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Factors Affecting Crop Production

The document discusses various factors affecting crop production from both crop level and production systems level perspectives. It highlights the influence of environmental factors, like climate, soil properties, water availability, and wind on crop yield, and emphasizes the importance of proper site selection based on ecological, economic, and sociological factors. Additionally, it elaborates on specific requirements for temperature, light, and water, as well as the adaptive strategies of different crop types to these conditions.

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Jupite Mark U. Banayag, L.Agr Faculty Compostela Valley State College Purok 10, Poblacion, Compostela, 8803 Compostela Valley FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION
FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION •Crop production can be viewed from two perspectives: •CROP level •PRODUCTION SYSTEMS level JMUBanayag
CROP LEVEL •In the form of an equation: Where, Y = yield G = genotype E = environment G x E = interaction Y = G+E+(GxE) JMUBanayag
SYSTEMS LEVEL •At production system, •INPUTS – controllable, manageable resources such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. •OUTPUT – yield •ENVIRONMENT – uncontrollable factors external to the system •SYSTEM – component crops, processes and activities evironment Inputs systems (resources) Output (Yield) JMUBanayag
ENVIRONMENTAL Y = G + E (G X E) GENETIC HUMAN Socio-economic aspects Selection indices (major crops) Genotypes (variety, cultivar) GMOs (concepts/developments) Abiotic (Agromet) Biotic Climatic (climate & weather) Soil factors (soil components & soil pH, physicochemical & biological properties) Climatic stresses (drought, salinization, lahar, el niño, la niña, greenhouse effect, ozone, global warming) Beneficial organisms (pollinators, decomposers, natural enemies) Pests (arthropods, pathogens, weeds, vertebrate pests Anthropogenic --- evolution-based (allelopathy) FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION
• Sunshine • Temperature • Wind movement • Precipitation • Atmospheric humidity • Mist • Fog Effect on diversity of species except those produced through breeding and genetic manipulation Function of a) latitude b) altitude c) topography d) geography •Near uniform in tropics •High seasonal variation in higher latitudes Climate is major determinant of plant geographic distribution natural vegetation and cultivated crops Climate (seasonal pattern) (stable  year- round) Weather (Deviations from the pattern) ENVIRONMENT AND ITS COMPONENTS JMUBanayag
EXTERNAL FACTORS (Environmental Factors) Abiotic Factors • CLIMATE • Light • Temperature • Atmospheric gases • Relative Humidity • Climatic Stresses • SOIL FACTORS • Biotic factors • Beneficial organisms • Pests Biotic Factors • Beneficial organisms • Pests JMUBanayag
ENVIRONMENT FOR CROPS
Location and Site
Location and Site Location – refers to the geographical position or the place where the crop enterprise is situated in relation to a city or town or another point of designation. (e.g. in Publacion Compostela) Site – refers to the actual place where the given crop is produced. (e.g. along CVSC) JMUBanayag
Location and Site • Dictates the following: –Kind of crops to grow –Production cost (labor, inputs, etc.) –Management practices –Accessibility (transport cost – product and inputs) –Cropping pattern JMUBanayag
Factors to be considered when evaluating site/location for suitability to agricultural enterprise establishment: 1. Ecological factors 2. Economic factors 3. Sociological factors (Peace and order) 4. Biological factors JMUBanayag
B. Ecological Factors b.1. Climate and weather factors -temperature -rainfall/precipitation b.2. Topography -contour -elevations - depression - wind - light - relative humidity - terrain -drainage system - ease of transportation
Climate and Weather Climate – defined as the general state of the atmosphere at given location over a long period of time. Weather – is the expression of the day to day conditions of the atmosphere at a given location. JMUBanayag
Climate in the Phil based on Rainfall Type I – two pronounced seasons :dry from Nov. to April and wet during the rest of the year; dry season lasts for 3-7 months. Western part of the island of Luzon, Mindoro, Negros and Palawan JMUBanayag
Climate in the Phil based on Rainfall Type II – No dry season with a very pronounced max. rainfall from Nov- Jan. .Catanduanes, Sorsogon,Eastern part of Albay, Samar, eastern Leyte and eastern Mindanao Type III – Seasons not very pronounced; relatively dry from Nov. to Apr and wet during the rest of the year; short dry period of 1-3 months. Cagayan Valley, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Negros, Souhtern Cebu, and northern Mindanao JMUBanayag
Climate in the Phil based on Rainfall Type IV – rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. Batanes Islands, western parts of Camarines sur and Albay, Quezon, western Leyte, northern Cebu, Bohol and most of central, eastern and southern Mindanao JMUBanayag
•Temperature --- optimum temperature during growing season •Water --- total water requirement during cropping •Light --- required daylength and degree of shading tolerated by the crop •Wind --- sensitivity to wind movement or typhoons Crop Climatic Requirements JMUBanayag
Climate and Weather • Temperature- decrease with increasing altitude ( 0.5-0.6 0C for every 100 m of elevation gained) • Phil- has generally high temp.; average temp-27 0C ; May – hottest month; January – coolest JMUBanayag
Temperature range •13.2-24.6 ⁰C in highlands Baguio (1,200 m asl elevation) •23.3-30.05 ⁰C in lowlands •Laguna (22 m asl elevation) •100 m ↑ = ↓ 0.5-0.6 ⁰C •Monthly average temp. •lowest in January (22.5 ⁰C) •highest in May (28.2 ⁰C)
Temperature and Crop Adaptation LOW ELEVATION Mean: 23 – 30 oC Extremes: 17 – 37 oC HIGH ELEVATION 13 – 25 oC Warm Season Crops • Field Crops • Fruit Trees • Vegetables Improved cultivars not sensitive to altitude and low temperatures During cold months Improved cultivars Improved cultivars not sensitive to high temperatures Cool Season Crops Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower Peas, Carrot, Potato, Snap bean Celery, Lettuce, Calla lily Shasta daisy, Dahlia, Carnation Strawberry, Grape, Lychee Sweet orange, Tea, Coffee (arabica) JMUBanayag
3 Cardinal Temperature affecting plant processes: 1. Minimum temperature • below which velocity of reaction becomes zero 2. Optimum temperature • reaction velocity is at maximum 3. Maximum temperature • above which reaction velocity becomes zero JMUBanayag
Classification of Crops based on Temperature requirement 1. Cool season • Cole crops (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower), peas, potato, Shasta daisy, carnation, tea, etc. 2. Warm season – Rice, banana 3. Tropical – Coconut, pineapple 4. Sub-tropical – citrus JMUBanayag
Threshold high Temperature for some crops Crop Plants Threshold Temperature 0C Growth Stage Wheat Corn Cotton Pearl millet Tomato Brassica Cool Season pulses Groundnut Cowpea Rice 26 38 45 35 30 29 25 34 41 34 Post anthesis Grain filling Reproductive Seedling Emergence Flowering Flowering Pollen production Flowering Grain yield JMUBanayag
Vernalization •Low temperature exposure •Requirement of crops for flowering, crop maturation, and germination •Lettuce germination •Flowering in Aster JMUBanayag
Solar Radiation • most important factor that affect crop yield • 3 aspects of light: 1. Intensity (foot candles or lux) 2. Duration or daylength (hours from sunrise to sunset) 3. Wavelength (Angstrom or nanometers) JMUBanayag
Light intensity • Only about 47% of sun’s energy reaches the earth’s surface • PAR – Photosynthetically active radiation is used by plants to fix CO2 during Ps  Amount of light should be above light compensation point before plants can grow  Photoenergetic effect – photosynthesis  Photocybernetic effect – plant development JMUBanayag
Classification: Light intensity 1. Heliophytes – Sun-loving plants – Light saturated at about 5,000 ft. candles – corn, upland rice, cowpea, peanut, sweet potato, watermelon, papaya, banana, citrus, various vegetables JMUBanayag
Classification: Light intensity 2. Sciophytes – Shade-loving – Light saturated at about 500 ft. candles – Black pepper, cacao, coffee, lanzones, mangosteen, durian, ginger, vanilla, gabi JMUBanayag
Crop and Light Light Saturation Point --- light intensity where photosynthetic activity is at maximum Sun-loving Shade-loving Shade-tolerant Most field crops Lanzones, Cacao Coffee Pineapple, Papaya Mangosteen, Ginger  65% of ornamental crops  35% of ornamental crops JMUBanayag
Photoperiodism 1. Day-neutral plants – Flowering not regulated by daylength – Kidney bean 2. Short-day plants – Plants that flower in short days Chrysanthemums, pineapple, coffee 3. Long-day plants – Plants that flower in long days – Wheat, Aster JMUBanayag
Crop and Light Photoperiodism • response to daylength Photoperiodic Plants (Short-day; <11 hrs) • Some rices (Japonicas, Traditional Indicas) • Soybean, Winged bean • Pineapple, Kinaf • Poinsettia, Chrysanthemum • Onion & garlic (bulb formation) JMUBanayag
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Light intensity • Short day plant- requires short days or long nights to flower. • Critical day length –14 - 15 hours for flower initiation –13 -14 hours for development. JMUBanayag
Lighting for chrysanthemum Growth phase Weeks from planting Photoperiod Vegetative phase Up to 4-5 weeks from planting till the plant attains 50 to 60 cm height Long day: 13 hrs light and 11 hrs dark Flowering 5 -6 weeks after planting till harvest Short day: 10 hrs light and 14 hrs dark
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Photoblastism 1. Positively photoblastic – Germination is influenced by light – Grasses, Lettuce, carrot, mustard 2. Negatively photoblastic – Germination is inhibited by light – Melon, pumpkin, cucumber JMUBanayag
Wavelength • Light → wide range of electromagnetic radiation • Biological window of light (300-1000 nm) → biological effects • Visible light : Violet, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red (400-700 nm) → corresponds to photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) JMUBanayag
JMUBanayag
Wavelength • Red and Blue – effective in photosynthesis • Far-red and red – effective in photoperiodism • Far-red (700-800 nm) – influences morphogenesis • Ultraviolet light → causes damage on plants JMUBanayag
Plastic Film Properties Improper Light Transmission Harmful U.V. Entering Inside Proper Light Transmission Not Allowing Harmful U.V. Transmission http://www.essenpoly.com/greenhousefilm.htm UV Block JMUBanayag
Water Supply –Quantity • Availability during season and years • Availability during drought –Quality • Salt content • Toxic levels of B or other nutrients -Source – nearness to water supply • Lake, pond, river, or well JMUBanayag
Influence of Water on Plants • As a reactant in many biological reactions (e.g. hydrolysis) • It enters into the structure of many biological molecules such as carbohydrates • Serve as a medium for transport of nutrients from the soil and photosynthates • Help regulate favorable plant temperature during transpiration JMUBanayag
Plant Types: Moisture Need 1. Xerophytes – Plants in arid environments (cactus) 2. Hydrophytes – Aquatic plants 3. Mesophytes – Land plants – most of the economically grown plants JMUBanayag
Water System / Management • Irrigation –important in improving yield and quality of crops –Permits the use of production improvement factors in farming –Makes more effective use of water-holding capacity of soil to grow crops during dry season JMUBanayag
Water System / Management • Includes drainage for waterlogged soils, diversion, harvest, and storage of water • water conservation/management practices are proving effective in stabilizing and improving crop yield JMUBanayag
Water Requirement of Some Crops Crop Growing Period (day) Consumptive Use (cm) Field Crops Rice 90-120 72 (WS) 112 (DS) Cassava 240-356 50-250 Corn 100 55 Mungbean 60-68 41 Peanut 90-150 50-60 Soybean 80-90 53 Sugarcane 300-365 132 Vegetables Crops Cabbage 70-90 30 Eggplant 90-120 48 Garlic 90-120 36 Lettuce 40-50 30 Mustard 40-60 41 Okra 60-90 30 Onion 90-100 46 Pechay 40-60 30 Tomato 80-100 46 Watermelon 75-95 46 e.g. Submerged condition  rice, taro Tolerant to periodic waterlogging  jute, sorghum Sensitive to waterlogging  papaya, durian, rambutan Tolerant to drought  sorghum, cashew In many common crops, they require 700-1000 tonnes of water to produce one ton DM
Drought • The insufficiency of rainfall/moisture which affect plant growth • Absolute drought – 29 consecutive days without rainfall of at least 0.25 mm • Partial drought – 15 consecutive days without rainfall of at least 0.25 mm JMUBanayag
CLIMATE AND WEATHER • Wind – area near coast/lakes experience daytime wind or sea or lake breeze - Normal wind speed in the Phil- 7.2 kph - tropical cyclone (63-118 kph)– June to December - July –Dec – typhoon months - ¾ of the Phil is within tropical cyclone belt - Southern Phil – relatively typhoon-free JMUBanayag
Effects of strong winds 1. Crop lodging 2. Subsequent yield reduction 3. Grin shattering 4. Affects transpiration 5. Straight, upright, curved growth 6. Sterility due to pollen loss 7. Reduced CO2 levels esp. in enclosed spaces 8. Disease spores dispersal JMUBanayag
Crop and Wind Normal wind velocity in Phils. = 7.2 km/hr Wind Speed (km/hr) Affected Process / Part / Structure > 30  Pollination  Inflorescence  Damage on leaf 40 – 56  Severe damage on crown > 65  Severe damage on whole plant / uprooted Crop Characteristic Crop Crops sensitive to strong wind Coconut, Banana, Abaca, Coffee Cacao, Mango, Rice, Corn Most field crops Crops resistant to strong wind Sineguelas (Spondias), Some palms Pandan, Bamboo
Soils Factors Physical properties  Topography  Texture (sand, silt, clay)  Structure  Depth  Color  Drainage (internal and external) Chemical properties  Soil reaction (pH)  Soil OM  CEC  Soil fertility status – soil amendments used  Soil moisture JMUBanayag
Soils Biological properties Microorganisms – beneficial as well as pathogenic. Soil decomposers (e.g. earth worms) JMUBanayag
Soil Properties a. Soil texture – smoothness or gritness of soil which depends on the proportion of variously sized particles b. Soil structure – a function of the arrangement of the soil particles and the space between them  These are related to the soil workability and water holding capacity JMUBanayag
Soil Texture • It also influences several properties such as aeration, pore space distribution, WHC and drainage characteristics. JMUBanayag
Soil structure • For agricultural use, the best type is a stable or large granular “crumb” structure with biologically formed sponge-like aggregates of 0.1–1 cm formed by earthworms in combination with string-forming fungal hyphae or gum-producing microbes. JMUBanayag
Soil water • Soil water added by rain or irrigation is stored up to the WHC of the soil, which is also called the field capacity.
Bulk density “Degree of compaction” JMUBanayag
Porosity • Measures the relative proportion of pores space system in the soil. JMUBanayag
Hydraulic conductivity JMUBanayag
Textural Class: Sand • Course Texture • 0.10 – 2.00 mm diameter particles • Excellent aeration and drainage • Low cation exchange • Fast permeability by water • Low water/nutrient-holding-capacity • Easy tillage and erodibility by water JMUBanayag
Textural Class: Silt loam • Medium Texture • 0.002 – 0.05 mm diameter particles • Good aeration and drainage • Medium cation exchange • Moderate permeability by water • Moderate water/nutrient-holding-capacity • Moderate tillage and erodibility by water JMUBanayag
Textural Class: Clay • fine texture • Less than 0.002 mm diameter particles • poor aeration and drainage • high cation exchange • Slow permeability/ penetrability by water • High water/nutrient-holding-capacity • Difficult tillage and erodibility by water JMUBanayag
Soil Fertility Status  Organic matter --- indicator of N fertility (>2%)  Nutrient levels --- limiting? Soil Texture  Sand-silt-clay composition of the soil Clay Sandy Loamy Fine-textured Coarse-textured Moderately course-textured Sticky Light Medium High amount of nutrients Low amount of nutrients High amount of nutrients than sandy soils High water-holding capacity Low water-holding capacity High water-holding capacity than sandy soils Poor drainage High drainage Better drainage than clayey soil High organic matter Good for lowland rice Good for root crops Best soil for crop production Soil
Slope --- related to cropping patterns and water management • Soil depth --- soil surface to lower layer of the soil • Obstructions below the root zone are: bedrock, gravel, hardpan • Water (at least 80 cm) • Deep soils --- appropriate for trees and typhoon-prone areas • Top soil is where majority of nutrients are obtained • Subsoil is the storage region for water and determines depth of plowing.
JMUBanayag
Soil Factors • Ideal soil – 45% mineral + 5% organic matter and 50% pore space filled with half water and half air. • Texture - 70% sand, 15% silt, 15% clay - clay loam – best overall in drier areas - Sandy loam – better in wet area JMUBanayag
Soil Factors • Color - dark soil- high OM and good texture - red and yellow- high level of iron oxides - gray or yellow brown – indicator of poor drainage - whitish or light colored soil – presence of quartz, carbonate or gypsum JMUBanayag
Soil pH --- acidity or alkalinity of a soil (1–14 units) pH Range Soil Characteristics Nutrient Availability 3 – 3.9 Strongly acid  High or toxic levels of Al & Mn  Poor structure  Low microbial activity 4 – 5.9 Moderately acid  Low levels of Ca, Mg, P & Mo  Poor structure  Low microbial activity 6 – 6.9 Slightly acidic Best for crop production 7 Neutral 7.1 – 7.5 Slightly alkaline 7.6 – 8 Alkaline Low Fe, Mn, Cu & Zn> 8 Strongly alkaline Soil
C. Economic Factors 1. Cost of land 2. Local taxes 3. Available labor 4. Economic status of the people 5. Facilities - electricity - communication - transportation - storage facilities -roads (Farm-to-Market) JMUBanayag
D. Sociological Factors/ Human Factor • Population – source of labor, religion, traditions, culture, belief • Peace and order • Law enforcement • School, churches, recreational facilities and hospitals JMUBanayag
Social, Economic and Political Issues • Climate Change RA 9729 • Biofuel act RA 9367 • Sustainable Agriculture • Organic Act RA 10068 • High Value Crops RA 7900 • CARL – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law – Republic Act 6657 – Establishment of big corporate farms is illegal – Retention limit is only 5 ha of land per family plus 3 ha for each eligible heir JMUBanayag
Farmer’s preference • Species or variety to be planted • Level or intensity of productivity • Level or intensity of cultural management • land preparation • postharvest activities • Marketing and other activities Farmer’s capability financial technical others Cultural/social practices Others laws and regulations Peer pressure Others HUMAN FACTORS JMUBanayag
E. Biological Factors • Prevalence of pests and diseases to plant and humans • Existence of Animals (wild and domesticated animals) • Weed population JMUBanayag
BIOTIC FACTORS A. BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS 1. Pollinators – aside from wind as “pollen carrier”  moth, bats, bees, birds, beetles, butterflies 2. Decomposers – “breaking down of organic remains” 3. Natural pest enemies – “non-destructive to crops but keep down population of destructive pests” • insect pests • diseases • bacteria and fungi • Invertebrates --- detritus feeders  Earthworms  Millipedes  Larvae of flies and beetles Pests NE Crop • Lady bird beetles  feed on aphids • Wasps  feed on larva of some insects • BT  larval stage of some insects • Mites  mite (red spider mite) • Spiders  flying insects JMUBanayag
B. PESTS 1. Insects – “six-legged creatures with pair of antennae and wings  feed on plants  defoliators, sap feeders, stemborers, root feeders 2. Pathogens – “induce disease in plants” 3. Weeds – “unwanted plants in a particular place” --- compete for light, water and nutrients • bacteria • fungi • viruses 4. Vertebrate & Invertebrate Pests • bats • rodents • birds • monkeys • slugs • snails • nematodes BIOTIC FACTORS JMUBanayag
• Credits to the owners of slides and contents being used. Disclaimer: The content provided in this presentation is for information purpose only. The author or the owner of the content makes no representatives as the accuracy or completeness of any information provided in this slide. The owner will also not be liable for any errors or omissions in the information nor the availability of this information. The author or the owner will also not be liable for any damages or losses from the display or use of this information. Slide Credits: JMUBanayag

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Factors Affecting Crop Production

  • 1.
    Jupite Mark U.Banayag, L.Agr Faculty Compostela Valley State College Purok 10, Poblacion, Compostela, 8803 Compostela Valley FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION
  • 2.
    FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION •Cropproduction can be viewed from two perspectives: •CROP level •PRODUCTION SYSTEMS level JMUBanayag
  • 3.
    CROP LEVEL •In theform of an equation: Where, Y = yield G = genotype E = environment G x E = interaction Y = G+E+(GxE) JMUBanayag
  • 4.
    SYSTEMS LEVEL •At productionsystem, •INPUTS – controllable, manageable resources such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. •OUTPUT – yield •ENVIRONMENT – uncontrollable factors external to the system •SYSTEM – component crops, processes and activities evironment Inputs systems (resources) Output (Yield) JMUBanayag
  • 5.
    ENVIRONMENTAL Y = G+ E (G X E) GENETIC HUMAN Socio-economic aspects Selection indices (major crops) Genotypes (variety, cultivar) GMOs (concepts/developments) Abiotic (Agromet) Biotic Climatic (climate & weather) Soil factors (soil components & soil pH, physicochemical & biological properties) Climatic stresses (drought, salinization, lahar, el niño, la niña, greenhouse effect, ozone, global warming) Beneficial organisms (pollinators, decomposers, natural enemies) Pests (arthropods, pathogens, weeds, vertebrate pests Anthropogenic --- evolution-based (allelopathy) FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION
  • 6.
    • Sunshine • Temperature •Wind movement • Precipitation • Atmospheric humidity • Mist • Fog Effect on diversity of species except those produced through breeding and genetic manipulation Function of a) latitude b) altitude c) topography d) geography •Near uniform in tropics •High seasonal variation in higher latitudes Climate is major determinant of plant geographic distribution natural vegetation and cultivated crops Climate (seasonal pattern) (stable  year- round) Weather (Deviations from the pattern) ENVIRONMENT AND ITS COMPONENTS JMUBanayag
  • 7.
    EXTERNAL FACTORS (Environmental Factors) AbioticFactors • CLIMATE • Light • Temperature • Atmospheric gases • Relative Humidity • Climatic Stresses • SOIL FACTORS • Biotic factors • Beneficial organisms • Pests Biotic Factors • Beneficial organisms • Pests JMUBanayag
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
    Location and Site Location– refers to the geographical position or the place where the crop enterprise is situated in relation to a city or town or another point of designation. (e.g. in Publacion Compostela) Site – refers to the actual place where the given crop is produced. (e.g. along CVSC) JMUBanayag
  • 11.
    Location and Site •Dictates the following: –Kind of crops to grow –Production cost (labor, inputs, etc.) –Management practices –Accessibility (transport cost – product and inputs) –Cropping pattern JMUBanayag
  • 12.
    Factors to beconsidered when evaluating site/location for suitability to agricultural enterprise establishment: 1. Ecological factors 2. Economic factors 3. Sociological factors (Peace and order) 4. Biological factors JMUBanayag
  • 13.
    B. Ecological Factors b.1.Climate and weather factors -temperature -rainfall/precipitation b.2. Topography -contour -elevations - depression - wind - light - relative humidity - terrain -drainage system - ease of transportation
  • 14.
    Climate and Weather Climate– defined as the general state of the atmosphere at given location over a long period of time. Weather – is the expression of the day to day conditions of the atmosphere at a given location. JMUBanayag
  • 15.
    Climate in thePhil based on Rainfall Type I – two pronounced seasons :dry from Nov. to April and wet during the rest of the year; dry season lasts for 3-7 months. Western part of the island of Luzon, Mindoro, Negros and Palawan JMUBanayag
  • 16.
    Climate in thePhil based on Rainfall Type II – No dry season with a very pronounced max. rainfall from Nov- Jan. .Catanduanes, Sorsogon,Eastern part of Albay, Samar, eastern Leyte and eastern Mindanao Type III – Seasons not very pronounced; relatively dry from Nov. to Apr and wet during the rest of the year; short dry period of 1-3 months. Cagayan Valley, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Negros, Souhtern Cebu, and northern Mindanao JMUBanayag
  • 17.
    Climate in thePhil based on Rainfall Type IV – rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. Batanes Islands, western parts of Camarines sur and Albay, Quezon, western Leyte, northern Cebu, Bohol and most of central, eastern and southern Mindanao JMUBanayag
  • 19.
    •Temperature --- optimumtemperature during growing season •Water --- total water requirement during cropping •Light --- required daylength and degree of shading tolerated by the crop •Wind --- sensitivity to wind movement or typhoons Crop Climatic Requirements JMUBanayag
  • 20.
    Climate and Weather •Temperature- decrease with increasing altitude ( 0.5-0.6 0C for every 100 m of elevation gained) • Phil- has generally high temp.; average temp-27 0C ; May – hottest month; January – coolest JMUBanayag
  • 21.
    Temperature range •13.2-24.6 ⁰Cin highlands Baguio (1,200 m asl elevation) •23.3-30.05 ⁰C in lowlands •Laguna (22 m asl elevation) •100 m ↑ = ↓ 0.5-0.6 ⁰C •Monthly average temp. •lowest in January (22.5 ⁰C) •highest in May (28.2 ⁰C)
  • 22.
    Temperature and CropAdaptation LOW ELEVATION Mean: 23 – 30 oC Extremes: 17 – 37 oC HIGH ELEVATION 13 – 25 oC Warm Season Crops • Field Crops • Fruit Trees • Vegetables Improved cultivars not sensitive to altitude and low temperatures During cold months Improved cultivars Improved cultivars not sensitive to high temperatures Cool Season Crops Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower Peas, Carrot, Potato, Snap bean Celery, Lettuce, Calla lily Shasta daisy, Dahlia, Carnation Strawberry, Grape, Lychee Sweet orange, Tea, Coffee (arabica) JMUBanayag
  • 23.
    3 Cardinal Temperatureaffecting plant processes: 1. Minimum temperature • below which velocity of reaction becomes zero 2. Optimum temperature • reaction velocity is at maximum 3. Maximum temperature • above which reaction velocity becomes zero JMUBanayag
  • 24.
    Classification of Cropsbased on Temperature requirement 1. Cool season • Cole crops (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower), peas, potato, Shasta daisy, carnation, tea, etc. 2. Warm season – Rice, banana 3. Tropical – Coconut, pineapple 4. Sub-tropical – citrus JMUBanayag
  • 25.
    Threshold high Temperaturefor some crops Crop Plants Threshold Temperature 0C Growth Stage Wheat Corn Cotton Pearl millet Tomato Brassica Cool Season pulses Groundnut Cowpea Rice 26 38 45 35 30 29 25 34 41 34 Post anthesis Grain filling Reproductive Seedling Emergence Flowering Flowering Pollen production Flowering Grain yield JMUBanayag
  • 26.
    Vernalization •Low temperature exposure •Requirementof crops for flowering, crop maturation, and germination •Lettuce germination •Flowering in Aster JMUBanayag
  • 27.
    Solar Radiation • mostimportant factor that affect crop yield • 3 aspects of light: 1. Intensity (foot candles or lux) 2. Duration or daylength (hours from sunrise to sunset) 3. Wavelength (Angstrom or nanometers) JMUBanayag
  • 28.
    Light intensity • Onlyabout 47% of sun’s energy reaches the earth’s surface • PAR – Photosynthetically active radiation is used by plants to fix CO2 during Ps  Amount of light should be above light compensation point before plants can grow  Photoenergetic effect – photosynthesis  Photocybernetic effect – plant development JMUBanayag
  • 29.
    Classification: Light intensity 1.Heliophytes – Sun-loving plants – Light saturated at about 5,000 ft. candles – corn, upland rice, cowpea, peanut, sweet potato, watermelon, papaya, banana, citrus, various vegetables JMUBanayag
  • 30.
    Classification: Light intensity 2.Sciophytes – Shade-loving – Light saturated at about 500 ft. candles – Black pepper, cacao, coffee, lanzones, mangosteen, durian, ginger, vanilla, gabi JMUBanayag
  • 31.
    Crop and Light LightSaturation Point --- light intensity where photosynthetic activity is at maximum Sun-loving Shade-loving Shade-tolerant Most field crops Lanzones, Cacao Coffee Pineapple, Papaya Mangosteen, Ginger  65% of ornamental crops  35% of ornamental crops JMUBanayag
  • 32.
    Photoperiodism 1. Day-neutral plants –Flowering not regulated by daylength – Kidney bean 2. Short-day plants – Plants that flower in short days Chrysanthemums, pineapple, coffee 3. Long-day plants – Plants that flower in long days – Wheat, Aster JMUBanayag
  • 33.
    Crop and Light Photoperiodism •response to daylength Photoperiodic Plants (Short-day; <11 hrs) • Some rices (Japonicas, Traditional Indicas) • Soybean, Winged bean • Pineapple, Kinaf • Poinsettia, Chrysanthemum • Onion & garlic (bulb formation) JMUBanayag
  • 34.
  • 35.
    Light intensity • Shortday plant- requires short days or long nights to flower. • Critical day length –14 - 15 hours for flower initiation –13 -14 hours for development. JMUBanayag
  • 36.
    Lighting for chrysanthemum Growthphase Weeks from planting Photoperiod Vegetative phase Up to 4-5 weeks from planting till the plant attains 50 to 60 cm height Long day: 13 hrs light and 11 hrs dark Flowering 5 -6 weeks after planting till harvest Short day: 10 hrs light and 14 hrs dark
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
    Photoblastism 1. Positively photoblastic –Germination is influenced by light – Grasses, Lettuce, carrot, mustard 2. Negatively photoblastic – Germination is inhibited by light – Melon, pumpkin, cucumber JMUBanayag
  • 40.
    Wavelength • Light →wide range of electromagnetic radiation • Biological window of light (300-1000 nm) → biological effects • Visible light : Violet, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red (400-700 nm) → corresponds to photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) JMUBanayag
  • 41.
  • 42.
    Wavelength • Red andBlue – effective in photosynthesis • Far-red and red – effective in photoperiodism • Far-red (700-800 nm) – influences morphogenesis • Ultraviolet light → causes damage on plants JMUBanayag
  • 43.
    Plastic Film Properties ImproperLight Transmission Harmful U.V. Entering Inside Proper Light Transmission Not Allowing Harmful U.V. Transmission http://www.essenpoly.com/greenhousefilm.htm UV Block JMUBanayag
  • 44.
    Water Supply –Quantity • Availabilityduring season and years • Availability during drought –Quality • Salt content • Toxic levels of B or other nutrients -Source – nearness to water supply • Lake, pond, river, or well JMUBanayag
  • 45.
    Influence of Wateron Plants • As a reactant in many biological reactions (e.g. hydrolysis) • It enters into the structure of many biological molecules such as carbohydrates • Serve as a medium for transport of nutrients from the soil and photosynthates • Help regulate favorable plant temperature during transpiration JMUBanayag
  • 46.
    Plant Types: MoistureNeed 1. Xerophytes – Plants in arid environments (cactus) 2. Hydrophytes – Aquatic plants 3. Mesophytes – Land plants – most of the economically grown plants JMUBanayag
  • 47.
    Water System /Management • Irrigation –important in improving yield and quality of crops –Permits the use of production improvement factors in farming –Makes more effective use of water-holding capacity of soil to grow crops during dry season JMUBanayag
  • 48.
    Water System /Management • Includes drainage for waterlogged soils, diversion, harvest, and storage of water • water conservation/management practices are proving effective in stabilizing and improving crop yield JMUBanayag
  • 49.
    Water Requirement ofSome Crops Crop Growing Period (day) Consumptive Use (cm) Field Crops Rice 90-120 72 (WS) 112 (DS) Cassava 240-356 50-250 Corn 100 55 Mungbean 60-68 41 Peanut 90-150 50-60 Soybean 80-90 53 Sugarcane 300-365 132 Vegetables Crops Cabbage 70-90 30 Eggplant 90-120 48 Garlic 90-120 36 Lettuce 40-50 30 Mustard 40-60 41 Okra 60-90 30 Onion 90-100 46 Pechay 40-60 30 Tomato 80-100 46 Watermelon 75-95 46 e.g. Submerged condition  rice, taro Tolerant to periodic waterlogging  jute, sorghum Sensitive to waterlogging  papaya, durian, rambutan Tolerant to drought  sorghum, cashew In many common crops, they require 700-1000 tonnes of water to produce one ton DM
  • 50.
    Drought • The insufficiencyof rainfall/moisture which affect plant growth • Absolute drought – 29 consecutive days without rainfall of at least 0.25 mm • Partial drought – 15 consecutive days without rainfall of at least 0.25 mm JMUBanayag
  • 51.
    CLIMATE AND WEATHER •Wind – area near coast/lakes experience daytime wind or sea or lake breeze - Normal wind speed in the Phil- 7.2 kph - tropical cyclone (63-118 kph)– June to December - July –Dec – typhoon months - ¾ of the Phil is within tropical cyclone belt - Southern Phil – relatively typhoon-free JMUBanayag
  • 52.
    Effects of strongwinds 1. Crop lodging 2. Subsequent yield reduction 3. Grin shattering 4. Affects transpiration 5. Straight, upright, curved growth 6. Sterility due to pollen loss 7. Reduced CO2 levels esp. in enclosed spaces 8. Disease spores dispersal JMUBanayag
  • 53.
    Crop and Wind Normalwind velocity in Phils. = 7.2 km/hr Wind Speed (km/hr) Affected Process / Part / Structure > 30  Pollination  Inflorescence  Damage on leaf 40 – 56  Severe damage on crown > 65  Severe damage on whole plant / uprooted Crop Characteristic Crop Crops sensitive to strong wind Coconut, Banana, Abaca, Coffee Cacao, Mango, Rice, Corn Most field crops Crops resistant to strong wind Sineguelas (Spondias), Some palms Pandan, Bamboo
  • 54.
    Soils Factors Physical properties Topography  Texture (sand, silt, clay)  Structure  Depth  Color  Drainage (internal and external) Chemical properties  Soil reaction (pH)  Soil OM  CEC  Soil fertility status – soil amendments used  Soil moisture JMUBanayag
  • 55.
    Soils Biological properties Microorganisms – beneficialas well as pathogenic. Soil decomposers (e.g. earth worms) JMUBanayag
  • 56.
    Soil Properties a. Soiltexture – smoothness or gritness of soil which depends on the proportion of variously sized particles b. Soil structure – a function of the arrangement of the soil particles and the space between them  These are related to the soil workability and water holding capacity JMUBanayag
  • 57.
    Soil Texture • Italso influences several properties such as aeration, pore space distribution, WHC and drainage characteristics. JMUBanayag
  • 58.
    Soil structure • Foragricultural use, the best type is a stable or large granular “crumb” structure with biologically formed sponge-like aggregates of 0.1–1 cm formed by earthworms in combination with string-forming fungal hyphae or gum-producing microbes. JMUBanayag
  • 59.
    Soil water • Soilwater added by rain or irrigation is stored up to the WHC of the soil, which is also called the field capacity.
  • 60.
    Bulk density “Degree ofcompaction” JMUBanayag
  • 61.
    Porosity • Measures therelative proportion of pores space system in the soil. JMUBanayag
  • 62.
  • 63.
    Textural Class: Sand •Course Texture • 0.10 – 2.00 mm diameter particles • Excellent aeration and drainage • Low cation exchange • Fast permeability by water • Low water/nutrient-holding-capacity • Easy tillage and erodibility by water JMUBanayag
  • 64.
    Textural Class: Siltloam • Medium Texture • 0.002 – 0.05 mm diameter particles • Good aeration and drainage • Medium cation exchange • Moderate permeability by water • Moderate water/nutrient-holding-capacity • Moderate tillage and erodibility by water JMUBanayag
  • 65.
    Textural Class: Clay •fine texture • Less than 0.002 mm diameter particles • poor aeration and drainage • high cation exchange • Slow permeability/ penetrability by water • High water/nutrient-holding-capacity • Difficult tillage and erodibility by water JMUBanayag
  • 66.
    Soil Fertility Status Organic matter --- indicator of N fertility (>2%)  Nutrient levels --- limiting? Soil Texture  Sand-silt-clay composition of the soil Clay Sandy Loamy Fine-textured Coarse-textured Moderately course-textured Sticky Light Medium High amount of nutrients Low amount of nutrients High amount of nutrients than sandy soils High water-holding capacity Low water-holding capacity High water-holding capacity than sandy soils Poor drainage High drainage Better drainage than clayey soil High organic matter Good for lowland rice Good for root crops Best soil for crop production Soil
  • 67.
    Slope --- relatedto cropping patterns and water management • Soil depth --- soil surface to lower layer of the soil • Obstructions below the root zone are: bedrock, gravel, hardpan • Water (at least 80 cm) • Deep soils --- appropriate for trees and typhoon-prone areas • Top soil is where majority of nutrients are obtained • Subsoil is the storage region for water and determines depth of plowing.
  • 68.
  • 70.
    Soil Factors • Idealsoil – 45% mineral + 5% organic matter and 50% pore space filled with half water and half air. • Texture - 70% sand, 15% silt, 15% clay - clay loam – best overall in drier areas - Sandy loam – better in wet area JMUBanayag
  • 71.
    Soil Factors • Color -dark soil- high OM and good texture - red and yellow- high level of iron oxides - gray or yellow brown – indicator of poor drainage - whitish or light colored soil – presence of quartz, carbonate or gypsum JMUBanayag
  • 72.
    Soil pH ---acidity or alkalinity of a soil (1–14 units) pH Range Soil Characteristics Nutrient Availability 3 – 3.9 Strongly acid  High or toxic levels of Al & Mn  Poor structure  Low microbial activity 4 – 5.9 Moderately acid  Low levels of Ca, Mg, P & Mo  Poor structure  Low microbial activity 6 – 6.9 Slightly acidic Best for crop production 7 Neutral 7.1 – 7.5 Slightly alkaline 7.6 – 8 Alkaline Low Fe, Mn, Cu & Zn> 8 Strongly alkaline Soil
  • 74.
    C. Economic Factors 1.Cost of land 2. Local taxes 3. Available labor 4. Economic status of the people 5. Facilities - electricity - communication - transportation - storage facilities -roads (Farm-to-Market) JMUBanayag
  • 75.
    D. Sociological Factors/Human Factor • Population – source of labor, religion, traditions, culture, belief • Peace and order • Law enforcement • School, churches, recreational facilities and hospitals JMUBanayag
  • 76.
    Social, Economic andPolitical Issues • Climate Change RA 9729 • Biofuel act RA 9367 • Sustainable Agriculture • Organic Act RA 10068 • High Value Crops RA 7900 • CARL – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law – Republic Act 6657 – Establishment of big corporate farms is illegal – Retention limit is only 5 ha of land per family plus 3 ha for each eligible heir JMUBanayag
  • 77.
    Farmer’s preference • Speciesor variety to be planted • Level or intensity of productivity • Level or intensity of cultural management • land preparation • postharvest activities • Marketing and other activities Farmer’s capability financial technical others Cultural/social practices Others laws and regulations Peer pressure Others HUMAN FACTORS JMUBanayag
  • 78.
    E. Biological Factors •Prevalence of pests and diseases to plant and humans • Existence of Animals (wild and domesticated animals) • Weed population JMUBanayag
  • 79.
    BIOTIC FACTORS A. BENEFICIALORGANISMS 1. Pollinators – aside from wind as “pollen carrier”  moth, bats, bees, birds, beetles, butterflies 2. Decomposers – “breaking down of organic remains” 3. Natural pest enemies – “non-destructive to crops but keep down population of destructive pests” • insect pests • diseases • bacteria and fungi • Invertebrates --- detritus feeders  Earthworms  Millipedes  Larvae of flies and beetles Pests NE Crop • Lady bird beetles  feed on aphids • Wasps  feed on larva of some insects • BT  larval stage of some insects • Mites  mite (red spider mite) • Spiders  flying insects JMUBanayag
  • 80.
    B. PESTS 1. Insects– “six-legged creatures with pair of antennae and wings  feed on plants  defoliators, sap feeders, stemborers, root feeders 2. Pathogens – “induce disease in plants” 3. Weeds – “unwanted plants in a particular place” --- compete for light, water and nutrients • bacteria • fungi • viruses 4. Vertebrate & Invertebrate Pests • bats • rodents • birds • monkeys • slugs • snails • nematodes BIOTIC FACTORS JMUBanayag
  • 81.
    • Credits tothe owners of slides and contents being used. Disclaimer: The content provided in this presentation is for information purpose only. The author or the owner of the content makes no representatives as the accuracy or completeness of any information provided in this slide. The owner will also not be liable for any errors or omissions in the information nor the availability of this information. The author or the owner will also not be liable for any damages or losses from the display or use of this information. Slide Credits: JMUBanayag