Cereals
The document discusses that cereals/grain crops are grown for their grains. Cereals is derived from Ceres, the Roman goddess of grain, agriculture, and motherly relationships.
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is a hardy fruit commonly known as the poor man's fruit that is cultivated throughout India. It is high in vitamins and minerals. There are many varieties of ber that differ in maturation time, productivity, and suitability to various climates. Ber is propagated through seed sowing or vegetative methods like budding. It grows best in tropical and subtropical areas and a wide variety of soils.
SCOPE, IMPORTANCE AND CONSTRAINTS OF PLANTATION CROP PRODUCTION Muhammed Ameer
Plantation crops are perennial crops cultivated on large farms or estates in tropical and subtropical regions that require significant labor. Major plantation crops in Karnataka include coffee, rubber, cardamom, cashew, coconut, and arecanut. Plantation crops are economically important as India is a leading global producer of some crops like tea and coconut. They provide significant employment and support many industries. While plantation crops have potential for expanded production areas and exports, generating employment, their cultivation also faces constraints like long maturation periods, lack of quality planting materials, processing infrastructure, and vulnerabilities to climatic hazards and pests.
This document discusses propagation of plants through grafting and budding. It describes reasons for using grafting and budding such as propagating plants that do not root easily from cuttings, changing cultivars, and repairing damaged plants. Key terms used in grafting and budding like scion, stock, and callus are defined. Factors that affect the success of grafting and budding are discussed, including the appropriate time of year, compatibility of the stock and scion, temperature, age of plant parts used, and care of grafted plants. Various grafting and budding methods are described along with tools and materials needed and handling of scion material.
Acid lime is a commercially important citrus fruit grown in India. The document discusses several varieties of acid lime grown locally. It also covers soil and climate preferences, planting systems, irrigation, fertilization, intercropping practices, and common pests and diseases. Different types of acid limes are also described, including Persian lime, Key lime, Kaffir lime, Australian Desert lime, Calamondin, and Rangpur lime. Methods of propagation include air layering and stem cuttings.
This document discusses high density planting (HDP) of apple trees. HDP involves planting a greater number of trees per unit area to increase fruit production. Key aspects covered include:
- Types of HDP systems ranging from semi-intensive to super-intensive with thousands of trees per hectare.
- Components of successful HDP include use of dwarfing rootstocks, pruning, and crop management practices.
- Advantages are best land and resource use, higher yields, and easier harvesting.
- Training systems discussed include bush, pyramid, espalier, and cordon styles to manage tree canopy in dense orchards.
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Fodder crops for conservation in Sri LankaNilan Vimukthi
This document discusses several suitable crops for fodder conservation in Sri Lanka, including grasses like Axonopus affinis and Cenchrus ciliaris, leguminous plants like Phaseolus lathyroids and Desmathas virgatus, trees like Acacia albida and Erythrina orientalis, and aquatic plants like Azolla pinnata and Ipomea aquatica. It provides details on the type, origin, nutritional content, propagation methods, yields, and uses of these various fodder crops.
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is a hardy fruit commonly known as the poor man's fruit that is cultivated throughout India. It is high in vitamins and minerals. There are many varieties of ber that differ in maturation time, productivity, and suitability to various climates. Ber is propagated through seed sowing or vegetative methods like budding. It grows best in tropical and subtropical areas and a wide variety of soils.
SCOPE, IMPORTANCE AND CONSTRAINTS OF PLANTATION CROP PRODUCTION Muhammed Ameer
Plantation crops are perennial crops cultivated on large farms or estates in tropical and subtropical regions that require significant labor. Major plantation crops in Karnataka include coffee, rubber, cardamom, cashew, coconut, and arecanut. Plantation crops are economically important as India is a leading global producer of some crops like tea and coconut. They provide significant employment and support many industries. While plantation crops have potential for expanded production areas and exports, generating employment, their cultivation also faces constraints like long maturation periods, lack of quality planting materials, processing infrastructure, and vulnerabilities to climatic hazards and pests.
This document discusses propagation of plants through grafting and budding. It describes reasons for using grafting and budding such as propagating plants that do not root easily from cuttings, changing cultivars, and repairing damaged plants. Key terms used in grafting and budding like scion, stock, and callus are defined. Factors that affect the success of grafting and budding are discussed, including the appropriate time of year, compatibility of the stock and scion, temperature, age of plant parts used, and care of grafted plants. Various grafting and budding methods are described along with tools and materials needed and handling of scion material.
Acid lime is a commercially important citrus fruit grown in India. The document discusses several varieties of acid lime grown locally. It also covers soil and climate preferences, planting systems, irrigation, fertilization, intercropping practices, and common pests and diseases. Different types of acid limes are also described, including Persian lime, Key lime, Kaffir lime, Australian Desert lime, Calamondin, and Rangpur lime. Methods of propagation include air layering and stem cuttings.
This document discusses high density planting (HDP) of apple trees. HDP involves planting a greater number of trees per unit area to increase fruit production. Key aspects covered include:
- Types of HDP systems ranging from semi-intensive to super-intensive with thousands of trees per hectare.
- Components of successful HDP include use of dwarfing rootstocks, pruning, and crop management practices.
- Advantages are best land and resource use, higher yields, and easier harvesting.
- Training systems discussed include bush, pyramid, espalier, and cordon styles to manage tree canopy in dense orchards.
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Fodder crops for conservation in Sri LankaNilan Vimukthi
This document discusses several suitable crops for fodder conservation in Sri Lanka, including grasses like Axonopus affinis and Cenchrus ciliaris, leguminous plants like Phaseolus lathyroids and Desmathas virgatus, trees like Acacia albida and Erythrina orientalis, and aquatic plants like Azolla pinnata and Ipomea aquatica. It provides details on the type, origin, nutritional content, propagation methods, yields, and uses of these various fodder crops.
The document provides a detailed classification of weeds based on 8 categories: morphology, life cycle, habitat, origin, association, nature of stem, soil type, and special classification. Some key points:
- Weeds are classified based on their morphology into grasses, sedges, and broad-leaved weeds. Important morphological characteristics include leaves, venation, root systems, and growing points.
- Classification by life cycle includes annuals, biennials, and perennials. Annuals can be kharif, rabi, summer or multi-seasonal. Perennials reproduce vegetatively or by seeds.
- Habitat classification includes terrestrial and aquatic weeds. Terrestrial we
Seed quality is determined by physical, physiological, genetic, and storability characteristics. Maintaining genetic purity during seed production requires controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, certification, and grow-out tests. Key steps in quality seed production include selecting suitable regions and seed plots, proper land preparation, recommended varieties, treatments, planting methods, weed/pest control, irrigation, and timely harvesting and drying. This ensures high-quality seeds that perform well and retain desirable traits.
B.sc. agri i po h unit 4.1 cultivation practices of bananaRai University
Banana is one of the oldest and most important fruits cultivated in India. It is grown in various states across the country, with the largest production in Gujarat. Banana grows best in tropical climates and requires fertile, well-draining soil. It is commonly propagated through sword suckers and tissue culture. Proper cultivation practices such as irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management are needed to achieve high yields of 40-60 tons per hectare. Harvesting occurs 11-16 months after planting when fruits change color.
Scope and importance of fruit crops & pollination mechanismpavanknaik
This document provides an overview of fruit crop production technology and pollination mechanisms. It discusses the economic and nutritional importance of fruit crops, including their high yields, profits, role in industries, efficient land use, and export earnings. It then covers the two types of pollination - self-pollination (autogamy) via hermaphroditic flowers and mechanisms like cleistogamy; and cross-pollination (allogamy) via mechanisms like dicliny, dichogamy, heterostyly and self-incompatibility, which promote genetic diversity.
The Pilu tree belongs to the Salvadoraceae family. The botanic systematic name of the tree is Salvadora persica. Chewing sticks of the Pilu tree were used by the Babylonians approximately 7000 years ago; they were later used throughout the Greek and Roman empires, and by ancient Egyptians and Muslims.
These chewing sticks are most commonly used in the Middle East and South America, though are also used in parts of Africa and Asia.
Rootstocks are used in fruit tree propagation to produce stronger, quicker establishing trees that take on desirable rootstock traits. Rootstocks help control tree size, influence scion growth habits and productivity, and can impart resistance to stresses. For many fruit crops, rootstocks are important to provide adaptations to different soil and climate conditions. Common rootstock varieties are used for different fruits like mango, banana, grape, pomegranate, guava, and apple to influence tree characteristics and performance.
Scope and importance, principles and concepts of precision horticulture Dr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
This document provides an overview of precision horticulture, including its key concepts, benefits, components, tools, and research areas. Precision horticulture aims to do the right agricultural activities in the right places and times. It recognizes field variability and regulates management accordingly using technologies like GPS, sensors, and GIS to assess spatial and temporal differences. This approach can increase yields and profits while reducing waste and environmental impacts by optimizing input use. The tools and research highlighted show potential for improving production efficiency and quality prediction in horticultural crops. However, realizing these benefits faces challenges in India due to small landholdings and lack of technical expertise.
This document is an assignment submitted by Tirlok Chand on the description and production of root crops. It discusses several key points:
- Root crops are underground plant parts that are high in nutrients. They include tubers, corms, rhizomes, and true roots. Examples mentioned are potato, ginger, turmeric, beetroot, and carrot.
- Production of root crops requires cool climates, loose soil rich in organic matter, and involves land preparation, sowing, application of manures and fertilizers, weeding, and harvesting before flowering.
- Post-harvest activities include sorting, grading, and marketing of the harvested root crops. Management of pests and diseases throughout the
Agronomy is the science of managing crops and farmland to maximize crop yields. It involves choosing the best crop varieties for the climate and soil, using proper cultivation techniques, managing pests and irrigation, and harvesting at the right time. Key branches of agronomy include crop science, soil science, and environmental science. Crops are classified in various ways, including by place of origin, botanical/taxonomic family, economic use, season grown, and life cycle (annual, biennial, or perennial). The fundamental principles of agronomy are maximizing resource use and choosing adapted crop varieties, along with proper cultivation, nutrient management, and pest control.
1. The document discusses weather-based crop insurance and describes various risks faced by farmers like droughts and floods. It also discusses different formal and informal risk management strategies.
2. Formal insurance programs are described, including a weather index insurance product offered by ICICI Lombard and BASIX to insure farmers against deficient rainfall. The program divides the monsoon season into growth phases and provides payouts if rainfall is below a trigger level.
3. Challenges in developing weather index insurance are also outlined, such as basis risk. But the product is seen as well-suited for catastrophe risks with simple design and low costs.
This document discusses intercropping systems in fruit crop orchards. It describes how certain short-term fruit crops and vegetables can be grown as intercrops during the early stages of establishment of perennial fruit trees. Some examples given include papaya, peach, and guava as fruit crop intercrops in mango orchards. Vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, and beans are also mentioned as suitable intercrops in citrus and grape orchards. The document outlines principles for selecting intercrops and highlights benefits like increased productivity and income generation from intercropping in fruit crops.
This document summarizes information on several minor fruits found in India, including their botanical details, places of origin, genetic resources collected, and promising cultivars. It discusses bael, tamarind, lasoda, karonda, khirni, mahua, jamun, and phalsa, providing details on the genetic resources collected for each from various research organizations in India. It also lists some notable cultivars for several fruits, highlighting traits like fruit size, weight, TSS, and yield.
This document provides information about a term paper on ber fruit cultivation and practices. It includes sections on the botanical description of ber fruit, morphology, uses and composition, health benefits, climate and soil requirements, commercially cultivated species, and varietal classification. The key points are that ber fruit (Zizyphus mauritiana) is commonly known as the king of arid fruits or poor man's fruit, it is rich in vitamins and minerals, grows well in hot and dry climates in arid, tropical, and subtropical regions, and has various health benefits.
This document summarizes information about rootstocks and their effects in different fruit crops. It discusses that a rootstock is the lower portion of a grafted plant that develops the root system. There are two main types of rootstocks - seedling and clonal. An ideal rootstock confers compatibility, disease/pest resistance, and positive effects on scion growth and quality. The document then examines specific rootstocks used in mango, citrus, and apple crops and their effects on traits like tree size, yield, quality, and stress tolerance of the scion cultivars. Different rootstocks can impart dwarfing, alter nutrient uptake, provide salt tolerance, and influence fruit characteristics and production in the grafted plants.
Blind hoeing is done after sowing sugarcane to address several issues. It breaks the hard surface crust that can form after rainfall, adjusts standing sugarcane setts, covers exposed setts, uproots weeds, and replaces damaged setts. The objectives are to prepare the soil for germination, control weeds, cover setts properly, and replace infected setts.
History and development of seed industry in indiaNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to History and development of seed industry in india.
This document discusses the life cycles and classification of plantation and industrial crops. It covers:
- Annuals like maize, groundnuts, and soybeans that complete their life cycle in one growing season.
- Semi-perennials like sugarcane, pineapple, and plantains that take two to three years.
- Perennials like cocoa, coffee, and oil palm that take many years to complete their life cycle.
It also outlines key principles for establishing sustainable plantations, including choosing appropriate planting materials, nursery practices, suitable climatic conditions, land preparation, and integration of livestock.
Identification of fruits and plantation crops 1BISWAJIT BEHERA
This document identifies and provides brief descriptions of 20 different fruits and plantation crops. It includes the scientific name and family for each item as well as distinguishing between similar varieties such as lemon and lime, jamun and jamurola, sapota and khirni, and tala and date palm. The crops covered are elephant apple, jamun, carambola, pomelo, lemon, lime, amla, ber, tala, date palm, wood apple, pomegranate, custard apple, dragon fruit, sapota, khirni, cashew nut, arecanut, coffee, and cocoa.
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
The document provides information on plant classification systems. It discusses the botanical or taxonomic system of classification, which organizes plants in a hierarchical structure from kingdom down to species based on morphological characteristics. The key levels are kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, and species. Scientific names follow binomial nomenclature with the genus and species. Classification helps in the identification, discovery, and use of plants. The document also discusses functional classification systems that group plants according to their uses, such as agronomic crops (cereals, legumes, fibers, roots/tubers, forages, industrial crops) and horticultural crops (fruits, vegetables, flowers, plantation crops).
MAJOR CROPS OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THEIR GEOGRAPHIC.pptxLukeOxford2
The document discusses the classification of plants. It provides details on the four main divisions of the plant kingdom: Thallophytes, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Spermatophytes. Spermatophytes are further divided into Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Angiosperms are then divided into Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. The document also discusses different ways crops can be classified, including by life cycle, growth habit, manner of culture, climatic requirements, habitat, leaf retention, and use or purpose. Some key crop types mentioned are cereals, legumes, root crops, fiber crops, oil crops, sugar crops, pasture crops, be
The document provides a detailed classification of weeds based on 8 categories: morphology, life cycle, habitat, origin, association, nature of stem, soil type, and special classification. Some key points:
- Weeds are classified based on their morphology into grasses, sedges, and broad-leaved weeds. Important morphological characteristics include leaves, venation, root systems, and growing points.
- Classification by life cycle includes annuals, biennials, and perennials. Annuals can be kharif, rabi, summer or multi-seasonal. Perennials reproduce vegetatively or by seeds.
- Habitat classification includes terrestrial and aquatic weeds. Terrestrial we
Seed quality is determined by physical, physiological, genetic, and storability characteristics. Maintaining genetic purity during seed production requires controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, certification, and grow-out tests. Key steps in quality seed production include selecting suitable regions and seed plots, proper land preparation, recommended varieties, treatments, planting methods, weed/pest control, irrigation, and timely harvesting and drying. This ensures high-quality seeds that perform well and retain desirable traits.
B.sc. agri i po h unit 4.1 cultivation practices of bananaRai University
Banana is one of the oldest and most important fruits cultivated in India. It is grown in various states across the country, with the largest production in Gujarat. Banana grows best in tropical climates and requires fertile, well-draining soil. It is commonly propagated through sword suckers and tissue culture. Proper cultivation practices such as irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management are needed to achieve high yields of 40-60 tons per hectare. Harvesting occurs 11-16 months after planting when fruits change color.
Scope and importance of fruit crops & pollination mechanismpavanknaik
This document provides an overview of fruit crop production technology and pollination mechanisms. It discusses the economic and nutritional importance of fruit crops, including their high yields, profits, role in industries, efficient land use, and export earnings. It then covers the two types of pollination - self-pollination (autogamy) via hermaphroditic flowers and mechanisms like cleistogamy; and cross-pollination (allogamy) via mechanisms like dicliny, dichogamy, heterostyly and self-incompatibility, which promote genetic diversity.
The Pilu tree belongs to the Salvadoraceae family. The botanic systematic name of the tree is Salvadora persica. Chewing sticks of the Pilu tree were used by the Babylonians approximately 7000 years ago; they were later used throughout the Greek and Roman empires, and by ancient Egyptians and Muslims.
These chewing sticks are most commonly used in the Middle East and South America, though are also used in parts of Africa and Asia.
Rootstocks are used in fruit tree propagation to produce stronger, quicker establishing trees that take on desirable rootstock traits. Rootstocks help control tree size, influence scion growth habits and productivity, and can impart resistance to stresses. For many fruit crops, rootstocks are important to provide adaptations to different soil and climate conditions. Common rootstock varieties are used for different fruits like mango, banana, grape, pomegranate, guava, and apple to influence tree characteristics and performance.
Scope and importance, principles and concepts of precision horticulture Dr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
This document provides an overview of precision horticulture, including its key concepts, benefits, components, tools, and research areas. Precision horticulture aims to do the right agricultural activities in the right places and times. It recognizes field variability and regulates management accordingly using technologies like GPS, sensors, and GIS to assess spatial and temporal differences. This approach can increase yields and profits while reducing waste and environmental impacts by optimizing input use. The tools and research highlighted show potential for improving production efficiency and quality prediction in horticultural crops. However, realizing these benefits faces challenges in India due to small landholdings and lack of technical expertise.
This document is an assignment submitted by Tirlok Chand on the description and production of root crops. It discusses several key points:
- Root crops are underground plant parts that are high in nutrients. They include tubers, corms, rhizomes, and true roots. Examples mentioned are potato, ginger, turmeric, beetroot, and carrot.
- Production of root crops requires cool climates, loose soil rich in organic matter, and involves land preparation, sowing, application of manures and fertilizers, weeding, and harvesting before flowering.
- Post-harvest activities include sorting, grading, and marketing of the harvested root crops. Management of pests and diseases throughout the
Agronomy is the science of managing crops and farmland to maximize crop yields. It involves choosing the best crop varieties for the climate and soil, using proper cultivation techniques, managing pests and irrigation, and harvesting at the right time. Key branches of agronomy include crop science, soil science, and environmental science. Crops are classified in various ways, including by place of origin, botanical/taxonomic family, economic use, season grown, and life cycle (annual, biennial, or perennial). The fundamental principles of agronomy are maximizing resource use and choosing adapted crop varieties, along with proper cultivation, nutrient management, and pest control.
1. The document discusses weather-based crop insurance and describes various risks faced by farmers like droughts and floods. It also discusses different formal and informal risk management strategies.
2. Formal insurance programs are described, including a weather index insurance product offered by ICICI Lombard and BASIX to insure farmers against deficient rainfall. The program divides the monsoon season into growth phases and provides payouts if rainfall is below a trigger level.
3. Challenges in developing weather index insurance are also outlined, such as basis risk. But the product is seen as well-suited for catastrophe risks with simple design and low costs.
This document discusses intercropping systems in fruit crop orchards. It describes how certain short-term fruit crops and vegetables can be grown as intercrops during the early stages of establishment of perennial fruit trees. Some examples given include papaya, peach, and guava as fruit crop intercrops in mango orchards. Vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, and beans are also mentioned as suitable intercrops in citrus and grape orchards. The document outlines principles for selecting intercrops and highlights benefits like increased productivity and income generation from intercropping in fruit crops.
This document summarizes information on several minor fruits found in India, including their botanical details, places of origin, genetic resources collected, and promising cultivars. It discusses bael, tamarind, lasoda, karonda, khirni, mahua, jamun, and phalsa, providing details on the genetic resources collected for each from various research organizations in India. It also lists some notable cultivars for several fruits, highlighting traits like fruit size, weight, TSS, and yield.
This document provides information about a term paper on ber fruit cultivation and practices. It includes sections on the botanical description of ber fruit, morphology, uses and composition, health benefits, climate and soil requirements, commercially cultivated species, and varietal classification. The key points are that ber fruit (Zizyphus mauritiana) is commonly known as the king of arid fruits or poor man's fruit, it is rich in vitamins and minerals, grows well in hot and dry climates in arid, tropical, and subtropical regions, and has various health benefits.
This document summarizes information about rootstocks and their effects in different fruit crops. It discusses that a rootstock is the lower portion of a grafted plant that develops the root system. There are two main types of rootstocks - seedling and clonal. An ideal rootstock confers compatibility, disease/pest resistance, and positive effects on scion growth and quality. The document then examines specific rootstocks used in mango, citrus, and apple crops and their effects on traits like tree size, yield, quality, and stress tolerance of the scion cultivars. Different rootstocks can impart dwarfing, alter nutrient uptake, provide salt tolerance, and influence fruit characteristics and production in the grafted plants.
Blind hoeing is done after sowing sugarcane to address several issues. It breaks the hard surface crust that can form after rainfall, adjusts standing sugarcane setts, covers exposed setts, uproots weeds, and replaces damaged setts. The objectives are to prepare the soil for germination, control weeds, cover setts properly, and replace infected setts.
History and development of seed industry in indiaNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to History and development of seed industry in india.
This document discusses the life cycles and classification of plantation and industrial crops. It covers:
- Annuals like maize, groundnuts, and soybeans that complete their life cycle in one growing season.
- Semi-perennials like sugarcane, pineapple, and plantains that take two to three years.
- Perennials like cocoa, coffee, and oil palm that take many years to complete their life cycle.
It also outlines key principles for establishing sustainable plantations, including choosing appropriate planting materials, nursery practices, suitable climatic conditions, land preparation, and integration of livestock.
Identification of fruits and plantation crops 1BISWAJIT BEHERA
This document identifies and provides brief descriptions of 20 different fruits and plantation crops. It includes the scientific name and family for each item as well as distinguishing between similar varieties such as lemon and lime, jamun and jamurola, sapota and khirni, and tala and date palm. The crops covered are elephant apple, jamun, carambola, pomelo, lemon, lime, amla, ber, tala, date palm, wood apple, pomegranate, custard apple, dragon fruit, sapota, khirni, cashew nut, arecanut, coffee, and cocoa.
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
The document provides information on plant classification systems. It discusses the botanical or taxonomic system of classification, which organizes plants in a hierarchical structure from kingdom down to species based on morphological characteristics. The key levels are kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, and species. Scientific names follow binomial nomenclature with the genus and species. Classification helps in the identification, discovery, and use of plants. The document also discusses functional classification systems that group plants according to their uses, such as agronomic crops (cereals, legumes, fibers, roots/tubers, forages, industrial crops) and horticultural crops (fruits, vegetables, flowers, plantation crops).
MAJOR CROPS OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THEIR GEOGRAPHIC.pptxLukeOxford2
The document discusses the classification of plants. It provides details on the four main divisions of the plant kingdom: Thallophytes, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Spermatophytes. Spermatophytes are further divided into Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Angiosperms are then divided into Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. The document also discusses different ways crops can be classified, including by life cycle, growth habit, manner of culture, climatic requirements, habitat, leaf retention, and use or purpose. Some key crop types mentioned are cereals, legumes, root crops, fiber crops, oil crops, sugar crops, pasture crops, be
This document provides information on seed saving and plant propagation. It begins with an overview of angiosperms and their evolution. It then discusses pollination methods in flowers and different types of plant reproduction. The bulk of the document describes techniques for different plant families, including flower structure, pollination, and seed harvesting. It covers seed processing, storage, and record keeping. It concludes with recommendations for further resources on seed saving.
1. Land plants evolved from algae and developed sexual reproduction cycles. They alternate between haploid and diploid generations, with the sporophyte generation usually dominating the plant's lifespan.
2. Vascular plants have vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant. They are divided into two main groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms.
3. Angiosperms, or flowering plants, reproduce using seeds protected within fruits. They make up more than three-quarters of plant species and include both monocots and dicots.
The document provides an overview of seed saving, focusing on tomatoes, summer squash, and beans. It discusses the importance of seed saving for local adaptation, genetic diversity preservation, and income generation. The key aspects of seed saving covered are seed purity, isolation techniques, plant reproductive biology, and post-harvest processing and storage methods. Proper identification of plant varieties and following best practices for parent plant selection and seed cleaning, drying, and storage are emphasized.
The document discusses the divisions, evolution, and key characteristics of plants. It covers:
- The two main divisions of plants - gymnosperms (cone-bearing seed plants like pines) and angiosperms (flowering plants like roses).
- Angiosperms evolved later and are the dominant food crops, having flowers and fruits enclosing seeds. They are divided into monocots and dicots.
- Plant families group related species and provide clues to their traits and uses. Key food plant families include grasses, legumes, and cucurbits.
General introduction of minor and underexploited vegetablesmanohar meghwal
Parsnips are a winter root vegetable grown for their long, tapered roots. Seeds are sown directly in soil and roots are
ready 3 months later. Celery is grown for its crisp stems and requires exact temperatures between 16-21°C. Pointed
gourd is a creeping vine grown from cuttings for its small, striped fruits. It requires warm, humid conditions. Yam is a
tuber crop propagated from tuber pieces which are planted and harvested 8-9 months later. Asparagus is a perennial
grown for its edible shoots or spears. It is propagated from seeds or crowns and the spears are harvested for 1-3 weeks
This document provides information on the identification of various ornamental plants including their common name, scientific name, family, origin, habit, propagation method, flowering features and other descriptive details. Some of the plants mentioned are Euphorbia, Fish tail palm, Durenta, Din ka raja, Red dracaena, Rhapis palm, Canna, Lal patti, Ashoka, Bottle brush and Pagoda tree. The document identifies over 30 different ornamental plants.
This document discusses the classification of plants. It divides plants into two main groups: non-vascular plants (bryophytes) and vascular plants (tracheophytes). Non-vascular plants lack specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients. They are small and need wet environments. Vascular plants have tissues like xylem and phloem that allow transport of water and nutrients. They are further divided into gymnosperms, which produce naked seeds, and angiosperms, which produce flowers and fruits containing seeds. Key groups discussed include ferns, conifers like pine trees, and flowering plants.
This document discusses different ways of classifying crops in agronomy. It describes how crops can be classified based on their life cycle as annual, biennial or perennial crops. It also discusses classifications based on economic use, seasons, climate, root system, photosynthesis pathways, photoperiod requirements, and more. Key classifications mentioned include cereals, pulses, oilseeds, sugar crops, fibers crops, fodder crops, spices and condiments. Common examples are provided for each classification type.
Harvesting and Saving Garden Seeds ~ Montana State UniversitySeeds
This document provides instructions for harvesting and saving seeds from home gardens. It defines different types of cultivars such as hybrids, open-pollinated, cross-pollinated and self-pollinated varieties. It explains that hybrid seeds should not be saved as the resulting plants will not be true to type, while open-pollinated, cross-pollinated and self-pollinated seeds can be saved if proper isolation techniques are followed to prevent cross-contamination between varieties. The document provides detailed instructions for harvesting, processing and storing seeds from different plant types and includes tables with information on common cross-pollinating plants and average seed viability times.
This document discusses plant parts and their functions. It notes that plants have roots that can be deep or spread out. The main plant parts are roots, stem, branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Some plants like neem and banyan trees are strong, while climbers and creepers are weak. Banyan trees are huge. Ginger and potatoes have underground stems. Plants need water, sunlight, and soil to grow. Some plant parts like carrots, radishes, potatoes, and ginger are used as food. Plants are also used to make houses, furniture, paper, firewood, rubber, oil, and medicine. Trees provide shelter for animals and help protect the environment.
K. Vanangamudi
Flowers and their structures
Inflorescence
Inflorescence types in Agricultural crops
Inflorescence types in Horticultural crops
Floral biology of Agricultural crops
Floral biology of Horticultural crops
Parts of flower
Placentation
Stamen position
Types of gynoecium
Ovary position
Flower types
Sepals and petals types
Stamens types
This document provides information on the identification of various ornamental plants. It lists the common name, scientific name, family, origin, features and propagation method for plants such as Euphorbia, Fish Tail Palm, Durenta, Red Dracaena, Rhapis Palm, Canna, Ashoka, Bottle Brush, and Bougainvillea among others. The document also discusses plants used for bonsai, topiary and other ornamental purposes.
Families of different leaves working togetjerssuser5f9e12
The document describes several plants from the Brassicaceae family. It begins by providing background on the family, noting it contains over 4,000 species including important crops like cabbage, broccoli, and mustard. It then summarizes two specific plants:
1) Raphanus sativus (radish), a root vegetable domesticated in Asia that is grown worldwide for its crunchy texture and spicy flavor. Varieties range in size, color, and maturation time.
2) Thalapsi bursa Pastoris (shepherd's purse), a common weed native to Europe and Asia that is recognized by its triangular, purse-like seed pods. It grows as a small annual plant that readily propag
This presentation discusses several types of agricultural crops including cereals, vegetables and melons, roots and tubers, fruit, oil crops, and pulses. Cereals are grasses cultivated for their grain, composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran. Vegetables are edible plants or plant parts intended for cooking or eating raw, while melons are members of the gourd family with edible fleshy fruit. Roots and tubers are plant structures that store nutrients to help plants survive winter or dry months. Roots are typically underground but can also grow above ground. Fruit is the sweet fleshy product of a tree or plant that contains seeds. Oil crops produce edible oils used for cooking, supplements
This document provides an overview of basic principles of vegetable and spice crop production. It discusses several principles of vegetable production, including the short-term investment, flexibility in crops grown, and intensive production required. It also classifies vegetables and spices in various ways, such as by cultivation method (e.g. leafy, cole crops), botanical system, growing season, part used (e.g. roots, leaves), and hardiness. In particular, it provides a table classifying many common Nepali vegetables by family, botanical name, and English/Nepali names.
Families of different types of familiessssuser5f9e12
The document discusses the Brassicaceae plant family, also known as the mustard or cabbage family. It is a medium-sized economically important family that includes cruciferous vegetables like cabbage, broccoli, and radish. The family contains over 400 genera and 4,000 species worldwide. Two species mentioned are:
1. Raphanus sativus, the radish, a root vegetable domesticated in Asia that is grown for its edible root and leaves. Varieties range in size, flavor, and color.
2. Thalapsi bursa Pastoris, also known as shepherd's purse, a common weed native to Europe and Asia Minor that is now widespread. It is a small
This e-material mainly focuses about the introduction, cultivation method of sugarcane, Processing of raw and refined sugar from sugar cane and other concepts.....
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Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
2. Why classify CROPS?
For order and organization
For logical naming: common names are
not adequate because they vary from
country to country, even from locality to
locality
3. Basis for CLASSIFICATION
Aristotle classified plants based on
structure and size (e.g. herb, shrub, tree)
Carolus Linnaeus classified plants
based on structure only, i.e., different
species with similar structural features
Modern classification is based on
phylogeny (evolution of plants)
19. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
DEFINITION
Fruit is a mature, ripened ovary. It contains the seed
(ripened ovule) and pericarp (the tissue that surrounds
the seed).
CLASSIFICATION
a. Simple fruit- one fruit develop from single ovary of
a flower with or without accessory parts. Ex. Corn,
Peanut
b. Aggregate fruit- collection of simple fruit
developing from apocarpus pistil of a flower
c. Multiple or composite fruits- develop from a
number of flowers from an inflorescence. Ex.
Pineapple, peach fruit.
20.
21.
22.
23. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits- FLESHY FRUITS (Juicy)
Berry- has an entirely fleshy ovary.
Examples: Tomatoes, dates, blueberries,
bananas, peppers, and cranberries.
24.
25. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits-
FLESHY FRUITS
(Juicy)
Hesperidium- have
a leathery rind.
Examples: oranges,
grapefruits, lemons
and limes.
26.
27. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits- FLESHY FRUIITS
(Juicy)
Pepo- defined by hard rind
and fleshy inner matrix.
Example: watermelons,
cantaloupe, squash, and
pumpkins.
28.
29. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits- FLESHY
FRUIITS (Juicy)
Drupe- is a fruit with
fleshy exterior and a single
hard, stony pit surrounding
the seed.
Examples: coconut, mango
30. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits- FLESHY FRUITS (Juicy)
Pomes- have a fleshy exterior and a
center with papery carpels.
Examples: apples and pears.
31. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits- DRY FRUITS may be
indehiscent or dehiscent .
Indehiscent fruits are those that do not
split open at maturity and are usually one
or two-seeded.
Dehiscent fruits are fruits that split
open upon maturation.
32. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits- DRY
FRUITS (Indehiscent
fruits)
Achene- is a single-
seeded fruit with
seed attached only at
only one place to the
pericarp.
Examples: Sunflower
and strawberry
33.
34. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits- DRY FRUITS
(Indehiscent fruits)
Caryopsis- a fruit is
similar to an achence;
however, the pericarp
sticks or clings to the seed.
Examples: Corn, rice, barley,
rye,
35. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits- DRY
FRUITS (Indehiscent
fruits)
Samara- is usually
single-seeded with a
membranous wing.
Examples: Maple, elm,
and ash
37. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits- DRY
FRUITS (Indehiscent
fruits)
Utricle- is like an
achene, but the ovary wall
fits loosely around the
seed.
Examples: Finger millet
and pigweed
38. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits- DRY FRUITS (Indehiscent
fruits)
Nutlet- is a small version of a nut.
Examples: Birch and hornbeam
39. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits- DRY
FRUITS Dehiscent
fruits)
Legume or pod- is
composed of a single
carpel and has two
longitudinal sutures.
Examples: soybeans,
green beans, and peas
40. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits- DRY
FRUITS Dehiscent fruits)
Follicle- is composed
of a single carpel and
splits open along one
suture.
Example: milkweed
41. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits- DRY
FRUITS Dehiscent fruits)
Capsule- is composed
of more than one carpel
that are united and form
many-seeded fruits.
Examples: Okra and
cotton
43. HORTICULTURAL CROPS-FRUITS
Types of Fruits- DRY FRUITS Dehiscent
fruits)
Pyxis- is a type of capsule with a lid that
falls from the fruit.
Example: purslane
44.
45. Classification Of Crops Base On
Purpose
Cereals/ grain crops- grown for their
grains. Eg. Rice, corn, wheat, sorghum.
Legumes- for pods and seeds. Eg. Cowpea,
mungbean, sitao, peanut.
Root crops- for enlarged roots or tuberous
roots. Eg. Cassava and ubi
Fiber crops- grown for their fibers used in
textile, cordage, twines, sacks, bags etc. Eg.
Cotton, ramie, kenaf, jute.
46. Classification Of Crops Base On
Purpose
Oil crops- grown for their oil content. Eg.
Soybean, peanut, sunflower, castor, coconut.
Sugar crops- grown for their sugar content.
Eg. Sugarcane
Pature/ Forage crops- used for roughage
source for animals. Eg. Paragrass, napier
grass, and ipil-ipil
Beverage crops- used for brewing non-
alcoholic drinks. Eg. Coffee, cacao, tea
47. Classification Of Crops Base On
Purpose
Spices, condiments, essences- used to
provide special flavor, color, and scent to
food, perfumes, soaps, and body dressing.
Eg. Black pepper, vanilla, citronella,
ilang-ilang
Latex and resins- used for extracting
sap from the trunk/ stem. Eg. Rubber,
chico, pili, rimas, papaya
48. Classification Of Crops Base On
Purpose
Medicinal and poison crops- with curative,
laxative and pesticidal properties. Eg.
Lagundi, sambong, tobacco
Vegetables- usually eaten with staple
crops.
Fruits- edible botanical fruits usually used
for dessert which maybe eaten raw, cooked or
processed form. Eg. Pineapple, cashew,
mago
49. Classification Of Crops Base On
Purpose
Ornamentals- plants
cultivated mainly for their
aesthetic value,
Classification of ornamentals
Cutflowers- grown for its
flowers. Ex. Roses
Cut foliage- foliage provides
background in floral
arrangement. Eg. Ferns,
palmera
50. Classification Of Crops Base On
Purpose
Flowering pot plants-
plants grown in containers
for their flowers usually used
for display. Eg. poinsettia
Landscape plants- for
landscaping purposes. Eg.
White grass, song of india
51. Classification Of Crops Base On
Purpose
Foliage plants- for
attractive foliage, maybe
grown indoor or outdoor for
decoration. Eg. Begonia,
philodendron
Turf- used in lawns or
greens. Ex. Bermuda grass
and carabao grass
52.
53. General Classification Of Crops
According to growth habit
Herbs- succelent plants with self
supporting stems, with soft stems.
Vines- succulent or woody plants (lianas)
without self supporting stems.
Trees- with single central stem to which
branches are attached, usually taller than
shrub.
54. General Classification Of Crops
According to life cycle
Annuals- complete their life cycle in 1 year or
less eg. Squash
Biennials- plants ordinarily require 2 years or at
least part of 2 growing seasons with a dormant
period between growth stages to complete their
life cycle eg. Carrot, cabbage, celery
Perennials- plants that do not die after
flowering but live year to year eg. trees
55. General Classification Of Crops
According to mode of reproduction
Sexual- plants that develop after
undergoing processes of meiosis and
fertilization in the flower to produce a
viable embryo in the seed.
Asexual- plants that are produce by any
vegetative means not involving meiosis
and the union of gametes.
56. General Classification Of Crops
According to light intensity requirement
Heliophytes
- Sun-loving (light saturation at 5000 foot candles
- Ex. Banana, chrysanthemum, corn, cowpea,
cucurbits, eggplant, papaya, peanut, sugarcane.
Sciophytes
-shade-loving (light saturation at 500 foot
candles)
- Ex. Ginger, Ferns, coffee
57. General Classification Of Crops
Special types
Parasites- parasitic, sucking roots
Epiphytes- grow upon other plants
(orchids) but not parasitic
Saprophytes- grow in places rich in
decaying organic substance.
58. Special Groups
Green manure- a crop that is plowed
under while still green and growing to
improve the soil eg. Sesbania
Cover crops- any crop grown to provide
soil cover, prevent soil erosion (wind or
water), improve soil, and control weeds.
59. Special Groups
Companion crops- crop sown for
another crop and harvested separately.
The combination benefits either or both
the crops.
Trap crop- a crop which is planted to
protect the main crop from pest by
attracting the pest to the crop itself and
later destroying it.
60. Special Groups
Catch crop- a short seasoned crop
(pechay)grown immediately after failure of
the main crop (rice) to utilize residual
resources.
Soilage- grasses that are grown, cut and
directly fed to animals.
Silage- grasses grown, cut, fermented, and
preserved before being fed to animals.
62. QUESTION No.1
The other term for grain crops is derived from
which Grain Deity?
a. The Egyptian God Neper
b. The Greek Goddess Demeter
c. The Egyptian Goddess Nepit
d. The Roman Goddess Ceres
63. QUESTION No. 2
Cowpea is an example of family Leguminoseae.
Leguminoseae is synonymous to:
a. Papilionoideae
b. Fabaceae
c. Pedaliaceae
d. All of the above
64. QUESTION No. 3
Grass family is the same with
I. Gramineae II. Poaceae III. Monocotyledonae
a. I and II is True
b. I and II is False
c. III is True
d. all of the above
65. QUESTION No. 4
Which of the following crops is not under the
family Leguminoseae?
a. Pachyrrhizus erosus
b. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
c. Sesbania grandiflora
d. Sesamum indicum
66. QUESTION No. 5
Which of the following root crops thrives best in
cool condition particularly in the highlands of
Benguet, Mt. Province?
a. potato
b. carrot
c. cassava
d. A & B
67. QUESTION No. 6
Pomology is the study of fruit crops whereas
olericulture is the study of ________.
a. ornamental crops
b. plantation crops
c. vegetable crops
d. oil crops
68. QUESTION No. 7
A leguminous crop that produces pods and
produces edible fleshy roots.
a. Arachis hypogaea
b. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
c. Pachyrrhizus erosus
d. Cajanus cajan
69. QUESTION No. 8
Most economically important plants are:
a. Xerophytes
b. Hydrophytes
c. Mesophytes
d. Halophytes
70. QUESTION No. 9
A fruit with undesirable odor. It is commonly
produced in the island of Mindanao
a. Durio zibethinus
b. Lansium domesticum
c. Artocarpus altilis
d. Averrhoa bilimbi
71. QUESTION No. 10
Which does not belong to this group of fruit
crops?
a. lanzones
b. dragon fruit
c. durian
d. rambutan
72. QUESTION No. 11
A crop that requires support for upright growth is
vine if non-woody, what if woody
a. determinate
b. prostrate
c. liana
d. shrubs
73. QUESTION No. 12
In the folk song “Bahay Kubo”, how many crops
under Leguminoseae family are mentioned?
a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7
74. QUESTION No. 13
Which among the following are the two
agronomical/ field crops that are mentioned in
the folk song “Bahay Kubo”?
a. batao at patani
b. singkamas at linga
c. mani at linga
d. sigarilyas at mani
75. QUESTION No. 14
Which of the following crops can be categorized
as fruit and vegetable crops?
a. Carica papaya
b. Artocarpus heterophyllus
c. Tamarindus indicus
d. A & B
76. QUESTION No. 15
Which of the following crops can be categorized
as agronomic and horticultural crops under
Philippine condition?
a. Vigna radiata
b. Carica papaya
c. Zea mays
d. A & C
77. QUESTION No. 16
Which of the following crops differs in terms of
cultural management practices?
a. Solanum melongena
b. Solanum tuberosum
c. Capsicum frutescens
d. Lycopersicum esculentum
78. QUESTION No. 17
This is an annual crop and use as the staple food
of many Filipinos. The national research institute
for this crop is located in Science City of Munoz,
Nueva Ecija.
a. Oryza sativa
b. Zea mays
c. Vigna radiata
d. Arachis hypogaea
79. QUESTION No. 18
The crops below are under the Fabaceae family.
This crop has a seed which looks like the head of
the chicken.
a. Cajanus cajan
b. Phaseolus lunatus
c. Cicer arietinum
d. Vigna sinensis
80. QUESTION No. 19
It is considered by many people in Southeast
Asia as the “king of fruits” because of its large
size, strong odor, and formidable thorn-covered
husk.
a. Durio zibethenus
b. Lansium domesticum
c. Artocarpus altilis
d. Averrhoa bilimbi
81. QUESTION No. 20
In English word, what are the solanaceous crops
mentioned in the folk song “Bahay Kubo”?
a. Sweet pepper and hot pepper
b. Sweet potato and white potato
c. eggplant and tomato
d. all crops mentioned below
82. QUESTION No. 21
The crop that twine due to certain parts of the
crop that touches an external stimulus the
tendency is to wrap or go around the stimulus.
a. Mungbean
b. Soybean
c. Peanut
d. Longbean
83. QUESTION No. 22
Bittergourd is a plant that their shoots continue
to grow until the plant senescences. The type of
growth habit is________.
a. Indeterminate
b. Perennial
c. Determinate
d. Biennial
84. QUESTION No. 23
The crops below are examples of grass family.
Majority of these crops mature in 105-120 days.
What crop has longer maturity?
a. Triticum aestivum
b. Oryza sativa
c. Zea mays
d. Saccharum officinarum
85. QUESTION No. 24
It is the primary ingredient in the preparation of
breads. This crop is imported from temperate
countries
a. Triticum aestivum
b. Sorghum bicolor
c. Solanum tuberosum
d. Glycine max
86. QUESTION No. 25
Select crops which can be classified both as an
organic crops and horticultural crops based on
their uses under Philippine condition
a. Rice
b. Sorghum
c. Mungbean
d. Peanut
87. QUESTION No. 26
Grass family is the same with (I) Graminae (II)
Poacea (III) Monocotyledonae
a. I and II are true
b. I and II are false
c. III is true
d. All are true
88. QUESTION No. 27
An example of pulse crop is:
a. Cowpea
b. Squash
c. Tomato
d. Eggplant
89. QUESTION No. 28
Among these vegetables which is not under the
family Leguminosae
a. Phaseolus lunatus
b. Vigna unguiculata
c. Lagenaria siceraria
d. Phaseolus vulgaris
90. QUESTION No. 29
These are annual herbaceous plants that are
grown on the farm under extensive or large scale
culture
a. Agronomic or field crops
b. Ornamental crops
c. Vegetable crops
d. Pomological crops
91. QUESTION No. 30
Example of plant that has tendrils
a. Squash
b. Cowpea
c. Eggplant
d. Tomato
92. QUESTION No. 31
A plant capable of growing in salty soils
a. Halophytes
b. Sciophytes
c. Heliophytes
d. None of the above
93. QUESTION No. 32
Which is not a root crop?
a. Sweet potato
b. Yam
c. Potato
d. Cassava
94. QUESTION No. 33
Which does not belong to the group?
a. Centrosema
b. Siratro
c. Stylosanthes
d. Paragrass
95. QUESTION No. 34
Which is not under the family Leguminosae?
a. Phaseolus lunatus
b. Vigna unguiculata
c. Lagenaria siceraria
d. Phaseolus vulgaris
96. QUESTION No. 35
An example of small fruit is
a. Pineapple
b. Lanzones
c. Tamarind
d. Duhat
97. REFERENCES
1. GREEN EMPIRE. 2016. Licensure Examination in
Agriculture Reviewer (Crop Science)
2. TAMAYO NV and AGUSTIN AL. 2017.
Classification of crops. 2017 ALE Review,
Department of Crop Science, College of
Agriculture, Central Luzon State University