Facial reconstruction is a forensic and anthropological technique that involves reconstructing the facial features of an individual using skeletal remains. By combining scientific methods with artistic interpretation, this process aids in the identification of unidentified persons in forensic investigations.

1. Facial Reconstruction

2. Bones
tissues and muscles
skin

3. Forensic Facial
reconstruction
Osteology
anatomy
Anthropology
artistry

4. Welcker (1883)
and His (1895):
Reproduction of
facial features
from cranial
remainsHis: data
on facial tissue
thickness
Kollmann and
Buchly (1898): facial
tissue thickness
Mikhail Gerasimov
(1964): 1st attempt
paleo-anthropological
facial reconstruction
Wilton M. Krogman
(1962): presented his
method in detail in his
book on facial
reconstruction
Christian Corbet
(2004): First forensic
facial reconstruction
of about 2200 year
old mummy using CT
and laser scan
(Sulman Mummy
Project)

6. facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT)
In earlier time, soft tissue thickness
was measured on cadavers by sliding a
double edged blade of scalpel or by
the needle in which a needle was put
through the skin until the bone was
encountered by the tip of the needle
many medical imagining techniques like RTG
(Radioisotope thermoelectric generator )-
roentgenography, MRI-magnetic resonance imaging,
CT-computed tomography and US-ultra sound, were
used to study the FSTT

12. Out of the 18 tissue depth, SaA,
SupraM2L and SupraM2R has no sexual
dimorphism.
Weak positive Correlation of facial soft
tissue thickness of different landmarks to
BMI for male and female
For females SUG, SaN, LLM, CLF, PgO,
Supra M2L/R showed moderate/strong
correlation with age
For males weak correlations with age was
observed

14. First scientific reconstructions
The wanted to identify the remains of Johann
Sebastian Bach (German composer and musician). He
prepared a data by taking measurements of facial
issues from small number of corpse and then he used
this data to model a bust onto a plaster cast of the
skull of Bach.
Comparisons were made between the final
reconstruction and contemporary portraits and busts
of Bach.

15. In 1898, Kollmann authenticated the skull as of Dante
(Italian poet, writer and philosopher) by
reconstructing the face of Dante from his supposed
skull. The reconstructed skull was identical to Dante’s
face.
Facial reconstruction of Stone Age woman from
France. Technical drawing were made by measuring
flesh thickness from hundreds of women from that
area

16.  The Russian School The American School The UK Manchester Method
 Mikhail Gerasimov Wilton Krogman, R. Neave
 anatomical aspects: where the
development of the skull and neck
musculature
 He reconstructed faces in two
steps, basic reconstruction and
final modelling.
 He claimed that particulars of the
nose could be determined from
the nasal bones, the brow from
the skull, the mouth from the
teeth and maxillary bones, and
the eyes from the nasal root,
orbital bones and tear ducts and
the ears from the mastoid
process, the ramus of the
mandible and the auditory meatus
 The American method involves the
use of tables of average facial
tissue thickness data relating to
age, ethnic group and gender.
 reconstruction method into two
phases: a technical one involving
information collection, skull
preparation, tissue depth
application and facial contour
production, and an artistic phase
involving sculpture of the facial
features and finishing of the
head.
 The skull is mounted in the
Frankfurt plane, then layers of
flexible synthetic rubber are
shaped, following the most
appropriate parameters, and glued
to the bone.
developed a new method, combining
the Russian and American
techniques
Neave’s method uses the detailed
traces of muscle insertion on the
skull to ascertain facial detail and
form, and relies on tissue thickness
data, as in the American method, to
model soft tissue depth.
The twentieth century: technical developments

18. Manual
method
recreate a face from the skull with
the use of soft tissue depth
estimates (Karen Taylor in 1980’s)
artist and a forensic
work on antemortem
photographs and the skull
Automation
Computer software
CARESTM or CARES (Computer
Assisted Recovery Enhancement
System) and FACES (Forensic
Anthropology Computer
Enhancement System) programs
digitalizing radiographs,
photographs and images of
and producing an electronically
altered version of the image.
Two-dimensional manual reconstruction

19. https://www.lsu.edu/ga/labs/faces.php

20. https://www.tps.ca/organizational-chart/specialized-operations-command/detective-
operations/investigative-services/forensic-identification-
services/cares/#:~:text=The%20Computer%20Assisted%20Recovery%20Enhancement,offer%20numerou
s%20visual%20enhancement%20services.

21. Anthropometerical
American Method/
Tissue Depth
Method:
developed by Krogman in 1946.
Fine measurements of facial
depth were obtained by the use of
needles, X-rays or ultrasound.
method requires highly trained
personnel and currently not used.
Anatomical Russian
Method:
developed by Gerasimov in 1971.
Facial muscles were used in anatomical
position. Reconstruction was done by
shaping muscles, glands and cartilage
onto the skull layer by layer.
Not commonly used in these days.
Much slower than the American
method and a greater degree of
anatomical knowledge is required.
Three-dimensional reconstruction

22. Combination
Manchester
Method/
British
Method
developed by Neave in 1977 .
most accepted method
both soft tissue thickness and facial muscles
are taken into consideration
Once the cranium and mandible are articulated
and the skull is mounted on an adjustable stand
in the Frankfort Horizontal plane, facial
tissue pegs or markers are then added on the
skull by placing them directly on the skull or
by inserting them on previously drilled holes
on the cast at 90 degree using a 3mm drill bit
Each peg length represents the mean tissue
depth (determined by the age, gender, build
) the anatomical point.
The muscles of mastication and facial
expression are constructed out of the
material and positioned on the basis of their
origin and insertion on the skull.
Plaster or prosthetic plastic eye balls of 25mm
diameter are placed into the orbits.
Three-dimensional reconstruction

23.  The maximum width of the nose is determined by the bony nasal aperture at its
widest point as three-fifths of the overall width of the soft nose. T
 The profile of the nose and the shape and the size of the alae are determined by
nasal aperture.
 The maxillary canine and first premolar are placed near the corners of mouth
and width of the mouth corresponds to six anterior teeth.
 The thickness of lips is determined by upper and lower anterior teeth
 The length of the ear is predicted by the length of the nose and the ear canal is
positioned by using external auditory meatus as the reference point.
 Muscles of the face are usually modelled on the skull which is to be reconstructed in
clay one by one, then a layer of clay is added over the musculature to represent
skin, subcutaneous fats and strips of clay are then rolled, shaped and added over
the muscle/fat structure to create the finished face by maintaining the length of
the pegs as a guide to the final tissue guides over the face.

24. Computerized
3D Forensic
Facial
Reconstruction
Some computerized systems used 3D animation
software (Free Form Modelling PlusTM;
Sensable Technologies, Wilmington MA) to
model the face onto the skull
used virtual sculpture system with Haptic
feedback (Phantom DesktopTM Haptic Device;
Sensable Technologies).
Haptic feedback system has the ability to feel
the surface of the skull during analysis and
provide important skeletal details for facial
reconstruction such as muscle attachment
strength, position of eye,etc. This system
requires both anthropological and computer
modelling skills.
It decreases practitioner’s subjectivity and
skill
. This method also creates multiple images of
the same face quickly and efficiently
Three-dimensional reconstruction

25. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Xp5rsGtR3w&ab_channel=FOX35Orlando

26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bJB4H64Nao&ab_channel=FBI%E2%80%93FederalBure
auofInvestigation

27. how it's made forensic facial reconstruction - YouTube

28. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6G0LvImAGAg&ab_channel=nysmuseum

29. IDENTIKIT AND PHOTOFIT

30. identikit Photofit
Hugh MacDonald 1960 Jacques Penry 1938
transparent sheets on which are
drawn different shapes of faces,
eyebrows, noses, mouths and other
physical features according to
witnesses’ descriptions, thus
presenting in one picture their
impressions of a wanted person’s
appearance.
Penry used photographs of facial
features, which gave a better image
of the suspect’s face, rather than the
line drawings of Identikit.

31. Identi-Kit 2000

32. FACES

33. PortraitPad