastic Cobb-Douglas production function to determine technical efficiency and its determinants. It finds the technical efficiency of rice farmers is 0.82. Gender, farming experience, income level, and distance to market significantly influence technical efficiency. The study recommends policies to improve input affordability and farm incomes, as well as transport infrastructure, to increase efficiency of rice
Similar to Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Seed Among Wheat Producing Smallholder Farmers’ In West Gojjam Zone of Amahara Region, Ethiopia (20)
When breeding diploid potatoes, tetraploid progeny can result from the union of 2n eggs and 2n pollen in 2x-2x crosses. Thirty-three crosses were made to examine tetraploid progeny frequency in 2x-2x crosses. All crosses were between S. tuberosum dihaploids and diploid self-compatible donors, M6 and DRH S6-10-4P17. Using chloroplast counting for ploidy determination, the frequency of tetraploid progeny was as high as 45% in one of the 33 crosses. Based upon single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, the tetraploid progeny were attributed to bilateral sexual polyploidization (BSP), which is caused by the union of 2n egg and 2n pollen. Dihaploids were identified that produce lower frequencies of 2n eggs. The results of this study suggest that S. tuberosum dihaploids with a high frequency of 2n eggs should be avoided in 2x - 2x crosses for diploid breeding programs.
This study developed a low cost and affordable to small-scale farmers’ indirect air-cooling combined with evaporative cooling (IAC+EC) system for storage of fruit and vegetables under both arid and hot; and humid and hot climatic conditions. Field heat from freshly harvested produce should be immediately removed through cooling to the desired storage temperature. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of IAC+EC system in terms of the cooling time requirement of the fresh tomato fruit. A fresh tomato cooling experiment to remove field heat during the summer month of September in Pietermaritzburg was conducted for 36 hours where the IAC+EC system was compared to storage under ambient conditions. The results showed that 16 hours was required to reduce the flesh temperature of tomatoes to 16.5°C while the flesh temperature for tomatoes under ambient conditions followed the ambient temperature profile with time of storage. The IAC+EC system reduced and maintained the microenvironment air temperature inside the coolers to 16.5°C - 19°C. The ambient temperature varied between 21 and 32°C. The results in this study are evidence that IAC+ EC system can be a choice for farmers, for cooling the fresh by reducing the field temperature after harvest.
Dioscorea rotundata is a staple food crop for millions of people in the tropical and subtropical regions. In vitro germplasm conservation is a very useful tool in yam improvement strategies but very little is known about the genetic integrity and stability of in-vitro conserved yam plants. In this study, 42 accessions from in vitro and field populations were genotyped using 11 microsatellite markers and 23 morphological descriptors to assess variability within and between accessions. Out of the 23 morphological variables used, 13 were identified as most discriminate and were used to cluster the accessions into 4 clusters using the unweighted pair group arithmetic mean average (UPGMA). Accession maintained in field as well as in in-vitro showed high genetic similarity (R2 = 0.91, p-value: 1e-04). Out of the 42 accessions analyzed, nine accessions maintained in the field and in-vitro displayed different genetic profiles. This study provided basic information on the possible somaclonal variation of yam accessions maintained through in-vitro. Further study with advanced tools such as next-generation sequencing is required to elucidate the nature of the observed variation within clones.
A study was carried out on plant density at the experimental field of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Nkolbisson, Yaoundé to determine the appropriate spacing to improve rainfed rice production in the bimodal rainfall forest zone of Cameroon. The experiment was conducted during the main cropping seasons of 2017 and 2018. The planting spacing used were 15cm x 15cm, 20cm x 20cm, 25cm x 25cm and 30cm x 30cm giving the plant populations of 444444, 250000, 160,000 and 111,111 plants / ha respectively using two varieties (Nerica 3 and Nerica 8). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant differences were observed in the growth and yield across the years. Treatments were highly significant concerning the number of days to the appearance of the first flower, the number of days to 50% flowering, and the number of days to 50 % maturity. Plants were taller with more tillers and gave higher yields in 2017 than those of 2018. The spacing significantly affected the plant height, number of tillers, and panicle length for both varieties. The interaction of spacing and variety was significant for the number of tillers per m2 and the number of seeds per panicle, however, it was not for the weight of 1000 grains and the percentage of full bales. The yield components determining yield increase were the number of panicles / m2 and the number of seeds/panicles. Nerica 3 variety gave higher yields compared to the Nerica 8, the closer the spacing, the higher the yield. There were a strong significance and positive correlation between yield, number of panicles, and the number of grain per panicle. The spacing that gives the highest number of panicle per m2 was 15 cm X 15 cm and this spacing gave good yield in the region where the study was carried out.
Intermolecular interaction is the material basis for cells to achieve their functions, and protein-protein interaction is an important approach to illuminate the regulation network of biological molecules and has important theoretical significance and potential application value for revealing the activity law of life in nature. This paper mainly summarizes and analyzes the new advances and applications of modern biotechnologies in the study of protein-protein interactions, including local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), yeast two-hybrid, GST-Pull-down, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and coimmunoprecipitation. At the same time, the principles of different research methods for protein-protein interaction and their other applications in the field of life sciences are also discussed, all of these will provide a reference value for the analysis of protein-protein interaction and the molecular regulation mechanism of biomacromolecules.
Field experiment involving five improved onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties and carried out at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center during the 2018 to 2019 cropping seasons under irrigated condition to identify the best performing variety for seed production to the target areas of Arsi Zone. The onion varieties included in the field experiment were (Nafis, Robaf, Nasic Red, Bombe Red, and Adama Red). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Phenological and growth parameters, seed yield, and yield components were studied. The result showed that Variety had a significant effect on most phonological and growth attributes as well as on yield attributes. The number of days to flowering and vigorously were significantly affected by variety; while plant height, days to boolting and branch number was not significantly influenced by variety. Flower stalks height and diameter, number of umbel per plant, and umbel diameter also significantly affected by variety. Seed yield per umbel and mean seed yield per hectare also showed a significance difference among varieties. The highest seed yield per hectare (1415.89 kg/ha) was recorded from Adama Red and followed by Nafis variety, whereas Nasic rerd, Bombe red and Robaf show no significance difference among each other, Therefore, it can be concluded that use of the improved onion varieties such as Adama red and Nafis is advisable and could be appropriate for onion seed production in the test area even though further testing is required to put the recommendation on a strong basis.
Rubber trees are among the important cultivated crops in Malaysia, and have contributed to the country’s overall economic growth since the 1950s. However, the existing anatomical and morphological studies are relatively insufficient. Currently, Hevea brasiliensis has been cultivated and planted commonly as a commercial planting clone, while Hevea camargoana remains to be a non-cultivated and underutilized rubber species. For many years, there only exists little information both in private plantations and government agencies that have carried out anatomical and morphological assessments on these underutilized species. There is little information about the characteristics of H.camargoana, thus raising the issue among plant breeders on how to best use this underutilized rubber species. This study attempts to investigate the taxonomic values and characteristics of Hevea brasiliensis and Hevea camargoana through anatomical and morphological studies.
Use of distributed electricity generation systems is currently increasing due to their economic and environmental benefits. Agricultural greenhouses require heat and electricity for covering their energy needs while their annual energy requirements vary significantly. Aim of the current work is the investigation of applying various distributed electricity generation systems in greenhouses. A review of different distributed generation systems currently used in various sectors as well as in greenhouses has been implemented. Various technologies are examined utilizing either renewable energies or fossil fuels in very efficient energy systems. Most of them are mature and cost-effective having lower environmental impacts compared with traditional centralized electricity generation technologies. Their use in greenhouses results in many benefits including the creation of an additional income for the farmer, reduction of carbon emissions into the atmosphere and increasing stability of the electric grid. It is suggested that distributed electricity generation systems should be used more in greenhouses when the necessary conditions are favorable.
Grain mold, considered the most important disease of sorghum, is associated with several fungal genera. The disease reduces both yield and quality. In this study, over 300 sorghum seed samples collected from Texas, Florida, and Georgia were evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, germination rate, and seed fungal community. Grain mold severity of the seed samples, except for those collected from Cameron, Texas, were rated 3 or higher, indicating that these sorghum lines were moderately susceptible under naturally-infected field conditions during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Seed weight across surveyed locations ranged from 1.1 g to 4.0g for samples collected in Texas during the same period. Percent germination rates for samples collected in Texas ranged from 59.6% to 86.7%. Sorghum samples collected from Florida and Georgia exhibited moderately susceptible response to grain mold infection. Mean seed weight was 1.9 g for samples collected from Florida, while in Georgia, mean seed weight was 2.3 g. Germination rate was low for samples collected from Florida and Georgia. Mycological analysis of sorghum seed samples collected from farmers’ fields in Central and South Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons showed Alternaria species as the most frequently isolated fungal genus, accounting for 40% and 42 % in 2016 and 2017, followed by Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex. In Florida and Georgia, Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex was the most frequently recovered fungal species, accounting for 77% and 72% of the total. genera/species isolated from seed samples. Other fungal species, including Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sp., Colletotrichum sublineola, F. verticillioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, F. thapsinum, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus niger were also isolated from sorghum seeds in various frequencies. In conclusion, the presence of large number of fungal genera associated with grain deterioration and their effect on other traits, makes management of this disease complex challenging. To identify grain mold resistant sources in a region, using the most dominant species in that region to screen the sorghum germplasm is recommended.
- The document describes national performance trials of potato varieties conducted in mid-altitude regions of Kenya between 2016 and 2017.
- Twenty-six potato genotypes, including four check varieties, were evaluated across six mid-altitude sites over two seasons. Yield and other agronomic data was collected.
- In the first season, genotypes, environments, and their interaction all significantly affected yield. Trans-Nzoia was the highest yielding site, with all genotypes yielding between 10-25 tons/ha. In the second season, only environments significantly impacted yield, with Trans-Nzoia again the highest.
The tests for the evaluation of seedling establishment, palatability and acceptability were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology and the Food Laboratory of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State. The experimental designs used were Randomized Complete Block Design and the Completely Randomized Design. Some of the parameters measured were percentage seedling establishment, palatability, and acceptability tests. The highest mean percentage seedling establishment was observed in 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powder treated shelled groundnut seeds (97.67, 97.00, and 94.00) at the three periods of storage. Percentage seedling establishment decreased with a decrease in levels of H. suaveolens whole powder. One of the major constraints to the use of plant materials as an alternative to synthetic insecticides is the issue of standardization in dosage of application. This work has suggested that, if groundnut seeds are to be used for sowing, they should be stored with a 12.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for three months. However, if they are to be used for consumption, they could be stored with a 6.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for at most three months. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated shelled groundnut seeds at the three periods of storage on the acceptability and palatability score of cooked groundnut at all dosages of application. All treatments were within the acceptable score rates even though the two rates of the synthetic insecticides, actellic dust were at the lowest acceptable score rate. The finding also showed that acceptability and palatability decreased with an increase in dosage of application. The periods of storage also had a significant impact on the mean percentage seedling establishment. It was observed that there was a higher percentage of seedling establishment when shelled groundnut seeds were stored from November- January. At this period of the year, the temperature and humidity are usually low and this might have necessitated the high state of inactivity and low performance of the bruchids compared to other periods of storage within the year.
1. The study examined the effects of mulching and irrigation on cocoa seedling survival and establishment during the dry season in Ghana.
2. Results showed that irrigation and mulching significantly increased soil moisture content. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated had the highest survival rate of 94.5%, while seedlings without irrigation or mulching had the lowest survival rate of 47.1%.
3. Irrigation had a significant positive effect on cocoa seedling survival, plant height, and leaf number. Seedling survival was 89.6% under irrigation versus 65.6% without irrigation. Mulching alone did not significantly affect seedling survival.
Few years ago National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM) launched melon sheller to reduce burden of obtaining melon oil and cake, and to enhance rural women’s productivity. This study looked at the productivity of promoted melon shelling technology and preference by rural women in Nigeria. Data were gathered from the NCAM workshop and survey of melon processors in Niger State. In the workshop, it was found that time allowed for soaking melon and covering with piece of clothes contributed to the productivity of the sheller. Results from survey revealed that 95.1% of the respondents’ preferred Internal Combustion technology and 90.2% liked electric-driven melon shellers over the manual one. Also, 69.5% obtained the shellers from local fabricators rather than NCAM. The technology led to increased turnout of melon (378kg/hr) and reduced wastages to 1.26kg out of 75.6kg. The study concluded that the promoted melon sheller is efficient and have positive implication on the rural women’s productivity and revenue. The study recommends that the rural women should put the melon sheller into its maximum capacity use. The NCAM should extend training to the local fabricators so that they can improve on the technology most especially in the areas of winnowing and washing of melon kernels.
Keeping in view of lack of recommended rates of N and NPS fertilizers, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the newly introduced NPS fertilizer and nitrogen on growth, physiology and above ground biomass of garlic. Four NPS (0-0-0, 78.75-69-12.75, 105-92-17 and 131.25-115-21.25 kg N-P-S ha-1) and three nitrogen fertilizer rates (114.13, 228.26 and 278.33 kg N ha-1) were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Significantly highest plant height (28.02 cm), leaf diameter (1.27 cm), dry and fresh weight (4.71 g and 6.11 g) and leaf length were recorded on garlic plants supplied with 105-92-17 kg N-P-S ha-1 and also the highest plant height (27.75 cm), leaf length (24.02 cm), fresh and dry weight (6.23 g and 5.04 g) were recorded on garlic plants supplied with 278.33 kg N ha-1. The interaction effect also show a significant effect in almost all the growth parameters; the early day to 50% emergence was recorded from a plot which received 228.26 kg N ha-1 and 105-92-17 kg NPS ha-1 and the highest plant height, leaf length, fresh and dry above ground biomass and leaf diameter were 29.62 cm, 25.60 cm, 6.93 g, 5.59 g and 1.4 cm, respectively were observed by the interaction of 278.33 kg N ha-1 and 105-92-17 kg N-P-S ha-1 with no significant difference with 228.26 N and 78.75-69-12.75 kg N-P-S ha−1. From this one season experiment, fertilizer rates 307.01-69-12.75 kg N-P-S ha−1 could be recommended for garlic production.
In the past, conservation effort has primarily focused on establishment of forest reserves for timber production, with minimal or no consideration to how these natural resources will help sustain or improve livelihoods of adjoining communities. This study examined the contribution of Aramoko forest reserve to the livelihoods of the adjoining communities in Ekiti State. One hundred and twenty pre-tested questionnaires were administered among the products collectors in the study area. Data collected were analysed and the result showed that 78.3 % of the respondents are married with 52.3 % of them male, while 50.8 % of the respondents aged between 51-70 years with 64.1 % having at least secondary education. Twenty-five (25) different products were collected by the respondents in the study area. These products include among others; timber with highest frequency of (120) followed by herbal plants (115), Archantina marginata (105), Thaumatococcus danielli (89), Bridelia ferruginea (70) and Irvingia garbonensis (65). The use of motor cycle accounted for 41.4 % of the respondents means of transportation, while 31.3 % of the respondents sell their product in bit at the village market. Picking, digging, plucking, cutting and uprooting were methods used for harvesting by the respondents while illegal felling (24 %) and indiscriminate bush burning (22.4 %) were the major conservation problem in the study area. Specifically, some of the products harvested are used for food, medicine, fuelwood, herbs and cultural purposes. The study recommends that research should be conducted into how these products can be artificially raised in the nursery for plantation establishment.
Cocoa farmer faces increasing challenging environment through exposure to risks factors which have impacted negatively on their production or output. Since farmers are primary producers and often times lack capacity to control risks factor, it is important to manage this factors. This study examines the cocoa farmers’ risk preferences and crop insurance perception and isolates the drivers of decision to uptake crop insurance among cocoa farmers in Ekiti state. The sample for the study consist of 200 cocoa farmers who were household heads selected through multi-stage sampling across four Local government areas of Ekiti State who are predominantly cocoa producers. Data collected on socio-demographic characteristics, perception of crop insurance and risk preferences, were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic model. Results showed that majority of the cocoa farmers were without crop insurance, with higher enrolment in Membership of cooperative society, owned their land, larger household size and lower educational level but higher level of farm experience when compared to cocoa farmers who are holding crop insurance. Farmers risk preferences showed no significant difference between farmers with or without insurance. Education (β=0.59), Household size (β=0.0029) and Debt use (β=0.02), Membership of cooperative (β=-4.53), Farming Experience (β=-2.51), Owned Land (β=-2.19) and Non-Farm Income (β=-0.65) were among the significant determinants of insurance uptake. Risk mitigating measures such as provision of necessary incentives such as improved varieties of cocoa seedling, as well as provision of fertiliser and approved pesticides, financial assistance, and simple processing technologies that produce standard cocoa bean plus a re-jigged Nigeria Agricultural Insurance Corporation (NAIC) for an improved discharge of its function are recommended.
Mitigation of climate change requires the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and the increasing use of renewable energies replacing fossil fuels. Agricultural greenhouses are energy-intensive agricultural systems using mainly fossil fuels. The use of renewable energies during their operation is limited so far. The possibility of using renewable energies for covering their energy needs has been investigated, focused on the Mediterranean region. Various sustainable energy technologies which are reliable, mature, cost-effective and broadly used in various applications are examined. These include solar-PV systems, low enthalpy geothermal energy, solid biomass burning, co-generation systems, high efficiency heat pumps and reuse of rejected industrial heat. Combined use of these systems in greenhouses can cover all their energy requirements in heat, cooling and electricity, reducing or zeroing their net CO2 emissions into the atmosphere due to operational energy use. It is concluded that depending on their local availability in Mediterranean countries, these benign energy technologies can assist greenhouse crop growers in the reduction of their carbon emissions, contributing in the achievement of the universal goal for climate change mitigation.
Field experiment was carried out under rain-fed conditions during the 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, solely to develop an integrated pest management for the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) [Homoptera: Aphididae]. The experimental Design used was the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Parameters measured were, average number of leaves per plot at 6 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 3 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 6 weeks after sowing, number of pods per plot, weight of harvested seeds per plot. The result obtained shows that, there was significant difference among the treatments in all the parameters measured at 0.05 level of probability using the Least Significant Difference (LSD). According to the results recorded, the highest mean yield of groundnut was obtained on plots treated with the combination of chemical and physical control methods (1444g) followed by plots treated with physical, chemical and cultural control methods combined (1296g). The highest mean number of pods per plant was recorded in the combination of physical, chemical and cultural control methods (18.00) followed by chemical and physical control methods as combined (15.00). The work shows that, the cultivation of groundnut with the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) using integrated pest control applied as recommended facilitates better growth and guarantees good crop yield. The use of physical, chemical and cultural control method is profitable in Ganye Area of Adamawa State and is therefore suggested for use to local farmers.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. Purple rice, as a special rice with important nutritional and health functions, has important scientific significance and application value for genetic improvement of purple rice and breeding of new varieties through in-depth study on its agronomic and related quality traits and products processed, and analysis of its genetic basis. In this paper, the new progress of purple rice in agronomic traits, quality traits, environmental impacts on purple rice and genetic basis of purple rice seed coat in recent years were reviewed and analyzed, and the application prospects of purple rice processing products and purple gene in rice genetic improvement were also prospected. Thus, our results will provide important information and reference for breeding new purple rice varieties with good quality and high yield.
Groundnut is an important oil seed crop, grown throughout the tropics and sub tropics worldwide. It is one of the three economically important oilseed crops grown in Ethiopia. Groundnut is commonly produced by small scale farmers as food and cash crops in the study area. The area has potential to the production of Ground nut for food and nutrition security as well as export commodity. However, scarcity of varieties that fit to the environment is one of the major constraints of production. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate five Ground nut varieties and select early maturing varieties with considerable yield and agronomic traits. The field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Abaya and varieties were planted in Randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data were collected on yield and important agronomic traits. The computed analysis of variance revealed significant variations among varieties for days to maturity, number of primary branches, number of pegs per plants, Grain yield and shelling percentage. The pooled over year mean of varieties indicated , Tole- 1 variety ( Check) is high yielding with mean grain yield of 4174.7kg followed by variety Sedi (3552.5kg/ha) and Babile local (3550.4kg/ha).Variety Sedi has special merit in terms of earliness and therefore recommended for moisture stress areas of Abaya and location with similar agro ecologies while Tole -1 (Standard check) is high yielding varieties and should be used in production until new varieties will be developed through selection/breeding program.
Performance Evaluation of Early Maturing Ground Nut Varieties in West Guji lo...
Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Seed Among Wheat Producing Smallholder Farmers’ In West Gojjam Zone of Amahara Region, Ethiopia
1. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
ISSN(e): 2412-6381, ISSN(p): 2413-886X
Vol. 5, Issue. 4, pp: 48-56, 2019
URL: https://arpgweb.com/journal/journal/14
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/jac.54.48.56
Academic Research Publishing
Group
*Corresponding Author
48
Original Research Open Access
Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Seed Among Wheat Producing
Smallholder Farmers’ In West Gojjam Zone of Amahara Region, Ethiopia
Gedefaw Abebe*
College of Business and Economics, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box: 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Sisay Debebe
College of Business and Economics, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box: 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Abstract
Lower and/or inappropriate usages of improved agricultural technologies are among the major of causes for decline
of production and productivity of wheat as compared to the potential in Ethiopia. This study aims to measure the
status and extent of improved wheat technology adoption and identify its determinants among wheat producing
smallholder farmers’ in Sekela district of West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling techniques used to
select 204wheat producing farmers. The study primarily used collected primary data for 2017/18 production year
using structured questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, both descriptive statistics and econometrics techniques
such as double hurdle model are applied. The result shows that family size, availability of oxen and attitude towards
risk affected positively adoption status of wheat production. While, farming experience, and off-farm income
affected the extent of improved wheat variety adoption. On the other hand, farm size and cultivated farm land
affected negatively the extent of improved wheat varieties adoption. Based on the result, the study recommended that
the above factors should be considered both at stages in evaluating strategies aimed at promoting wheat production
and productivity of the study area.
Keywords: Improved wheat adoption; Double hurdle model; West gojjam zone and Ethiopia.
CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
1. Introduction
The major challenges facing wheat productivity in Ethiopia is lower productivity as compared to its potentials.
The national wheat productivity is during 2013/14 cropping season was 25.43Qt/ha. While, in 2015/16declined to
25.35 Qt/ha which shows 0.825.35 Qt/ha production lag as compare to the previous years .More recently, In 2016/17
copping season the average national yield of wheat is 26.75 Qt/ha which shows slight improvement to the previous
years [1-3]. However, is the lowest yield as compared to the world average of 40 Qt/ha which is by far lower [4].
The low yield has made the country unable to meet the high demand, and the country remains net importer despite
its good potential for wheat production. As a result, food insecurity and poverty are prevalent throughout the country
over the last years.
Wheat is 2nd
important cereal crop with annual production of about 3.43 million tons cultivated on area of 1.63
million hectares. It occupied about 13.49% of the total cereal area [4]. Moreover, Wheat is staple food crop for most
households in rural and urban areas of Ethiopia especially in urban areas is wheat. It provides about 15% of the
caloric intake for the country’s over 90 million population [5], placing it second after maize. After South Africa,
Ethiopia is the second largest wheat producer in Sub-Saharan Africa , yet the country is not self-sufficient in its
wheat production and imports an average more than one million tons of wheat for the years 2006-2015 [6, 7]. In
addition, wheat supplies about 40 percent of the total domestic production of the county [8]. Based on the estimates
from [9] the country imported 1.39 million metric ton which is about 34 percent of the domestic production. On the
other hand, the domestic consumption of wheat also increases by 2.1 million tons to 4.2 million tons over the last
years. This implies there is huge demand and supply gap of wheat which is estimated about 60% yield gap [10].
Yield gap is the difference between potential farm yield (maximum yield) and actual farm yield (average farm
yield), this gap results mainly from management practices, such as low input usage and lack of improved seed.
Empirically, the highest smallholder farmers’ wheat yield was 4,140 kg/ha, while the regional average was only
2,020 kg/ha. The difference is 2120kg/ha, to fill this gap improved technology play significant rule [3] wheat
technologies use still remains very low as compared with maize i.e. total areas under improved seeds are 80%
covered by maize, 12.1% covered by wheat seeds [3]. This shows wheat yield is low and unstable due to technical
and socioeconomic constraints like weed competition, low soil fertility, rust, inappropriate use of improved varieties,
high price of fertilizer and herbicides in required quantity and at the required time, and in adequate cash or credit to
purchase inputs are the major constraints [11].Some scholars suggested such as Ahmed, et al. [12],the gap could be
reduced through improving farm productivity which can be obtained through adopting productivity-enhancing
technologies. Previous studies done on different parts of Ethiopia such as Mengistu [13] attempted to analyze the
impact of agricultural technology adoption on wheat production and its effect on income of farmers such as Tesfaye,
et al. [14], Birhanu [15], and Berihun, et al. [16]. However, specific particular studies in the study area are limited
and hence this study aims
2. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
49
To measure the status and extent and identify factors influencing the adoption of improved wheat varieties
among wheat producing farmers in Sekela district of West Gojjam zone of Amahara region, Ethiopia.
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Description of Study Area
The study area is located in Amahara state, the north western Ethiopia. This study was under taken in Sekela
district. This district is located between 10°59.25′N latitude and 36°55.30′E longitude .The District is bounded with
the Mecha District in the north, Yilmana Densa District in the northeast, Burie District in the south, Jabi Tehinan
District in the southeast, Awi zone in the west and the Quarit District in the east, at 460 km from Addis Ababa and
178 km from Bihar Dar. The area is the origin of River Abay. Based on Ethiopian [1] national census the district has
a total population of 138,691of whom 69,018 are men and 69,673 women;A total of 29,908 households were
counted in this district, resulting in an average of 4.64 persons in a household, and 29,093 housing units for thirty-
two kebeles.
2.2. Sample Size and Sampling Techniques
Multi-stage sampling techniques used to select 204 sample wheat producing smallholder farmers. In the first
stage, stratified sampling techniques were used to stratify thirty-two kebeles into two that is two urban kebeles and
thirty rural-kebeles. In this study thirty rural kebeles had been purposively selected due to the fact that wheat
producer kebeles which were target of population of the study. In second stage simple random Sampling techniques
were used to select five representative kebeles among thirty kebeles. The selected five kebeles were: Gindatemem,
Gumbila, Durashale, Gule and Abesken with total household of 3874 from total 27,456 housing units of thirty wheat
producer kebeles of the district. In third stage, simple random sampling proportion to their total population size used
to select household head from sample frame. A total of 204 sample wheat producing farmers determined based on
Yamane [17] sample size estimation formula.
2.3. Methods of Analysis
I. Descriptive Statistics: to analyze the data various both simple descriptive statistics techniques such as mean,
standard deviation, frequency and inferential statistics techniques such as t-test, F-test and chi-square test were
applied.
II. Econometrics Model: the double hurdle model (DHM) was used for the analysis with the assumption that
the status of adoption and the intensity adoptions are independently determined. In order to justify the use of this
model, a restriction test was carried out where the log likelihood values are obtained from a separate estimation of
Tobit, Probity and Truncated regression models. Based on the values obtained, the following likelihood ratio statistic
had been computed using the formula below ( )::
The test statistic (λ) has a chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom equal to the number of independent
variables. The Tobit model would be rejected in favour of the double hurdle model if exceeds the appropriate chi-
square critical value [18]. If this is true DHM would be used in case it can control the reciprocal relationship
between the two factors: adoption decision and use intensity [19].
Hurdle adoption decision model:
The individual’s adoption of technology is dichotomous, involving two mutually exclusive alternatives [20].
The study was adopted the Probit regression model to quantify the factors influencing the adoption decision of
improved wheat varieties. The Probit model was ideal because of its ability to constrain the utility value of the
decision to adopt variable to lie within zero and one, and its ability to resolve the problem of heteroscedasticity
[21].The model specifically allows the factors that determine the adoption decision and intensity of adoption to be
differ in independently [22].
First hurdle adoption equation (Di):
……………………………………………. (A)
{ …………………………………………… (B)
Where; is latent choice of the adoption by the smallholder farmers, αi is vector of unknown parameters,
xi is a vector of explanatory variables which affect adoption decision, ℰi is normally distributed error term with zero
mean and constant variance (σ2), i = 1, 2, … n (n is the number of observation) and represents observable
farmers status to adopt improved wheat varieties, 1 if adopt 0, other-wise
Hurdle out- come model (intensity of adoption)
The second hurdle involves an outcome equation, which uses a truncated model to determine the level of
adoption of improved wheat varieties in question. This model excludes part of sampled observation based on the
value of the dependent variable. That is, the truncated regression uses observations only from farming households
who reported positive and greater zero. The intensity of adoption is modeled as a regression truncated at zero that is
lower limit zero, upper limit positive infinity [23]
A dependent variable that has a zero value for a significant fraction of the observation requires a truncated
regression model because standard OLS results in a biased and inconsistent parameter estimates. The bias arises
from the fact that if one considers only the observable observations and omits the others, there is no guarantee that
the expected value of the error term would be zero [24].
Truncated model is expressed as follows:
3. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
50
……………………………………………… (D)
{ ……………………… ………….... (E)
Where; latent variable Yi* which is base for number of observation (i),β is a vector of parameters, Xi is a vector
of explanatory variables hypothesized to affect intensity of technology adoption, μ representing threshold; minimum
use of IWVS in the study area whereas i implies number of observation. Represents observed use intensity of
(IWVs) among small holder farmers. The decision of adoption of IWVs and how much of IWVs use can be jointly
modeled if they are made simultaneously by small holder farmers, independently modeled if they are made
separately, or sequentially modeled if one is made first and affects the other one as in the dominance model [25].
The independent double hurdle model assumes that the two error terms from the two hurdles are normally
distributed and uncorrelated. This suggests that the two stage IWVs adoption decision and the intensity of adoption
are done independently by the SHFs. Under the assumption of independency between the error terms ℰ𝐢 and μ𝐢 the
model as originally proposed by Cragg [26] is equivalent to a combination of a truncated regression model and a
univariate Probit model.
The double-hurdle model relies on the assumption of normality of the errors μi and ℰi .If this assumption is not
tenable, the ML estimates would be inconsistent. One way to accommodate the assumption of normality is by
transforming the dependent and latent variables [27].The error terms, are distributed as follows:
{
͂͂ ( )
( )
}
The model is said to be dependent model if there is a relationship between, the status of adoption and the
intensity of adoption. This relationship can be expressed as follow
:
√ ( ) )
If ρ=0 and there is dominance (the zeros are only associated to non-adoption, not standard corner solutions) then
the model decomposes into a Probit for adoption decision and truncated for the intensity of adoption of technology
[25].
A simple test for the double hurdle modal against the Tobit model was examined. That is Tobit log- likelihood is
the sum of the log-likelihood of the truncated as well as the probit models. Therefore, one simply has to estimate the
truncated regression models; the Tobit model and the Probit model separately and use a likelihood ratio (LR) test.
The LR statistic can be computed using [28]:
( )
Where, Γ: test statics, LT =likelihood for the Tobit model; Lp =likelihood for the Probit model; LTR=likelihood
for the truncated regression model; and k is the number of independent variables in the equations. If the test
hypothesis is written as, H0: = and H1: Then, H0: was rejected on a prespecified significance level, if Γ
k. and then DHM was used.
2.4. Definitions of Variables and Working Hypothesis
In the study area: different variables such as demographic, socio-economic, institutional and psychological
variables were expected to influence the status and intensity of adoption.
Table-1. Description of variables, measurement and working hypothesis
Variables Unit Measurement Expected
Sign
Descriptions
Dependent
variables: Di
& ADIWVs
The status and intensity of adoption of
improved wheat varieties
Di
ADIWVs
Independent
1 or 0
Kg per ha
Dummy
Continuous
1 for adopter, 0 for non-adopter small
holder farmers in the study area, Area
devoted for improved wheat varieties
that is kg per hectare
1.Sex 1 or 0 Dummy -/+ 1for male,0 for female house hold head
2.Off income Birr Dummy + 1 for off-farm, 0 other sources
3. Fedu. Number
of year
Continuous + year of formal education for household
head in year
4.Excota 1 or 0 Dummy + 1 for use of extension service, 0
otherwise
5.Useofcredit 1or 0 Dummy + use of credit 1,0 otherwise in Ethiopian
birr
6.Farmsize Hectare Continous +/- Total land own by smallholder farmers.
7.participation
tech-
evaluation
1or 0 Dummy + 1 for Participation in technology
evaluation ,0 otherwise
8. Family size adult
equivalent
Continous ⁺⁄⁻ Family size availability in small holder
farmers in number.
4. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
51
9.tropical
livestock
TLU Continous + Number of livestock unit owned in the
house hold.
10. HHexperi Year Continous + number of year house hold head use
improved wheat varieties
11.
DISTOMRT
Km Continous - distance to impute market from small
holder farmers residence
12. FPIWVS Index Perception Favorable Smallholder farmers’ perception to the
specific attributes of Recommended
Agronomic practices and improved
wheat varieties (IWVs).
13. Access
oxen
1or 0 Dummy + 1 for SHFs owns oxen ,0 other wise
14. AccessSM 1or 0 Dummy + 1 for access to social media, 0
otherwise.
15. wclaoship 1 or 0 Dummy +/- 1 for well cultivated land ,0 otherwise
16. Risk 1 or 0 Dummy +/- 1 if early adopter, 0 otherwise
17. Useche-
ferti
Kilogram Continous + User of chemical fertilizer by
smallholder farmers.
18. Soil
fertility status
1 or 0 Dummy + 1 for fertile soil, 0 other wise
3. Result and Discussions
3.1. Descriptive Statistic Results
The average education level of non-adopters and adopters of improved wheat varieties are found to be 1.89 and
2.03 years with standard deviation 3.48 and 3.22 respectively. The average education level is 2.01 with standard
deviation of 3.25. The average Farming experience in years of the farmers is 23.40with standard deviation 11.70.
The non-adopters and adopters mean farming. The average family size is 3.78with standard deviation of 1.57. Non-
adopters and adopters mean is found to be 3.19 and 3.87 with standard deviation 1.57 and 1.56. The mean difference
is statistically significant at 5%, meaning, there is mean difference between non-adopters and adopters of family
size. The mean livestock in TLU is 3.73with 1.53. The non-adopters and adopters mean TLU is found to be 3.49 and
3.77 with standard deviation 1.20 and 1.57, respectively. The average Farm size in hectare is 1.35 with a standard
deviation of 1.04. The non-adopters and adopters mean are found to be 1.94 and 1.38 with standard deviation 0.90
and 1.06, respectively. The mean distance from farmer home to input market in kilometer is 8.13 with standard
deviation of 6.Standard deviation and mean distance of both non-adopters and adopters are found to be 6.38, 6.00,
8.80, and 8.03 respectively. The average use of chemical fertilizer is 171.45 with standard deviation of 104.85.
While, the mean for non-adopters are 124.82, and adopters are 178.56, with standard deviation of 60.06, 108.46
respectively. The mean differences are statistically significant at 1% which indicates that the mean difference of use
of chemical fertilizers between non-adopters and adopters of impede wheat verities as shown in (Table 2).
Table-2. Descriptive statistics for continuous variables
Characteristics None adopter Adopter of IWVs Total sample
Continous variables Mean st.dev Mean st.dev Mean st.dev
Education in (year) 1.889 3.479 2.028 3.220 2.009 3.246
Farming experience(year) 22.444 12.201 23.542 11.649 23.397 11.698
Family size(AE) 3.194 1.574 3.867 1.557 3.777** 1.571
Total livestock unit(TLU) 3.494 1.198 3.769 1.570 3.732 1.526
Farm size in(hectare) 1.194 .902 1.378 1.055 1.353 1.036
Distance to input market(km) 8.806 6.381 8.027 6.001 8.130 6.042
Use of fertilizers(kg) 124.815 60.056 178.559 108.458 171.45*** 104.851
Note: ***, **, and * are statistically significant at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively.
Source: Own survey result, 2018
From total 27 non-adopters 18.8% were female and 11.5% are male. In the case of 177 adopters of improved
seed 81.2% are female and that of 88.5 % were male. The proportion (%) of female adopters and non-adopters as
well as that of male adopters and non-adopters were not equal. 27 non-adopters17.6% hadn’t off-farm income,
whereas 10.1% had off-farm income. Among 177 adopters 82.4% had no off farm income and 89.9% had off-farm
income. Regarding to non-adopters and adopters 25.6% and 74.4 % of sample respondents had no oxen, whereas
9.9%, 90.1% had oxen respectively. Availability of oxen had significant effect (relationship) on status of adoption
in case the chi-square sign-value of this variable is significant at 1% level. In case of non-adopters18.3% had no
extension contact whereas 11.1% had extension contact, in case of adopters 81.7% had no this access , whereas
88.9% had. Use of credit by household head in 9.9% non-adopters and 15% of adopters, the 1st
did not use credit
while the later use credit. Among adopters 90.1% of respondents did not use credit and 85% use credit. Regarding to
this evaluation 14.8% of non-adopters and 85.2% of adopters did not participate in technology evaluation. In the
same way 12.7% of non-adopters and 87.3% of adopters had participated in technology evaluation. Access of social
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52
media are 17.8% for non-adopters and 82.2% adopters, both parts did not access social media whereas 9.6% of non-
adopters and 90.4% of adopters are used access of social media. This access was statistically significant at 10% level
of significant which implies that access of social media had significant relationship with status of adoption.
Cultivated land ownership within 19.6% non-adopters and 80.4% adopters both did not have own cultivated land but
11.4% non-adopters and 88.6% adopters had their own cultivated land. Attitude towards risk among 22.8% non-
users and 77.2% users all did not have attitude towards risk while 7.2% non-users and 92.8% of users had attitude
towards risk. The chi-square sign-value of this variable was statistically significant which implies that attitude
towards risk has significant relationship with adoption decision at 1% significant level. Soil fertility status within
14.9% of non-users and 85.1% of users both had infertile land. In otherwise 12.3% of non-adopters and 87.7% of
adopters have fertile land for cultivation.
Table-3. Socio-economic, institutional and psychological trait for dummy variables
Dummy variables Non-adopters Adopters Total sample chi 2-value Sign –value
N % N % N %
Sex Female Male 9 18.8
18 11.5
39 81.2
138 88.5
48 100
156 100
1.66 0.197
Off-farm income
No
Yes
12 17.6
15 10.1
70 82.4
107 89.9
82 100
122 100
2.47 0.116
Availability of oxen
No
Yes
11 25.6
16 9.9
32 74.4
145 90.1
43 100
161 100
7.23 0.007***
Extension contact
No
Yes
11 18.3
16 11.1
49 81.7
128 88.9
60 100
144 100
1.924 0.165
Use of credit
No
Yes
7 9.9
20 15
64 90.1
113 85
71 100
133 100
1.081 0.298
Participation
technology evaluation
No
Yes
8 14.8
19 12.7
46 85.2
131 87.3
54 100
150 100
0.160 0.690
Access of social media
No
Yes
16 17.8
11 9.6
74 82.2
103 90.4
90 100
114 100
2.894 0.089*
Cultivated land owner
ship
No
Yes
9 19.6
18 11.4
37 80.4
140 88.6
46 100
158 100
2.072 0.150
Attitude towards risk
No
Yes
18 22.8
9 7.2
61
77.2
116
92.8
79 100
125 100
10.238 0.001***
Soil fertility status
No
Yes
11 14.9 16
12.3
63
85.1
114
87.7
74 100
130 100
0.269 0.604
Note: ***, **, and * are statistically significant at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively.
Source: Own survey, 2018
Before running double hurdle model, tests were carried out against competing models;
Test of Hackman two stage model: Two step Heckman selection model was rejected in case: waldchi2 (18)
=14.88, Pro>chi2 = 0.6701 .The pro>chi2 value was not significant as the regression output indicated, this indicates
the model was not fit for status and intensity of adoption of improved wheat varieties among small holder farmers in
the study area. As a result the data that were included in this model were not explained well. So, for status (adoption
decision) and intensity of adoption analysis double hurdle model was employed after Tobit model test.
Test of Tobit model: The first step to analyze double hurdle model was Tobit model test through separate
estimation of probit, truncation and Tobit itself. That is: Tobit model test
( ) ( )Γ: test statics, LT =likelihood for the Tobit model; LP =likelihood
for the Probit model; LTR=likelihood for the truncated regression model; and k is the number of independent
variables in the equations. LLTobit = -821.23, LLProbit = -62.66, LLTruncation = -725.75, this value was taken
from separate estimation of each models.
( ) ( )
( )
& ( )
6. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
53
( ) ( )
The test statistic ( ) is greater than a chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom equal to the number of
independent variables (k=18). Therefore Tobit model was rejected in favour of the double hurdle model. The double
hurdle model was carried out using a probit model to estimate the first hurdle and a truncated regression for the
second hurdle. The best model for this analysis was Craggit model i.e the first tier: for adoption decisions while the
second tier: for extent of adoption. As double hurdle model maximum likelihood estimates result show, Chi square
overall = 49.055107, P overall = .0720544 is significant at 10% level. This indicates both stage taken together
significantly explain the data and the joint significance of the explanatory variables that were used in two Double
Hurdle model Results.
Household head experience: the experience of the respondent is positively and significantly influences the
extent of improved wheat varieties (IWVs) adoption at 10% level of significant. For example, as the farmers
experience increased by one year, the level of IWVs adoption increases by 0.209 kg/ha, being other variables
constant. Moreover farmers with longer farming experiences in the production have gotten more knowledge and skill
in the intensive production of the crop itself. So farmers who have more farming experience in the production adopt
more than farmer with shorter farming experience. This may be due to relatively farmers who have Longer years of
experience may develop the confidence in handling the risk lovers, skills in technology application and this variable
consistent with the prior expectation, and in line with [11, 29-31] reports.
Family size: family size has positive contribution to the status of adoption at 10% probability level of
significant. As the family size increase by one individual, the probabilities of IWVs adoption increase by 0.1784 see
(Table 4) while keep constant other variables. In case family size refers to a total number of family members and the
main sources of farm labor. Since technology adoption is labor intensive, farmers with large family size are expected
to adopt more. So, larger family size is expected to increase the probability of adoption positively. This result agree
with [31, 32] and go with the prior expectation.
Farm size in hectare: Regarding farm size, the results indicate that an increase in the farm size by a unit
hectare decrease use intensity of improved wheat varieties by 3.169quintal per hectare, hold constant other
variables. The negative impact of farm size on use intensity of IWVs can be justified in case of cost of inputs
associated to cover larger farm size. The farmers with larger farm size encouraged to plant eucalypts tree (bair zaf in
Amharic) which is less cost initially and lead to profit later for owners as compare IWVs and further, the farm size is
a significant determinant of level of adoption at 5% probability level of significant.
Off-farm income: during winter season many smallholder farmers earn additional income by engaging in
various off-farm activities. This is believed to raise their financial position to acquire new inputs such as improved
wheat varieties’ seeds, fertilizers and other input which is essential for production. If off- farm income increase from
zero to one birr lead to increase the level of IWVs adoption by 5.010 amount, ceteris paribus other variables
.Therefore, in this study, it is hypothesized that there was a positive correlation between the amount of off-farm
income and adoption of IWVs at 5% probability level of significant, this relationship in line with [16, 33, 34], results
and same with prior expectation below.
Availability of oxen: oxen positively influence the decision to participate in the status of adoption at 1%
significance level. This implies that as the number of oxen owned by the respondent increased from zero to one, the
probability of participating in the status of adoption increase by 0.896 being constant other variables. This is due to
the fact that as oxen are the main source of traction power for the farmers, and the availability and increment in the
number of oxen will increase the intensive and extensive production of improved wheat varieties. This result is the
same as with [35] reports and the sign was same with previous expectation.
Well cultivated land ownership: Regarding to cultivated farm size, as the results indicate an increase well
cultivated farm size from zero to one hectare, use intensity of improved wheat varieties decrease by 6.536quintal per
hectare, being constant other variables. The negative impact of cultivated farm size on use intensity of IWVs could
be in case of cost of inputs associated to cover larger cultivated farm size with improved technology rather farmers
take as alternative local seeds to cover their cultivated land because local seed is less cost initially and familiars for
users as compare IWVs ones. Further, the cultivated farm size is negatively determining the extent of adoption at 5%
probability level of significant in the study district. This relationship was not go with prior expect see (Table 4).
Attitude towards risk: this variable has positive contribution to the status of adoption of improved wheat
varieties at 5% probability level of significant see. If attitude towards risk change from laggards to early adopter,
(risk averse to risk lover i.e from zero to one), the probability of adoption change by 0.6279, this contribution is
similar with previous expectation, and this result agree with [36] reports. Smallholder farmers produce under very
high levels of uncertainty induced by natural hazards as a result technology adoption also usually comes with
uncertainties. Innovators and early adopters are perceived to be risk lovers while late adopters and laggards tend to
be risk averse.
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Table-4. Conditional independence double hurdle model results
1st
hurdle(probit) tier1 2nd
hurdle(truncation)tier2
Variables Marginal Effect P>|z| Marginal Effects P>|z|
FEDUINYE .0124122 0.760 -.6341306 0.108
HHEXPERI .0041015 0.757 0.2092401 0.080*
FAMISI .1784923 0.089* -.7208549 0.392
SEXHH .2174163 0.488 -.7303279 0.804
TLU -.0000348 1.000 -.3749661 0.680
FARMSI~A -.0606639 . 0.709 -3.169333 0.031**
OFFFAIN .3172805 0.242 5.010053 0.041**
AVAOXEN .8969459 0.003*** -2.184691 0.496
EXCONTA .2185756 0.441 -1.390667 0.601
DMRTKM -.0172819 0.460 -.2386781 0.270
USECHFKG .0019159 0.267 .0096735 0.417
USCREDIT -.1547908 0.595 2.444012 0.335
PARTEVA -.140861 0.650 -.8025235 0.771
ACCESM .2685711 0.350 1.750151 0.496
LANOSHIP .3144475 0.316 -6.536246 0.033**
ATITOWR .6279606 0.018** .4334294 0.866
PHHIWV .1445217 0.287 .2477076 0.836
SFS .0443236 0.875 .2081276 0.940
Note: ***, **, and * are statistically significant at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively.
Source: Model result based on own survey, 2018
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
As double hurdle model result shows: family size, availability of oxen and attitude towards risk affect the status
of adoption positively, under 1st
stage independent double hurdle model while experience of farming, and off-farm
income affect the level of improved wheat variety adoption positively 2nd
stage independent double hurdle model as
well as farm size in hectare and well cultivated farm land influence the extent of improved wheat varieties adoption
negatively. Generally factors which influence farming households’ decision to adopt improved wheat were
unassociated with the decision variables in the second hurdle involving extent of improved wheat varieties. This
result confirmed the relevance of the double hurdle model in this study. This implies that the two-stage decision of
adoption and use intensity were done independently by respondents. Independent double hurdle model estimation
assumes that the two error terms from the two hurdles are normally distributed and uncorrelated. The result of the
model revealed that the error terms were uncorrelated.
Double hurdle model result shows that factors influencing adoption decision of improved wheat varieties are
different from determinants of intensity of improved wheat varieties. This implies that addressing these core
determinants with appropriate policy options could enable farmers to have the opportunity to adopt and intensify the
use of improved wheat varieties. Therefore, it is important to consider both stages in evaluating strategies aimed at
promoting the adoption and use of improved wheat verities. Moreover as double hurdle model result shows: family
size, availability of oxen and attitude towards risk affect the status of adoption improved wheat varieties positively
from 1st
stage independent double hurdle model: therefore strengthening the existing: health services, skill of human
power, livestock production system by providing better livestock feed (forage), and delivering target training will
have to change small holder’s attitude for technology adoption. And also household head experience in farming and
off-farm income affect the level of improved wheat variety adoption positively from 2nd
stage double hurdle model:
So, it is better to develop experiences exchange: the lower experienced farmer with highly experience one through
field visits to share idea for each other and developing in formal education for smallholder farmers about off-income
activities will help to scale up their livelihood by branching out income sources.
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