The document discusses production plant layout problems and methods. It covers:
1. The facility layout problem of designing locations, dimensions, and configurations of activities with no overall algorithm.
2. Reasons for layout changes including new products, demand changes, and bottlenecks. Goals include minimal costs, investments, throughput times and flexibility. Restrictions include legislation and building constraints.
3. Methods for layout include relationship diagrams, space requirements analysis, and evaluating alternative layouts to select the optimal layout.
This document discusses production plant layout and methods for designing facility layouts. It addresses the facility layout problem of determining locations, dimensions, and configurations of activities. There is no single algorithm that exists for solving all layout problems. The document outlines various goals in layout design including minimizing costs and throughput times while maximizing flexibility and space efficiency. It also describes restrictions and common methods for analyzing relationships between departments and generating layout alternatives.
This paper experiments with different heuristic approaches to solve a real facility layout problem at a furniture manufacturing company. Five layout modeling techniques are applied to the problem: graph theory, CRAFT, optimum sequence, BLOCPLAN, and genetic algorithm. The resulting layouts are evaluated based on total area, flow times distance, and adjacency percentage. The best layout is selected using the analytic hierarchy process and is found to improve upon the existing layout, demonstrating the effectiveness of formal modeling approaches for real industrial problems.
The document discusses layout planning at various levels including plant location, department location, and machine location. It focuses on department location planning and describes the criteria of minimizing material handling costs. The document outlines the systematic layout planning methodology including data collection, flow analysis, quantitative analysis, relationship diagrams, and consideration of space requirements and constraints to develop an optimal layout. The methodology uses a greedy algorithm and 2-opt heuristic to iteratively improve the layout design based on minimizing material handling costs.
Facility layout planning determines the optimal physical arrangement of resources. There are several types of layouts including process, product, hybrid, and fixed-position layouts. Process layouts group similar resources together and offer flexibility while product layouts are designed to efficiently produce specific products. Hybrid layouts combine elements of process and product layouts. Effective layout design involves gathering information, developing alternative plans, and creating a detailed layout.
The document defines different types of production layout formats including process layout, product layout, group technology (cellular) layout, and fixed-position layout. It then provides examples of using systematic layout planning techniques and computerized layout programs like CRAFT to develop optimized process layouts that minimize material handling costs based on interdepartmental flow data. The examples show how simple exchanges aimed at cost reduction can actually increase costs due to unintended impacts on other department relationships. Overall layout optimization requires consideration of both quantitative factors like costs as well as qualitative factors such as safety and workflow.
This document provides an overview of line balancing methods and computerized line balancing. It discusses traditional line balancing methods like the largest candidate rule, Kilbridge and Wester method, and ranked positional weights method. It also describes computerized line balancing algorithms like COMSOAL that use heuristics and random selection to explore solutions. The COMSOAL method is explained through an example where work elements are assigned to stations while meeting precedence and cycle time constraints.
This document discusses production plant layout and methods for designing facility layouts. It addresses the facility layout problem of determining locations, dimensions, and configurations of activities. There is no single algorithm that exists for solving all layout problems. The document outlines various goals in layout design including minimizing costs and throughput times while maximizing flexibility and space efficiency. It also describes restrictions and common methods for analyzing relationships between departments and generating layout alternatives.
This paper experiments with different heuristic approaches to solve a real facility layout problem at a furniture manufacturing company. Five layout modeling techniques are applied to the problem: graph theory, CRAFT, optimum sequence, BLOCPLAN, and genetic algorithm. The resulting layouts are evaluated based on total area, flow times distance, and adjacency percentage. The best layout is selected using the analytic hierarchy process and is found to improve upon the existing layout, demonstrating the effectiveness of formal modeling approaches for real industrial problems.
The document discusses layout planning at various levels including plant location, department location, and machine location. It focuses on department location planning and describes the criteria of minimizing material handling costs. The document outlines the systematic layout planning methodology including data collection, flow analysis, quantitative analysis, relationship diagrams, and consideration of space requirements and constraints to develop an optimal layout. The methodology uses a greedy algorithm and 2-opt heuristic to iteratively improve the layout design based on minimizing material handling costs.
Facility layout planning determines the optimal physical arrangement of resources. There are several types of layouts including process, product, hybrid, and fixed-position layouts. Process layouts group similar resources together and offer flexibility while product layouts are designed to efficiently produce specific products. Hybrid layouts combine elements of process and product layouts. Effective layout design involves gathering information, developing alternative plans, and creating a detailed layout.
The document defines different types of production layout formats including process layout, product layout, group technology (cellular) layout, and fixed-position layout. It then provides examples of using systematic layout planning techniques and computerized layout programs like CRAFT to develop optimized process layouts that minimize material handling costs based on interdepartmental flow data. The examples show how simple exchanges aimed at cost reduction can actually increase costs due to unintended impacts on other department relationships. Overall layout optimization requires consideration of both quantitative factors like costs as well as qualitative factors such as safety and workflow.
This document provides an overview of line balancing methods and computerized line balancing. It discusses traditional line balancing methods like the largest candidate rule, Kilbridge and Wester method, and ranked positional weights method. It also describes computerized line balancing algorithms like COMSOAL that use heuristics and random selection to explore solutions. The COMSOAL method is explained through an example where work elements are assigned to stations while meeting precedence and cycle time constraints.
This document discusses different types of facility layouts including process-oriented, product-oriented, group technology/cellular, and fixed-position layouts. It provides examples of each type and notes that many facilities use a combination. The document also discusses how Taco, a pump manufacturer, redesigned from a process to a product-oriented layout divided into high, intermediate, and low volume areas. This reduced inventory, throughput times, and increased output and market share for Taco. Managers must consider many factors when determining the best layout type.
Product layout in Food Industry and Line BalancingAbhishek Thakur
The product or line layout is the basic type of layout commonly used by the food industry. Line balancing is done to analyze the net output of our production line and processing time at various steps.
Plant layout optimization in crane manufacturing using CRAFT and SLPEr Harshrajsinh Kher
Plant layout is a major concern for improvement of productivity in any organization. Here my main objective is to reduce material handling cost for crane manufacturing industry by optimizing plant layout. By using CRAFT, I optimize 16.23% of crane manufacturing industry plant layout.Further using space relationship analysis, I optimize 17.37% of crane manufacturing industry plant layout.
This document discusses improving the productivity of an existing production line that manufactures product X through implementing Kaizens (continuous improvements). It analyzes the current production line and identifies reaming as a bottleneck station, taking 52.4 seconds per cycle which is longer than the target 41 seconds. The document proposes replacing the hydraulic cylinder used for the upstroke/downstroke of the fixture in reaming with a smaller diameter cylinder. Calculations show this would increase velocity 4 times and save around 7 seconds per cycle. Implementation of this and other Kaizens could increase productivity by 30% to meet demand.
This presentation provided an overview of Ishikawa's seven basic quality tools: histograms, Pareto charts, cause-and-effect diagrams, run charts, scatter diagrams, flow charts, and control charts. For each tool, the presentation defined the tool, explained how to construct it, and provided an example of how the tool can be used. The tools are designed to be simple visual aids to help analyze data, identify relationships and causes, improve processes, and monitor quality.
The document discusses various production scheduling concepts and methods. It describes the loading and scheduling process, which involves determining the work required, computing total time needed, and adding it to existing workplans. Scheduling then determines operation start/finish times. Master scheduling and Gantt charts are also referenced. Benefits of scheduling include reduced inventory and setups. MRP, Kanban, dispatching, progress reporting and expediting are additionally summarized.
The document discusses work study and method study. It defines them, outlines their objectives and basic procedures. Work study aims to utilize resources efficiently while method study examines work processes to develop more effective methods. The key steps in method study are selecting work, recording the current method, examining it critically, developing an improved method, defining and installing the new method, and maintaining it. Various charts and diagrams used in method study are also described such as process charts, flow diagrams and string diagrams.
GT Definition,Implementing Group Technology (GT),four methods GT, 1.OPTIZ PARTS CLASSIFICATION AND CODING SYSTEM,2.MICLASS coding system ,CODE MDSI System,BENEFITS OF GROUP TECHNOLOGY and limitations.
Modeling of assembly line balancing for optimized number of stations and timeIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on modeling assembly line balancing to optimize the number of stations and cycle time. It begins by classifying assembly line balancing problems based on objectives and problem structure. It then presents the Buxey 29 task precedence diagram and solves the problem to find feasible solutions with minimum cycle time for different numbers of stations (8, 9, 10 stations). The results show the total time remains 324 seconds for the optimal solution as more stations are added, while the cycle time decreases from 41 to 34 seconds. Increasing stations improves flexibility but also costs, so solutions must consider objectives and constraints.
The document discusses production operations and management. It covers topics like production planning and control, scheduling, line balancing, work study techniques like method study, time study and motion study. It provides historical context of production management concepts and examples to illustrate scheduling techniques like Johnson's rule and line balancing calculations.
The document discusses production scheduling and provides examples to illustrate loading, sequencing and scheduling concepts. It explains that loading assigns work to facilities, sequencing establishes job order, and scheduling specifies start and end times. An example with 3 jobs and 4 machines demonstrates generating alternative schedules using a Gantt chart and calculating make-span as the objective. The document also classifies scheduling problems and discusses objectives like minimizing make-span or tardiness.
The document discusses various topics related to computer aided process planning and production planning and control, including:
- Process planning and its role in CAD/CAM integration.
- Responsibilities and activities of process planning engineers such as drawing interpretation, process selection, and documentation.
- Production planning activities like aggregate production planning, master production scheduling, material requirements planning, and capacity planning.
- Production control activities including shop floor control, inventory control, and manufacturing resource planning.
The document discusses various production planning and scheduling functions including scheduling, loading, sequencing, expediting, Gantt charts, line of balance, linear scheduling method, batch production scheduling, MRP, kanban, dispatching, progress reporting, and manufacturing lead time. Scheduling determines when operations are performed and works are completed. Loading adds total operation times to planned workstation utilization. Sequencing and dispatching authorize starting operations. Expediting ensures plans meet commitments.
Unit 1-ME8691 & COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURINGMohanumar S
This document provides an introduction and syllabus for a course on computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM). It discusses the product design and manufacturing processes, including sequential and concurrent engineering models. It also describes CAD systems and computer graphics technologies used to design products digitally. This includes topics like 2D and 3D coordinate systems, geometric transformations, line drawing algorithms, and viewing transformations. The goal of the course is to introduce students to how computer technologies are used in the product design and manufacturing fields.
The document discusses geometric transformations in computer-aided design. It begins by defining various geometric transformations including translation, rotation, scaling, shearing, and reflection. It then describes how to represent points and perform transformations using matrix algebra with homogeneous coordinates. The document provides examples of combining multiple transformations through concatenation and calculating inverse transformations via matrix inversion. It concludes with two examples problems applying transformations to geometric shapes.
Job Shop Layout Design Using Group TechnologyIJMER
This document summarizes a study that uses simulation to improve the performance of a job shop layout by reconfiguring the machines. 34 job elements that are processed on 6 machines were analyzed. The jobs were clustered into 4 part families using direct clustering. Similar machines were then grouped together. Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique (CRAFT) with computer graphics was used to design a new layout. The initial layout had a total material handling cost of 1738.75 units per period. The optimized layout designed using CRAFT reduced this cost to 1071.25 units, a significant improvement without additional investment.
This document provides information on charts and diagrams used in method study. It defines a process chart as a graphical representation of the steps in a process. It lists some common charts used in method study like outline process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and multiple activity charts. It also discusses flow process charts in more detail, including the types (man, material, equipment), symbols used to represent operations, inspections, transport, delays and storage, and examples of flow process charts. In conclusion, it outlines the key information typically shown in a flow process chart like the chart type, producer information, operator information, process stages, transport activities and more.
This document discusses production planning and control. It outlines several key objectives of production planning including minimizing costs and inventory while maximizing customer service and production efficiency. The document then describes different types of production systems like continuous, job-based, and intermittent production. It also discusses important aspects of production like product design, development, marketing, functional operations, aesthetics, and profit considerations. Standardization, simplification, and break-even analysis are also covered as important strategies for production.
This document summarizes a student project on using a job shop scheduling model for production scheduling. It outlines the project structure, background on using efficient scheduling to improve system performance and complexity of job shop scheduling. It defines job shop versus flow shop scheduling and describes using a genetic algorithm approach with Evolver software to minimize completion time for a dynamic job shop scheduling problem. Computation results show the best solution was obtained using specific crossover rate and mutation rate parameters in Evolver. The conclusion advises decision makers that minimizing makespan is difficult and provides options for continuing the work.
The document discusses production plant layout design. It describes how layout design involves analyzing material and product flows, activity relationships, space requirements and restrictions. The goals are to minimize costs and throughput times while allowing flexibility. Several layout types are described for different production situations. Systematic layout planning methods involve gathering data, analyzing flows and activities, developing relationship diagrams and space plans, generating alternative layouts, and selecting the optimal layout while considering flexibility. Material handling systems should also be designed in parallel with the layout.
This document provides an overview of the system development life cycle (SDLC) and object-oriented analysis and design. It discusses the four main phases of the SDLC - planning, analysis, design, and implementation. Within each phase, common techniques and deliverables are described, such as creating use case diagrams and class diagrams during analysis, and designing system architecture and user interfaces during design. Object-oriented concepts like classes, objects, and relationships are also explained.
This document discusses different types of facility layouts including process-oriented, product-oriented, group technology/cellular, and fixed-position layouts. It provides examples of each type and notes that many facilities use a combination. The document also discusses how Taco, a pump manufacturer, redesigned from a process to a product-oriented layout divided into high, intermediate, and low volume areas. This reduced inventory, throughput times, and increased output and market share for Taco. Managers must consider many factors when determining the best layout type.
Product layout in Food Industry and Line BalancingAbhishek Thakur
The product or line layout is the basic type of layout commonly used by the food industry. Line balancing is done to analyze the net output of our production line and processing time at various steps.
Plant layout optimization in crane manufacturing using CRAFT and SLPEr Harshrajsinh Kher
Plant layout is a major concern for improvement of productivity in any organization. Here my main objective is to reduce material handling cost for crane manufacturing industry by optimizing plant layout. By using CRAFT, I optimize 16.23% of crane manufacturing industry plant layout.Further using space relationship analysis, I optimize 17.37% of crane manufacturing industry plant layout.
This document discusses improving the productivity of an existing production line that manufactures product X through implementing Kaizens (continuous improvements). It analyzes the current production line and identifies reaming as a bottleneck station, taking 52.4 seconds per cycle which is longer than the target 41 seconds. The document proposes replacing the hydraulic cylinder used for the upstroke/downstroke of the fixture in reaming with a smaller diameter cylinder. Calculations show this would increase velocity 4 times and save around 7 seconds per cycle. Implementation of this and other Kaizens could increase productivity by 30% to meet demand.
This presentation provided an overview of Ishikawa's seven basic quality tools: histograms, Pareto charts, cause-and-effect diagrams, run charts, scatter diagrams, flow charts, and control charts. For each tool, the presentation defined the tool, explained how to construct it, and provided an example of how the tool can be used. The tools are designed to be simple visual aids to help analyze data, identify relationships and causes, improve processes, and monitor quality.
The document discusses various production scheduling concepts and methods. It describes the loading and scheduling process, which involves determining the work required, computing total time needed, and adding it to existing workplans. Scheduling then determines operation start/finish times. Master scheduling and Gantt charts are also referenced. Benefits of scheduling include reduced inventory and setups. MRP, Kanban, dispatching, progress reporting and expediting are additionally summarized.
The document discusses work study and method study. It defines them, outlines their objectives and basic procedures. Work study aims to utilize resources efficiently while method study examines work processes to develop more effective methods. The key steps in method study are selecting work, recording the current method, examining it critically, developing an improved method, defining and installing the new method, and maintaining it. Various charts and diagrams used in method study are also described such as process charts, flow diagrams and string diagrams.
GT Definition,Implementing Group Technology (GT),four methods GT, 1.OPTIZ PARTS CLASSIFICATION AND CODING SYSTEM,2.MICLASS coding system ,CODE MDSI System,BENEFITS OF GROUP TECHNOLOGY and limitations.
Modeling of assembly line balancing for optimized number of stations and timeIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on modeling assembly line balancing to optimize the number of stations and cycle time. It begins by classifying assembly line balancing problems based on objectives and problem structure. It then presents the Buxey 29 task precedence diagram and solves the problem to find feasible solutions with minimum cycle time for different numbers of stations (8, 9, 10 stations). The results show the total time remains 324 seconds for the optimal solution as more stations are added, while the cycle time decreases from 41 to 34 seconds. Increasing stations improves flexibility but also costs, so solutions must consider objectives and constraints.
The document discusses production operations and management. It covers topics like production planning and control, scheduling, line balancing, work study techniques like method study, time study and motion study. It provides historical context of production management concepts and examples to illustrate scheduling techniques like Johnson's rule and line balancing calculations.
The document discusses production scheduling and provides examples to illustrate loading, sequencing and scheduling concepts. It explains that loading assigns work to facilities, sequencing establishes job order, and scheduling specifies start and end times. An example with 3 jobs and 4 machines demonstrates generating alternative schedules using a Gantt chart and calculating make-span as the objective. The document also classifies scheduling problems and discusses objectives like minimizing make-span or tardiness.
The document discusses various topics related to computer aided process planning and production planning and control, including:
- Process planning and its role in CAD/CAM integration.
- Responsibilities and activities of process planning engineers such as drawing interpretation, process selection, and documentation.
- Production planning activities like aggregate production planning, master production scheduling, material requirements planning, and capacity planning.
- Production control activities including shop floor control, inventory control, and manufacturing resource planning.
The document discusses various production planning and scheduling functions including scheduling, loading, sequencing, expediting, Gantt charts, line of balance, linear scheduling method, batch production scheduling, MRP, kanban, dispatching, progress reporting, and manufacturing lead time. Scheduling determines when operations are performed and works are completed. Loading adds total operation times to planned workstation utilization. Sequencing and dispatching authorize starting operations. Expediting ensures plans meet commitments.
Unit 1-ME8691 & COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURINGMohanumar S
This document provides an introduction and syllabus for a course on computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM). It discusses the product design and manufacturing processes, including sequential and concurrent engineering models. It also describes CAD systems and computer graphics technologies used to design products digitally. This includes topics like 2D and 3D coordinate systems, geometric transformations, line drawing algorithms, and viewing transformations. The goal of the course is to introduce students to how computer technologies are used in the product design and manufacturing fields.
The document discusses geometric transformations in computer-aided design. It begins by defining various geometric transformations including translation, rotation, scaling, shearing, and reflection. It then describes how to represent points and perform transformations using matrix algebra with homogeneous coordinates. The document provides examples of combining multiple transformations through concatenation and calculating inverse transformations via matrix inversion. It concludes with two examples problems applying transformations to geometric shapes.
Job Shop Layout Design Using Group TechnologyIJMER
This document summarizes a study that uses simulation to improve the performance of a job shop layout by reconfiguring the machines. 34 job elements that are processed on 6 machines were analyzed. The jobs were clustered into 4 part families using direct clustering. Similar machines were then grouped together. Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique (CRAFT) with computer graphics was used to design a new layout. The initial layout had a total material handling cost of 1738.75 units per period. The optimized layout designed using CRAFT reduced this cost to 1071.25 units, a significant improvement without additional investment.
This document provides information on charts and diagrams used in method study. It defines a process chart as a graphical representation of the steps in a process. It lists some common charts used in method study like outline process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and multiple activity charts. It also discusses flow process charts in more detail, including the types (man, material, equipment), symbols used to represent operations, inspections, transport, delays and storage, and examples of flow process charts. In conclusion, it outlines the key information typically shown in a flow process chart like the chart type, producer information, operator information, process stages, transport activities and more.
This document discusses production planning and control. It outlines several key objectives of production planning including minimizing costs and inventory while maximizing customer service and production efficiency. The document then describes different types of production systems like continuous, job-based, and intermittent production. It also discusses important aspects of production like product design, development, marketing, functional operations, aesthetics, and profit considerations. Standardization, simplification, and break-even analysis are also covered as important strategies for production.
This document summarizes a student project on using a job shop scheduling model for production scheduling. It outlines the project structure, background on using efficient scheduling to improve system performance and complexity of job shop scheduling. It defines job shop versus flow shop scheduling and describes using a genetic algorithm approach with Evolver software to minimize completion time for a dynamic job shop scheduling problem. Computation results show the best solution was obtained using specific crossover rate and mutation rate parameters in Evolver. The conclusion advises decision makers that minimizing makespan is difficult and provides options for continuing the work.
The document discusses production plant layout design. It describes how layout design involves analyzing material and product flows, activity relationships, space requirements and restrictions. The goals are to minimize costs and throughput times while allowing flexibility. Several layout types are described for different production situations. Systematic layout planning methods involve gathering data, analyzing flows and activities, developing relationship diagrams and space plans, generating alternative layouts, and selecting the optimal layout while considering flexibility. Material handling systems should also be designed in parallel with the layout.
This document provides an overview of the system development life cycle (SDLC) and object-oriented analysis and design. It discusses the four main phases of the SDLC - planning, analysis, design, and implementation. Within each phase, common techniques and deliverables are described, such as creating use case diagrams and class diagrams during analysis, and designing system architecture and user interfaces during design. Object-oriented concepts like classes, objects, and relationships are also explained.
Geometric modeling is an important part of CAD systems. There are several techniques for geometric modeling including wireframe modeling, surface modeling, and solid modeling. Solid modeling uses half-spaces and boolean operations to define objects by their volume and boundaries. Constructive solid geometry (CSG) and boundary representation (B-rep) are two common solid modeling techniques. CSG uses predefined geometric primitives and boolean operations to combine them. B-rep represents solids as collections of boundary surfaces and records the geometry and topology of the surfaces.
Geometric modeling is a fundamental CAD technique that allows for the complete representation of parts, including their geometry and topology. There are several techniques for geometric modeling, including wireframe modeling, surface modeling, and solid modeling. Solid modeling uses half-spaces and Boolean operations to represent parts as volumes. Common solid modeling techniques are Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) and Boundary Representation (B-rep). CSG uses primitives and Boolean operations to combine them into a modeling tree, while B-rep represents parts using their boundary surfaces and connectivity. Feature-based, parametric modeling further advanced modeling by using modeling features instead of basic primitives. Geometric modeling continues to evolve with new challenges like modeling porous media and biomedical
1) Geometric modeling is a fundamental CAD technique that represents objects using points, lines, curves, surfaces or solids.
2) Early techniques included wireframe and surface modeling but they were ambiguous and could not fully support engineering activities like stress analysis.
3) Solid modeling uses half-spaces and Boolean operations to unambiguously represent objects spatially and allow full engineering analysis.
1) Geometric modeling is a fundamental CAD technique that represents objects using points, lines, curves, surfaces or solids.
2) Early techniques included wireframe and surface modeling but they were ambiguous and lacked topological data.
3) Solid modeling techniques like CSG and B-Rep overcome these issues by representing objects unambiguously using their volume and topology.
4) Feature-based modeling further advanced CAD by modeling objects parametrically using high-level features like holes and rounds.
Unit 1 INTRODUCTION (COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING )ravis205084
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Product cycle- Design process- sequential and concurrent engineering- Computer aided design –
CAD system architecture- Computer graphics – co-ordinate systems- 2D and 3D transformationshomogeneous
coordinates
- Line drawing -Clipping- viewing transformation-Brief introduction to CAD
and CAM – Manufacturing Planning, Manufacturing control- Introduction to CAD/CAM –CAD/CAM
concepts ––Types of production - Manufacturing models and Metrics – Mathematical models of
Production Performance
Geometric modeling is a fundamental technique in CAD. There are several techniques including wireframe modeling, surface modeling, and solid modeling. Wireframe models only use points and curves, while surface models add topology. Solid models provide complete spatial representations using half-spaces and boundary representations (B-rep). Constructive solid geometry (CSG) builds models from primitives using Boolean operations, while B-rep defines models by their surfaces. Parametric, feature-based modeling in systems like Pro/E uses sketches, extrusions, and features to efficiently generate complex models.
Introduction to HyperWorks for linear static and non linear quasi static anal...Altair
The suite HyperWorks (HW) was introduced in a course of master degree in Mechanical Engineering. The course titled “Design of Production Processes” has the aim to develop a market-pull product in a set of steps beginning with a perception of a market opportunity and ending in production, sale and delivery activities. HW was used for linear static and non linear quasi static analyses to correctly size the different parts which make up the investigated product. The lessons were organized starting from a general overview on Finite Element Analyses, followed by an introduction to HW interface and, finally, the steps necessary to set-up and to analyze the results of different types of simulation were described. Furthermore, topology optimization of particular sub-components were performed by Inspire.
Speakers
Francesco Gagliardi, University of Calabria
SIMUL8 User Group - Visual8 Case Study - Plywood Manufacturing. SIMUL8 Corporation
The document provides an agenda and overview for a SIMUL8 User Group presentation by Visual8 Corporation. Visual8 is an industrial engineering consulting firm that specializes in simulation modeling. The presentation includes an overview of Visual8, example projects applying SIMUL8 across various industries, a case study of simulating different designs for an automated plywood patching line, and a live SIMUL8 model demonstration. The case study details the project goals, simulation model development process, different layout designs tested through sensitivity analysis, and results identifying Layout 4 with a combined routing and patching robot as the final choice meeting throughput needs within space limitations.
This document discusses processing large graphs. It introduces graph processing with MapReduce and Apache Giraph. MapReduce algorithms for finding triangles and connected components in graphs are described. The limitations of MapReduce for graph processing are discussed. Alternative graph processing technologies including Neo4j, a graph database, are presented. A movie recommendation use case is demonstrated using Neo4j to find similar users and recommend unseen movies.
The document discusses the 2k factorial design, which is a special case of the general factorial design with k factors at two levels. It provides examples of using 2k factorial designs to investigate how multiple factors affect a response. For an unreplicated 2k design with no replication, there are challenges in statistical testing due to having zero degrees of freedom for error. Various methods are discussed for analyzing the effects in an unreplicated 2k design, such as normal probability plotting, Lenth's method, and conditional inference charts. Transformation of the response may also be needed to meet assumptions of the model such as equal variance.
This document describes a system for projecting draw dies on a double-action forming machine. The system automates the design process by generating 3D models of the die components from input data like the draw operation model, punch profile, and preform contour. The user first defines parameters like the die layout and machine type. The system then constructs 3D templates for parts like the lower binder, upper draw die, and punch. The user can further edit the templates, adding details. The completed project contains 3D assembly models of the optimized die components.
The document discusses process planning, which involves selecting and sequencing manufacturing processes and operations to transform raw materials into finished components. It covers manual and computer-aided process planning methods. The key steps in manual process planning are interpreting drawings, selecting processes and operations, choosing tools and equipment, and documenting the plan. Computer-aided process planning can retrieve existing plans or generate new optimized plans. Important considerations in process planning include equipment selection, tooling selection, and interpreting engineering drawings and specifications.
This document provides an overview of MATLAB for students in engineering fields. It introduces MATLAB as a tool for matrix calculations and numerical computing. It describes the MATLAB environment and commands for help, variables, matrices, logical operations, flow control, scripts and functions. It also covers image processing in MATLAB, including importing and displaying images, image data types, basic operations, and examples of blending and edge detection on images. Finally, it discusses performance issues and the importance of vectorizing code to avoid slow loops.
The document discusses applying design patterns in practice. It begins with a warm-up exercise identifying different design patterns like factory method, decorator, builder, strategy, and composite. It then discusses why design patterns are important for capturing expert knowledge in proven reusable solutions. The key principles behind patterns are to program to an interface, favor composition over inheritance, and encapsulate what varies. The document also discusses refactoring, smells approach to learning patterns, and various design patterns like factory method, builder, strategy, decorator, composite, and visitor in detail with examples.
This document provides an overview of computer aided design (CAD) and its objectives, which are to provide an understanding of how computers are used in mechanical component design and various aspects of manufacturing. It discusses the CAD design process and concurrent engineering. Key topics covered include 2D and 3D transformations, clipping algorithms, viewing transformations, and CAD/CAM systems and their applications. The benefits of concurrent engineering and the evolution of the design process with the introduction of CAD are also summarized.
NX is one of the world’s most advanced and tightly integrated CAD/CAM/CAE product development solutions. Spanning the entire range of product development, NX delivers immense value to enterprises of all sizes. It simplifies complex product designs, thus speeding up the process of introducing products to the market.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
1. Production Plant Layout (1)Production Plant Layout (1)
• Facility Layout Problem: design problemFacility Layout Problem: design problem
– locations of activitieslocations of activities
– dimensionsdimensions
– configurationsconfigurations
• No overall algorithm existsNo overall algorithm exists
2. Design problem
Greenfield Location of one
new machine
Production Plant Layout (2)Production Plant Layout (2)
• Reasons:Reasons:
– new productsnew products
– changes in demandchanges in demand
– changes in product designchanges in product design
– new machinesnew machines
– bottlenecksbottlenecks
– too large bufferstoo large buffers
– too long transfer timestoo long transfer times
Production Plant Layout (2)Production Plant Layout (2)
4. Production Plant Layout (3)Production Plant Layout (3)
• Goals (examples):Goals (examples):
– minimal material handling costsminimal material handling costs
– minimal investmentsminimal investments
– minimal throughput timeminimal throughput time
– flexibilityflexibility
– efficient use of spaceefficient use of space
5. Production Plant Layout (4)Production Plant Layout (4)
• Restrictions:Restrictions:
– legislation on employees workinglegislation on employees working
conditionsconditions
– present building (columns/waterworks)present building (columns/waterworks)
• Methods:Methods:
– Immer: The right equipment at the rightImmer: The right equipment at the right
place to permit effective processingplace to permit effective processing
– Apple: Short distances and short timesApple: Short distances and short times
6. Goals Production Plant LayoutGoals Production Plant Layout
• Plan for the preferred situation in thePlan for the preferred situation in the futurefuture
• Layout must support objectives of the facilityLayout must support objectives of the facility
• No accurate dataNo accurate data layout must be flexiblelayout must be flexible
7. Selection
Search
Analysis
Systematic Layout PlanningSystematic Layout Planning
Muther (1961)Muther (1961)
0 Data gathering
10 Evaluation
4 Space
requirements
5 Space
available
6 Space relationship
diagram
1 Flow 2 Activities
3 Relationship
diagram
7 Reasons to
modify
8 Restrictions
9 Layout alternatives
8. 0 - Data gathering (1)0 - Data gathering (1)
• Source: product designSource: product design
– BOMBOM
– drawingsdrawings
– ““gozinto” (assembly) chart, see fig 2.10gozinto” (assembly) chart, see fig 2.10
– redesign, standardizationredesign, standardization simplificationssimplifications
machines
product design
sequence of assembly operations
layout (assembly) line
9. 0 - Data gathering (2)0 - Data gathering (2)
• Source: Process designSource: Process design
– make/buymake/buy
– equipment usedequipment used
– process timesprocess times
operations process chartoperations process chart (fig 2.12)(fig 2.12)
assembly chartassembly chart
operationsoperations
precedence diagramprecedence diagram
(fig 2.13)(fig 2.13)
10. 0 - Data gathering (3)0 - Data gathering (3)
• Source: Production schedule designSource: Production schedule design
– logistics: where to produce, how muchlogistics: where to produce, how much
product mixproduct mix
– marketing: demand forecastmarketing: demand forecast
production rateproduction rate
– types and number of machinestypes and number of machines
– continuous/intermittentcontinuous/intermittent
– layoutlayout scheduleschedule
11. 1/2 - Flow and Activity Analysis1/2 - Flow and Activity Analysis
• Flow analysis:Flow analysis:
– Types of flow patternsTypes of flow patterns
– Types of layoutTypes of layout
flow analysis approachesflow analysis approaches
• Activity relationship analysisActivity relationship analysis
12. 1/2 - Flow analysis and activity1/2 - Flow analysis and activity
analysisanalysis
Flow analysisFlow analysis
• quantitative measure of movementsquantitative measure of movements
between departments:between departments:
material handling costsmaterial handling costs
Activity analysisActivity analysis
• qualitative factorsqualitative factors
13. Flow analysisFlow analysis
• Flow of materials, equipment andFlow of materials, equipment and
personnelpersonnel
Raw material Finished product
layout facilitates this flowlayout facilitates this flow
14. Types of flow patternsTypes of flow patterns
P = receivingP = receiving
S = shippingS = shipping
R S
R S
R
S
long line
• Horizontal transportHorizontal transport
15. LayoutLayout
volumes of productionvolumes of production
variety of productsvariety of products
• volumes: what is the right measure ofvolumes: what is the right measure of
volume from a layout perspective?volume from a layout perspective?
• varietyvariety high/low commonalityhigh/low commonality
layout typelayout type
16. Types of layoutTypes of layout
• Fixed product layoutFixed product layout
• Product layoutProduct layout
• Group layoutGroup layout
• Process layoutProcess layout
18. Product layout (flow shop)Product layout (flow shop)
• Production line according to theProduction line according to the
processing sequence of the productprocessing sequence of the product
• High volume productionHigh volume production
• Short distancesShort distances
19. Process layout (Job shop)Process layout (Job shop)
• All machines performing a particularAll machines performing a particular
process are grouped together in aprocess are grouped together in a
processing departmentprocessing department
• Low production volumesLow production volumes
• Rapid changes in the product mixRapid changes in the product mix
• High interdepartmental flowHigh interdepartmental flow
20. Group layoutGroup layout
• Compromise between product layoutCompromise between product layout
and process layoutand process layout
• Product layouts for product familiesProduct layouts for product families
cells (cellular layout)cells (cellular layout)
• Group technologyGroup technology
21. Production volume and product varietyProduction volume and product variety
determines type of layoutdetermines type of layout
group layout process layout
product variety
production
volume
product
layout
22. Layout determinesLayout determines
• material handlingmaterial handling
• utilization of space, equipment andutilization of space, equipment and
personnel (table 2.2)personnel (table 2.2)
Flow analysis techniquesFlow analysis techniques
• Flow process chartsFlow process charts product layoutproduct layout
• From-to-chartFrom-to-chart process layoutsprocess layouts
23. Activity relationship analysisActivity relationship analysis
• Relationship chart (figure 2.24)Relationship chart (figure 2.24)
• Qualitative factors (Qualitative factors (subjective!subjective!))
• Closeness rating (A, E, I, O, U or X)Closeness rating (A, E, I, O, U or X)
24. 3 - Relationship diagrams3 - Relationship diagrams
• Construction of relationships diagrams:Construction of relationships diagrams:
diagrammingdiagramming
• Methods, amongst others: CORELAPMethods, amongst others: CORELAP
25. Relationship diagram (1)Relationship diagram (1)
• Spatial picture of the relationshipsSpatial picture of the relationships
between departmentsbetween departments
• Constructing a relation diagram oftenConstructing a relation diagram often
requires compromises.requires compromises.
What is closeness? 10 or 50 meters?What is closeness? 10 or 50 meters?
• See figure 2.25See figure 2.25
26. Relationship diagram (2)Relationship diagram (2)
PremisePremise:: geographicgeographic proximityproximity reflects thereflects the
relationshipsrelationships
Sometimes other solutions:Sometimes other solutions:
– e.g. X-rating because of noisee.g. X-rating because of noise
acoustical panels instead of distanceacoustical panels instead of distance
separationseparation
– e.g. A rating because of communicatione.g. A rating because of communication
requirementrequirement
computer network instead of proximitycomputer network instead of proximity
27. Graph theory based approachGraph theory based approach
• closeclose adjacentadjacent
• department-nodedepartment-node
• adjacent-edgeadjacent-edge
• requirement: graph is planarrequirement: graph is planar
(no intersections)(no intersections)
• region-faceregion-face
• adjacent faces: share a common edgeadjacent faces: share a common edge
graphgraph
28. Primal graphPrimal graph dual graphdual graph
• Place a node in each facePlace a node in each face
• Two faces which share an edge – joinTwo faces which share an edge – join
the dual nodes by an edgethe dual nodes by an edge
• Faces dual graph correspond to theFaces dual graph correspond to the
departments in primal graphdepartments in primal graph
block layout (plan) e.g. figure 2.39block layout (plan) e.g. figure 2.39
29. Graph theoryGraph theory
• Primal graph planarPrimal graph planar dual graphdual graph
planarplanar
• Limitations to the use of graph theory:Limitations to the use of graph theory:
it may be an aid to the layout designerit may be an aid to the layout designer
30. CORELAPCORELAP
• Construction “algorithm”Construction “algorithm”
• Adjacency!Adjacency!
• Total closeness rating = sum ofTotal closeness rating = sum of
absolute values for the relationshipsabsolute values for the relationships
with a particular department.with a particular department.
∑=
j
iji rTCR
31. CORELAP - stepsCORELAP - steps
1.1. sequence of placements ofsequence of placements of
departmentsdepartments
2.2. location of departmentslocation of departments
32. CORELAP – step 1CORELAP – step 1
• First department:First department:
• Second department:Second department:
– X-relationX-relation “last placed department”“last placed department”
– A-relation with first. If noneA-relation with first. If none E-relationE-relation
with first, etceterawith first, etcetera
i
i
TCRmax
34. 4 - Space requirements4 - Space requirements
• Building geometry or building siteBuilding geometry or building site
space availablespace available
• Desired production rate, distinguish:Desired production rate, distinguish:
– Engineer to order (ETO)Engineer to order (ETO)
– Production to order (PTO)Production to order (PTO)
– Production to stock (PTS)Production to stock (PTS)
marketing forecastmarketing forecast productions quantitiesproductions quantities
35. 4 - Space requirements4 - Space requirements
Equipment requirements:Equipment requirements:
• Production rateProduction rate number of machinesnumber of machines
requiredrequired
• Employee requirementsEmployee requirements
rate
machine operators
machines employees
assembly
37. 4 - Space determination (1)4 - Space determination (1)
1. Production center1. Production center
• for manufacturing areasfor manufacturing areas
• machinemachinespace requirementsspace requirements
2. Converting2. Converting
• e.g. for storage arease.g. for storage areas
• present space requirementpresent space requirement spacespace
requirementsrequirements
• non-linear function of production quantitiynon-linear function of production quantitiy
# machines per operator
# assembly operators
Space requirements
38. 4 - Space determination (2)4 - Space determination (2)
4.4. Space standardsSpace standards
– standardsstandards
4.4. Ratio trend and projectionRatio trend and projection
– e.g. direct labour hour, unit producede.g. direct labour hour, unit produced
– Not accurate!Not accurate!
– Include space for:Include space for:
packaging, storage, maintenance, offices, aisles,packaging, storage, maintenance, offices, aisles,
inspection, receiving and shipping, canteen, toolinspection, receiving and shipping, canteen, tool
rooms, lavatories, offices, parkingrooms, lavatories, offices, parking
factor
space
39. Deterministic approach (1)Deterministic approach (1)
• n’ = # machines per operator (non-integer)n’ = # machines per operator (non-integer)
• a = concurrent activity timea = concurrent activity time
• t = machine activity timet = machine activity time
• b= operatorb= operator
ba
ta
n
+
+
='
40. Deterministic approach (2)Deterministic approach (2)
( )
+
+
=
bam
ta
Tc
• TTcc = cycle time= cycle time
• a = concurrent activity timea = concurrent activity time
• t = machine activity timet = machine activity time
• b = operator activity timeb = operator activity time
• m = # machines per operatorm = # machines per operator
41. Deterministic approach (3)Deterministic approach (3)
( )
m
T
mCCmTC c
21)( +=
• TC(m) = cost per unit produced as a function of mTC(m) = cost per unit produced as a function of m
• CC11 = cost per operator-hour= cost per operator-hour
• CC22 = cost per machine-hour= cost per machine-hour
• Compare TC(n) and TC(n+1) for n < n’ < n+1Compare TC(n) and TC(n+1) for n < n’ < n+1
42. Designing the layout (1)Designing the layout (1)
• Search phaseSearch phase
• Alternative layoutsAlternative layouts
• Design process includesDesign process includes
– Space relationship diagramSpace relationship diagram
– Block planBlock plan
– Detailed layoutDetailed layout
– Flexible layoutsFlexible layouts
– Material handling systemMaterial handling system
– PresentationPresentation
43. Designing the layout (2)Designing the layout (2)
• Relationship diagram + spaceRelationship diagram + space
space relationship diagramspace relationship diagram
(see fig 2.56)(see fig 2.56)
• Different shapesDifferent shapes
44. 9 – Layout alternatives9 – Layout alternatives
• Alternative layouts by shifting theAlternative layouts by shifting the
departments to other locationsdepartments to other locations
block plan, also shows e.g. columnsblock plan, also shows e.g. columns
and positions of machinesand positions of machines
(see fig 2.57)(see fig 2.57)
selection
detailed design
detailed design
selection
or
45. Flexible layoutsFlexible layouts
• FutureFuture
• Anticipate changesAnticipate changes
• 2 types of expansion:2 types of expansion:
1.1. sizessizes
2.2. number of activitiesnumber of activities
46. Material handling systemMaterial handling system
• Design in parallel with layoutDesign in parallel with layout
• PresentationPresentation
– CAD templates 2 or 3 dimensionalCAD templates 2 or 3 dimensional
– simulationssimulations
– ““selling” the layout (+ evaluation)selling” the layout (+ evaluation)
47. 10 Evalution (1)10 Evalution (1)
Selection and implementationSelection and implementation
• best layoutbest layout
– cost of installation + operating costcost of installation + operating cost
– comparecompare futurefuture costs for both the new and the oldcosts for both the new and the old
layoutlayout
• other considerationsother considerations
– selling the layoutselling the layout
– assess and reduce resistanceassess and reduce resistance
• anticipate amount of resistance for each alternativeanticipate amount of resistance for each alternative
48. 10 Evalution (2)10 Evalution (2)
• Causes of resistance:Causes of resistance:
– inertiainertia
– uncertaintyuncertainty
– loss of job contentloss of job content
– ……
• Minimize resistance byMinimize resistance by
– participationparticipation
– stagesstages
50. Systematic Layout PlanningSystematic Layout Planning
0 Data gathering
10 Evaluation
Analysis
Search
Selection
4 Space
requirements
5 Space
available
6 Space relationship
diagram
1 Flow 2 Activities
3 Relationship
diagram
7 Reasons to
modify
8 Restrictions
9 Layout alternatives
51. Systematic Layout PlanningSystematic Layout Planning
0 Data gathering
10 Evaluation
Analysis
Search
Selection
4 Space
requirements
5 Space
available
6a Space relationship
diagram
1 Flow 2 Activities
3 Relationship
diagram
7 Reasons to
modify
8 Restrictions
9 Layout alternatives
6b Analytical analyses
52. Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGV’s)Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGV’s)
• Unmanned vehicle for in-plant transportation onUnmanned vehicle for in-plant transportation on
manufacturing and assembly areasmanufacturing and assembly areas
• Two types of guidanceTwo types of guidance
– free rangingfree ranging
• dead reckoning + lasers or transpondersdead reckoning + lasers or transponders
– path restrictedpath restricted
• induction wires in the floorinduction wires in the floor
• AGVAGV fork lift truck with RF-communicationfork lift truck with RF-communication
53. Design and operational control of anDesign and operational control of an
AGV systemAGV system
• AGV systemAGV system
– track layouttrack layout
– number of AGVsnumber of AGVs
– operational controloperational control
• Traffic control: zonesTraffic control: zones
max. throughputmax. throughput
capacitycapacity
54. Track layoutTrack layout
• infrastructureinfrastructure
• location of pick-up and drop-off stationslocation of pick-up and drop-off stations
• buffer sizesbuffer sizes
– congestion/blockingcongestion/blocking
• tandem configurationtandem configuration
55. Determination of number of AGVsDetermination of number of AGVs
h
timetravelemptytotaltv
AGVs
i j
ijij∑∑ +
=
)min(
#
5 x
6 x
4 x LP-problem
(i.e. a classical TP)
56. Operational transportation controlOperational transportation control
Job controlJob control
(routing and scheduling of transportation tasks)(routing and scheduling of transportation tasks)
Traffic controlTraffic control
Traffic rulesTraffic rules
• Goal: minimize empty travel + waiting timeGoal: minimize empty travel + waiting time
• Single load:Single load: Performance indicators:Performance indicators:
- Throughput- Throughput
- Throughput times- Throughput times
57. Operational controlOperational control
• production controlproduction control transportation controltransportation control
– flow shopflow shop
– job shopjob shop
• centralized controlcentralized control
– all tasks are concurrently consideredall tasks are concurrently considered
• or decentralized controlor decentralized control
– FEFS: AGV looks for work (suited for tandem configuration)FEFS: AGV looks for work (suited for tandem configuration)
• think-aheadthink-ahead
– combine tasks to routescombine tasks to routes
• or no think-aheador no think-ahead
59. Combination 1Combination 1
Separated/no think-aheadSeparated/no think-ahead
• centralized controlcentralized control
• on-line priority rules:on-line priority rules:
1.1. transportation task assignmenttransportation task assignment
tasks wait, ortasks wait, or
2.2. idle vehicle assignmentidle vehicle assignment
idle vehicles waitidle vehicles wait
Ad 1: push/pull (JIT), e.g. FCFS, MOQRSAd 1: push/pull (JIT), e.g. FCFS, MOQRS
PushPush sometimes “shop locking”sometimes “shop locking”
Ad 2: NV, LIVAd 2: NV, LIV
60. Combination 3Combination 3
Separated/think-ahead (1)Separated/think-ahead (1)
• Centralized controlCentralized control
a. without time windowsa. without time windows
– Only routingOnly routing
– Minimize empty travel time by simulatedMinimize empty travel time by simulated
annealing:annealing:
– 2 options:2 options:
• determine optimal route each time a new taskdetermine optimal route each time a new task
arrivesarrives
problem: a task may stay at the end of the routeproblem: a task may stay at the end of the route
• Periodic controlPeriodic control
time horizon (length?)time horizon (length?)
61. Combination 3Combination 3
Separated/think-ahead (2)Separated/think-ahead (2)
• Centralized controlCentralized control
b. with time horizonsb. with time horizons
– Simulated annealingSimulated annealing
machine 1
machine 2
machine 3
machine 1
machine 2
machine 3
machine 1
machine 2
machine 3
loaded trip
empty trip
loaded trip
empty trip
loaded trip
empty trip