Factors affecting crop production – climatic – edaphic - biotic- physiographic and socioeconomic factors Identification of factors that may influence (favor or hinder) the successful production of the identified crops The site suitability or crop suitability

1. Jupite Mark U. Banayag, L.Agr
Faculty
Compostela Valley State College
Purok 10, Poblacion, Compostela, 8803 Compostela Valley
FACTORS AFFECTING CROP
PRODUCTION

2. FACTORS AFFECTING CROP
PRODUCTION
•Crop production can be viewed from
two perspectives:
•CROP level
•PRODUCTION SYSTEMS level
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3. CROP LEVEL
•In the form of an equation:
Where, Y = yield
G = genotype
E = environment
G x E = interaction
Y = G+E+(GxE)
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4. SYSTEMS LEVEL
•At production system,
•INPUTS – controllable, manageable resources
such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
•OUTPUT – yield
•ENVIRONMENT – uncontrollable factors
external to the system
•SYSTEM – component crops, processes and
activities
evironment
Inputs systems
(resources)
Output (Yield)
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5. ENVIRONMENTAL
Y = G + E (G X E)
GENETIC
HUMAN Socio-economic aspects
Selection indices (major crops)
Genotypes (variety, cultivar)
GMOs (concepts/developments)
Abiotic
(Agromet)
Biotic
Climatic (climate & weather)
Soil factors (soil components & soil pH,
physicochemical & biological properties)
Climatic stresses (drought, salinization,
lahar, el niño, la niña, greenhouse effect,
ozone, global warming)
Beneficial organisms (pollinators,
decomposers, natural enemies)
Pests (arthropods, pathogens, weeds, vertebrate
pests
Anthropogenic --- evolution-based (allelopathy)
FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION

6. • Sunshine
• Temperature
• Wind movement
• Precipitation
• Atmospheric
humidity
• Mist
• Fog
Effect on diversity of
species
except those produced
through breeding and
genetic manipulation
Function of
a) latitude
b) altitude
c) topography
d) geography
•Near uniform in tropics
•High seasonal variation in
higher latitudes
Climate is major determinant
of plant geographic
distribution
natural
vegetation and
cultivated crops
Climate
(seasonal pattern)
(stable  year-
round)
Weather
(Deviations from
the pattern)
ENVIRONMENT AND ITS COMPONENTS
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7. EXTERNAL FACTORS
(Environmental Factors)
Abiotic Factors
• CLIMATE
• Light
• Temperature
• Atmospheric gases
• Relative Humidity
• Climatic Stresses
• SOIL FACTORS
• Biotic factors
• Beneficial organisms
• Pests
Biotic Factors
• Beneficial organisms
• Pests
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8. ENVIRONMENT FOR CROPS

9. Location and Site

10. Location and Site
Location – refers to the geographical
position or the place where the crop
enterprise is situated in relation to a
city or town or another point of
designation. (e.g. in Publacion
Compostela)
Site – refers to the actual place where the
given crop is produced. (e.g. along
CVSC)
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11. Location and Site
• Dictates the following:
–Kind of crops to grow
–Production cost (labor, inputs, etc.)
–Management practices
–Accessibility (transport cost –
product and inputs)
–Cropping pattern
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12. Factors to be considered when
evaluating site/location for
suitability to agricultural enterprise
establishment:
1. Ecological factors
2. Economic factors
3. Sociological factors (Peace and
order)
4. Biological factors
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13. B. Ecological Factors
b.1. Climate and weather factors
-temperature
-rainfall/precipitation
b.2. Topography
-contour
-elevations
- depression
- wind
- light
- relative
humidity
- terrain
-drainage system
- ease of transportation

14. Climate and Weather
Climate – defined as the general state
of the atmosphere at given location
over a long period of time.
Weather – is the expression of the day
to day conditions of the atmosphere
at a given location.
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15. Climate in the Phil based on Rainfall
Type I –
two pronounced seasons :dry from Nov.
to April and wet during the rest of the year;
dry season lasts for 3-7 months. Western
part of the island of Luzon, Mindoro,
Negros and Palawan
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16. Climate in the Phil based on Rainfall
Type II –
No dry season with a very pronounced max.
rainfall from Nov- Jan. .Catanduanes,
Sorsogon,Eastern part of Albay, Samar, eastern
Leyte and eastern Mindanao
Type III –
Seasons not very pronounced; relatively dry
from Nov. to Apr and wet during the rest of the
year; short dry period of 1-3 months. Cagayan
Valley, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Negros, Souhtern
Cebu, and northern Mindanao
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17. Climate in the Phil based on Rainfall
Type IV –
rainfall more or less evenly distributed
throughout the year. Batanes Islands,
western parts of Camarines sur and Albay,
Quezon, western Leyte, northern Cebu,
Bohol and most of central, eastern and
southern Mindanao
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19. •Temperature --- optimum temperature
during growing season
•Water --- total water requirement during
cropping
•Light --- required daylength and degree of
shading tolerated by the crop
•Wind --- sensitivity to wind movement or
typhoons
Crop Climatic Requirements
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20. Climate and Weather
• Temperature- decrease with increasing
altitude ( 0.5-0.6 0C for every 100 m of
elevation gained)
• Phil- has generally high temp.; average
temp-27 0C ; May – hottest month;
January – coolest
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21. Temperature range
•13.2-24.6 ⁰C in highlands
Baguio (1,200 m asl elevation)
•23.3-30.05 ⁰C in lowlands
•Laguna (22 m asl elevation)
•100 m ↑ = ↓ 0.5-0.6 ⁰C
•Monthly average temp.
•lowest in January (22.5 ⁰C)
•highest in May (28.2 ⁰C)

22. Temperature and Crop Adaptation
LOW ELEVATION
Mean: 23 – 30 oC
Extremes: 17 – 37 oC
HIGH ELEVATION
13 – 25 oC
Warm Season Crops
• Field Crops
• Fruit Trees
• Vegetables
Improved cultivars not
sensitive to altitude and
low temperatures
During cold months
Improved cultivars
Improved cultivars not
sensitive to high
temperatures
Cool Season Crops
Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower
Peas, Carrot, Potato, Snap
bean
Celery, Lettuce, Calla lily
Shasta daisy, Dahlia, Carnation
Strawberry, Grape, Lychee
Sweet orange, Tea, Coffee
(arabica)
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23. 3 Cardinal Temperature affecting
plant processes:
1. Minimum temperature
• below which velocity of reaction
becomes zero
2. Optimum temperature
• reaction velocity is at maximum
3. Maximum temperature
• above which reaction velocity
becomes zero JMUBanayag

24. Classification of Crops based on
Temperature requirement
1. Cool season
• Cole crops (cabbage, broccoli,
cauliflower), peas, potato, Shasta
daisy, carnation, tea, etc.
2. Warm season – Rice, banana
3. Tropical – Coconut, pineapple
4. Sub-tropical – citrus
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25. Threshold high Temperature for
some crops
Crop Plants Threshold Temperature
0C
Growth Stage
Wheat
Corn
Cotton
Pearl millet
Tomato
Brassica
Cool Season
pulses
Groundnut
Cowpea
Rice
26
38
45
35
30
29
25
34
41
34
Post anthesis
Grain filling
Reproductive
Seedling
Emergence
Flowering
Flowering
Pollen production
Flowering
Grain yield
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26. Vernalization
•Low temperature exposure
•Requirement of crops for
flowering, crop maturation, and
germination
•Lettuce germination
•Flowering in Aster
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27. Solar Radiation
• most important factor that affect crop yield
• 3 aspects of light:
1. Intensity (foot candles or lux)
2. Duration or daylength (hours from
sunrise to sunset)
3. Wavelength (Angstrom or
nanometers)
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28. Light intensity
• Only about 47% of sun’s energy reaches the
earth’s surface
• PAR – Photosynthetically active radiation is
used by plants to fix CO2 during Ps
 Amount of light should be above light
compensation point before plants can
grow
 Photoenergetic effect – photosynthesis
 Photocybernetic effect – plant development
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29. Classification: Light intensity
1. Heliophytes
– Sun-loving plants
– Light saturated at about 5,000 ft.
candles
– corn, upland rice, cowpea, peanut,
sweet potato, watermelon,
papaya, banana, citrus, various
vegetables
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30. Classification: Light intensity
2. Sciophytes
– Shade-loving
– Light saturated at about 500 ft.
candles
– Black pepper, cacao, coffee,
lanzones, mangosteen, durian,
ginger, vanilla, gabi
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31. Crop and Light
Light Saturation Point --- light
intensity where photosynthetic
activity is at maximum
Sun-loving Shade-loving Shade-tolerant
Most field crops Lanzones, Cacao
Coffee
Pineapple, Papaya
Mangosteen, Ginger
 65% of ornamental
crops
 35% of ornamental
crops
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32. Photoperiodism
1. Day-neutral plants
– Flowering not regulated by daylength
– Kidney bean
2. Short-day plants
– Plants that flower in short days
Chrysanthemums, pineapple, coffee
3. Long-day plants
– Plants that flower in long days
– Wheat, Aster
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33. Crop and Light
Photoperiodism
• response to daylength
Photoperiodic Plants (Short-day; <11
hrs)
• Some rices (Japonicas, Traditional Indicas)
• Soybean, Winged bean
• Pineapple, Kinaf
• Poinsettia, Chrysanthemum
• Onion & garlic (bulb formation)
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34. JMUBanayag

35. Light intensity
• Short day plant-
requires short days or
long nights to flower.
• Critical day length
–14 - 15 hours for flower
initiation
–13 -14 hours for
development.
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36. Lighting for chrysanthemum
Growth phase Weeks from planting Photoperiod
Vegetative phase
Up to 4-5 weeks from
planting till the plant attains
50 to 60 cm height
Long day: 13 hrs light
and 11 hrs dark
Flowering
5 -6 weeks after planting till
harvest
Short day: 10 hrs light
and 14 hrs dark

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39. Photoblastism
1. Positively photoblastic
– Germination is influenced by light
– Grasses, Lettuce, carrot, mustard
2. Negatively photoblastic
– Germination is inhibited by light
– Melon, pumpkin, cucumber
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40. Wavelength
• Light → wide range of electromagnetic
radiation
• Biological window of light (300-1000 nm)
→ biological effects
• Visible light : Violet, Blue, Green, Yellow,
Orange, Red (400-700 nm) →
corresponds to photosynthetic photon flux
(PPF)
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41. JMUBanayag

42. Wavelength
• Red and Blue – effective in
photosynthesis
• Far-red and red – effective in
photoperiodism
• Far-red (700-800 nm) – influences
morphogenesis
• Ultraviolet light → causes damage on
plants
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43. Plastic Film Properties
Improper Light Transmission
Harmful U.V. Entering Inside
Proper Light Transmission
Not Allowing Harmful U.V.
Transmission
http://www.essenpoly.com/greenhousefilm.htm
UV Block
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44. Water Supply
–Quantity
• Availability during season and years
• Availability during drought
–Quality
• Salt content
• Toxic levels of B or other nutrients
-Source – nearness to water supply
• Lake, pond, river, or well
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45. Influence of Water on Plants
• As a reactant in many biological reactions
(e.g. hydrolysis)
• It enters into the structure of many biological
molecules such as carbohydrates
• Serve as a medium for transport of nutrients
from the soil and photosynthates
• Help regulate favorable plant temperature
during transpiration
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46. Plant Types: Moisture Need
1. Xerophytes
– Plants in arid environments (cactus)
2. Hydrophytes
– Aquatic plants
3. Mesophytes
– Land plants – most of the
economically grown plants
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47. Water System / Management
• Irrigation
–important in improving yield and
quality of crops
–Permits the use of production
improvement factors in farming
–Makes more effective use of
water-holding capacity of soil to
grow crops during dry season
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48. Water System / Management
• Includes drainage for waterlogged
soils, diversion, harvest, and storage
of water
• water conservation/management
practices are proving effective in
stabilizing and improving crop yield
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49. Water Requirement of Some Crops
Crop Growing
Period (day)
Consumptive
Use (cm)
Field Crops
Rice 90-120 72 (WS)
112 (DS)
Cassava 240-356 50-250
Corn 100 55
Mungbean 60-68 41
Peanut 90-150 50-60
Soybean 80-90 53
Sugarcane 300-365 132
Vegetables Crops
Cabbage 70-90 30
Eggplant 90-120 48
Garlic 90-120 36
Lettuce 40-50 30
Mustard 40-60 41
Okra 60-90 30
Onion 90-100 46
Pechay 40-60 30
Tomato 80-100 46
Watermelon 75-95 46
e.g.
Submerged condition  rice, taro
Tolerant to periodic waterlogging  jute,
sorghum
Sensitive to waterlogging  papaya,
durian, rambutan
Tolerant to drought  sorghum, cashew
In many common crops, they require
700-1000 tonnes of water to produce
one ton DM

50. Drought
• The insufficiency of rainfall/moisture
which affect plant growth
• Absolute drought – 29 consecutive
days without rainfall of at least 0.25 mm
• Partial drought – 15 consecutive days
without rainfall of at least 0.25 mm
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51. CLIMATE AND WEATHER
• Wind – area near coast/lakes experience
daytime wind or sea or lake breeze
- Normal wind speed in the Phil- 7.2 kph
- tropical cyclone (63-118 kph)– June to
December
- July –Dec – typhoon months
- ¾ of the Phil is within tropical cyclone belt
- Southern Phil – relatively typhoon-free
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52. Effects of strong winds
1. Crop lodging
2. Subsequent yield reduction
3. Grin shattering
4. Affects transpiration
5. Straight, upright, curved growth
6. Sterility due to pollen loss
7. Reduced CO2 levels esp. in enclosed
spaces
8. Disease spores dispersal
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53. Crop and Wind
Normal wind velocity in Phils. = 7.2 km/hr
Wind Speed
(km/hr)
Affected Process / Part /
Structure
> 30  Pollination
 Inflorescence
 Damage on leaf
40 – 56  Severe damage on crown
> 65  Severe damage on whole plant / uprooted
Crop Characteristic Crop
Crops sensitive
to strong wind
Coconut, Banana, Abaca, Coffee
Cacao, Mango, Rice, Corn
Most field crops
Crops resistant
to strong wind
Sineguelas (Spondias), Some palms
Pandan, Bamboo

54. Soils Factors
Physical properties
 Topography
 Texture (sand, silt, clay)
 Structure
 Depth
 Color
 Drainage (internal and
external)
Chemical properties
 Soil reaction (pH)
 Soil OM
 CEC
 Soil fertility status –
soil amendments
used
 Soil moisture
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55. Soils
Biological properties
Microorganisms –
beneficial as well
as pathogenic.
Soil decomposers
(e.g. earth worms)
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56. Soil Properties
a. Soil texture – smoothness or gritness of
soil which depends on the proportion of
variously sized particles
b. Soil structure – a function of the
arrangement of the soil particles and the
space between them
 These are related to the soil workability
and water holding capacity
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57. Soil Texture
• It also influences
several properties
such as aeration,
pore space
distribution, WHC
and drainage
characteristics.
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58. Soil structure
• For agricultural use, the best
type is a stable or large
granular “crumb” structure
with biologically formed
sponge-like aggregates of
0.1–1 cm formed by
earthworms in combination
with string-forming fungal
hyphae or gum-producing
microbes.
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59. Soil water
• Soil water added by rain or irrigation is stored up to the WHC of
the soil, which is also called the field capacity.

60. Bulk density
“Degree of compaction”
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61. Porosity
• Measures the relative proportion of pores space system in
the soil.
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62. Hydraulic conductivity
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63. Textural Class: Sand
• Course Texture
• 0.10 – 2.00 mm diameter particles
• Excellent aeration and drainage
• Low cation exchange
• Fast permeability by water
• Low water/nutrient-holding-capacity
• Easy tillage and erodibility by water
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64. Textural Class: Silt loam
• Medium Texture
• 0.002 – 0.05 mm diameter particles
• Good aeration and drainage
• Medium cation exchange
• Moderate permeability by water
• Moderate water/nutrient-holding-capacity
• Moderate tillage and erodibility by water
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65. Textural Class: Clay
• fine texture
• Less than 0.002 mm diameter particles
• poor aeration and drainage
• high cation exchange
• Slow permeability/ penetrability by water
• High water/nutrient-holding-capacity
• Difficult tillage and erodibility by water
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66. Soil Fertility Status
 Organic matter --- indicator of N fertility (>2%)
 Nutrient levels --- limiting?
Soil Texture
 Sand-silt-clay composition of the soil
Clay Sandy Loamy
Fine-textured Coarse-textured Moderately course-textured
Sticky Light Medium
High amount of
nutrients
Low amount of
nutrients
High amount of nutrients
than sandy soils
High water-holding
capacity
Low water-holding
capacity
High water-holding capacity
than sandy soils
Poor drainage High drainage Better drainage than clayey
soil
High organic matter
Good for lowland rice Good for root crops Best soil for crop production
Soil

67. Slope --- related to cropping patterns and
water management
• Soil depth --- soil surface to lower layer of
the soil
• Obstructions below the root zone are: bedrock,
gravel, hardpan
• Water (at least 80 cm)
• Deep soils --- appropriate for trees and typhoon-prone
areas
• Top soil is where majority of nutrients are obtained
• Subsoil is the storage region for water and
determines depth of plowing.

68. JMUBanayag

70. Soil Factors
• Ideal soil – 45% mineral + 5% organic
matter and 50% pore space filled with half
water and half air.
• Texture - 70% sand, 15% silt, 15% clay
- clay loam – best overall in drier areas
- Sandy loam – better in wet area
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71. Soil Factors
• Color
- dark soil- high OM and good texture
- red and yellow- high level of iron oxides
- gray or yellow brown – indicator of poor
drainage
- whitish or light colored soil – presence
of quartz, carbonate or gypsum
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72. Soil pH --- acidity or alkalinity of a soil (1–14 units)
pH Range Soil Characteristics Nutrient Availability
3 – 3.9 Strongly acid  High or toxic levels of Al
& Mn
 Poor structure
 Low microbial activity
4 – 5.9 Moderately acid  Low levels of Ca, Mg, P &
Mo
 Poor structure
 Low microbial activity
6 – 6.9 Slightly acidic
Best for crop production
7 Neutral
7.1 – 7.5 Slightly alkaline
7.6 – 8 Alkaline
Low Fe, Mn, Cu & Zn> 8 Strongly alkaline
Soil

74. C. Economic Factors
1. Cost of land
2. Local taxes
3. Available labor
4. Economic status of the people
5. Facilities
- electricity
- communication
- transportation
- storage facilities
-roads (Farm-to-Market)
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75. D. Sociological Factors/ Human
Factor
• Population – source of labor, religion,
traditions, culture, belief
• Peace and order
• Law enforcement
• School, churches, recreational facilities
and hospitals
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76. Social, Economic and Political
Issues
• Climate Change RA 9729
• Biofuel act RA 9367
• Sustainable Agriculture
• Organic Act RA 10068
• High Value Crops RA 7900
• CARL – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Law
– Republic Act 6657
– Establishment of big corporate farms is illegal
– Retention limit is only 5 ha of land per family
plus 3 ha for each eligible heir
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77. Farmer’s preference
• Species or variety to be
planted
• Level or intensity of
productivity
• Level or intensity of
cultural management
• land preparation
• postharvest activities
• Marketing and other
activities
Farmer’s capability
financial
technical
others
Cultural/social practices
Others
laws and regulations
Peer pressure
Others
HUMAN FACTORS
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78. E. Biological Factors
• Prevalence of pests and diseases to
plant and humans
• Existence of Animals (wild and
domesticated animals)
• Weed population
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79. BIOTIC FACTORS
A. BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS
1. Pollinators – aside from wind as “pollen carrier”  moth, bats, bees, birds,
beetles, butterflies
2. Decomposers – “breaking down of organic remains”
3. Natural pest enemies – “non-destructive to crops but keep down population of
destructive pests”
• insect pests
• diseases
• bacteria and fungi
• Invertebrates --- detritus feeders
 Earthworms
 Millipedes
 Larvae of flies and beetles
Pests NE
Crop
• Lady bird beetles  feed on aphids
• Wasps  feed on larva of
some insects
• BT  larval stage of some insects
• Mites  mite (red spider mite)
• Spiders  flying insects
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80. B. PESTS
1. Insects – “six-legged creatures with pair of antennae and wings  feed on
plants  defoliators, sap feeders, stemborers, root feeders
2. Pathogens – “induce disease in plants”
3. Weeds – “unwanted plants in a particular place” --- compete for light,
water and nutrients
• bacteria
• fungi
• viruses
4. Vertebrate & Invertebrate Pests
• bats
• rodents
• birds
• monkeys
• slugs
• snails
• nematodes
BIOTIC FACTORS
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