This paper presents the intelligent door control system based on face detection and recognition. This system can avoid the need to control by persons with the use of keys, security cards, password or pattern to open the door. The main objective is to develop a simple and fast recognition system for personal identification and face recognition to provide the security system. Face is a complex multidimensional structure and needs good computing techniques for recognition. The system is composed of two main parts face recognition and automatic door access control. It needs to detect the face before recognizing the face of the person. In face detection step, Viola Jones face detection algorithm is applied to detect the human face. Face recognition is implemented by using the Principal Component Analysis PCA and Neural Network. Image processing toolbox which is in MATLAB 2013a is used for the recognition process in this research. The PIC microcontroller is used to automatic door access control system by programming MikroC language. The door is opened automatically for the known person according to the result of verification in the MATLAB. On the other hand, the door remains closed for the unknown person. San San Naing | Thiri Oo Kywe | Ni Ni San Hlaing ""Face Recognition Based Intelligent Door Control System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23893.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23893/face-recognition-based-intelligent-door-control-system/san-san-naing
The main objective of this work is the uniting and streamlining of an automatic face detection application and recognition system for video indexing applications. Human identification means the classification of gender which can increase the identification accuracy. So, accurate gender classification algorithms may increase the accuracy of the applications and can reduce its complexity. But, in some applications, some challenges are there such as rotation, gray scale variations that may reduce the accuracy of the application. The main goal of building this module is to understand the values in image, pattern, and array processing with OpenCV for effective processing faces for building pipe-lining, SVM models.
IMAGE RECOGNITION USING MATLAB SIMULINK BLOCKSETIJCSEA Journal
The world over, image recognition are essential players in promoting quality object recognition especially in emergency and search-rescue operation. In this paper precise image recognition system using Matlab Simulink Blockset to detect selected object from crowd is presented. The process involves extracting object
features and then recognizes it considering illumination, direction and pose. A Simulink model has been developed to eliminate the tiny elements from the image, then creating segments for precise object recognition. Furthermore, the simulation explores image recognition from the coloured and gray-scale images through image processing techniques in Simulink environment. The tool employed for computation
and simulation is the Matlab image processing blockset. The process comprises morphological operation method which is effective for captured images and video. The results of extensive simulations indicate that this method is suitable for application identifying a person from a crow. The model can be used in emergency and search-rescue operation as well as in medicine, information security, access control, law enforcement, surveillance system, microscopy etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
SELF-LEARNING AI FRAMEWORK FOR SKIN LESION IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATIONijcsit
Image segmentation and classification are the two main fundamental steps in pattern recognition. To perform medical image segmentation or classification with deep learning models, it requires training on large image dataset with annotation. The dermoscopy images (ISIC archive) considered for this work does not have ground truth information for lesion segmentation. Performing manual labelling on this dataset is time-consuming. To overcome this issue, self-learning annotation scheme was proposed in the two-stage deep learning algorithm. The two-stage deep learning algorithm consists of U-Net segmentation model with the annotation scheme and CNN classifier model. The annotation scheme uses a K-means clustering algorithm along with merging conditions to achieve initial labelling information for training the U-Net model. The classifier models namely ResNet-50 and LeNet-5 were trained and tested on the image dataset without segmentation for comparison and with the U-Net segmentation for implementing the proposed self-learning Artificial Intelligence (AI) framework. The classification results of the proposed AI framework achieved training accuracy of 93.8% and testing accuracy of 82.42% when compared with the two classifier models directly trained on the input images.
The main objective of this work is the uniting and streamlining of an automatic face detection application and recognition system for video indexing applications. Human identification means the classification of gender which can increase the identification accuracy. So, accurate gender classification algorithms may increase the accuracy of the applications and can reduce its complexity. But, in some applications, some challenges are there such as rotation, gray scale variations that may reduce the accuracy of the application. The main goal of building this module is to understand the values in image, pattern, and array processing with OpenCV for effective processing faces for building pipe-lining, SVM models.
IMAGE RECOGNITION USING MATLAB SIMULINK BLOCKSETIJCSEA Journal
The world over, image recognition are essential players in promoting quality object recognition especially in emergency and search-rescue operation. In this paper precise image recognition system using Matlab Simulink Blockset to detect selected object from crowd is presented. The process involves extracting object
features and then recognizes it considering illumination, direction and pose. A Simulink model has been developed to eliminate the tiny elements from the image, then creating segments for precise object recognition. Furthermore, the simulation explores image recognition from the coloured and gray-scale images through image processing techniques in Simulink environment. The tool employed for computation
and simulation is the Matlab image processing blockset. The process comprises morphological operation method which is effective for captured images and video. The results of extensive simulations indicate that this method is suitable for application identifying a person from a crow. The model can be used in emergency and search-rescue operation as well as in medicine, information security, access control, law enforcement, surveillance system, microscopy etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
SELF-LEARNING AI FRAMEWORK FOR SKIN LESION IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATIONijcsit
Image segmentation and classification are the two main fundamental steps in pattern recognition. To perform medical image segmentation or classification with deep learning models, it requires training on large image dataset with annotation. The dermoscopy images (ISIC archive) considered for this work does not have ground truth information for lesion segmentation. Performing manual labelling on this dataset is time-consuming. To overcome this issue, self-learning annotation scheme was proposed in the two-stage deep learning algorithm. The two-stage deep learning algorithm consists of U-Net segmentation model with the annotation scheme and CNN classifier model. The annotation scheme uses a K-means clustering algorithm along with merging conditions to achieve initial labelling information for training the U-Net model. The classifier models namely ResNet-50 and LeNet-5 were trained and tested on the image dataset without segmentation for comparison and with the U-Net segmentation for implementing the proposed self-learning Artificial Intelligence (AI) framework. The classification results of the proposed AI framework achieved training accuracy of 93.8% and testing accuracy of 82.42% when compared with the two classifier models directly trained on the input images.
Automatic gender and age classification has become quite relevant in the rise of social media platforms. However, the existing methods have not been completely successful in achieving this. Through this project, an attempt has been made to determine the gender and age based on a frame of the person. This is done by using deep learning, OpenCV which is capable of processing the real-time frames. This frame is given as input and the predicted gender and age are given as output. It is difficult to predict the exact age of a person using one frame due the facial expressions, lighting, makeup and so on so for this purpose various age ranges are taken, and the predicted age falls in one of them. The Adience dataset is used as it is a benchmark for face photos and includes various real-world imaging conditions like noise, lighting etc.
face recognition using pca and neural network ppt................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An Iot Based Smart Manifold Attendance SystemIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Attendance has been an age old procedure employed in different disciplines of educational institutions. While attendance systems have witnessed growth right from manual techniques to biometrics, plight of taking attendance is undeniable. In fingerprint based attendance monitoring, if fingers get roughed / scratched, it leads to misreading. Also for face recognition, students will have to make a queue and each one will have to wait until their face gets recognised. Our proposed system is employing “manifold attendance” that means employing passive attendance, where at a time, the attendance of multiple people can get captured. We have eliminated the need of queue system / paper-pen system of attendance, and just with a single click the attendance is not only captured, but monitored as well, that too without any human intervention. In the proposed system, creation of database and face detection is done by using the concepts of bounding box, whereas for face recognition we employ histogram equalization and matching technique.
MULTIPLE HUMAN TRACKING USING RETINANET FEATURES, SIAMESE NEURAL NETWORK, AND...IAEME Publication
Multiple human tracking based on object detection has been a challenge due to its
complexity. Errors in object detection would be propagated to tracking errors. In this
paper, we propose a tracking method that minimizes the error produced by object
detector. We use RetinaNet as object detector and Hungarian algorithm for tracking.
The cost matrix for Hungarian algorithm is calculated using the RetinaNet features,
bounding box center distances, and intersection of unions of bounding boxes. We
interpolate the missing detections in the last step. The proposed method yield 43.2
MOTA for MOT16 benchmark
A Novel GA-SVM Model For Vehicles And Pedestrial Classification In Videosijtsrd
The paper presents a novel algorithm for object classification in videos based on improved support vector machine (SVM) and genetic algorithm. One of the problems of support vector machine is selection of the appropriate parameters for the kernel. This has affected the accuracy of the SVM over the years. This research aims at optimizing the SVM Radial Basis kernel parameters using the genetic algorithm. Moving object classification is a requirement in smart visual surveillance systems as it allows the system to know the kind of object in the scene and be able to recognize the actions the object can perform. This paper presents an GA-SVM machine learning approach for real time object classification in videos. Radial distance signal features are extracted from the silhouettes of object detected in videos. The radial distance signals features are then normalized and fed into the GA-SVM model. The classification rate of 99.39% is achieved with the genetically trained SVM algorithm while 99.1% classification accuracy is achieved with the normal SVM. A comparison of this classifier with some other classifiers in terms of classification accuracy shows a better performance than other classifiers such as the normal SVM, Artificial neural network (ANN), Genetic Artificial neural network (GANN), K-nearest neighbor (K-NN) and K-Means classifiers. Akintola Kolawole G."A Novel GA-SVM Model For Vehicles And Pedestrial Classification In Videos" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd109.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/109/a-novel-ga-svm-model-for-vehicles-and-pedestrial-classification-in-videos/akintola-kolawole-g
This project includes two face recognition systems implemented with the help of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Morphological Shared-Weight Neural Network(MSNN).From these systems we will evaluate the performance of both the techniques and based on the accuracy achieved we determine which technique will be better for the face recognition
Fingerprints are imprints formed by friction
ridges of the skin and thumbs. They have long been used for
identification because of their immutability and individuality.
Immutability refers to the permanent and unchanging character
of the pattern on each finger. Individuality refers to the
uniqueness of ridge details across individuals; the probability
that two fingerprints are alike is about 1 in 1.9x1015. In despite of
this improvement which is adopted by the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI), the fact still is “The larger the fingerprint
files became, the harder it was to identify somebody from their
fingerprints alone. Moreover, the fingerprint requires one of the
largest data templates in the biometric field”. The finger data
template can range anywhere from several hundred bytes to over
1,000 bytes depending upon the level of security that is required
and the method that is used to scan one's fingerprint. For these
reasons this work is motivated to present another way to tackle
the problem that is relies on the properties of Vector
Quantization coding algorithm.
AUTOMATIC THEFT SECURITY SYSTEM (SMART SURVEILLANCE CAMERA)csandit
The proposed work aims to create a smart application camera, with the intention of eliminating
the need for a human presence to detect any unwanted sinister activities, such as theft in this
case. Spread among the campus, are certain valuable biometric identification systems at
arbitrary locations. The application monitosr these systems (hereafter referred to as “object”)
using our smart camera system based on an OpenCV platform.
By using OpenCV Haar Training, employing the Viola-Jones algorithm implementation in
OpenCV, we teach the machine to identify the object in environmental conditions. An added
feature of face recognition is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to generate Eigen
Faces and the test images are verified by using distance based algorithm against the eigenfaces,
like Euclidean distance algorithm or Mahalanobis Algorithm.
If the object is misplaced, or an unauthorized user is in the extreme vicinity of the object, an
alarm signal is raised.
Automatic gender and age classification has become quite relevant in the rise of social media platforms. However, the existing methods have not been completely successful in achieving this. Through this project, an attempt has been made to determine the gender and age based on a frame of the person. This is done by using deep learning, OpenCV which is capable of processing the real-time frames. This frame is given as input and the predicted gender and age are given as output. It is difficult to predict the exact age of a person using one frame due the facial expressions, lighting, makeup and so on so for this purpose various age ranges are taken, and the predicted age falls in one of them. The Adience dataset is used as it is a benchmark for face photos and includes various real-world imaging conditions like noise, lighting etc.
face recognition using pca and neural network ppt................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An Iot Based Smart Manifold Attendance SystemIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Attendance has been an age old procedure employed in different disciplines of educational institutions. While attendance systems have witnessed growth right from manual techniques to biometrics, plight of taking attendance is undeniable. In fingerprint based attendance monitoring, if fingers get roughed / scratched, it leads to misreading. Also for face recognition, students will have to make a queue and each one will have to wait until their face gets recognised. Our proposed system is employing “manifold attendance” that means employing passive attendance, where at a time, the attendance of multiple people can get captured. We have eliminated the need of queue system / paper-pen system of attendance, and just with a single click the attendance is not only captured, but monitored as well, that too without any human intervention. In the proposed system, creation of database and face detection is done by using the concepts of bounding box, whereas for face recognition we employ histogram equalization and matching technique.
MULTIPLE HUMAN TRACKING USING RETINANET FEATURES, SIAMESE NEURAL NETWORK, AND...IAEME Publication
Multiple human tracking based on object detection has been a challenge due to its
complexity. Errors in object detection would be propagated to tracking errors. In this
paper, we propose a tracking method that minimizes the error produced by object
detector. We use RetinaNet as object detector and Hungarian algorithm for tracking.
The cost matrix for Hungarian algorithm is calculated using the RetinaNet features,
bounding box center distances, and intersection of unions of bounding boxes. We
interpolate the missing detections in the last step. The proposed method yield 43.2
MOTA for MOT16 benchmark
A Novel GA-SVM Model For Vehicles And Pedestrial Classification In Videosijtsrd
The paper presents a novel algorithm for object classification in videos based on improved support vector machine (SVM) and genetic algorithm. One of the problems of support vector machine is selection of the appropriate parameters for the kernel. This has affected the accuracy of the SVM over the years. This research aims at optimizing the SVM Radial Basis kernel parameters using the genetic algorithm. Moving object classification is a requirement in smart visual surveillance systems as it allows the system to know the kind of object in the scene and be able to recognize the actions the object can perform. This paper presents an GA-SVM machine learning approach for real time object classification in videos. Radial distance signal features are extracted from the silhouettes of object detected in videos. The radial distance signals features are then normalized and fed into the GA-SVM model. The classification rate of 99.39% is achieved with the genetically trained SVM algorithm while 99.1% classification accuracy is achieved with the normal SVM. A comparison of this classifier with some other classifiers in terms of classification accuracy shows a better performance than other classifiers such as the normal SVM, Artificial neural network (ANN), Genetic Artificial neural network (GANN), K-nearest neighbor (K-NN) and K-Means classifiers. Akintola Kolawole G."A Novel GA-SVM Model For Vehicles And Pedestrial Classification In Videos" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd109.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/109/a-novel-ga-svm-model-for-vehicles-and-pedestrial-classification-in-videos/akintola-kolawole-g
This project includes two face recognition systems implemented with the help of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Morphological Shared-Weight Neural Network(MSNN).From these systems we will evaluate the performance of both the techniques and based on the accuracy achieved we determine which technique will be better for the face recognition
Fingerprints are imprints formed by friction
ridges of the skin and thumbs. They have long been used for
identification because of their immutability and individuality.
Immutability refers to the permanent and unchanging character
of the pattern on each finger. Individuality refers to the
uniqueness of ridge details across individuals; the probability
that two fingerprints are alike is about 1 in 1.9x1015. In despite of
this improvement which is adopted by the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI), the fact still is “The larger the fingerprint
files became, the harder it was to identify somebody from their
fingerprints alone. Moreover, the fingerprint requires one of the
largest data templates in the biometric field”. The finger data
template can range anywhere from several hundred bytes to over
1,000 bytes depending upon the level of security that is required
and the method that is used to scan one's fingerprint. For these
reasons this work is motivated to present another way to tackle
the problem that is relies on the properties of Vector
Quantization coding algorithm.
AUTOMATIC THEFT SECURITY SYSTEM (SMART SURVEILLANCE CAMERA)csandit
The proposed work aims to create a smart application camera, with the intention of eliminating
the need for a human presence to detect any unwanted sinister activities, such as theft in this
case. Spread among the campus, are certain valuable biometric identification systems at
arbitrary locations. The application monitosr these systems (hereafter referred to as “object”)
using our smart camera system based on an OpenCV platform.
By using OpenCV Haar Training, employing the Viola-Jones algorithm implementation in
OpenCV, we teach the machine to identify the object in environmental conditions. An added
feature of face recognition is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to generate Eigen
Faces and the test images are verified by using distance based algorithm against the eigenfaces,
like Euclidean distance algorithm or Mahalanobis Algorithm.
If the object is misplaced, or an unauthorized user is in the extreme vicinity of the object, an
alarm signal is raised.
AUTOMATIC THEFT SECURITY SYSTEM (SMART SURVEILLANCE CAMERA)cscpconf
The proposed work aims to create a smart application camera, with the intention of eliminating the need for a human presence to detect any unwanted sinister activities, such as theft in this
case. Spread among the campus, are certain valuable biometric identification systems at arbitrary locations. The application monitosr these systems (hereafter referred to as “object”)
using our smart camera system based on an OpenCV platform.
By using OpenCV Haar Training, employing the Viola-Jones algorithm implementation in OpenCV, we teach the machine to identify the object in environmental conditions. An added
feature of face recognition is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to generate Eigen Faces and the test images are verified by using distance based algorithm against the eigenfaces, like Euclidean distance algorithm or Mahalanobis Algorithm. If the object is misplaced, or an unauthorized user is in the extreme vicinity of the object, an alarm signal is raised.
Improving face recognition by artificial neural network using principal compo...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The face-recognition system is among the most effective pattern recognition and image analysis techniques. This technique has met great attention from academic and industrial fields because of its extensive use in detecting the identity of individuals for monitoring systems, security and many other practical fields. In this paper, an effective method of face recognition was proposed. Ten person's faces images were selected from ORL dataset, for each person (42) image with total of (420) images as dataset. Features are extracted using principle component analysis PCA to reduce the dimensionality of the face images. Four models where created, the first one was trained using feed forward back propagation learning (FFBBL) with 40 features, the second was trained using 50 features with FFBBL, the third was trained using the same features but using Elman Neural Network. For each person (24) image used as training set for the neural networks, while the remaining images used as testing set. The results showed that the proposed method was effective and highly accurate. FFBBL give accuracy of (98.33,97.14) with (40, 50) features respectively, while Elman gives (98.33, 98.80) for with (40, 50) features respectively.
Real time voting system using face recognition for different expressions and ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The goal of this report is the presentation of our biometry and security course’s project: Face recognition for Labeled Faces in the Wild dataset using Convolutional Neural Network technology with Graphlab Framework.
Realtime human face tracking and recognition system on uncontrolled environmentIJECEIAES
Recently, one of the most important biometrics is that automatically recognized human faces are based on dynamic facial images with different rotations and backgrounds. This paper presents a real-time system for human face tracking and recognition with various expressions of the face, poses, and rotations in an uncontrolled environment (dynamic background). Many steps are achieved in this paper to enhance, detect, and recognize the faces from the image frame taken by web-camera. The system has three steps: the first is to detect the face, Viola-Jones algorithm is used to achieve this purpose for frontal and profile face detection. In the second step, the color space algorithm is used to track the detected face from the previous step. The third step, principal component analysis (eigenfaces) algorithm is used to recognize faces. The result shows the effectiveness and robustness depending on the training and testing results. The real-time system result is compared with the results of the previous papers and gives a success, effectiveness, and robustness recognition rate of 91.12% with a low execution time. However, the execution time is not fixed due depending on the frame background and specification of the web camera and computer.
Real time face recognition of video surveillance system using haar cascade c...nooriasukmaningtyas
This project investigates the use of face recognition for a surveillance system. The normal video surveillance system uses in closed-circuit television (CCTV) to record video for security purpose. It is used to identify the identity of a person through their appearances on the recorded video, manually. Today’s video surveillance camera system usually not occupied with a face recognition system. With some modification, a surveillance camera system can be used as face detection and recognition that can be done in real-time. The proposed system makes use of surveillance camera system that can identify the identity of a person automatically by using face recognition of Haar cascade classifier. The hardware used for this project were Raspberry Pi as a processor and Pi Camera as a camera module. The development of this project consist of three main phases which were data gathering, training recognizer, and face recognition process. All three phases have been executed using Python programming and OpenCV library, which have been performed in a Raspbian operation system. From the result, the proposed system successfully displays the output result of human face recognition, with facial angle within ±40°, in medium and normal light condition, and within a distance of 0.4 to 1.2 meter. Targeted image are allowed to wear face accessory as long as not covering the face structure. In conclusion, this system considered, can reduce the cost of manpower in order to identify the identity of a person in real time situation.
Open CV Implementation of Object Recognition Using Artificial Neural Networksijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23893 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2019 Page: 644
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Viola Jones Face Detection
There are three main ideas in Viola-Jones face detector. they
make it possible to build a successful face detector that can
run in real time: the image integral, classifier learning with
AdaBoost, and the attentional cascade structure [4].
Firstly, the Viola-Jones face detection algorithmistoturnthe
input image into an integral image. Integral image, also
known as a summed area table, allows a very fast feature
evaluation. The used features are reminiscent of Haar basis
functions. Viola-Jones method is used to detect the features
consisting of two or more rectangles. Each featuregenerates
a single value which is calculated by subtracting the sum of
the white rectangle(s) from the sum of the black
rectangle(s). The different types of features are shown in
Figure 3.
The integral image can be computed from an image by using
a few operations per pixel. The integral image at locationx,y
contains the sum of the pixels above and to the left of x, y. It
can be calculated by the following equation,
where, ii(x ,y) is the integral image and i(x ,y) is the original
image [3].
The sum of the pixels within rectangle D can be calculated
with four array references. The value of theintegralimageat
location 1 is the sum of the pixels in rectangle A. The valueat
location 2 results in A + B, at location 3 is A + C, and at
location 4 is A + B + C + D. The sum within D can be achieved
as 4 + 1 – (2 + 3).
Figure3. Six Types of Haar-like Rectangle Features [3]
The second part is a method for constructing a classifier by
selecting a small number of important features using
AdaBoost learning algorithm.Withinanyimagesub-window
the total number of Harr-like features isverylarge, farlarger
than the number of pixels. In Adaboost, although the weak
learner is nothing, it is a feature selector. By combining a
collection of weak classification functions, a stronger
classifier can be formed [5]. A weak classifier h(x) containsa
feature f, a thresholdθ, and a parity p indicatingthedirection
of inequality sign:
(2)
In the third part more complex classifiers are combined in a
cascade structure, increasing the speed of the detector by
moving the most complex processing on promising regions
of the image. By combination of cascaded classifiers, most of
true negatives are rejected very fast at the first few stages.
The cascade combinationclassifieris shown inFigure4.High
detection rate and low false positive rate can be kept in this
system.
Figure4. Cascaded Combination Classifier [5]
2.2 Neural Network
A Neural Network is an interconnected group of biological
neurons. In modern usage, theterm can alsoreferto artificial
neural networks, which are constituted of artificial neurons.
A Neural Network is an immensely parallel distributed
processor that has a natural propensity for storing
experiential knowledge and making it available for use. It
looks like the brain. It performs in two respects: knowledge
is attained by the network through a learning process and
the knowledge is stored by using interneuron connection
strengths known as synaptic weights.
Neural Networks are made of input units, output units and
hidden units called nodes. There is a threshold in each node.
If this threshold is reached, the node will "fire", that means
that all its connections will get activated. There is also
strength in each connection.Thestrengthisrepresented bya
weight. A node adds up the weights of the its connections to
determine its response and then compares it to itsthreshold
[7]. Neural Network models in artificial intelligence are
usually referred to as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs).
2.3 PCA Feature Extraction
There are two main steps in PCA: Initialization process and
Recognition process. The Initialization processinvolvesface
image acquisition, the Eigenfacescalculation, and calculation
of distribution of training face space [6]. Firstly, it acquires
the initial set of face images called as training set. Then, it
calculates the Eigenfaces from the training set by keeping
only the highest Eigen values.TheseMimagesdefinetheface
space. The Eigenfaces can be updated or recalculated
because the new faces are experienced. And then,
distribution is calculated in this training face space for each
known person by projecting faceimagesontothisface-space.
Recognition process involves the following operation. A set
of weights can be calculated based on the input image and
the M Eigenfaces by projecting the input image onto each of
the Eigenfaces. The result is determined if the imageisaface
at all (known or unknown) by checking that the image is
sufficiently close to a “free space”. If it is a face, then it
classifies the calculated eigenface as either a known person
or an unknown person [8].
2.4 Classification or Recognition
Classification is the finding the minimum distance between
the training image and the test images. The face with
minimum Euclidian distance shows the similarity to test
image. Euclidean distance is the distance of test image Ω to
each training image and it is defined by,
(3)
By choosing a threshold value that is the maximum
acceptable value for known images and comparing it with
the minimum Euclidian distance ઽk, test image can be
recognized as known or unknown face image.
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23893 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2019 Page: 645
If ઽk (min) ≥ , the test image is recognized an unknown face.
If ઽk (min) < , the test image is a known face [2].
2.5 PIC 16F887 Microcontroller
This system used PIC 16F887 microcontroller because of its
good features and integrated peripherals. The
microcontroller is used to receive the signal sent from PC
and to send a command back either to the door motor circuit
or to the alarm circuit. The PIC 16F887 microcontroller
which is utilized in this door control system is depicted in
Figure 5.
Figure5. PIC 16F887 microcontroller
2.5.1. USB to RS232 Converter
This converter is used to interface the personal computer
and PIC microcontroller. It adjusts the voltage between the
personal computer and microcontroller. The USB to RS232
serial converter is illustrated in Figure 6.
Figure6. USB to RS232 Serial Converter
2.5.2. RS232 to TTL Serial Port Converter Module DB9
Connector
The RS232 serial port to TTL converter module is a board
with the MAX3232 transceiver integrated circuit (IC),which
facilitates serial communication between TTL and RS232
ports by providingthenecessaryelectricalsignal conversion.
It is necessary to place in between USB to RS232 serial
converter and PC. The RS232 to TTL serial module is
described in Figure 7.
Figure7. RS232 to TTL Serial Module
3. IMPLEMENTATION
The implementation of face detection and face recognition
system is using by MATLAB 2013a for coding. To build the
database, take photos for 10 persons, 10 different facial
images of each person weretaken byusingexternal webcam.
In the database folder, 70 different facial photos of ten
persons are used as the training images and 30 for testing
images.
3.1. Implementation of Face Detection and
Recognition
While making the database folder, the captured images are
applied with 640x480 resolutions andRGB color(red, green,
blue).
All the detected face are resized into 238x268 images by
using imresize MATLAB built-in function and save in the
train folder for training images. For instance, nine training
images of three person with different facial images are
shown in Figure 8.
Figure8. Facial Images of Three Persons from Training
Images
Training images are needed to convert grayscale images by
using rgb2gray function in MATLAB. These images are
expressed in Figure 9.
Figure9. Gray Scale of Some Training Images
In the condition of testing, Computer VisionSystemToolbox,
face detection is implemented by Viola Jones face detection
code and then cropped in order to obtain the only facial
parts of all images using BB (Bounding Box).
PCA for face recognition is to express the large 1-D vector of
pixels constructed from 2-D facial image into the compact
principle components of the feature space.Thiscanbecalled
eigenspace projection.
Mean face or average face vector can be calculated by
averaging all training images. Meancentered (or subtracted)
images (A) are evaluated by subtracting averageimagefrom
the original training image. Eigen values are calculated and
represented as an Eigen vector. The eigenvectors
corresponding to the covariance matrix or so-called the
"Eigenfaces" which look like ghostly faces.
ome Eigenfaces of the training images are described in
Figure 10.
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23893 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2019 Page: 646
Figure10. Some Eigenfaces of the Training Images
The trained and test images are projected onto the face-
space where the Eigenfaces are the coordinates or
dimensions to find their respective Euclidian distance. By
comparing the Euclidian distance of all projected trained
images with the projected test image, minimum distance
between them which shows similarity to test image is
obtained. By this way, the facial image recognitionwasdone.
4.3. Implementation of Door Control System Based on
Face Recognition
There are two parts in this system. The first is the
implementation of face detection and recognition system.
The entire face detection and recognition system is
accomplished by using Matlab. And the second is MikroC
program implementation for door control system.
The hardware implementation of this systemis composed of
PIC 16F887 microcontroller, USB to RS232 converter, LEDs,
buzzer and DC motor. USB to RS232 converter is used as the
interface between personal computer and the
microcontroller.
It is necessary to select port number which is used in
controller and connect the available baud rate between the
MATLAB and microcontroller control device (PIC) via USB
cable to RS232 serial converter. In order to adjust the
voltage level between PC and the microcontroller, the
converter of USB to RS232 is used. It needs to install the
driver on PC that converts the USB connection into a Virtual
Communications Port, which makes theUSBconnectionthat
looks like a serial port on the PC.
In microcontroller process, the command from Matlab to
identify the detected person is vital. When the detected
person’s face is ‘Known’ face which included in database,the
microcontroller starts to run DC motor to open the door and
the room lighting process performs one by one opening.
After the delay times, the DC motor rotated in reverse
direction. When the face is not included in database, the
buzzer is ringing to alarm the unidentified face detection. If
the entire person who wants to go out from the room will
need to press the Exit button in GUI,thedoorisopened again
with the delay times. The Flow Chart of Microcontroller
Process is shown in Figure 11.
Known or Unknown
Face
Known Face?
Run DC Motor and Light on
Open Door
Alarm Buzzer
No
Yes
Close Door
Exit Switch?
Delay Time
Run DC Motor and Light off
Open Door
Delay Time
Close Door
End
Yes
No
Start
Figure11. The Flow Chart of Microcontroller Process
5. TESTS AND RESULTS
In classification, todetermineknownorunknownpersonthe
detected face from the face detection step by using PCA
method and neural network. Face is recognized as known
image by comparing the images present in the training
database.
The graphical user interface (GUI) is implemented to
perform the face recognition process and to connect the
microcontroller. The detection the face of applying the test
image to the GUI is shown in Figure 12.
Figure12. Face Detection By Using Bounding Box
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23893 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2019 Page: 647
The detected area is cropped as shown in Figure 13.
Figure13. Cropped Image of Detected Area
The features of the cropped and resized image are extracted
to distinguish the different people. The extracted image is
shown in Figure 14.
Figure14. Extracted Image By Using Eigen Face
If the test image is known person, Matlab sends a signal to
the microcontroller. According to the input signal,
microcontroller sends a commandtothedoor’smotordriver
to drive the door motor for opening the door during the
delay 3 second. When the person entered into the room, the
lighting processes are operated automatically. The door
open condition for known person is shown in Figure 15 and
Figure 16.
Figure15. Door Opening and Lighting Condition for Known
Person
Figure16. The Door Closed Condition and Lighting Still
Opened Condition
If the face of the person is hidden by something or
unidentified facial condition, he or she cannot pass through
the door. Although that person wants to enter the door in
this condition, the door opening operation is not performed
and the alarm is operated. The result of this condition is
illustrated in Figure 17.
Figure17. Door Closing and Alarm Ringing Condition Test
for No Face Detection
The person whose face is not included in the training
database, the door cannot open in this contidion. The result
shows ‘Unknown’ and the buzzer is alarming. Figure 18
shows the testing of door closing and alarm ringing
contidion for unknown person.
Figure18. Testing The Door Closing and Alarm Ringing
Condition for Unknown Person
When the person who want to exit, she need to press the
‘Exit’. If the ‘Exit’ is pressed in GUI, the door will openduring
delay times. After that, the door is closed and lightingsystem
is still opened. Therefore, the light off buttonmustbeclicked
before exiting the system operation. Figure19 shows exiting
condition of the room control system from Matlab GUI.
Figure19. Exiting Condition of The Room Control System
from Matlab GUI
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23893 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2019 Page: 648
6. CONCLUSIONS
This paper is mainly focused ondesigningand implementing
of an intelligent door control system based on face
recognition. The wholesystemiscomposedof capturephoto,
image acquisition, face detection, facial feature extraction
and face recognition linking with microcontroller for door
control system. Viola-Jones face detection method is used to
detect the location of the face in an image. Since this
detection method can detect only face images for frontal
view correctly, this system has limitations in head
orientation. Face recognition system is linking with the
motor control system to allow the opening and closingofthe
door security system and lighting system. PIC
microcontroller is used to connect thehardwaredevicesand
personal computer (PC) via USB to RS232 serial converter
for interfacing with computer. This system can be used for
security applications such as crime prevention, person
verification, attendance system and so on.
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to express her gratitude to all her
teachers from Electronic Engineering Department,
Technological University (Kyaukse). The author wishes to
express special thanks and sincere gratitude to her
supervisor, Dr. San San Naing, Lecturer of Electronic
Engineering Department, Kyaukse Technological University
for her kind advices and encouragements in the route of
carrying out this paper. And, the author especially thanks to
her teachers and friends for giving the chance to take their
face images utilized in this paper.
8. REFERENCES
[1] “Face recognition system with face detection",
Technological University Kakinada, the author of
M.Vineetha Sai, G.VARALAKSHMI, G.BALAKUMAR,
J.PRASD.
[2] “Automtic Door Access System Using Face
Recognition”, international journal of scientific &
technology research volume 4, issue 06, june 2015.
[3] “Design And Implementation Of Face Detection Using
Adaboost Algorithm”, Journal of Theoretical and
Applied InformationTechnology 31stJuly2014Vol.65
No.3.
[4] Study of Viola-Jones Real Time Face Detector,
a. KaiqiCen,https://github.com/JackCen/CS231A.
[5] P.Viola and M.Jones. rapid object detection using a
boosted cascade of simple features. In computer vision
and patternRecognition, 2001.CVPR2001.Proceedings
of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on,
volume 1, pages I–511.IEEE,2001.
[6] Face Recognition Using Principal Component Analysis
Method, International Journal of Advanced Researchin
Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 1, Issue 9, November 2012.
[7] Mohamed Rizon, Muhammad Firdaus Hashim, Face
Recognition using Eigenfaces and Neural Networks.
[8] Face Recognition Using PCA and Eigen Face Approach,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
National Institute of Technology,India.
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume: 3 | Issue: 4 | May-Jun 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 - 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23893 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2019 Page: 643
Face Recognition Based Intelligent Door Control System
San San Naing, Thiri Oo Kywe, Ni Ni San Hlaing
Department of Electronic Engineering, Technological University Kyaukse, Myanmar
How to cite this paper: San San Naing |
Thiri Oo Kywe | Ni Ni San Hlaing "Face
Recognition Based Intelligent Door
Control System" Published in
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
6470, Volume-3 |
Issue-4, June 2019,
pp.643-648, URL:
https://www.ijtsrd.
com/papers/ijtsrd2
3893.pdf
Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an Open Access article
distributed under
the terms of the
Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/4.0)
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the intelligent door control system based on face detection
and recognition. This system can avoid the need to control by persons with the
use of keys, security cards, password or pattern to open the door. The main
objective is to develop a simple and fast recognition system for personal
identification and face recognition to provide the security system. Face is a
complex multidimensional structure and needs good computing techniques for
recognition. The system is composed of two main parts: face recognition and
automatic door access control. It needs to detect the face before recognizing the
face of the person. In face detection step, Viola Jones face detection algorithm is
applied to detect the human face. Face recognition is implemented by using the
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Neural Network. Image processing
toolbox which is in MATLAB 2013a is used for the recognition process in this
research. The PIC microcontroller is used to automatic door access control
system by programming MikroC language. The door is opened automaticallyfor
the known person according to the result of verification in the MATLAB. On the
other hand, the door remains closed for the unknown person.
Keywords: Viola Jones, Neural Network, Principle Component Analysis, MATLAB,
PIC Microcontroller
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, automatic personal identification in access control has become
popular by using biometrics data instead of using fingerprint, pattern, signature
etc, because the target objects have to touch with the
required hardware in the stage of data collection. The
advantage of this system is that face recognition does not
require to be touched with any hardware. When a person
stands at a certain distance from the camera, faceis detected
by using face detection technique and face recognition is
completed without touching any hardware. These systems
can be used for crime prevention, person verification, and
similar security activities.
In this system, the first portion is thefacerecognitionsystem
and the second one is the intelligent door access control
system. MATLAB software installed on PC is used to
implement face recognition system. The USB to RS232serial
converter is used as the interface between the PC and
PIC16F887 microcontroller. The process of lighting and
alarm system are mainly works with an algorithm which is
loaded in microcontroller and on the basis of serialportdata
which is sent by PC after verifying the facebyMATLABs. The
overall block diagram of this system is shown in Figure 1.
Figure1. Overall Block Diagram of the System
1.1 FACE DETECTION AND RECOGNITION
Face recognition is implemented by using MATLABinstalled
on Personal Computer (PC). In this system, firstly connect
webcam with MatLab to capture photos and save in the
database for training and testing images. In real time, the
image of human in front of the door with acertaindistanceis
acquired through web cam. Firstly, the image data
acquisition is performed and detected the facial part of the
image by using Viola Jones algorithm. The detected facial
part is cropped and resized to the same size to all images for
both training and testing processes. The facial features are
extracted from the detected human face using Neural
Network. PCA method is used to match the features of
trained image and test image for face classification or
recognition [1]. The block diagram of face recognition
system is described in Figure 2. The door control system
starts after recognition process in this research.
Figure2. Block Diagram of Face Recognition
IJTSRD23893](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/140facerecognitionbasedintelligentdoorcontrolsystem-190706070912/85/Face-Recognition-Based-Intelligent-Door-Control-System-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23893 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2019 Page: 644
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Viola Jones Face Detection
There are three main ideas in Viola-Jones face detector. they
make it possible to build a successful face detector that can
run in real time: the image integral, classifier learning with
AdaBoost, and the attentional cascade structure [4].
Firstly, the Viola-Jones face detection algorithmistoturnthe
input image into an integral image. Integral image, also
known as a summed area table, allows a very fast feature
evaluation. The used features are reminiscent of Haar basis
functions. Viola-Jones method is used to detect the features
consisting of two or more rectangles. Each featuregenerates
a single value which is calculated by subtracting the sum of
the white rectangle(s) from the sum of the black
rectangle(s). The different types of features are shown in
Figure 3.
The integral image can be computed from an image by using
a few operations per pixel. The integral image at locationx,y
contains the sum of the pixels above and to the left of x, y. It
can be calculated by the following equation,
where, ii(x ,y) is the integral image and i(x ,y) is the original
image [3].
The sum of the pixels within rectangle D can be calculated
with four array references. The value of theintegralimageat
location 1 is the sum of the pixels in rectangle A. The valueat
location 2 results in A + B, at location 3 is A + C, and at
location 4 is A + B + C + D. The sum within D can be achieved
as 4 + 1 – (2 + 3).
Figure3. Six Types of Haar-like Rectangle Features [3]
The second part is a method for constructing a classifier by
selecting a small number of important features using
AdaBoost learning algorithm.Withinanyimagesub-window
the total number of Harr-like features isverylarge, farlarger
than the number of pixels. In Adaboost, although the weak
learner is nothing, it is a feature selector. By combining a
collection of weak classification functions, a stronger
classifier can be formed [5]. A weak classifier h(x) containsa
feature f, a thresholdθ, and a parity p indicatingthedirection
of inequality sign:
(2)
In the third part more complex classifiers are combined in a
cascade structure, increasing the speed of the detector by
moving the most complex processing on promising regions
of the image. By combination of cascaded classifiers, most of
true negatives are rejected very fast at the first few stages.
The cascade combinationclassifieris shown inFigure4.High
detection rate and low false positive rate can be kept in this
system.
Figure4. Cascaded Combination Classifier [5]
2.2 Neural Network
A Neural Network is an interconnected group of biological
neurons. In modern usage, theterm can alsoreferto artificial
neural networks, which are constituted of artificial neurons.
A Neural Network is an immensely parallel distributed
processor that has a natural propensity for storing
experiential knowledge and making it available for use. It
looks like the brain. It performs in two respects: knowledge
is attained by the network through a learning process and
the knowledge is stored by using interneuron connection
strengths known as synaptic weights.
Neural Networks are made of input units, output units and
hidden units called nodes. There is a threshold in each node.
If this threshold is reached, the node will "fire", that means
that all its connections will get activated. There is also
strength in each connection.Thestrengthisrepresented bya
weight. A node adds up the weights of the its connections to
determine its response and then compares it to itsthreshold
[7]. Neural Network models in artificial intelligence are
usually referred to as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs).
2.3 PCA Feature Extraction
There are two main steps in PCA: Initialization process and
Recognition process. The Initialization processinvolvesface
image acquisition, the Eigenfacescalculation, and calculation
of distribution of training face space [6]. Firstly, it acquires
the initial set of face images called as training set. Then, it
calculates the Eigenfaces from the training set by keeping
only the highest Eigen values.TheseMimagesdefinetheface
space. The Eigenfaces can be updated or recalculated
because the new faces are experienced. And then,
distribution is calculated in this training face space for each
known person by projecting faceimagesontothisface-space.
Recognition process involves the following operation. A set
of weights can be calculated based on the input image and
the M Eigenfaces by projecting the input image onto each of
the Eigenfaces. The result is determined if the imageisaface
at all (known or unknown) by checking that the image is
sufficiently close to a “free space”. If it is a face, then it
classifies the calculated eigenface as either a known person
or an unknown person [8].
2.4 Classification or Recognition
Classification is the finding the minimum distance between
the training image and the test images. The face with
minimum Euclidian distance shows the similarity to test
image. Euclidean distance is the distance of test image Ω to
each training image and it is defined by,
(3)
By choosing a threshold value that is the maximum
acceptable value for known images and comparing it with
the minimum Euclidian distance ઽk, test image can be
recognized as known or unknown face image.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)