This document summarizes a research study on increasing mechanization as a solution for the shortage of skilled labor in paddy farming in Sri Lanka's wet zone. The study found that the current degree of mechanization is 90% for land preparation, 0% for sowing, and 30% for harvesting and threshing. Key barriers to greater mechanization included older farmer age, lower education levels, less farming experience, and poor field conditions. A cost-benefit analysis found that hiring machinery for land preparation and harvesting/threshing was financially feasible for farmers. The study recommends developing machinery that can operate in muddy fields and purchasing combine harvesters through farmer organizations.
Appropriate mechanization of small farmsSandeep Pawar
Increasing food production to feed the growing population is a primary challenge of Indian
farming system. Indian agriculture is characterized by millions of small and marginal
farmers. About 100 million farm families with 250 million workers (50% of work force)
contribute not more than 14 % to GDP. One of the major reasons behind these figures is lack
of appropriate mechanization mainly in small farms in India. One of the main causes for low
agricultural productivity in most of the developing countries, including India, is the lack of
appropriate machineries that suit the requirements of small scale farms. Thus many farms are
deemed as unproductive and inefficient. Need of appropriate mechanization for Indian farms
is defined in the report. This study report attempts to throw a light on other countries
scenario in case of mechanization and possible learning so as to improve outcomes in
agriculture in India.
Dr. indra mani mechanization bihar 10.05.2016Jaspreet Aulakh
Farm mechanization has become key to agricultural production in India and has contributed significantly to increased food production. Mechanization has increased productivity, reduced costs and crop losses, and increased efficiency. However, there are large variations in mechanization across regions. Bihar has relatively low levels of farm power availability, grain yields, and irrigation compared to other high producing states. The document discusses various farm machinery and technologies developed by IARI that could be suitable for increasing mechanization in Bihar. These include animal feed preparation machines, compost making machines, machines for rainfed farming, and other useful agricultural equipment.
1. The document discusses models of custom hiring services (CHS) for agricultural machinery in India.
2. It outlines several objectives: illustrating the importance of CHS for promoting machinery use in India, discussing major business models of CHS in India, and discussing issues and opportunities related to CHS in Bihar.
3. The document presents various CHS models that have emerged across India, including individual farmer-led models, cooperative-managed services, and private sector or corporate-led formal models.
Labor productivity in thailand rice production december 9 12 vietnam 2013somporn Isvilanonda
This document discusses labor productivity in Thai rice farming using a typical farm approach. It finds that while rice production has increased nearly 4 times from 1967 to 2012, average yields remain relatively low at 2.87 tons/hectare. The rice labor force has significantly declined as a share of the total labor force due to industrialization and aging farmers. Farm mechanization has increased partly due to higher wages, with over 70% of farms now owning power tillers. Labor productivity is measured using a typical farm, finding 0.78 tons produced per labor day and 2.5 tons per harvester hour. Improving farm management skills, labor-saving technologies, and land consolidation are suggested to further increase productivity.
The document provides details about a manually and power operated reaper machine. It discusses the working and construction of the machine. The key points are:
1. The machine consists of a frame, ground wheels, bearings, pulleys, sprockets, belts, chains, and a cutter bar to cut crops.
2. It can be operated manually or with a power source. The power source turns the rear wheels which uses sprockets and chains to power the cutter bar.
3. The cut crops are conveyed to the side by a star wheel and lugged belt conveyor for easy collection and bundling.
4. The document discusses the target market for small rice farmers and provides
This document discusses the scope and importance of farm mechanization. It notes that farm mechanization involves the use of machinery in agriculture, such as tractors and tube wells. The document outlines how farm mechanization improves efficiency, increases productivity and crop yields, reduces costs and labor needs, and helps conserve resources. It provides examples of how mechanizing operations like tilling, sowing, irrigation and harvesting can help ensure timely completion of tasks. The document estimates that farm mechanization can result in savings of 15-30% for seeds, fertilizers, time and labor, and an overall 10-15% increase in farm productivity.
Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regencyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunityNaresh Majhi
This document provides an overview of farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunity in India. It discusses the benefits of farm mechanization, including increased labor and land productivity. It also outlines some disadvantages like high initial costs and environmental pollution. The current status of farm mechanization in India and the world is examined. Opportunities for farm mechanization in India along the agricultural value chain are presented. The document concludes by discussing government initiatives to promote farm mechanization in India.
Appropriate mechanization of small farmsSandeep Pawar
Increasing food production to feed the growing population is a primary challenge of Indian
farming system. Indian agriculture is characterized by millions of small and marginal
farmers. About 100 million farm families with 250 million workers (50% of work force)
contribute not more than 14 % to GDP. One of the major reasons behind these figures is lack
of appropriate mechanization mainly in small farms in India. One of the main causes for low
agricultural productivity in most of the developing countries, including India, is the lack of
appropriate machineries that suit the requirements of small scale farms. Thus many farms are
deemed as unproductive and inefficient. Need of appropriate mechanization for Indian farms
is defined in the report. This study report attempts to throw a light on other countries
scenario in case of mechanization and possible learning so as to improve outcomes in
agriculture in India.
Dr. indra mani mechanization bihar 10.05.2016Jaspreet Aulakh
Farm mechanization has become key to agricultural production in India and has contributed significantly to increased food production. Mechanization has increased productivity, reduced costs and crop losses, and increased efficiency. However, there are large variations in mechanization across regions. Bihar has relatively low levels of farm power availability, grain yields, and irrigation compared to other high producing states. The document discusses various farm machinery and technologies developed by IARI that could be suitable for increasing mechanization in Bihar. These include animal feed preparation machines, compost making machines, machines for rainfed farming, and other useful agricultural equipment.
1. The document discusses models of custom hiring services (CHS) for agricultural machinery in India.
2. It outlines several objectives: illustrating the importance of CHS for promoting machinery use in India, discussing major business models of CHS in India, and discussing issues and opportunities related to CHS in Bihar.
3. The document presents various CHS models that have emerged across India, including individual farmer-led models, cooperative-managed services, and private sector or corporate-led formal models.
Labor productivity in thailand rice production december 9 12 vietnam 2013somporn Isvilanonda
This document discusses labor productivity in Thai rice farming using a typical farm approach. It finds that while rice production has increased nearly 4 times from 1967 to 2012, average yields remain relatively low at 2.87 tons/hectare. The rice labor force has significantly declined as a share of the total labor force due to industrialization and aging farmers. Farm mechanization has increased partly due to higher wages, with over 70% of farms now owning power tillers. Labor productivity is measured using a typical farm, finding 0.78 tons produced per labor day and 2.5 tons per harvester hour. Improving farm management skills, labor-saving technologies, and land consolidation are suggested to further increase productivity.
The document provides details about a manually and power operated reaper machine. It discusses the working and construction of the machine. The key points are:
1. The machine consists of a frame, ground wheels, bearings, pulleys, sprockets, belts, chains, and a cutter bar to cut crops.
2. It can be operated manually or with a power source. The power source turns the rear wheels which uses sprockets and chains to power the cutter bar.
3. The cut crops are conveyed to the side by a star wheel and lugged belt conveyor for easy collection and bundling.
4. The document discusses the target market for small rice farmers and provides
This document discusses the scope and importance of farm mechanization. It notes that farm mechanization involves the use of machinery in agriculture, such as tractors and tube wells. The document outlines how farm mechanization improves efficiency, increases productivity and crop yields, reduces costs and labor needs, and helps conserve resources. It provides examples of how mechanizing operations like tilling, sowing, irrigation and harvesting can help ensure timely completion of tasks. The document estimates that farm mechanization can result in savings of 15-30% for seeds, fertilizers, time and labor, and an overall 10-15% increase in farm productivity.
Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regencyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunityNaresh Majhi
This document provides an overview of farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunity in India. It discusses the benefits of farm mechanization, including increased labor and land productivity. It also outlines some disadvantages like high initial costs and environmental pollution. The current status of farm mechanization in India and the world is examined. Opportunities for farm mechanization in India along the agricultural value chain are presented. The document concludes by discussing government initiatives to promote farm mechanization in India.
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF MANUAL REAPER COMPARED TO MANUAL AND COMBINE HARVESTING ...Md. Abu Ayub Siddique
The document presents research comparing the performance and costs of manual reaping, combine harvesting, and manual harvesting of rice and wheat in Bangladesh. It describes the equipment, experimental methodology including plot sizes and locations, and results including fuel consumption, field capacity, and cost analysis of the different harvesting methods. The findings indicate that combine harvesting has the highest field capacity and lowest costs, while manual harvesting has the lowest field capacity and highest costs.
Tamil Nadu, Agricultural Engineering Department,Agricultural Engineering Training Centre, Tiruchirapalli, Training on Newly developed Agricultural Machinery and Equipments, Past and present,1, Minor Irrigation Schemes.
Economics of alternative ways of owning the Happy Seeder (HS) for managing st...Joanna Hicks
Rajinder Singh - NSW Department of Primary Industry, Wagga Wagga
Harjeet Dhaliwal - Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana India
John Blackwell - Charles Stuart University Wagga Wagga
Rural Transformation through Farm Mechanization: Custom Hiring of Combined Ha...ICRISAT
The document analyzes the use of custom hiring of combined harvesters by smallholder farmers in Madhya Pradesh, India. It finds that the practice has led to increased farm mechanization, profitability, and efficiency by allowing farmers to intensify crops like soybean and wheat without being hindered by high machinery costs. A case study shows that hiring a combined harvester saves farmers time and labor while increasing yields, though it also results in some grain and straw losses. The widespread adoption of combined harvesters has been facilitated by changes in rural labor markets, government subsidies, and custom hiring services that make the machinery accessible to small farms.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on farm machinery in India. It discusses how farm mechanization can play a major role in increasing food production. It notes that India has over 166 million hectares of cultivable land and produces over 2.5 lakh tractors and other farm machines annually. The document classifies farm machines and discusses the materials they are constructed from, as well as heat treatments and principles for selecting appropriate farm machines based on land holdings, soil/climate conditions, cropping patterns, and costs.
This document discusses existing policies and reforms needed to promote farm mechanization in Bihar, India. It outlines constraints like small land holdings, lack of credit and awareness. The policy framework aims to promote gender-friendly and suitable machinery, encourage custom hiring, and quality certification. Initiatives include additional subsidies, easier subsidy claims, awareness events, and testing centers. Reforms needed are better after-sales services, infrastructure support for custom hiring, expanding subsidy schemes, and increasing subsidy rates for certain implements. Tables provide annual achievement data and proposed subsidy rates for various farm machinery under the state plan.
This document discusses farm mechanization in India. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding farm mechanization concepts, examining problems, and exploring strategies. It then defines farm mechanization as substituting machine power for human and animal power in agriculture. The sources of farm power are identified as human, animal, mechanical, and electrical. Benefits of mechanization include increased timeliness, safety, productivity and farmer income while reducing drudgery. Challenges include small land holdings, financial constraints, lack of knowledge and repair facilities. Strategies proposed to promote mechanization include establishing farm machinery banks, increasing power supply, mechanizing all regions, training and demonstrations, and gender-friendly equipment.
this deals with the role of mechanization in agriculture. There is huge potential across the world to mechanize the farming to get higher agriculture production and increased productivity.
This document discusses mechanization in smallholder agriculture. It provides an overview of why farmers mechanize, including to boost production and productivity through cultivating more land, timely cultivation, better water management, and improved post-harvest processing. It also discusses non-production reasons like easing drudgery. The document then examines mechanization trends in different Asian countries and discusses debates around mechanization and its impacts on labor, as well as lessons and policy implications.
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation in India. It discusses the global scenario of protected cultivation, with key countries like Netherlands, China, and Japan leading in area under protected cultivation. In India, protected cultivation started gaining commercial utilization in the 1980s and has grown steadily since then, reaching 20,000 hectares currently. The document outlines some of the major clusters for protected cultivation in India based on factors like climate, infrastructure, markets, policies, and prominent crops grown. It also provides a brief overview of the leading states and regions for protected cultivation in India.
"Agricultural Mechanization Development in Thailand", presented by Viboon Thepent at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
The document discusses the development and promotion of several agricultural technologies in Pakistan by PARC, including:
1. A zero-tillage drill for wheat sowing that reduces time and labor needs and increases yields. Over 3,500 units are now used by farmers.
2. A wheat straw chopper that harvests straw left by combines and chops it into fodder, addressing issues of burning straw and loss of a valuable resource. Over 250 units are now used.
3. A high-capacity rice thresher that mechanizes rice threshing and reduces the threshing season from months to weeks. Over 700 units are now used across Sindh and Balochistan.
4. A
"The Prospect for Introducing Mechanical Threshing Technology in Smallholder Agriculture: The Case of Ethiopia", presented by Girma Moges and Dawit Alemu at at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
Combine Harvester: Opportunities and Prospects as Resource Conservation Techn...UTKARSH DWIVEDI
This document discusses the opportunities for using combine harvesters as a resource conservation technology in India. It begins with an introduction to resource conservation technologies and common farm machines used in India. It then discusses the objective to design an add-on sowing machine that can attach to a combine harvester. Various furrow opener designs are evaluated for this purpose. The advantages of attaching a sowing machine to a combine harvester are presented. Finally, conceptual designs for the sowing attachment and straw spreader are shown and opportunities for using combine harvesters under resource conservation are concluded.
Mechanization in agriculture refers to the use of machinery in farming operations. Over time, there have been significant advancements in farming techniques from manual labor to steam and gas-powered implements. This has led to a dramatic decrease in the percentage of the U.S. workforce engaged in farming, from 38% in 1900 to just 3% by the end of the 20th century. Tractors and other agricultural machinery provide advantages like substituting for expensive labor and increasing productivity, though they also have disadvantages such as costs and potential health and safety issues. Common farm machinery includes tractors, tillage implements, spraying equipment, harvesters, backhoes, and planters/seeders.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Mutipurpose Manually Operated System for Agr...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and fabrication of a manually operated, multipurpose system for agricultural purposes. The system was designed to address issues with traditional farming methods in India, which are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and cannot meet growing demands. The new system can simultaneously sow seeds and fertilizer at uniform depths and distances, improving efficiency. It is intended to be affordable and suitable for small-scale farmers. The document reviews different existing farm machines and identifies limitations before detailing the design of the new system, which includes components like a chain and sprocket mechanism to control seed spacing. Testing showed the new system can satisfactorily meet farmer needs with improved performance over traditional methods.
Training on scalable farm mechanization technologies africa-rising
Training on Scalable Farm Mechanization Technologies
1. The document discusses training farmers and service providers in Ethiopia on farm mechanization technologies to increase productivity and reduce labor demands. It focuses on technologies like conservation agriculture planters, water pumps, and transport services that can be used with two-wheel tractors.
2. Lessons from phase one of the project found that various soil and terrain conditions require different mechanized approaches. Demand was high and several business models for service providers were profitable. Partnerships with government, private sector, and NGOs will be important for scaling up in phase two.
3. The training approach involves demonstrations of technologies like planting and water pumping, as well as guidance on
Design and Prototype Development of Hybrid Ploughing, Seeding and Fertilizing...ijceronline
This research work mainly focuses on design and prototype development of hybrid ploughing, seeding and fertilizing machine for typical Ethiopian farmers. In Ethiopia, the major tasks of farming include; ploughing, seeding and fertilizing. Since thousands of years until now the farming is dependent on oxen drawn plough plow. But, this system is labor intensive, time consuming and its depth of ploughing is shallow. These draw backs of existing agricultural system result in insufficient productivity. Now a day’s modern agricultural machines are being imported into the country. But they are used by few organizations, small agriculture investors and few rich farmers. In collaboration with the Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency, relevant data was collected on the gap of existing trial mechanisms and the need of farmers. To analyze the collected data and arrive at final output, methodology procedures followed by the researchers were; organizing the special design needs of end user, analyzing six alternative design concepts, selection of one optimal concept, detail dimensional design of selected concept, force analysis using the mechanics, dynamics and kinematics, preparing 2D and 3D drawings using Auto CAD and CATIA then finally prototype development. For the case of its economical applicability for poor Ethiopian farmers, the researchers assured that, it is low cost by conducting cost analysis. Unique features of this new design include; simultaneous ploughing, seeding, and fertilizing of multi lines, its mechanism for seeding variable size grains and for specifying their spacing, its control system relationship with the wheel rotation, its easiness to operate and maintain, its minimal damage to the seed during the process, its high level of operational reliability and its suitableness for modification based on capacity of the user. Therefore, using this machine will result in considerable improvements in productivity of the majority of Ethiopian farmers at lower cost.
Design and Analysis of Universal Reaper Machineijtsrd
In today's scenario, many research's are been done in the agriculture field and there is also a wide scope for more advancement in the technology. So therefore our objective is to design and fabricate agricultural reaper machine which would be used for cutting various crops like wheat, rice, etc. The reaper machine is being designed to compensate the increasing demand of workers for harvesting of crops. The machine would cover a large area and will require a person for handling. The CAD model is being prepared in SOLIDWORKS 2018 considering AA 6063 tubes. In this machine 4 wheels are been used. And considering various loads and forces the analysis of the machine has been done. The FEA has been done on SOLIDWORKS 2018 Software. Sachin Kumar Sharma | Gautam Kumar | Saurabh Awasthi | Prashant | Vivek Tyagi | Vineet Pal | Saurabh "Design and Analysis of Universal Reaper Machine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31590.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31590/design-and-analysis-of-universal-reaper-machine/sachin-kumar-sharma
IRJET-Automation of a Conventional Gas StoveIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a harvesting machine for small-scale farmers with land areas less than 2 acres. A group of engineering students designed a compact machine that can cut up to two rows of soybean plants using cutting blades powered by a 3HP two-stroke petrol engine. The machine also includes a collection mechanism to move the cut crops to one side. Testing showed the cost of harvesting using this machine is considerably less than manual harvesting methods. The design aims to provide an affordable solution for small-scale farmers facing challenges with labor costs and implementation.
Lower and/or inappropriate usages of improved agricultural technologies are among the major of causes for decline of production and productivity of wheat as compared to the potential in Ethiopia. This study aims to measure the status and extent of improved wheat technology adoption and identify its determinants among wheat producing smallholder farmers’ in Sekela district of West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling techniques used to select 204wheat producing farmers. The study primarily used collected primary data for 2017/18 production year using structured questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, both descriptive statistics and econometrics techniques such as double hurdle model are applied. The result shows that family size, availability of oxen and attitude towards risk affected positively adoption status of wheat production. While, farming experience, and off-farm income affected the extent of improved wheat variety adoption. On the other hand, farm size and cultivated farm land affected negatively the extent of improved wheat varieties adoption. Based on the result, the study recommended that the above factors should be considered both at stages in evaluating strategies aimed at promoting wheat production and productivity of the study area.
This document provides an overview of agricultural mechanization in Ethiopia. It discusses the importance of farm mechanization given Ethiopia's large agricultural sector, population growth, and challenges like food insecurity and climate change. It defines key terms related to agricultural tools, implements, machines, and mechanization. It also categorizes levels of mechanization technology from hand tools to draught animals to mechanical power. The document outlines factors that enable and limit agricultural mechanization in Ethiopia and assigns topics for group discussion and analysis.
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF MANUAL REAPER COMPARED TO MANUAL AND COMBINE HARVESTING ...Md. Abu Ayub Siddique
The document presents research comparing the performance and costs of manual reaping, combine harvesting, and manual harvesting of rice and wheat in Bangladesh. It describes the equipment, experimental methodology including plot sizes and locations, and results including fuel consumption, field capacity, and cost analysis of the different harvesting methods. The findings indicate that combine harvesting has the highest field capacity and lowest costs, while manual harvesting has the lowest field capacity and highest costs.
Tamil Nadu, Agricultural Engineering Department,Agricultural Engineering Training Centre, Tiruchirapalli, Training on Newly developed Agricultural Machinery and Equipments, Past and present,1, Minor Irrigation Schemes.
Economics of alternative ways of owning the Happy Seeder (HS) for managing st...Joanna Hicks
Rajinder Singh - NSW Department of Primary Industry, Wagga Wagga
Harjeet Dhaliwal - Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana India
John Blackwell - Charles Stuart University Wagga Wagga
Rural Transformation through Farm Mechanization: Custom Hiring of Combined Ha...ICRISAT
The document analyzes the use of custom hiring of combined harvesters by smallholder farmers in Madhya Pradesh, India. It finds that the practice has led to increased farm mechanization, profitability, and efficiency by allowing farmers to intensify crops like soybean and wheat without being hindered by high machinery costs. A case study shows that hiring a combined harvester saves farmers time and labor while increasing yields, though it also results in some grain and straw losses. The widespread adoption of combined harvesters has been facilitated by changes in rural labor markets, government subsidies, and custom hiring services that make the machinery accessible to small farms.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on farm machinery in India. It discusses how farm mechanization can play a major role in increasing food production. It notes that India has over 166 million hectares of cultivable land and produces over 2.5 lakh tractors and other farm machines annually. The document classifies farm machines and discusses the materials they are constructed from, as well as heat treatments and principles for selecting appropriate farm machines based on land holdings, soil/climate conditions, cropping patterns, and costs.
This document discusses existing policies and reforms needed to promote farm mechanization in Bihar, India. It outlines constraints like small land holdings, lack of credit and awareness. The policy framework aims to promote gender-friendly and suitable machinery, encourage custom hiring, and quality certification. Initiatives include additional subsidies, easier subsidy claims, awareness events, and testing centers. Reforms needed are better after-sales services, infrastructure support for custom hiring, expanding subsidy schemes, and increasing subsidy rates for certain implements. Tables provide annual achievement data and proposed subsidy rates for various farm machinery under the state plan.
This document discusses farm mechanization in India. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding farm mechanization concepts, examining problems, and exploring strategies. It then defines farm mechanization as substituting machine power for human and animal power in agriculture. The sources of farm power are identified as human, animal, mechanical, and electrical. Benefits of mechanization include increased timeliness, safety, productivity and farmer income while reducing drudgery. Challenges include small land holdings, financial constraints, lack of knowledge and repair facilities. Strategies proposed to promote mechanization include establishing farm machinery banks, increasing power supply, mechanizing all regions, training and demonstrations, and gender-friendly equipment.
this deals with the role of mechanization in agriculture. There is huge potential across the world to mechanize the farming to get higher agriculture production and increased productivity.
This document discusses mechanization in smallholder agriculture. It provides an overview of why farmers mechanize, including to boost production and productivity through cultivating more land, timely cultivation, better water management, and improved post-harvest processing. It also discusses non-production reasons like easing drudgery. The document then examines mechanization trends in different Asian countries and discusses debates around mechanization and its impacts on labor, as well as lessons and policy implications.
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation in India. It discusses the global scenario of protected cultivation, with key countries like Netherlands, China, and Japan leading in area under protected cultivation. In India, protected cultivation started gaining commercial utilization in the 1980s and has grown steadily since then, reaching 20,000 hectares currently. The document outlines some of the major clusters for protected cultivation in India based on factors like climate, infrastructure, markets, policies, and prominent crops grown. It also provides a brief overview of the leading states and regions for protected cultivation in India.
"Agricultural Mechanization Development in Thailand", presented by Viboon Thepent at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
The document discusses the development and promotion of several agricultural technologies in Pakistan by PARC, including:
1. A zero-tillage drill for wheat sowing that reduces time and labor needs and increases yields. Over 3,500 units are now used by farmers.
2. A wheat straw chopper that harvests straw left by combines and chops it into fodder, addressing issues of burning straw and loss of a valuable resource. Over 250 units are now used.
3. A high-capacity rice thresher that mechanizes rice threshing and reduces the threshing season from months to weeks. Over 700 units are now used across Sindh and Balochistan.
4. A
"The Prospect for Introducing Mechanical Threshing Technology in Smallholder Agriculture: The Case of Ethiopia", presented by Girma Moges and Dawit Alemu at at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
Combine Harvester: Opportunities and Prospects as Resource Conservation Techn...UTKARSH DWIVEDI
This document discusses the opportunities for using combine harvesters as a resource conservation technology in India. It begins with an introduction to resource conservation technologies and common farm machines used in India. It then discusses the objective to design an add-on sowing machine that can attach to a combine harvester. Various furrow opener designs are evaluated for this purpose. The advantages of attaching a sowing machine to a combine harvester are presented. Finally, conceptual designs for the sowing attachment and straw spreader are shown and opportunities for using combine harvesters under resource conservation are concluded.
Mechanization in agriculture refers to the use of machinery in farming operations. Over time, there have been significant advancements in farming techniques from manual labor to steam and gas-powered implements. This has led to a dramatic decrease in the percentage of the U.S. workforce engaged in farming, from 38% in 1900 to just 3% by the end of the 20th century. Tractors and other agricultural machinery provide advantages like substituting for expensive labor and increasing productivity, though they also have disadvantages such as costs and potential health and safety issues. Common farm machinery includes tractors, tillage implements, spraying equipment, harvesters, backhoes, and planters/seeders.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Mutipurpose Manually Operated System for Agr...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and fabrication of a manually operated, multipurpose system for agricultural purposes. The system was designed to address issues with traditional farming methods in India, which are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and cannot meet growing demands. The new system can simultaneously sow seeds and fertilizer at uniform depths and distances, improving efficiency. It is intended to be affordable and suitable for small-scale farmers. The document reviews different existing farm machines and identifies limitations before detailing the design of the new system, which includes components like a chain and sprocket mechanism to control seed spacing. Testing showed the new system can satisfactorily meet farmer needs with improved performance over traditional methods.
Training on scalable farm mechanization technologies africa-rising
Training on Scalable Farm Mechanization Technologies
1. The document discusses training farmers and service providers in Ethiopia on farm mechanization technologies to increase productivity and reduce labor demands. It focuses on technologies like conservation agriculture planters, water pumps, and transport services that can be used with two-wheel tractors.
2. Lessons from phase one of the project found that various soil and terrain conditions require different mechanized approaches. Demand was high and several business models for service providers were profitable. Partnerships with government, private sector, and NGOs will be important for scaling up in phase two.
3. The training approach involves demonstrations of technologies like planting and water pumping, as well as guidance on
Design and Prototype Development of Hybrid Ploughing, Seeding and Fertilizing...ijceronline
This research work mainly focuses on design and prototype development of hybrid ploughing, seeding and fertilizing machine for typical Ethiopian farmers. In Ethiopia, the major tasks of farming include; ploughing, seeding and fertilizing. Since thousands of years until now the farming is dependent on oxen drawn plough plow. But, this system is labor intensive, time consuming and its depth of ploughing is shallow. These draw backs of existing agricultural system result in insufficient productivity. Now a day’s modern agricultural machines are being imported into the country. But they are used by few organizations, small agriculture investors and few rich farmers. In collaboration with the Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency, relevant data was collected on the gap of existing trial mechanisms and the need of farmers. To analyze the collected data and arrive at final output, methodology procedures followed by the researchers were; organizing the special design needs of end user, analyzing six alternative design concepts, selection of one optimal concept, detail dimensional design of selected concept, force analysis using the mechanics, dynamics and kinematics, preparing 2D and 3D drawings using Auto CAD and CATIA then finally prototype development. For the case of its economical applicability for poor Ethiopian farmers, the researchers assured that, it is low cost by conducting cost analysis. Unique features of this new design include; simultaneous ploughing, seeding, and fertilizing of multi lines, its mechanism for seeding variable size grains and for specifying their spacing, its control system relationship with the wheel rotation, its easiness to operate and maintain, its minimal damage to the seed during the process, its high level of operational reliability and its suitableness for modification based on capacity of the user. Therefore, using this machine will result in considerable improvements in productivity of the majority of Ethiopian farmers at lower cost.
Design and Analysis of Universal Reaper Machineijtsrd
In today's scenario, many research's are been done in the agriculture field and there is also a wide scope for more advancement in the technology. So therefore our objective is to design and fabricate agricultural reaper machine which would be used for cutting various crops like wheat, rice, etc. The reaper machine is being designed to compensate the increasing demand of workers for harvesting of crops. The machine would cover a large area and will require a person for handling. The CAD model is being prepared in SOLIDWORKS 2018 considering AA 6063 tubes. In this machine 4 wheels are been used. And considering various loads and forces the analysis of the machine has been done. The FEA has been done on SOLIDWORKS 2018 Software. Sachin Kumar Sharma | Gautam Kumar | Saurabh Awasthi | Prashant | Vivek Tyagi | Vineet Pal | Saurabh "Design and Analysis of Universal Reaper Machine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31590.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31590/design-and-analysis-of-universal-reaper-machine/sachin-kumar-sharma
IRJET-Automation of a Conventional Gas StoveIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a harvesting machine for small-scale farmers with land areas less than 2 acres. A group of engineering students designed a compact machine that can cut up to two rows of soybean plants using cutting blades powered by a 3HP two-stroke petrol engine. The machine also includes a collection mechanism to move the cut crops to one side. Testing showed the cost of harvesting using this machine is considerably less than manual harvesting methods. The design aims to provide an affordable solution for small-scale farmers facing challenges with labor costs and implementation.
Lower and/or inappropriate usages of improved agricultural technologies are among the major of causes for decline of production and productivity of wheat as compared to the potential in Ethiopia. This study aims to measure the status and extent of improved wheat technology adoption and identify its determinants among wheat producing smallholder farmers’ in Sekela district of West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling techniques used to select 204wheat producing farmers. The study primarily used collected primary data for 2017/18 production year using structured questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, both descriptive statistics and econometrics techniques such as double hurdle model are applied. The result shows that family size, availability of oxen and attitude towards risk affected positively adoption status of wheat production. While, farming experience, and off-farm income affected the extent of improved wheat variety adoption. On the other hand, farm size and cultivated farm land affected negatively the extent of improved wheat varieties adoption. Based on the result, the study recommended that the above factors should be considered both at stages in evaluating strategies aimed at promoting wheat production and productivity of the study area.
This document provides an overview of agricultural mechanization in Ethiopia. It discusses the importance of farm mechanization given Ethiopia's large agricultural sector, population growth, and challenges like food insecurity and climate change. It defines key terms related to agricultural tools, implements, machines, and mechanization. It also categorizes levels of mechanization technology from hand tools to draught animals to mechanical power. The document outlines factors that enable and limit agricultural mechanization in Ethiopia and assigns topics for group discussion and analysis.
SRI-LMB Newsletter Vol.3 Issue 2, Year 2015Sri Lmb
The farmers participatory action research (FPAR) trained farmers are enthusiastically adopting and promoting SRI practices with other farmers in their communities and nearby villages. Over 5,000 rice farmers across Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam are learning SRI methods at 172 sites across 11 provinces. Despite delayed monsoons, SRI crops have shown better tolerance to drought, pests, and diseases compared to conventional crops. The SRI techniques of transplanting younger seedlings, wider spacing, and keeping soil moist have provided farmers hope for better yields and healthy crops this season.
Design, development and fabrication of a compact harvesterLaukik Raut
This machine targets the small scale farmers
who have land area of less than 2 acres. This machine is
compact and can cut up to two rows of soybean plant. It has
cutting blades which cut the crop in a scissoring type of
motion. It runs on diesel engine of 3HP, this power from
engine, is provided through pulley and gear box
arrangement to the cutter. A collecting mechanism is
provided for the collection of crops to one side after cutting.
This mechanism is also powered by pulley arrangement.
This compact harvester is manufactured using locally
available spare parts and thus, it is easily maintainable. This
harvester might be the solution to the problems faced by a
small scale farmer regarding cost and labour
implementation. After testing this machine in farm it is
found that the cost of harvesting using this harvester is
considerably less as compare to manual harvesting.
Presentation at the Workshop on Crop Production Equipment for the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Presenter: Dr. B. J. Pandian: TNAU, India
Title: Development of SRI Transplanter
Date: November 1, 2014
Venue: ACISAI, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
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Effect of Manual Screw Press Utilization on Output, Income, and Standard of L...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study assessed the effect of utilization of manual screw press for gari production on output, income,
and standard of living of gari processors in four local government areas across the agricultural development
program zones in Kwara state, Nigeria. Using multistage sampling technique and a semi-structured
questionnaire as instrument, data for the study were collected from a sample of 384 gari processors who
use the screw press in the state. Descriptive statistics, namely frequency count, percentages, and mean
were used for analysis of generated field data. The study revealed a 35.5% increase in gari production
was achieved with the utilization of the screw press for gari production. Furthermore, average annual
income from gari processing after utilization went from N809662 to N1249375; 35.19% increase.
Furthermore, average household properties owned by processors went from 2.31 before utilization to
3.24 after utilization which is an increase of 28.7%. The study concluded that utilization of manual screw
press by gari producers in Kwara state has led to increased output, a higher income, and a better standard
of living for gari producers. These increases would most probably lead to increase in their probability of
escaping poverty, and in the long run, would lead to sustainable food security for the country.
"Agricultural Mechanization in Bangladesh: Role of Policies and Emerging Private Sector" presented by M.A. Sattar Mandal at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
Design and Fabrication of Mini HarvesterIRJET Journal
1) Students designed and fabricated a mini harvester to help small-scale farmers with land holdings less than 5 acres harvest crops efficiently with low costs.
2) The harvester was designed to be compact, portable, easy to use, and cheaper than traditional harvesting methods or renting larger harvesters.
3) Testing showed the harvester could harvest 1 acre of crops with costs of Rs. 725, saving farmers Rs. 1475 per acre compared to traditional harvesting costs of Rs. 2200 per acre.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Manually Operated Seed Sowing MachineIRJET Journal
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This roundtable, brings together a high-level small group of individuals from the corporate, government, and research sectors to address one of India’s most urgent challenges to food security and economic growth—how to encourage private sector investment in accelerating productivity growth in India’s risk-prone ecologies while simultaneously conserving the environment.
There are solutions already in farmers’ fields and rural markets that respond to these challenges, and this Roundtable will highlight recent advances, for example: innovative financial products and information services for small-scale farmers; diagnostic tools for managing water and soil nutrient scarcity; custom-hired resource-conserving machinery for small farms; crop diversification and high-value marketing strategies; and stress-resistant wheat and rice varieties. But the search for solutions is far from complete. This Roundtable is meant to engage participants in a rapid-fire discussion of recent technical solutions in Indian agriculture, the prospects for policy change, and corporate outlooks for the next five years. The purpose is to help public and private sector players to identify common investment strategies, forge partnerships, and chalk out collaborative efforts to effect technological, market, and policy improvements in India’s risk prone ecologies.
Credit Seminar:Adoption Of Precision Agriculture In Indian Scenario: It's Sco...Sundeepreddyavula
Precision agriculture refers to applying agricultural inputs precisely based on soil, weather, and crop needs to improve productivity, quality, and profitability. It uses technologies like remote sensing, GPS, and GIS to enable more efficient use of inputs like pesticides, fertilizers, tillage, and irrigation water, bringing higher yields and quality without pollution. While precision agriculture is still nascent in India, studies show it can increase yields 2-3 times through proper soil testing and fertilizer application. Some Indian states and companies are piloting precision agriculture approaches tailored to India's socioeconomic conditions to evaluate yield increases and cost reductions compared to conventional farming. Widespread adoption in India will require overcoming educational, economic, and infrastructure challenges.
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DESIGN ANALYSIS AND FABRICATION OF MANUAL RICE TRANSPLANTING MACHINE | J4RV4I...Journal For Research
Need of rice transplanting machine is growing nowadays because of unique feature seeding in well sequence and well manners. This will save too much efforts of human being. Class of people who uses this kind of machine is farmers and they are having poor economic background. To feed growing population is a huge challenge. Importation of rice will lead to drain out the economy of the country. Mechanization of paddy sector will lead to higher productivity with releasing of work force to other sectors. The objective of this project is to design a paddy transplanting mechanism to transplant paddy seedling by small scale farmers in the country. Hence, this is considered as an activity that needed mechanization. For mechanization the modeling and simulation evaluated for hand operated rice seeding machine, which is help the farmers to planting more and more amount of rice in good quality with low energy consumption and less harm to the environment. India is predominately an agricultural country with rice as one of its main food crop. It Produce about 80 million tons rice annually which is about 22% of the world rice production. Culturally transplanting of young seeding is preferred over direct seeding for better yield and better crop management practice. But this operation requires large amount of manpower (about 400 Man-Hour/ha) and task is very laborious involving working in stopping posture and moving in muddy field.
Similar to Mechanization as a Solution for Skilled Labor Shortage of Paddy Farming Sector in Wet Zone (20)
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2. Mallikaarachchi and Samaraweera: Mechanization as Labour Solution for Paddy
AEXTJ/Oct-Dec-2018/Vol 2/Issue 4 228
and traditional ways to do their cultivation process;
therefore, paddy farmers are struggling with their
paddy lands to get a maximum potential harvest[12]
.
There also many problems that can be identified.
Low skilled labor and high cost of available labor[3,5]
relating to the paddy farming sector are among
those problems[15,23,25]
. With traditional ways, paddy
cultivation required a large number of labor hours
to accomplish the process[2,24]
. Labor scarcity badly
affects the productivity of paddy cultivation in
the wet zone. Board traditional cultivation ways
of paddy farming also negatively impact on the
involvement of youth generation to the paddy
cultivation[16]
.
Usage of new technologies in agriculture sector
possibly helps to overcome those problems and
get maximum productivity[6,8,14,21]
in the wet
zone while considering new technologies in
paddy farming sector; new machinery take major
place[7,9,11]
. The using of agriculture machinery
relating to the paddy cultivation is necessary
to acquire maximum productivity from paddy
lands[10,18,20]
.
To overcome the labor shortage in paddy farming
sector, farmers’can replace labor with agricultural
machinery as a solution.[41,3,19]
According to the
department of agriculture,[17]
there are some
machinery can be used to replace labor in each
stage of paddy cultivation process [Table 1].
Therefore, this research is based on the exploration
of mechanization as a solution to the skilled labor
shortage in paddy farming in Sri Lanka wet zone.
This research study tries to find out the potentials
of increasing paddy productivity using new
agricultural machinery for traditional ways of
paddy cultivation in wet zone, by identifying the
paddy farmers’ degree of mechanization in each
stage of paddy farming process, identify the key
barriers that paddy farmers faced while using the
agricultural machinery and identify farmers’ costs
and benefits which gain using of machinery.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research study was carried out at Dodangoda
DS Division to find out wet zone farmers’ degree
of mechanization and to identify key barriers
which they faced during usage of agricultural
machinery, the Dodangoda DS Division is more
suitable because it locates in Kalutara District in
Sri Lankan wet zone area, and there is plenty of
paddy cultivation lands and farmers to access for
information. The instrument was for measured
above variables will be a pre-tested structured
questionnaire. The single questionnaire was given
for selected paddy farmers in Sinhala language.
Thequestionnaireconsistsofquestionsthatneeded
to be asked to measure each and every variable
related to the objectives of the research study.
People who cannot read or right asked questions
from them and after that filled the questionnaire.
The population of this research study was paddy
farmers in Sri Lanka wet zone, as the sample
for this research study, 100 paddy farmers
were selected from 20 farmer organizations
using simple random sampling method. As the
secondary data, journal articles, literature reviews,
research articles, books, and website information
were used. The variables and measurements were
used to analyze the collected data through the
questionnaire. The collected data were tabulated
and analyzed descriptively by graphs and charts.
Collected data were analyzed also using one-way
ANOVA, mean comparing method. Furthermore,
collected data were analyzed using cost-benefit
analysis (CBA).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Degree of mechanization in each stage of
paddy farming process
Findings of this study reviled that 90% degree of
mechanization showed in land preparation stage,
however, at the sowing stage showed 0% degree
of mechanization because use of machinery in
this stage required prepare of seedbeds, therefore
prepare seed beds and maintain quality seedbed
required extra skill, knowledge with extra
cost for paddy farmers; therefore, in this stage
paddy farmers were using cheaper alternative
method which calling direct seeding than using
of machinery. However, when it comes to the
harvesting and threshing stage the findings
reviled there is 30% degree of mechanization
in this stage. The 70% of farmers cannot use
Table 1: Type of machinery use in the paddy cultivation
process
Stage Machinery type
Land preparation 4WRP, 2WRP
Sowing Low land seeder (LS), PPT
Harvesting and threshing MCH, CH
MCH: Mini Combine Harvester, PPT: Paddy power transplanter, 4WRP: 4 W
tractor with rotary tiller, 2WRP: 2 W tractor with rotary tiller
3. Mallikaarachchi and Samaraweera: Mechanization as Labour Solution for Paddy
AEXTJ/Oct-Dec-2018/Vol 2/Issue 4 229
harvesting machines due to the very deeply
muddy field condition in the paddy field due to
that field condition the machines got stuck in the
paddy fields. However, when considering about
land preparation stage already 90% of farmers
replace labor with two-wheel tractor (2WRP) and
harvesting and threshing stage 30% of farmers
replace labor with mini combine harvester (MCH)
[Figure 1].
Identifying significant barriers for mechanization
as a labor solution
Age
Use of 2WRP and use of MCH showed significant
relationship with age of farmers; furthermore,
the highest mean value is given by 20–30 age
category; however, when the age was increasing,
the mean value getting decreases; therefore,
when the age was increasing, farmers usage of
machinery for their paddy cultivation process is
decreasing; therefore, age acts as a significant
barrier for degree of mechanization [Table 2].
Education level
The results revealed only use of MCH shows
a significant relationship with the education
level of farmers, according to mean value
farmers who educated up to higher education
level shows the highest mean value that means
they tended to use machinery than low educated
farmers [Table 3].
Land ownership
The only use of 2WRP showed a significant
relationship with land availability of farmers
that farmers who hired lands for their cultivation
process showed the highest mean value; therefore,
those farmers tended to use machinery [Table 4].
Figure 1: Degree of mechanization in each stage of paddy farming process
Table 2: Oneway ANOVA results with the use of 2WRP and MCH with age
Description One‑way ANOVA (2WRP) One‑way ANOVA (MCH) Categories Mean value
(2WRP)
Mean value
(MCH)F P F P
Age 2.818 0.029 5.763 0.000 20‑30 1.00 0.75
31‑40 1.00 0.71
41‑50 0.97 0.41
51‑60 0.89 0.09
60 0.71 0.24
Significant level at P=0.05, MCH: Mini combine harvester, 2WRP: Two‑wheel tractor
Table 3: Oneway ANOVA results with the use of 2WRP and MCH with Education level
Description One‑way ANOVA (2WRP) One‑way ANOVA (MCH) Categories Mean value
(2WRP)
Mean value
(MCH)F P F P
Education Level 1.623 0.206 8.999 0.003 Primary level 0.88 0.22
Up to GCE O/L 0.96 0.52
Significant level at P=0.05, MCH: Mini combine harvester, 2WRP: Two‑wheel tractor, GCE: General certificate of education
Table 4: Oneway ANOVA results with the use of 2WRP and MCH with Land ownership
Description One‑way ANOVA (2WRP) One‑way ANOVA (MCH) Categories Mean value
(2WRP)
Mean value
(MCH)F P F P
Land Ownership 5.344 0.023 1.495 0.224 Owned 0.83 0.24
Hired 0.96 0.35
Significant level at P=0.05, MCH: Mini combine harvester, 2WRP: Two‑wheel tractor
4. Mallikaarachchi and Samaraweera: Mechanization as Labour Solution for Paddy
AEXTJ/Oct-Dec-2018/Vol 2/Issue 4 230
Experience
Accordingtothefindings,theuseof2WRPshowed
a nearly significant relationship with farmers’
experience and use of MCH showed a perfect
significant relationship with farmers’ experience.
However, farmers who had experience 5 years
showed the highest mean value and tended to
use machinery than more experienced farmers
[Table 5].
Credit facilities
According to results, there is no significant
relationship with credit facilities and use of 2WRP
and MCH [Table 6].
Field condition
This finding revealed there is a perfect significant
relationship with field condition and use of 2WRP
and MCH. The highest mean value is given by
good field condition; therefore, the degree of
mechanization increased when field condition is
good; therefore, field condition acts as a significant
barrie for usage of machinery [Table 7].
Quality of extension service
According to this findings, there is no significant
relationship with quality of extension service and
use of 2WRP and MCH [Table 8].
Table 5: Oneway ANOVA results with the use of 2WRP and MCH with farmers’ experience
Description One‑Way ANOVA (2WRP) One‑Way ANOVA (MCH) Categories Mean value
(2WRP)
Mean value
(MCH)F P F P
Experience 2.561 0.082 6.218 0.003 5 Years 1.00 0.70
6‑10 0.97 0.36
10 years 0.84 0.19
Significant level at P=0.05, MCH: Mini combine harvester, 2WRP: Two‑wheel tractor
Table 9: Oneway ANOVA results with the use of 2WRP and MCH with Availability of Cheaper Alternatives
Description One‑way ANOVA (2WRP) One‑way ANOVA (MCH) Categories Mean value
(2WRP)
Mean value
(MCH)F P F P
Availability of
Cheaper Alternatives
1.258 0.265 14.528 0.000 Not satisfied 0.92 0.18
Extremely not satisfied 0.85 0.53
Significant level at P=0.05, CBA: Cost‑benefit analysis, 2WRP: Two‑wheel tractor
Table 8: Oneway ANOVA results with the use of 2WRP and MCH with Availability of Quality of extension service
Description One‑Way ANOVA (2WRP) One‑Way ANOVA (MCH) Categories Mean value
(2WRP)
Mean value
(MCH)F P F P
Quality of
extension service
0.546 0.581 0.240 0.787 Moderate 1.00 0.50
Satisfied 0.87 0.31
Extremely satisfied 0.93 0.28
Significant level at P=0.05, CBA: Cost‑benefit analysis, 2WRP: Two‑wheel tractor
Table 7: Oneway ANOVA results with the use of 2WRP and MCH with field condition
Description One‑way ANOVA (2WRP) One‑way ANOVA (MCH) Categories Mean value
(2WRP)
Mean value
(MCH)F P F P
Field Condition 30.336 0.000 713.224 0.000 Very Stuck 0.00 0.00
Stuck 1.00 0.02
Good 1.00 1.00
Significant level at P=0.05, MCH: Mini combine harvester, 2WRP: Two‑wheel tractor
Table 6: Oneway ANOVA results with the use of 2WRP and MCH with Availability of Credit Facilities
Description One‑way ANOVA (2WRP) One‑way ANOVA (MCH) Categories Mean value
(2WRP)
Mean value
(MCH)F P F P
Credit Facilities 0.011 0.916 0.234 0.630 Not Satisfied 0.91 0.36
Extremely Not satisfied 0.90 0.29
Significant level at P=0.05, MCH: Mini combine harvester, 2WRP: Two‑wheel tractor
5. Mallikaarachchi and Samaraweera: Mechanization as Labour Solution for Paddy
AEXTJ/Oct-Dec-2018/Vol 2/Issue 4 231
Availability of cheaper alternative than machinery
Availability of cheaper alternative than machinery
showed a significant relationship with the use
of MCH and highest mean value is given by
extremely not satisfied category; therefore, low
availability of cheaper alternative than machinery
tended to use agricultural machinery [Table 9].
CBA
Land preparation stage (Next 12 years, average land
area 2.7 acres)
This CBA done for considering about the next
12 years time, if the feasibility score 1 it is a
beneficial method, according to that, those three
methods were beneficial for farmers, but when
considering about time-saving and labor saving,
usage of 2WRP is strongly time-saving and labor
method than using manual method. Considering
about purchased 2WRP and hire 2WRP, hire
2WRP give the lowest feasibility score, therefore,
hiring 2WRP more beneficial than the other two
methods. In this CBA, there is an assumption the
labor wage and hire cost is not change by year to
year [Tables 10-12].
Harvesting and threshing stage (Next 12 years,
average land area 2.7 acres)
Purchased own MCH
This CBAdone for considering about next 12 years
time, if the feasibility score 1 it is a beneficial
method, according to that only hiring MCH and
manual methods were beneficial for farmers, but
when considering about time saving and labour
saving, usage of MCH is strongly time saving and
labor saving method than using manual method.
Considering about purchased MCH and hire
MCH, hire MCH to give the lowest feasibility
score, therefore, hiring MCH more beneficial than
Table 10: CBA, purchased 2WRP (interest rate 5% and
depreciation rate 14%) for next 12 years
Type Cost Type Benefit
Purchased 247,750 Yield 5,101,056.00
Opportunity cost 444,923.40 Hire saving 648,000.00
Maintains 120,000.00 Labor saving 648,000.00
Depreciation 416,220.00 Hire earning 612,360.00
Time‑saving * ****
Total 1,228,893.40 Total 7,009,416.00
Feasibility (TC/TB) score 0.18
Labor wage/Ac and hire cost/Ac will not change during this time period,
*****: Strongly time‑saving process, CBA: Cost‑benefit analysis,
2WRP: Two‑wheel tractor
Table 11: CBA, hire 2WRP for next 12 years
Type Cost Type Benefit
Hire 648,000.00 Yield 5,101,056.00
Labor saving 745,200.00
Time‑saving *****
Total 648,000.00 Total 5,846,256.00
Feasibility (TC/TB) Score 0.11
Labor wage/Ac and hire cost/Ac will not change during this time period,
*****: Strongly time‑saving process, CBA: Cost‑benefit analysis,
2WRP: Two‑wheel tractor
Table 12: CBA, manual (without machineries) process
for next 12 years
Type Cost Type Benefit
Labor 518,400.00 Yield 2,073,600.00
Other 97,200.00 Time‑saving *
Total 615,600.00 Total 2,073,600.00
Feasibility (TC/TB) Score 0.30
Labor wage/Ac and hire cost/Ac will not change during this time period, *: weakly
time saving process, CBA: Cost‑benefit analysis
Table 13: CBA, purchased MCH (interest rate 5% and
depreciation rate 16.5%) for next 12 year
Type Cost Type Benefit
Purchased 2,522,750.00 Yield 4,935,168.00
Opportunity cost 4,530,496.55 Hire earning 648,000.00
Maintains 144,000.00 Hire saving 745,200.00
Depreciation 4,995,045.00 Labor saving 615,600.00
Time‑saving *****
Total 12,192,291.55 Total 6,943,968.00
Feasibility (TC/TB) Score 1.76
Labor wage/Ac and hire cost/Ac will not change during this time period,
*****: Strongly time‑saving process, CBA: Cost‑benefit analysis, MCH: Mini
combine harvester
Table 14: CBA, hire MCH for next 12 years
Type Cost Type Benefit
Hire 745,200.00 Yield 4,935,168.00
Labor saving 745,200.00
Time‑saving *****
Total 745,200.00 Total 5,680,368.00
Feasibility (TC/TB) Score 0.13
Labor wage/Ac and hire cost/Ac will not change during this time period,
*****: Strongly time‑saving process, CBA: Cost‑benefit analysis
Table 15: CBA, manual process for next 12 years
Type Cost Type Benefit
Labour 1,004,400.00 Yield 2 073 600.00
Other 194,400.00 Time‑saving *
Total 1,198,800.00 Total 2 073 600.00
Feasibility (TC/TB) score 0.45
Labor wage/Ac and hire cost/Ac will not change during this time period, *: Weakly
time‑saving process, CBA: Cost‑benefit analysis
6. Mallikaarachchi and Samaraweera: Mechanization as Labour Solution for Paddy
AEXTJ/Oct-Dec-2018/Vol 2/Issue 4 232
the other two methods. In this CBA, there is an
assumption the labor wage and hire cost is not
change by year to year [Table 13-15].
CONCLUSION
Findings of this study revealed that the degree of
mechanization varies based on different stages of
paddy cultivation. The majority (90%) of farmers
has shown the highest degree of mechanization in
the land preparation stage. However, at the sowing
stage degree of mechanization is zero, and they
were using direct seeding method because it is
a cheaper alternative. Harvesting and threshing
stage showed only 30% degree of mechanization.
Study findings revealed youth farmers tended to
use agricultural machinery in both stages (Land
preparation and harvesting and threshing stage).
Highly educated farmers were using agricultural
machinery, then low educated (Primary level)
farmers. Farmers who had 6 years of experience,
tended to use traditional ways to do paddy
cultivation. In both stages, very deeply muddy
field condition (Stuck) in paddy lands avoided the
usage of machinery. The CBA indicated lowest
feasibility score for hiring machinery in both land
preparation stage and harvesting and threshing
stage those scores were 0.11 and 0.13, according
to this hiring machineries were beneficial for
farmers also by hiring machinery can save labor
cost RS.745,200.00 in land preparation stage and
also RS.745,200.00 in harvesting and threshing
stage after 12 years.
SUGGESTIONS
The degree of mechanization can be increased if
machinery developers can build machinery that is
compatible with the field condition of paddy fields.
It is beneficial for farmers to hire machinery for
their usage. The study suggests government and
private organizations to conduct some programs
to increase youth involvement for the paddy
cultivation. Purchase own MCH is not beneficial
for individual farmer; therefore, study suggests to
purchase MCH for farmer organization.
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