International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Scheduling different types of packets, such as
real-time and non-real-time data packets, at sensor nodes with
resource constraints in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is of
vital importance to reduce sensors’ energy consumptions and endto-end
data transmission delays. Most of the existing packetscheduling
mechanisms of WSN use First Come First Served
(FCFS), non pre-emptive priority and pre-emptive priority
scheduling algorithms. These algorithms incur a high processing
overhead and long end-to-end data transmission delay due to the
FCFS concept, starvation of high priority real-time data packets
due to the transmission of a large data packet in non pre-emptive
priority scheduling, starvation of non-real-time data packets due
to the probable continuous arrival of real-time data in preemptive
priority scheduling, and improper allocation of data
packets to queues in multilevel queue scheduling algorithms.
Moreover, these algorithms are not dynamic to the changing
requirements of WSN applications since their scheduling policies
are predetermined.
In the Advanced Multilevel Priority packet scheduling
scheme, each node except those at the last level has three levels of
priority queues. According to the priority of the packet and
availability of the queue, node will schedule the packet for
transmission. Due to separated queue availability, packet
transmission delay is reduced. Due to reduction in packet
transmission delay, node can goes into sleep mode as soon as
possible. And Expired packets are deleted at the particular node
at itself before reaching the base station, so that processing
burden on the node is reduced. Thus, energy of the node is saved.
1. The document discusses techniques for reducing schedule length in tree-based wireless sensor networks, including transmission power control, using multiple frequencies, and degree-constrained routing trees.
2. It reviews related work on degree-constrained routing trees, data-centric approaches, and greedy aggregation techniques for constructing energy-efficient aggregation trees.
3. It also compares contention-based and contention-free protocols for meeting hard real-time deadlines in industrial wireless sensing applications.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHY BASED ROUTING IN SENSOR NETWO...cscpconf
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is the collection of many micro-sensor nodes, connecting each other by a
wireless medium. WSN exhibits different approaches to provide reliable sensing of the environment,
detecting and reporting events. In this paper, we have proposed an algorithm for hierarchy based protocols
of wireless sensor networks, which consist of two groups of sensor nodes in a single cluster node. Each
cluster consists of a three cluster head. The event driven data sensing mechanism is used in this paper and
this sensed data is transmitted to the master section head. Hence efficient way of data transmission is possible with larger group of nodes. In this approach, using hierarchy based protocols; the lifetime of the sensor network is increased.
ENERGY EFFICIENT, LIFETIME IMPROVING AND SECURE PERIODIC DATA COLLECTION PROT...ijcsa
The most emerging prominent sensor network applications collect data from sensor nodes and monitors
periodically. Resource constraint Sensor motes sense the environment and transit data to the remote sink
via multiple hops. Minimum energy dissipation and secure data transmission are crucial to such
applications. This paper delivers an energy efficient, lifetime improving, secure periodic Data Gathering
scheme that is a hybrid of heuristic path establishment and secure data transmission. This protocol uses
artificial intelligence (AI) based A* heuristic search algorithm to establish energy efficient admissible
optimal path to sink in terms of high residual energy, minimum hop counts and high link quality. This
scheme also adopts block encryption Rivest Cipher (RC6) Algorithm to secure the transmission of packets.
This code and speed optimized block encryption provides confidentiality against critical data and
consumes less energy for encryption. This proposed method increases the network lifetime there by
reducing the total traffic load. Evaluation of performance analysis of this algorithm using Network
Simulator (NS2) shows the superiority of the proposed scheme
This document analyzes the performance of the AODV routing protocol under wormhole attacks in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) simulation using NS2. It first provides background on MANETs, AODV, and wormhole attacks. It then describes the NS2 simulation setup of 16 nodes using the AODV protocol with and without two malicious nodes creating a wormhole. The results show that without a wormhole, packets are successfully delivered to the destination, but with the wormhole, zero throughput is achieved as the malicious nodes drop all packets, preventing delivery to the destination. Therefore, wormhole attacks significantly disrupt routing in AODV-based MANETs.
The document discusses energy efficient routing protocols for clustered wireless sensor networks. It provides an overview of wireless sensor networks and discusses how clustering is commonly used to improve energy efficiency and scalability. The document reviews several existing clustering-based routing protocols and analyzes their approaches for prolonging network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption in wireless sensor networks.
CODE AWARE DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING FOR DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKIJNSA Journal
Sensor network facilitates monitoring and controlling of physical environments. These wireless networks consist of dense collection of sensors capable of collection and dissemination of data. They have application in variety of fields such as military purposes, environment monitoring etc. Typical deployment of sensor network assumes central processing station or a gateway to which all other nodes route their data using dynamic source routing (DSR). This causes congestion at central station and thus reduces the efficiency of the network. In this work we will propose a better dynamic source routing technique using network coding to reduce total number of transmission in sensor networks resulting in better efficiency.
A seminar report on data aggregation in wireless sensor networkspraveen369
This document summarizes a seminar report on data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. It discusses the goals of improving energy efficiency and network lifetime through data aggregation. It provides an overview of different data aggregation approaches, including in-network aggregation, tree-based approaches, and cluster-based approaches. It also discusses query processing and security challenges in wireless sensor networks.
Scheduling different types of packets, such as
real-time and non-real-time data packets, at sensor nodes with
resource constraints in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is of
vital importance to reduce sensors’ energy consumptions and endto-end
data transmission delays. Most of the existing packetscheduling
mechanisms of WSN use First Come First Served
(FCFS), non pre-emptive priority and pre-emptive priority
scheduling algorithms. These algorithms incur a high processing
overhead and long end-to-end data transmission delay due to the
FCFS concept, starvation of high priority real-time data packets
due to the transmission of a large data packet in non pre-emptive
priority scheduling, starvation of non-real-time data packets due
to the probable continuous arrival of real-time data in preemptive
priority scheduling, and improper allocation of data
packets to queues in multilevel queue scheduling algorithms.
Moreover, these algorithms are not dynamic to the changing
requirements of WSN applications since their scheduling policies
are predetermined.
In the Advanced Multilevel Priority packet scheduling
scheme, each node except those at the last level has three levels of
priority queues. According to the priority of the packet and
availability of the queue, node will schedule the packet for
transmission. Due to separated queue availability, packet
transmission delay is reduced. Due to reduction in packet
transmission delay, node can goes into sleep mode as soon as
possible. And Expired packets are deleted at the particular node
at itself before reaching the base station, so that processing
burden on the node is reduced. Thus, energy of the node is saved.
1. The document discusses techniques for reducing schedule length in tree-based wireless sensor networks, including transmission power control, using multiple frequencies, and degree-constrained routing trees.
2. It reviews related work on degree-constrained routing trees, data-centric approaches, and greedy aggregation techniques for constructing energy-efficient aggregation trees.
3. It also compares contention-based and contention-free protocols for meeting hard real-time deadlines in industrial wireless sensing applications.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHY BASED ROUTING IN SENSOR NETWO...cscpconf
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is the collection of many micro-sensor nodes, connecting each other by a
wireless medium. WSN exhibits different approaches to provide reliable sensing of the environment,
detecting and reporting events. In this paper, we have proposed an algorithm for hierarchy based protocols
of wireless sensor networks, which consist of two groups of sensor nodes in a single cluster node. Each
cluster consists of a three cluster head. The event driven data sensing mechanism is used in this paper and
this sensed data is transmitted to the master section head. Hence efficient way of data transmission is possible with larger group of nodes. In this approach, using hierarchy based protocols; the lifetime of the sensor network is increased.
ENERGY EFFICIENT, LIFETIME IMPROVING AND SECURE PERIODIC DATA COLLECTION PROT...ijcsa
The most emerging prominent sensor network applications collect data from sensor nodes and monitors
periodically. Resource constraint Sensor motes sense the environment and transit data to the remote sink
via multiple hops. Minimum energy dissipation and secure data transmission are crucial to such
applications. This paper delivers an energy efficient, lifetime improving, secure periodic Data Gathering
scheme that is a hybrid of heuristic path establishment and secure data transmission. This protocol uses
artificial intelligence (AI) based A* heuristic search algorithm to establish energy efficient admissible
optimal path to sink in terms of high residual energy, minimum hop counts and high link quality. This
scheme also adopts block encryption Rivest Cipher (RC6) Algorithm to secure the transmission of packets.
This code and speed optimized block encryption provides confidentiality against critical data and
consumes less energy for encryption. This proposed method increases the network lifetime there by
reducing the total traffic load. Evaluation of performance analysis of this algorithm using Network
Simulator (NS2) shows the superiority of the proposed scheme
This document analyzes the performance of the AODV routing protocol under wormhole attacks in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) simulation using NS2. It first provides background on MANETs, AODV, and wormhole attacks. It then describes the NS2 simulation setup of 16 nodes using the AODV protocol with and without two malicious nodes creating a wormhole. The results show that without a wormhole, packets are successfully delivered to the destination, but with the wormhole, zero throughput is achieved as the malicious nodes drop all packets, preventing delivery to the destination. Therefore, wormhole attacks significantly disrupt routing in AODV-based MANETs.
The document discusses energy efficient routing protocols for clustered wireless sensor networks. It provides an overview of wireless sensor networks and discusses how clustering is commonly used to improve energy efficiency and scalability. The document reviews several existing clustering-based routing protocols and analyzes their approaches for prolonging network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption in wireless sensor networks.
CODE AWARE DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING FOR DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKIJNSA Journal
Sensor network facilitates monitoring and controlling of physical environments. These wireless networks consist of dense collection of sensors capable of collection and dissemination of data. They have application in variety of fields such as military purposes, environment monitoring etc. Typical deployment of sensor network assumes central processing station or a gateway to which all other nodes route their data using dynamic source routing (DSR). This causes congestion at central station and thus reduces the efficiency of the network. In this work we will propose a better dynamic source routing technique using network coding to reduce total number of transmission in sensor networks resulting in better efficiency.
A seminar report on data aggregation in wireless sensor networkspraveen369
This document summarizes a seminar report on data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. It discusses the goals of improving energy efficiency and network lifetime through data aggregation. It provides an overview of different data aggregation approaches, including in-network aggregation, tree-based approaches, and cluster-based approaches. It also discusses query processing and security challenges in wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses improving the performance of mobile wireless sensor networks using a modified DBSCAN clustering algorithm. It first provides background on wireless sensor networks and discusses challenges related to mobility. It then reviews several existing works related to clustering, mobility, and extending network lifetime. The paper proposes using a modified DBSCAN algorithm that takes into account mobility, remaining energy, and distance to base station to select cluster heads. It evaluates the performance of this approach based on throughput, delay, and packet delivery ratio, finding improvements over other methods.
A Survey of Fuzzy Logic Based Congestion Estimation Techniques in Wireless S...IOSR Journals
This document surveys fuzzy logic techniques for estimating congestion in wireless sensor networks. It begins by providing background on wireless sensor networks and issues like limited battery life. It then discusses clustering as a technique to reduce energy consumption by having cluster heads aggregate and transmit data. The document reviews applications of fuzzy logic in wireless sensor networks for clustering, data fusion, and security. It defines congestion as excessive network load and discusses how fuzzy logic techniques can help estimate congestion to reduce problems like queuing delays and packet loss compared to non-fuzzy approaches. In conclusion, fuzzy logic provides a better approach for estimating congestion in wireless sensor networks.
Distributed Approach for Clock Synchronization in Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJMTER
Time synchronization is an important service in WSNs. existing time synchronization algorithms
provide on average good synchronization between arbitrary nodes, however, as we show in this paper, close-by
nodes in a network may be synchronized poorly. We propose the Distributed Time Synchronization Algorithm
(DTSA) which is designed to provide accurately synchronized clocks between nearest-neighbours. DTSA works
in a completely decentralized fashion: Every node periodically broadcasts its time information. Synchronization
messages received from direct neighbours are used to calibrate the logical clock. The algorithm requires neither a
tree topology nor a reference node, which makes it robust against link and node failures.
Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor NetworksDarpan Dekivadiya
The document summarizes different types of routing protocols that can be used in wireless sensor networks. It categorizes the protocols based on their mode of functioning, participation style of nodes, and network structure. Some key routing protocols discussed include LEACH, which is a proactive clustering protocol, SPIN that uses direct communication, and TEEN which is a reactive clustering protocol. The document also discusses challenges in routing for wireless sensor networks given the constraints of sensor nodes.
This document summarizes a survey of clustering algorithms for improving the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. It discusses how clustering partitions sensor networks into groups called clusters, with high-energy nodes acting as cluster heads. Clustering aims to reduce energy utilization and extend network lifetime by having cluster heads aggregate and transmit data to the base station on behalf of nodes in their clusters. The document reviews different types of clustering algorithms and heterogeneity in wireless sensor networks, noting that heterogeneity can further improve network lifetime, response time, and reliable data transmission through clustering.
Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networksSpandan Spandy
The document summarizes several energy efficient multicast routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and routing challenges. It then summarizes the following protocols: MAODV, TEEN, APTEEN, SPEED, MMSPEED, RPAR, and LEACH. For each protocol, it provides a brief overview of the protocol's design, objectives, components, and how it aims to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor network routing. The document concludes that providing energy-efficient multicast routing is important for wireless sensor network applications and that the protocols presented aim to achieve lower energy requirements through approaches like clustering, adaptive thresholding, and congestion control.
This document summarizes and compares the quality of service (QoS) metrics of the DSR, AODV, and RPAR routing protocols in wireless multimedia sensor networks. It discusses the hexagonal deployment of sensor nodes and evaluates the protocols based on QoS parameters like throughput, delay, dropped data ratio, network load, and retransmission attempts. The document finds that the hexagonal grid deployment and RPAR framework provide better performance compared to DSR and AODV in terms of energy efficiency and extending network lifetime.
Clock Synchronization using Truncated Mean and Whale Optimization for Cluster...IJCNCJournal
Clock synchronization is an important component in many distributed applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The deprived method of clock offset and skew estimation causes inaccuracy, synchronization delay, and communication overhead in the protocols. Hence, this paper exploits two techniques of variation truncated mean (VTM) and whale optimization (WO) to enhance the synchronization metrics. Sensor nodes are grouped into several non-overlapped clusters. The cluster head collects the member nodes’ local time and computes the synchronization time 푆푍푡 using the truncated mean method. Nodes with a high variation in the timings compared to a preset value are truncated. The head node broadcasts the 푆푍푡 in which the whale optimization is aiming at each node to reduce the synchronization error. The intra and inter-cluster synchronizations are accomplished through the multihop message exchange approach. The theoretical analysis is validated, and the simulation outcomes show that the performance metrics in the proposed work are better than the conventional methods by achieving minimum error value.
AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT AND SCALABLE SLOTBASED PRIVACY HOMOMORPHIC ENCRYPTION SCH...ijassn
With the advent of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and its immense popularity in a wide range of applications, security has been a major concern for these resource-constraint systems. Alongside security, WSNs are currently being integrated with existing technologies such as the Internet, satellite, Wi-Max, WiFi, etc. in order to transmit data over long distances and hand-over network load to more powerful devices. With the focus currently being on the integration of WSNs with existing technologies, security becomes a major concern. The main security requirement for WSN-integrated networks is providing end-to-end security along with the implementation of in-processing techniques of data aggregation. This can be achieved with the implementation of Homomorphic encryption schemes which prove to be computationally inexpensive since they have considerable overheads. This paper addresses the ID-issue of the commonly used Castelluccia Mykletun Tsudik (CMT) [12] homomorphic scheme by proposing an ID slotting mechanism which carries information pertaining to the security keys responsible for the encryption of individual sensor data. The proposed scheme proves to be 93.5% lighter in terms of induced overheads and 11.86% more energy efficient along with providing efficient WSN scalability compared to the existing scheme. The paper provides analytical results comparing the proposed scheme with the existing scheme thus justifying that the modification to the existing scheme can prove highly efficient for resourceconstrained WSNs.
A N E NERGY -E FFICIENT A ND S CALABLE S LOT - B ASED P RIVACY H OMOMOR...ijassn
With the advent of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) a
nd its immense popularity in a wide range of
applications, security has been a major concern for
these resource-constraint systems. Alongside secur
ity,
WSNs are currently being integrated with existing t
echnologies such as the Internet, satellite, Wi-Max
, Wi-
Fi, etc. in order to transmit data over long distan
ces and hand-over network load to more powerful dev
ices.
With the focus currently being on the integration o
f WSNs with existing technologies, security becomes
a
major concern. The main security requirement for WS
N-integrated networks is providing end-to-end
security along with the implementation of in-proces
sing techniques of data aggregation. This can be
achieved with the implementation of Homomorphic enc
ryption schemes which prove to be computationally
inexpensive since they have considerable overheads.
This paper addresses the ID-issue of the commonly
used Castelluccia Mykletun Tsudik (CMT) [12] homomo
rphic scheme by proposing an ID slotting
mechanism which carries information pertaining to t
he security keys responsible for the encryption of
individual sensor data. The proposed scheme proves
to be 93.5% lighter in terms of induced overheads a
nd
11.86% more energy efficient along with providing e
fficient WSN scalability compared to the existing
scheme. The paper provides analytical results compa
ring the proposed scheme with the existing scheme
thus justifying that the modification to the existi
ng scheme can prove highly efficient for resource-
constrained WSNs.
This presentation is all about the wireless sensor networks, how they collect data using aggregation, and how they evaluate or calculate the parameters
AggreLEACH: Enhance Privacy Preserving in Wireless Sensor Networkijsrd.com
Privacy preservation is an important issue in today's context of extreme penetration of internet and mobile technology. It is more important in the case of wireless sensor network where collected data often requires in network processing and collaborative computing. Security is always booming in wireless sensor network. Privacy preserving data aggregation emerged as an important concern in designing data aggregation algorithm. Encryption schemes that support operation over cipher text are of utmost for wireless sensor networks & especially in LEACH protocol. The salient limit of LEACH is energy. Due to this limitation, it seems important to design Confidentiality scheme for WSN so that sensing data can be transmitted to the receiver securely and efficiently and the energy consumed must be minimum hence we proposed AggreLEACH in which confidentiality scheme i.e. holomorphic encryption is added to LEACH protocol. In holomorphic encryption data can be aggregated without decryption and hence less energy consumption. The objective is to provide secure data transmission between sensor node and aggregator. Simulation result are obtain in terms of two metrics- total energy Consumed of node, life-time of node. It is observed that the performance of AggreLEACH compare to LEACH. We have performed theoretical analysis as well as simulation to check the performance in terms of accuracy, complexity and security.
Data-Centric Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network: A surveyAli Habeeb
This document summarizes several data-centric routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by outlining the challenges of routing in WSNs, including energy consumption, scalability, addressing, robustness, topology, and application-specific needs. It then describes several data-centric routing protocols, including flooding, directed flooding, constrained flooding, gossiping, fuzzy gossiping, location-based gossiping, and others. It notes advantages and disadvantages of these protocols for efficiently routing data in wireless sensor networks while minimizing energy consumption.
A STUDY ON RECEIVER BASED MULTICAST FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSpharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study on a receiver-based multicast protocol for wireless sensor networks. The protocol, called Receiver-Based Multicast (RBMulticast), removes the need for intermediate nodes to maintain multicast tree state information by embedding multicast member addresses in packet headers. This allows intermediate nodes to forward packets without storing state. The protocol was implemented and tested in the OPNET simulator. It requires less state than existing multicast protocols, making it well-suited for dynamic wireless sensor networks.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document discusses the evaluation of reliability in wireless sensor networks. It analyzes the effect of reporting rate and packet size on reliability parameters like packet delivery ratio and packet loss ratio. The key findings from simulation graphs are: (1) packet delivery ratio decreases and packet loss ratio increases with increasing reporting rate due to more congestion, (2) initially packet delivery ratio increases with packet size but starts decreasing after a threshold as larger packets lead to more information loss. The paper concludes that packet size and reporting rate impact network reliability and increasing delivery ratio while minimizing energy and congestion can enhance reliability.
The document proposes an improved data routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. It aims to address deficiencies in existing chain-based routing protocols like Chiron and PEGASIS that can cause longer transmission delays and redundant paths. The key aspects of the proposed protocol are:
1) The sensing area is divided into fan-shaped groups using beamforming from the base station, instead of concentric clusters. Shorter chains are formed within each group for data transmission.
2) The node with maximum residual energy in each chain is elected as the chain leader, rather than taking turns, to aggregate and transmit data to the base station.
3) Transmission between chain leaders is optimized to avoid longer distances and redundant paths.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes end-to-end delay distribution in wireless sensor networks. It first introduces the importance of average delay and end-to-end delay distribution for real-time quality of service in wireless sensor networks. It then discusses previous work that analyzed average delay but failed to consider single hop delay distribution or bursty traffic. The document proposes a comprehensive cross-layer analysis framework to model average delay and end-to-end delay distribution considering both deterministic and random node deployments. It also compares the performance of CSMA/CA and a cross-layer MAC protocol in terms of throughput, packet loss, and delay.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses improving the performance of mobile wireless sensor networks using a modified DBSCAN clustering algorithm. It first provides background on wireless sensor networks and discusses challenges related to mobility. It then reviews several existing works related to clustering, mobility, and extending network lifetime. The paper proposes using a modified DBSCAN algorithm that takes into account mobility, remaining energy, and distance to base station to select cluster heads. It evaluates the performance of this approach based on throughput, delay, and packet delivery ratio, finding improvements over other methods.
A Survey of Fuzzy Logic Based Congestion Estimation Techniques in Wireless S...IOSR Journals
This document surveys fuzzy logic techniques for estimating congestion in wireless sensor networks. It begins by providing background on wireless sensor networks and issues like limited battery life. It then discusses clustering as a technique to reduce energy consumption by having cluster heads aggregate and transmit data. The document reviews applications of fuzzy logic in wireless sensor networks for clustering, data fusion, and security. It defines congestion as excessive network load and discusses how fuzzy logic techniques can help estimate congestion to reduce problems like queuing delays and packet loss compared to non-fuzzy approaches. In conclusion, fuzzy logic provides a better approach for estimating congestion in wireless sensor networks.
Distributed Approach for Clock Synchronization in Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJMTER
Time synchronization is an important service in WSNs. existing time synchronization algorithms
provide on average good synchronization between arbitrary nodes, however, as we show in this paper, close-by
nodes in a network may be synchronized poorly. We propose the Distributed Time Synchronization Algorithm
(DTSA) which is designed to provide accurately synchronized clocks between nearest-neighbours. DTSA works
in a completely decentralized fashion: Every node periodically broadcasts its time information. Synchronization
messages received from direct neighbours are used to calibrate the logical clock. The algorithm requires neither a
tree topology nor a reference node, which makes it robust against link and node failures.
Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor NetworksDarpan Dekivadiya
The document summarizes different types of routing protocols that can be used in wireless sensor networks. It categorizes the protocols based on their mode of functioning, participation style of nodes, and network structure. Some key routing protocols discussed include LEACH, which is a proactive clustering protocol, SPIN that uses direct communication, and TEEN which is a reactive clustering protocol. The document also discusses challenges in routing for wireless sensor networks given the constraints of sensor nodes.
This document summarizes a survey of clustering algorithms for improving the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. It discusses how clustering partitions sensor networks into groups called clusters, with high-energy nodes acting as cluster heads. Clustering aims to reduce energy utilization and extend network lifetime by having cluster heads aggregate and transmit data to the base station on behalf of nodes in their clusters. The document reviews different types of clustering algorithms and heterogeneity in wireless sensor networks, noting that heterogeneity can further improve network lifetime, response time, and reliable data transmission through clustering.
Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networksSpandan Spandy
The document summarizes several energy efficient multicast routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and routing challenges. It then summarizes the following protocols: MAODV, TEEN, APTEEN, SPEED, MMSPEED, RPAR, and LEACH. For each protocol, it provides a brief overview of the protocol's design, objectives, components, and how it aims to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor network routing. The document concludes that providing energy-efficient multicast routing is important for wireless sensor network applications and that the protocols presented aim to achieve lower energy requirements through approaches like clustering, adaptive thresholding, and congestion control.
This document summarizes and compares the quality of service (QoS) metrics of the DSR, AODV, and RPAR routing protocols in wireless multimedia sensor networks. It discusses the hexagonal deployment of sensor nodes and evaluates the protocols based on QoS parameters like throughput, delay, dropped data ratio, network load, and retransmission attempts. The document finds that the hexagonal grid deployment and RPAR framework provide better performance compared to DSR and AODV in terms of energy efficiency and extending network lifetime.
Clock Synchronization using Truncated Mean and Whale Optimization for Cluster...IJCNCJournal
Clock synchronization is an important component in many distributed applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The deprived method of clock offset and skew estimation causes inaccuracy, synchronization delay, and communication overhead in the protocols. Hence, this paper exploits two techniques of variation truncated mean (VTM) and whale optimization (WO) to enhance the synchronization metrics. Sensor nodes are grouped into several non-overlapped clusters. The cluster head collects the member nodes’ local time and computes the synchronization time 푆푍푡 using the truncated mean method. Nodes with a high variation in the timings compared to a preset value are truncated. The head node broadcasts the 푆푍푡 in which the whale optimization is aiming at each node to reduce the synchronization error. The intra and inter-cluster synchronizations are accomplished through the multihop message exchange approach. The theoretical analysis is validated, and the simulation outcomes show that the performance metrics in the proposed work are better than the conventional methods by achieving minimum error value.
AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT AND SCALABLE SLOTBASED PRIVACY HOMOMORPHIC ENCRYPTION SCH...ijassn
With the advent of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and its immense popularity in a wide range of applications, security has been a major concern for these resource-constraint systems. Alongside security, WSNs are currently being integrated with existing technologies such as the Internet, satellite, Wi-Max, WiFi, etc. in order to transmit data over long distances and hand-over network load to more powerful devices. With the focus currently being on the integration of WSNs with existing technologies, security becomes a major concern. The main security requirement for WSN-integrated networks is providing end-to-end security along with the implementation of in-processing techniques of data aggregation. This can be achieved with the implementation of Homomorphic encryption schemes which prove to be computationally inexpensive since they have considerable overheads. This paper addresses the ID-issue of the commonly used Castelluccia Mykletun Tsudik (CMT) [12] homomorphic scheme by proposing an ID slotting mechanism which carries information pertaining to the security keys responsible for the encryption of individual sensor data. The proposed scheme proves to be 93.5% lighter in terms of induced overheads and 11.86% more energy efficient along with providing efficient WSN scalability compared to the existing scheme. The paper provides analytical results comparing the proposed scheme with the existing scheme thus justifying that the modification to the existing scheme can prove highly efficient for resourceconstrained WSNs.
A N E NERGY -E FFICIENT A ND S CALABLE S LOT - B ASED P RIVACY H OMOMOR...ijassn
With the advent of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) a
nd its immense popularity in a wide range of
applications, security has been a major concern for
these resource-constraint systems. Alongside secur
ity,
WSNs are currently being integrated with existing t
echnologies such as the Internet, satellite, Wi-Max
, Wi-
Fi, etc. in order to transmit data over long distan
ces and hand-over network load to more powerful dev
ices.
With the focus currently being on the integration o
f WSNs with existing technologies, security becomes
a
major concern. The main security requirement for WS
N-integrated networks is providing end-to-end
security along with the implementation of in-proces
sing techniques of data aggregation. This can be
achieved with the implementation of Homomorphic enc
ryption schemes which prove to be computationally
inexpensive since they have considerable overheads.
This paper addresses the ID-issue of the commonly
used Castelluccia Mykletun Tsudik (CMT) [12] homomo
rphic scheme by proposing an ID slotting
mechanism which carries information pertaining to t
he security keys responsible for the encryption of
individual sensor data. The proposed scheme proves
to be 93.5% lighter in terms of induced overheads a
nd
11.86% more energy efficient along with providing e
fficient WSN scalability compared to the existing
scheme. The paper provides analytical results compa
ring the proposed scheme with the existing scheme
thus justifying that the modification to the existi
ng scheme can prove highly efficient for resource-
constrained WSNs.
This presentation is all about the wireless sensor networks, how they collect data using aggregation, and how they evaluate or calculate the parameters
AggreLEACH: Enhance Privacy Preserving in Wireless Sensor Networkijsrd.com
Privacy preservation is an important issue in today's context of extreme penetration of internet and mobile technology. It is more important in the case of wireless sensor network where collected data often requires in network processing and collaborative computing. Security is always booming in wireless sensor network. Privacy preserving data aggregation emerged as an important concern in designing data aggregation algorithm. Encryption schemes that support operation over cipher text are of utmost for wireless sensor networks & especially in LEACH protocol. The salient limit of LEACH is energy. Due to this limitation, it seems important to design Confidentiality scheme for WSN so that sensing data can be transmitted to the receiver securely and efficiently and the energy consumed must be minimum hence we proposed AggreLEACH in which confidentiality scheme i.e. holomorphic encryption is added to LEACH protocol. In holomorphic encryption data can be aggregated without decryption and hence less energy consumption. The objective is to provide secure data transmission between sensor node and aggregator. Simulation result are obtain in terms of two metrics- total energy Consumed of node, life-time of node. It is observed that the performance of AggreLEACH compare to LEACH. We have performed theoretical analysis as well as simulation to check the performance in terms of accuracy, complexity and security.
Data-Centric Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network: A surveyAli Habeeb
This document summarizes several data-centric routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by outlining the challenges of routing in WSNs, including energy consumption, scalability, addressing, robustness, topology, and application-specific needs. It then describes several data-centric routing protocols, including flooding, directed flooding, constrained flooding, gossiping, fuzzy gossiping, location-based gossiping, and others. It notes advantages and disadvantages of these protocols for efficiently routing data in wireless sensor networks while minimizing energy consumption.
A STUDY ON RECEIVER BASED MULTICAST FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSpharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study on a receiver-based multicast protocol for wireless sensor networks. The protocol, called Receiver-Based Multicast (RBMulticast), removes the need for intermediate nodes to maintain multicast tree state information by embedding multicast member addresses in packet headers. This allows intermediate nodes to forward packets without storing state. The protocol was implemented and tested in the OPNET simulator. It requires less state than existing multicast protocols, making it well-suited for dynamic wireless sensor networks.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document discusses the evaluation of reliability in wireless sensor networks. It analyzes the effect of reporting rate and packet size on reliability parameters like packet delivery ratio and packet loss ratio. The key findings from simulation graphs are: (1) packet delivery ratio decreases and packet loss ratio increases with increasing reporting rate due to more congestion, (2) initially packet delivery ratio increases with packet size but starts decreasing after a threshold as larger packets lead to more information loss. The paper concludes that packet size and reporting rate impact network reliability and increasing delivery ratio while minimizing energy and congestion can enhance reliability.
The document proposes an improved data routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. It aims to address deficiencies in existing chain-based routing protocols like Chiron and PEGASIS that can cause longer transmission delays and redundant paths. The key aspects of the proposed protocol are:
1) The sensing area is divided into fan-shaped groups using beamforming from the base station, instead of concentric clusters. Shorter chains are formed within each group for data transmission.
2) The node with maximum residual energy in each chain is elected as the chain leader, rather than taking turns, to aggregate and transmit data to the base station.
3) Transmission between chain leaders is optimized to avoid longer distances and redundant paths.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes end-to-end delay distribution in wireless sensor networks. It first introduces the importance of average delay and end-to-end delay distribution for real-time quality of service in wireless sensor networks. It then discusses previous work that analyzed average delay but failed to consider single hop delay distribution or bursty traffic. The document proposes a comprehensive cross-layer analysis framework to model average delay and end-to-end delay distribution considering both deterministic and random node deployments. It also compares the performance of CSMA/CA and a cross-layer MAC protocol in terms of throughput, packet loss, and delay.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes the design and implementation of a low-cost arbitrary waveform generator for educational purposes using an ARM7 microcontroller. It uses direct digital synthesis (DDS) to generate waveforms with adjustable frequency and phase. The generator can produce sine, square, triangular and sawtooth waves from 0-10 kHz with good frequency and amplitude stability. It provides a low-cost option for undergraduate labs compared to commercial generators. The ARM7 implementation allows it to also serve as a student design project.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
From June to September 2013, Jim Anderson and Alice Ferris of GoalBusters Consulting embarked on a mission to thank someone every day for 100 days. The 100 Days of Gratitude was supposed to be a way to get us to blog more, but instead, it was an inspiring, emotional, touching, frustrating, occasionally dramatic, and, in the end, transforming experience.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A 65-year-old male presented with a non-union of his proximal humerus that had been plated 3 months prior in another surgery. X-rays showed the previous surgery and implant failed to unite the fracture. The patient underwent surgery to remove the previous implant and undergo open reduction internal fixation with an AO Philos plate. Post-operative x-rays showed the new plate in place.
EL aborto ha sido considero como un delito a lo largo de la historia, el aborto legal pretende acabar con los riesgos y complicaciones del aborto inseguro. dando acceso a servicios de salud.
http://www.clinicafemenina.com.mx/aborto/
http://www.medicacenterfem.com/aborto-legal/
Este documento describe dos herramientas digitales para compartir presentaciones y fotos: Slideshare y Flickr. Slideshare permite subir y compartir presentaciones de PowerPoint u otros formatos, y es útil para que estudiantes compartan investigaciones. Flickr es un sitio para almacenar y compartir fotos y videos que puede usarse para subir imágenes de alta calidad y compartirlas en otras redes sociales. Ambas herramientas requieren crear una cuenta de usuario para publicar y descargar archivos.
A COST EFFECTIVE COMPRESSIVE DATA AGGREGATION TECHNIQUE FOR WIRELESS SENSOR N...ijasuc
In wireless sensor network (WSN) there are two main problems in employing conventional compression
techniques. The compression performance depends on the organization of the routes for a larger extent.
The efficiency of an in-network data compression scheme is not solely determined by the compression
ratio, but also depends on the computational and communication overheads. In Compressive Data
Aggregation technique, data is gathered at some intermediate node where its size is reduced by applying
compression technique without losing any information of complete data. In our previous work, we have
developed an adaptive traffic aware aggregation technique in which the aggregation technique can be
changed into structured and structure-free adaptively, depending on the load status of the traffic. In this
paper, as an extension to our previous work, we provide a cost effective compressive data gathering
technique to enhance the traffic load, by using structured data aggregation scheme. We also design a
technique that effectively reduces the computation and communication costs involved in the compressive
data gathering process. The use of compressive data gathering process provides a compressed sensor
reading to reduce global data traffic and distributes energy consumption evenly to prolong the network
lifetime. By simulation results, we show that our proposed technique improves the delivery ratio while
reducing the energy and delay
Fast Data Collection with Interference and Life Time in Tree Based Wireless S...IJMER
This document discusses techniques for fast data collection in wireless sensor networks using a tree-based topology. It specifically focuses on minimizing the schedule length for aggregated convergecast (where data is aggregated at each hop) and raw-data convergecast (where packets are individually relayed to the sink).
It first considers time scheduling on a single channel, and then combines scheduling with transmission power control and multiple frequencies to further reduce interference and schedule length. It provides lower bounds on schedule length when interference is eliminated, and proposes algorithms that achieve these bounds.
Evaluation of different channel assignment methods, routing tree topologies, interference models, and their impact on schedule length is also presented. The key findings are that combining scheduling, power control,
This document summarizes several data aggregation protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing wireless sensor networks and describing the need for data aggregation to reduce energy consumption from transmission. It then categorizes data aggregation mechanisms as structure-free, structure-based (tree-based and cluster-based), and hybrid. Several tree-based protocols are summarized, including TAG, EADAT, AGIT, SRTSD, and PEDAP. Cluster-based protocols discussed include LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, APTEEN, and HEED. The document concludes by outlining routing challenges and design issues for data aggregation protocols.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET) that proposes a new protocol called MP-ECCNL to address coverage and connectivity issues in randomly deployed wireless sensor networks. The protocol aims to maximize network lifetime by optimizing routing through multi-hop transmissions while efficiently utilizing network resources. The article reviews related work on coverage and connectivity techniques, presents a problem formulation for modeling coverage and connectivity requirements, and describes how MP-ECCNL was tested against LEACH and found to better maintain coverage and connectivity over large-scale networks, extending lifetime.
A Review Study on Shortest Path in WSN to detect the Abnormal Packet for savi...Editor IJMTER
The main motive of this research is to study energy-efficient data-gathering mechanisms to
abnormal packet data for saving the energy. To detect the abnormal packet irregularities is useful for
saving energy, as well as for management of network, because the patterns found can be used for
both decision making in applications and system performance tuning. Node distribution in WSNs is
either deterministic or self-organizing and application dependant. The sensor nodes in WSNs have
minimum energy and they use their energy for communication and sensing.
E FFICIENT E NERGY U TILIZATION P ATH A LGORITHM I N W IRELESS S ENSOR...IJCI JOURNAL
With limited amount of energy, nodes are powered by
batteries in wireless networks. Increasing the lif
e
span of the network and reducing the usage of energ
y are two severe problems in Wireless Sensor
Networks. A small number of energy utilization path
algorithms like minimum spanning tree reduces tota
l
energy consumption of a Wireless Sensor Network, ho
wever very heavy load of sending data packets on
many key nodes is used with the intention that the
nodes quickly consumes battery energy, by raising t
he
life span of the network reduced. Our proposal work
aimed on presenting an Energy Conserved Fast and
Secure Data Aggregation Scheme for WSN in time and
security logic occurrence data collection
application. To begin with, initially the goal is m
ade on energy preservation of sensed data gathering
from
event identified sensor nodes to destination. Inven
tion is finished on Energy Efficient Utilization Pa
th
Algorithm (EEUPA), to extend the lifespan by proces
sing the collecting series with path mediators
depending on gene characteristics sequencing of nod
e energy drain rate, energy consumption rate, and
message overhead together with extended network lif
e span. Additionally, a mathematical programming
technique is designed to improve the lifespan of th
e network. Simulation experiments carried out among
different relating conditions of wireless sensor ne
twork by different path algorithms to analyze the
efficiency and effectiveness of planned Efficient E
nergy Utilization Path Algorithm in wireless sensor
network (EEUPA)
This document provides a literature review of various methods proposed by researchers to improve energy efficiency and security in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It summarizes several key energy efficient routing protocols like LEACH, PEGASIS and TEEN, as well as security threats like denial of service attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. The document reviews several studies that have developed algorithms and schemes to reduce energy consumption through techniques like dynamic clustering, mobile agent clustering, and randomized routing. It also discusses schemes to prevent security issues like false data injection and improve data authentication. The conclusion states that future work needs to focus on improving battery power and providing better fault tolerance and protection from severe security threats in WSNs.
Energy Proficient and Security Protocol for WSN: A Reviewtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Iaetsd quick detection technique to reduce congestion inIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes a quick detection technique (QDT) to avoid congestion in wireless sensor networks. QDT uses the queue buffer length of sensor nodes to estimate impending congestion and diffuses traffic across multiple paths to the base station. By dynamically routing traffic away from congested areas, QDT aims to improve packet delivery ratios and event reporting while avoiding congestion. The technique detects inactive nodes that do not properly forward or drop packets, and routes around them to reduce delays and maximize network lifetime. Simulation results show QDT significantly improves event reporting and packet delivery compared to other techniques.
Data aggregation in important issue in WSN’s. Because with the help of data aggregation; we are
reduce energy consumption in the network. In the Ad-hoc sensor network have the most challenging task
is to maintain a life time of the node. due to efficient data aggregation increase the life of the network. In
this paper, we are going to provide the information about the type of the network and which data
aggregation algorithm is best. In big scale sensor network, energy economical, data collection and query
distribution in most important.
Keywords — data aggregation; wireless sensor network
This document discusses techniques for data dissemination and caching in wireless sensor networks. It aims to reduce energy consumption by minimizing unnecessary data transmission through cooperative caching. Sensor nodes can store data in their local cache or use nearby nodes' caches through cooperative caching. One node close to the sink is selected as the Immediate Dissemination Node to cache data, while other nodes along the path act as dissemination nodes. By caching data closer to the sink, this approach reduces network traffic and prolongs the battery life of sensor nodes. The paper also reviews several routing protocols and discusses how data negotiation, change expectancy, and discarding duplicate data can further improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks.
An Efficient Approach for Data Gathering and Sharing with Inter Node Communi...cscpconf
In today’s era Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as a solution for a wide range of
applications. Most of the traditional WSN architectures consist of static nodes which are densely deployed
over a sensing area. Recently, several WSN architectures based on mobile elements (MEs) have been
proposed. Most of them exploit mobility to address the problem of data collection in WSNs. The common
drawback among them is to data sharing between interconnected nodes. In this paper we propose an
Efficient Approach for Data Gathering and Sharing with Inter Node Communication in Mobile-Sink. Our
algorithm is divided into seven parts: Registration Phase, Authentication Phase, Request and Reply Phase,
Setup Phase, Setup Phase (NN), Data Gathering, and Forwarding to Sink. Our approach provides an
efficient way to handle data in between the intercommunication nodes. By the above approach we can
access the data from the node which is not in the list, by sharing the data from the node which is
approachable to the desired node. For accessing and sharing we need some security so that the data can
be shared between authenticated nodes. For this we use two way security approach one for the accessing
node and other for the sharing.
Concealed Data Aggregation with Dynamic Intrusion Detection System to Remove ...csandit
Data Aggregation is a vital aspect in WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) and this is because it
reduces the quantity of data to be transmitted over the complex network. In earlier studies
authors used homomorphic encryption properties for concealing statement during aggregation
such that encrypted data can be aggregated algebraically without decrypting them. These
schemes are not applicable for multi applications which lead to proposal of Concealed Data
Aggregation for Multi Applications (CDAMA). It is designed for multi applications, as it
provides secure counting ability. In wireless sensor networks SN are unarmed and are
susceptible to attacks. Considering the defence aspect of wireless environment we have used
DYDOG (Dynamic Intrusion Detection Protocol Model) and a customized key generation
procedure that uses Digital Signatures and also Two Fish Algorithms along with CDAMA for
augmentation of security and throughput. To prove our proposed scheme’s robustness and
effectiveness, we conducted the simulations, inclusive analysis and comparisons at the ending.
CONCEALED DATA AGGREGATION WITH DYNAMIC INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM TO REMOVE ...cscpconf
Data Aggregation is a vital aspect in WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) and this is because it
reduces the quantity of data to be transmitted over the complex network. In earlier studies
authors used homomorphic encryption properties for concealing statement during aggregation
such that encrypted data can be aggregated algebraically without decrypting them. These
schemes are not applicable for multi applications which lead to proposal of Concealed Data
Aggregation for Multi Applications (CDAMA). It is designed for multi applications, as it
provides secure counting ability. In wireless sensor networks SN are unarmed and are
susceptible to attacks. Considering the defence aspect of wireless environment we have used
DYDOG (Dynamic Intrusion Detection Protocol Model) and a customized key generation
procedure that uses Digital Signatures and also Two Fish Algorithms along with CDAMA for
augmentation of security and throughput. To prove our proposed scheme’s robustness and
effectiveness, we conducted the simulations, inclusive analysis and comparisons at the ending.
This document proposes an energy efficient framework for data collection in wireless sensor networks using prediction. The framework uses clustering, where sensor nodes are organized into clusters with a cluster head. The cluster head can enable or disable local prediction at sensor nodes to reduce data transmission. When prediction is enabled, sensors only transmit data if the value differs from the predicted value by more than a threshold. Sensors can also sleep when not transmitting to save energy. The document evaluates the performance of this framework through simulations, finding it reduces energy consumption compared to alternatives by integrating prediction with sleep/awake cycles.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes a proposed scheduling technique called Real Time Conflict-free Query Scheduling (RTCQS) for wireless sensor networks. RTCQS aims to increase throughput for high data rate sensor applications while supporting real-time queries. It uses a query planner to construct transmission plans for queries as sequential conflict-free steps. A query scheduler then schedules the query instances, using preemption for higher priority queries or concurrent execution when no conflicts exist. The goal is high throughput, low latency, and adaptability to varying workloads.
The document summarizes a proposed scheduling technique called Real Time Conflict-free Query Scheduling (RTCQS) for wireless sensor networks. RTCQS aims to increase throughput for high data rate sensor applications while supporting real-time queries. It uses a query planner to construct transmission plans for queries as sequential conflict-free steps. A query scheduler then schedules the query instances, using preemption for higher priority queries or concurrent execution when no conflicts exist. The goal is high throughput, low latency, and adaptability to varying workloads.
TTACCA: TWO-HOP BASED TRAFFIC AWARE CONGESTION CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR WIRELESS...cscpconf
Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks has negative impact on the Quality of Service.
Congestion effects the performance metrics, namely throughput and per-packet energy
consumption, network lifetime and packet delivery ratio. Reducing congestion allows better
utilization of the network resources and thus enhances the Quality of Service metrics of the
network. Traffic Aware Dynamic Routing to Alleviate Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks
reduces congestion by considering one hop neighbor routing in the network. This paper
proposed an algorithm for Quality of Service Based Traffic-Aware Data forwarding for
congestion control in wireless sensor networks based on two hop neighbor information. On
detection of congestion, the algorithm forwards data packets around the congestion areas by
spreading the excessive packets through multiple paths. The path with light load or under
loaded nodes is efficiently utilized whenever congestion occurs. The main aspect of the
algorithm is to build path to the destination using two independent potential fields depth and
queue length. Queue length field solves the traffic-aware problem. Depth field creates a
backbone to forward packets to the sink. Both fields are combined to yield a hybrid potential
field to make dynamic decision for data forwarding. Network Simulator used for simulating the
algorithm is NS2. The proposed algorithm performs better.
Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks has negative impact on the Quality of Service.
Congestion effects the performance metrics, namely throughput and per-packet energy
consumption, network lifetime and packet delivery ratio. Reducing congestion allows better
utilization of the network resources and thus enhances the Quality of Service metrics of the
network. Traffic Aware Dynamic Routing to Alleviate Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks
reduces congestion by considering one hop neighbor routing in the network. This paper
proposed an algorithm for Quality of Service Based Traffic-Aware Data forwarding for
congestion control in wireless sensor networks based on two hop neighbor information. On
detection of congestion, the algorithm forwards data packets around the congestion areas by
spreading the excessive packets through multiple paths. The path with light load or under
loaded nodes is efficiently utilized whenever congestion occurs. The main aspect of the
algorithm is to build path to the destination using two independent potential fields depth and
queue length. Queue length field solves the traffic-aware problem. Depth field creates a
backbone to forward packets to the sink. Both fields are combined to yield a hybrid potential
field to make dynamic decision for data forwarding. Network Simulator used for simulating the
algorithm is NS2. The proposed algorithm performs better.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
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1. K. Swathi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.942-946
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
Novel Approach for Dynamic Data Collection in Tree Based
Wireless Sensor Networks
K. Swathi1, Sk. Abdul Ali2
1.
2.
M.Tech Scholar, Nimra Institute Of Engineering & Technlogy
Associate Professor, Nimra Institute Of Engineering & Technlogy
ABSTRACT
In the wireless sensor networks the energy of the nodes present in the network is limited. Due to the low
manufacturing costs of sensor nodes, they can be organized in large numbers and containing more challenges in
routing, topology and data management protocols. These challenges are complicated by severe energy
constraints and the inherently unreliable nature of wireless communications which have yielded work in
increasing network efficiency. Our main objective is to increase the tolerance level and decrease the complexity
of the wireless sensor network. In this primarily visualize time scheduling on a single frequency channel with
the aim of reducing the number of time slots necessary to entire a convergecast. After we mingle scheduling
with communication power control to moderate the effects of interference, and demonstrate that while power
control helps in reducing the schedule length under a on its own frequency, forecast transmissions using several
frequencies is more capable. We present lower bounds on the schedule length when interference is completely
removed, and recommend algorithms that achieve these bounds. We also estimate the performance of different
channel assignment methods, the use of multi-frequency scheduling can sufficient to eliminate most of the
interference. After that the data collection rate increases by reducing the interference by the topology of the
routing tree.
Index Terms: Convergecast, Data Collection, Degree constrained spanning tree, Hybrid convergecast tree,
Minimal Spanning Tree Time Division Multiple Access Scheduling
I.
INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor networks consist of
distributed self-governing sensor nodes which are
used in various applications areas such as health,
home, military. Each node receives data from
surroundings and it will forward the data to its base
station. The location of each sensor node is not
predetermined and each sensor nodes contains its
own self organizing capabilities. The unique feature
of sensor nodes is the cooperative effort of sensor
nodes. As an unconventional of sending the raw data
to the nodes responsible for the synthesis, sensor
nodes make use of their processing capabilities to
locally carry out simple computations and it will
transmit only the required and partially processed
data. Sensor nodes are used for continuous sensing,
detecting events, event ID, and sensing the location.
The sensor nodes are scattered in the sensor
network. Each scattered sensor nodes has the ability
to collect and route data to the sink.
Fig.1: Self forming Wireless Sensor Networks
Convergecast is the collection of data from
a set of sensors toward a general sink over a tree
based routing topology, is a primary operation in
wireless sensor networks. In many applications, it is
critical to offer a guarantee on the delivery time as
well as increase the rate of such data collection. For
example, in security and mission-critical
applications where sensor nodes are organized to
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detect oil/gas leak or structural damage, the
actuators and controllers need to take delivery of
data from all the sensors within an exact deadline,
failure of which might lead to unpredictable and
catastrophic events. The other applications such as
permafrost monitoring require periodic and fast data
delivery over long periods of time, which falls
beneath the grouping of permanent data collection.
For periodic traffic, it is well known that contention
free medium access control (MAC) protocols such
as Time Division Multiple Access are better fit for
fast data collection, since they can reduce collisions
and retransmissions and provide guarantee on the
completion time as divergent to contention-based
protocols. The problem of building conflict free
Time Division Multiple Access schedules even
under the simple graph-based interference model
has been proved to be NP-complete. In this work,
we consider a DMA framework and design
polynomial-time heuristics to minimize the schedule
length for both types of convergecast. We
furthermore find lower bounds on the achievable
schedule lengths and compare the performance of
our heuristics with these bounds.
In Time Division Multiple Access
schedule, time slotted and each slot is long enough
to transmit and receive of a single packet. Hence the
time slots are grouped as a non – overlapping frames
and the schedule for each frame is repeated when
the data collection is periodic. The main objective of
Time Division Multiple Access design is to
minimize schedule length, minimize Latency,
minimizing energy consumption, maximizing
capacity,
maximizing
fairness,
minimizing
communication costs, maximizing the parallel
transmission, meeting deadlines, and minimizing
interference. A Wireless sensor networks has small
or no infrastructure. It contains of a number of
sensor nodes which works together to monitor a
region and it is used to obtain data about the
environment. The Wireless sensor networks are
classified into two types such as structured and
unstructured. An unstructured WSN contains the
dense collection of sensor nodes. The Sensor nodes
are deployed in an ad hoc manner into the field.
Once deployed, the network is kept unattended to
perform monitoring and reporting functions. Hence
network maintenance and failure detection is
difficult since there are so many nodes. In structured
network, all or some of the nodes are deployed in a
pre planned manner. Due to small number of nodes
network maintenance is easy and management cost
is reduced.
II.
RELATED WORK
Collecting data is the basic operation in
wireless sensor networks. Collecting those data in a
well-organized manner is more critical when
compared to the performance of sensor networks.
Each sensor will measure the values at regular time
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intervals and it will send that to sink node. The total
collection of data is called as snapshot. Here the
sensor network is a Time Division Multiple Access
based network. In the past, the data collection
capacity is based on large scale random networks,
though most of the sensors are not deployed
uniformly and the available sensors will not be as
huge as in theory. For this purpose we have to know
about the capacity of data collection in a network.
The capacity of data collection shows how the sink
collects data from sensor nodes quickly by
considering its interference conditions. The upper
and lower bounds for data collection capacity are
constructed based on the protocol interference and
disk graph models. A simple BFS tree based method
is used to achieve the collection capacity which
matches the upper bound.
In sensor networks the packets generated
by each and every node have to reach the sink. This
many – to –one communication is known as
convergecast. A Time Division Multiple Access
schedule is used which minimizes the total time
required to complete the convergecast. A simple
version of problem is considered where every node
generates exactly one packet. Yiin Zhang
constructed a distributed scheduling algorithm for
the tree networks that requires at most max(3nk –
1,N) time slots for convergecast, where nk
corresponds to the maximum number of nodes in
any sub tree and N represents the number of nodes
in network. The Distributed scheduling algorithm
requires at most 3N time slots in any network. The
proposed simulation shows that the number of time
slots required is about 1.5 N. Two bounds are
required for the packets to be buffered at the node
during convergecast. Sleep schedules for nodes are
considered for conserve energy. It reduces the
energy consumption by at least 50% Breadth first
search tree is considered for convergecast
scheduling. The problem of minimizing the schedule
length for raw-data convergecast on single channel
is shown to be NP-complete on general graphs.
Maximizing the throughput of convergecast by
finding a shortest-length, conflict-free schedule is
studied, where a greedy graph coloring strategy
assigns time slots to the senders and prevents
interference and also discussed the impact of routing
trees on the schedule length and proposed a routing
scheme called disjoint strips to transmit data over
different shortest paths. Though the sink remains as
the restricted access, sending data over different
paths does not reduce the schedule length. The
improvement due to the routing structure comes
from using capacitated minimal spanning trees for
raw-data convergecast, where the number of nodes
in a sub tree is no additional than half the total
number of nodes in the remaining sub trees.
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III.
TDMA SCHEDULING OF
CONVERGECASTS
3.1 Periodic Aggregated Convergecast
In this consider the scheduling problem
where packets are aggregated. Data aggregation is a
frequently used technique in Wireless Sensor
Networks that can eliminate redundancy and
minimize the number of transmissions, thus
reduction energy and humanizing network lifetime.
Aggregation can be achieved in a lot of ways, such
as by restraining carbon copy messages; using data
compression and packet merging techniques; or
taking advantage of the correlation in the sensor
readings. We reflect on continuous monitoring
applications where perfect aggregation is possible
and each node is capable of aggregating all the
packets received from its children in addition to that
produced by itself into a single packet before
transmitting to its parent. The amount of aggregated
data transmitted by each node is constant and does
not depend on the size of the raw sensor readings.
Usual examples of such aggregation functions are
MIN, MEDIAN, MAX, AVERAGE, COUNT, etc.
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that at the last part of frame 1, the sink does not
contain packets from nodes 5 and 6; however, as the
schedule is repeated, it accepts aggregated packets
from 2, 5, and 6 in slot 2 of the next frame. In the
same way, the sink also receives aggregated packets
from nodes 1 and 4 opening from slot 1 of frame 2.
The entries {1, 4} and {2, 5, 6} in the table represent
single packets including aggregated data from nodes
1 and 4, and from nodes 2, 5, and 6,
correspondingly. Thus, a pipeline is recognized
from frame 2, and the sink goes on to receive
aggregated packets from all the nodes once every 6
time slots. Thus, the minimum schedule length is 6.
3.2. Assignment of Timeslots
In every iteration of BFS-TIMESLOT
ASSIGNMENT (lines 2-6), an edge e is chosen in
the Breadth First Search (BFS) order starting from
any node, in addition to is allocated the minimum
time slot that is different from all its adjacent edges
respecting intrusive restrictions. Note that, since we
calculate the performance of this algorithm also for
the case when the interfering links are present, we
make sure for the corresponding constraint in line 4;
on the other hand, when interference is removed this
check is redundant. The algorithm runs in O(|ET |2)
time and minimizes the schedule length when there
are no intrusive links and demonstrate the same
network of 1(a) in 1(c) with all the interfering links
removed, and so the network is scheduled in 3 time
slots.
Fig.2: Aggregated convergecast and pipelining:
(a) Schedule length of 6 in the presence of
interfering links.
(b) Node ids from which (aggregated) packets are
received by their corresponding parents in each
time slot over different frames.
(c) Schedule
length
of
3
using
BFSTIMESLOTASSIGNMENT when all the
interfering links are eliminated.
In above Fig. 1(a) and 1(b), illustrates the
notion of pipelining in aggregated convergecast and
that of a schedule length on a network of 6 source
nodes. The hard lines correspond to tree edges, and
the scattered lines represent interfere links. The
numbers nearby the links correspond to the time
slots at which the links are programmed to
broadcast, and the numbers within the circles
represent node ids. The accesses in the table list the
nodes from which packets are received by their
corresponding receivers in each time slot. We note
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IV.
MULTI-CHANNEL SCHEDULING
Multi-channel communication is an
efficient method to eliminate interference by
enabling concurrent transmissions over different
frequencies. Although typical Wireless Sensor
Networks radios operate on a limited bandwidth,
their working frequencies can be in the swing of
things, thus allowing
more
simultaneous
transmissions and faster data delivery. At this time,
we think about fixed-bandwidth channels, which are
typical of Wireless Sensor Networks radios, as
opposed to the possibility of improving link
bandwidth by consolidating frequencies. We explain
three channel assignment methods that consider the
problem at different levels allowing us to study their
pros and cons for both types of convergecast. These
methods regard as the channel assignment problem
at different levels: the link level (JFTSS), node level
(RBCA), or cluster level (TMCP).
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4.1 Joint Frequency Time Slot Scheduling
(JFTSS)
Joint Frequency Time Slot Scheduling
presents a greedy combined solution for
constructing a maximal schedule, such that a
schedule is called to be maximal if it meets the
adjacency and inquisitive constraints, and no more
links can be scheduled for synchronized
transmissions on any time slot and channel
exclusive of breaching the constraints. Joint
Frequency Time Slot Scheduling schedules a
network starting from the link that has the highest
number of packets (load) to be transmitted. While
the connection loads are equal, while in aggregated
convergecast, the most inhibited ink is measured
first, i.e., the link for which the number of other
links breaching the interfering and adjacency
restriction when scheduled at the same time is the
highest. The algorithm starts with an empty
schedule and first sorts the links according to the
loads or constraints. The mainly loaded or unnatural
link in the first accessible slot-channel pair is
scheduled first and added to the schedule. All the
links that have an adjacency restriction with the
programmed link are expelled from the list of the
links to be scheduled at a given slot. The links with
the purpose of do not have an interfering restriction
with the scheduled link can be programmed in the
same slot and channel while the links that have an
inquisitive constraint should be scheduled on
dissimilar channels, if achievable. The algorithm
continues to schedule the links according to the
most loaded (or most constrained) metric.
nodes with the BFSTimeSlot Assignment algorithm.
The advantage of TMCP is that it is designed to
support convergecast traffic and does not require
channel switching. Though, disputation inside the
branches is not determined since all the nodes on the
same branch communicate on the same channel.
4.3. Receiver-Based Channel Assignment (RBCA)
In Receiver-Based Channel Assignment,
the children of a common parent transmit on the
same channel. Each node in the tree, consequently,
operates on at most two channels, therefore avoiding
pair-wise, per-packet, channel negotiation expenses.
The algorithm initially assigns the same channel to
all the receivers. Then, for each receiver, it creates a
set of interfering parents based on SINR thresholds
and iteratively assigns the next available channel
starting from the most interfered parent (the parent
with the highest number of interfering links).
However, due to adjacent channel overlaps, SINR
values at the receivers may not always be high
enough to tolerate interference, in which case the
channels are assigned according to the ability of the
transceivers to reject interference. We proved
approximation factors for Receiver-Based Channel
Assignment when used with greedy scheduling in.
Initially all nodes are on frequency F1. ReceiverBased Channel Assignment starts with the most
interfered parent, node 2 in this example, and
assigns F2. Then it continues to assign F3 to node 3
as the second most interfered parent. Since all
interfering parents are assigned different frequencies
sink can receive on F1.
V.
Fig.3: Scheduling with multi-channels for
aggregated convergecast:
(a) Schedule generated with JFTSS. (b) Schedule
generated with TMCP. (c) Schedule generated with
RBCA. (b) Schedule generated with RBCA.
4.2 Tree-Based Multi-Channel Protocol (TMCP)
Tree-Based Multi-Channel Protocol is a
greedy, tree-based, multi-channel protocol for data
collection applications. It separation the network
into several sub trees and minimizes the intra tree
interference by assigning dissimilar channels to the
nodes residing on unlike branches starting from the
top to the bottom of the tree. The nodes on the
leftmost branch is allocated frequency F1,
subsequent branch is allocated frequency F2 and the
last branch is allocated frequency F3 and after the
channel assignments, time slots are allocated to the
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EVALUATION
We deploy nodes randomly in a region
whose dimensions are varied between 20 × 20 m2
and 300 × 300 m2 to simulate different levels of
density. The number of nodes is kept fixed at 100.
For different parameters, we average each point
over 1000 runs. We use an exponential path-loss
model for signal propagation with the path-loss
exponent α varying between 3 and 4, which is
typical for indoor environments. We also use the
physical interference model and simulate the
behavior of CC2420 radios that are used on Telosb
and TmoteSky motes and are capable of operating
on 16 different frequencies. The transmission power
can be adjusted between −24 dBm and 0 dBm over
8 different levels, and the SINR threshold is set to β
= −3 dB1. We first evaluate the schedule length for
single-channel TDMA, and then its improvement
using transmission power control, multiple channels,
and routing trees.
5.1. Aggregated Convergecast
It shows the variation of schedule length
with density for different values of α on minimumhop tree. We observe that the schedule length
decreases as the deployment gets sparser. This
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happens because at low densities the interference is
less, and so more concurrent transmissions can take
place. In the densest deployment (L = 20) when all
the nodes are within the range of each other, the sink
is the only parent, and the network is scheduled in
99 time slots regardless of power control. However,
in sparser scenarios, using power control the
network can be scheduled with fewer time slots as
the level of interference goes down. We achieve a
10 − 20% reduction in schedule length for the best
case.
Fig.4: Scheduling on minimum-hop trees with
multiple channels: (a) Aggregated convergecast.
(b) Raw-data convergecast.
5.2. Raw Data Convergecast
It shows the variation of schedule length on
CMST. The impact of such routing trees is more
prominent in sparser networks (L ≥ 200) than
routing over minimum-hop spanning trees. When L
< 200, the length is bounded by N. Beyond this
point, it is almost always not possible to construct
trees where the constraint 2nk−1 < N holds. In such
cases, the schedule length is some degree of by 2nk
− 1.
VI.
CONCLUSION
Wireless sensor networks can be used in
various applications areas. A sensor networks
consists of large number of nodes and the location
of each sensor nodes is predetermined. By using
TDMA, the nodes communicate on different time
slots in order to prevent conflicts. In order to
improve the data collection the capacity at each
node is adjusted whenever the packet moves from
one sensor node to another sensor node. . A hybrid
convergecast tree is projected for transmitting the
packets with minimum cost for long suited nodes.
Fast convergecast in Wireless Sensor Networks
where nodes communicate using a TDMA protocol
minimize the schedule length. We deal with the
fundamental limitations due to interference and halfduplex transceivers on the nodes and explored
techniques to overcome the same. We set up that
while transmission power control helps in reducing
the schedule length, multiple channels are more
effective and also observed that node-based (RBCA)
and link-based (JFTSS) channel assignment
schemes are more efficient in terms of eliminating
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interference as compared to assigning different
channels on different branches of the tree (TMCP).
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