International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document analyzes the impact of varying transmission range, mobility speed, and number of nodes on the performance of three routing protocols (AODV, DSDV, DSR) in mobile ad hoc networks. It simulates these protocols using the NS-2 simulator and measures the performance based on several QoS metrics including packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, routing overhead, and throughput. The results show that AODV generally has the best packet delivery ratio and throughput, while DSDV has the lowest end-to-end delay. DSR performance is between AODV and DSDV. Increasing the transmission range and number of nodes tends to improve performance, while increasing mobility reduces it.
A cross layer delay-aware node disjoint multipath routing algorithm for mobil...ijwmn
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) require reliable routing and Quality of Service(QoS) mechanism to
support diverse applications with varying and stringent requirements for delay, jitter, bandwidth, packets
loss. Routing protocols such as AODV, AOMDV, DSR and OLSR use shortest path with minimum hop
count as the main metric for path selection, hence are not suitable for delay sensitive real time
applications. To support such applications delay constrained routing protocols are employed. These
Protocols makes path selection between source and destination based on the delay over the discovered
links during routing discovery and routing table calculations. We propose a variation of a node-disjoint
Multipath QoS Routing protocol called Cross Layer Delay aware Node Disjoint Multipath AODV (CLDMAODV)
based on delay constraint. It employs cross-layer communications between MAC and routing
layers to achieve link and channel-awareness. It regularly updates the path status in terms of lowest delay
incurred at each intermediate node. Performance of the proposed protocol is compared with single path
AODV and NDMR protocols. Proposed CLDM-AODV is superior in terms of better packet delivery and
reduced overhead between intermediate nodes.
CONGESTION AWARE LINK COST ROUTING FOR MANETSIJCNCJournal
Due to the dynamic topology, self-configuration and decentralized nature of Mobile Ad hoc Network
(MANET), it provides many benefits in wireless networks and is easy to deploy. But the transmission of
data over ad hoc networks has elevated many technical issues for successful routing. Congestion is one of
the important issues which cause performance degradation of a network, due to long delay and high packet
loss. This paper proposes a Congestion aware Link Cost Routing for MANET where the protocol finds a
path with optimized linked cost based on SNR, Link delay, and the and remaining battery power. Along
with this optimization, in this protocol, every node finds its congestion status and participates in the route
discovery on the basis of its status. Data forwarding is also done based on the congestion status at the time
of forwarding. The protocol results in better performance in terms of packet delivery fraction, end to end
delay, throughput, and packet drop when compared to existing protocols.
A cross layer delay-aware multipath routing algorithm for mobile adhoc networkscsandit
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) require reliable routing and Quality of Service(QoS)
mechanism to support diverse applications with varying and stringent requirements. Routing
protocols such as AODV, AOMDV, DSR and OLSR use minimum hop count as the metric for
path selection, hence are not suitable for delay sensitive real time applications. To support such
applications delay constrained routing protocols are employed. These Protocols makes path
selection based on the delay over the discovered links during routing discovery and routing
table calculations. We propose a variation of a node-disjoint Multipath QoS Routing protocol
called Cross Layer Delay aware Node Disjoint Multipath AODV (CLDM-AODV) based on
delay constraint. It employs cross-layer communications between MAC and routing layers to
achieve link and channel-awareness. It regularly updates the path status in terms of lowest
delay incurred at each intermediate node. Performance of the proposed protocol is compared
with single path AODV and NDMR protocols. Proposed CLDM-AODV is superior in terms of
better packet delivery and reduced overhead between intermediate nodes.
Performance comparison of mobile ad hoc network routing protocolsIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure less and decentralized network which need a robust
dynamic routing protocol. Many routing protocols for such networks have been proposed so far to find
optimized routes from source to the destination and prominent among them are Dynamic Source Routing
(DSR), Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)
routing protocols. The performance comparison of these protocols should be considered as the primary
step towards the invention of a new routing protocol. This paper presents a performance comparison of
proactive and reactive routing protocols DSDV, AODV and DSR based on QoS metrics (packet delivery
ratio, average end-to-end delay, throughput, jitter), normalized routing overhead and normalized MAC
overhead by using the NS-2 simulator. The performance comparison is conducted by varying mobility
speed, number of nodes and data rate. The comparison results show that AODV performs optimally well
not the best among all the studied protocols.
Impact of Variable Transmission Range and Scalability With Respect To Mobilit...Jitender Grover
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the impact of variable transmission range and scalability with respect to mobility and zone size on the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for mobile ad hoc networks. The paper simulates ZRP performance under different transmission ranges, zone radii, node speeds and network sizes. Results show that packet delivery ratio increases with transmission range for 25 nodes but decreases for 50 nodes. Packet delivery also decreases with higher node mobility and is highest when the zone radius is maximum.
A Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc NetworksIJERA Editor
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes in which the wireless links are frequently broken down due to mobility and dynamic infrastructure. Routing is a significant issue and challenge in ad hoc networks. Many routing protocols have been proposed like OLSR, AODV so far to improve the routing performance and reliability. In this paper, we describe the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) and the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV). We evaluate their performance through exhaustive simulations using the Network Simulator 2 (ns2) by varying conditions (node mobility, network density).
Packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, routing overhead etc are the strict quality of service requirements
for applications in Ad hoc networks. So, the routing protocol not only finds a suitable path but also the path
should satisfy the QoS constraints also. Quality of services (QoS) aware routing is performed on the basis
of resource availability in the network and the flow of QoS requirement. In this paper we developed a
source routing protocol which satisfying the link bandwidth and end –to- end delay factor. Our protocol
will find multiple paths between the source and the destination, out of those one will be selected for data
transfer and others are reserve at the source node those can be used for route maintenance purpose. The
path selection is strictly based on the bandwidth and end-to-end delay in case two or more then two paths
are having the same values for QoS constraints then we will use hop as a parameter for path selection.
This document analyzes the impact of varying transmission range, mobility speed, and number of nodes on the performance of three routing protocols (AODV, DSDV, DSR) in mobile ad hoc networks. It simulates these protocols using the NS-2 simulator and measures the performance based on several QoS metrics including packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, routing overhead, and throughput. The results show that AODV generally has the best packet delivery ratio and throughput, while DSDV has the lowest end-to-end delay. DSR performance is between AODV and DSDV. Increasing the transmission range and number of nodes tends to improve performance, while increasing mobility reduces it.
A cross layer delay-aware node disjoint multipath routing algorithm for mobil...ijwmn
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) require reliable routing and Quality of Service(QoS) mechanism to
support diverse applications with varying and stringent requirements for delay, jitter, bandwidth, packets
loss. Routing protocols such as AODV, AOMDV, DSR and OLSR use shortest path with minimum hop
count as the main metric for path selection, hence are not suitable for delay sensitive real time
applications. To support such applications delay constrained routing protocols are employed. These
Protocols makes path selection between source and destination based on the delay over the discovered
links during routing discovery and routing table calculations. We propose a variation of a node-disjoint
Multipath QoS Routing protocol called Cross Layer Delay aware Node Disjoint Multipath AODV (CLDMAODV)
based on delay constraint. It employs cross-layer communications between MAC and routing
layers to achieve link and channel-awareness. It regularly updates the path status in terms of lowest delay
incurred at each intermediate node. Performance of the proposed protocol is compared with single path
AODV and NDMR protocols. Proposed CLDM-AODV is superior in terms of better packet delivery and
reduced overhead between intermediate nodes.
CONGESTION AWARE LINK COST ROUTING FOR MANETSIJCNCJournal
Due to the dynamic topology, self-configuration and decentralized nature of Mobile Ad hoc Network
(MANET), it provides many benefits in wireless networks and is easy to deploy. But the transmission of
data over ad hoc networks has elevated many technical issues for successful routing. Congestion is one of
the important issues which cause performance degradation of a network, due to long delay and high packet
loss. This paper proposes a Congestion aware Link Cost Routing for MANET where the protocol finds a
path with optimized linked cost based on SNR, Link delay, and the and remaining battery power. Along
with this optimization, in this protocol, every node finds its congestion status and participates in the route
discovery on the basis of its status. Data forwarding is also done based on the congestion status at the time
of forwarding. The protocol results in better performance in terms of packet delivery fraction, end to end
delay, throughput, and packet drop when compared to existing protocols.
A cross layer delay-aware multipath routing algorithm for mobile adhoc networkscsandit
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) require reliable routing and Quality of Service(QoS)
mechanism to support diverse applications with varying and stringent requirements. Routing
protocols such as AODV, AOMDV, DSR and OLSR use minimum hop count as the metric for
path selection, hence are not suitable for delay sensitive real time applications. To support such
applications delay constrained routing protocols are employed. These Protocols makes path
selection based on the delay over the discovered links during routing discovery and routing
table calculations. We propose a variation of a node-disjoint Multipath QoS Routing protocol
called Cross Layer Delay aware Node Disjoint Multipath AODV (CLDM-AODV) based on
delay constraint. It employs cross-layer communications between MAC and routing layers to
achieve link and channel-awareness. It regularly updates the path status in terms of lowest
delay incurred at each intermediate node. Performance of the proposed protocol is compared
with single path AODV and NDMR protocols. Proposed CLDM-AODV is superior in terms of
better packet delivery and reduced overhead between intermediate nodes.
Performance comparison of mobile ad hoc network routing protocolsIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure less and decentralized network which need a robust
dynamic routing protocol. Many routing protocols for such networks have been proposed so far to find
optimized routes from source to the destination and prominent among them are Dynamic Source Routing
(DSR), Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)
routing protocols. The performance comparison of these protocols should be considered as the primary
step towards the invention of a new routing protocol. This paper presents a performance comparison of
proactive and reactive routing protocols DSDV, AODV and DSR based on QoS metrics (packet delivery
ratio, average end-to-end delay, throughput, jitter), normalized routing overhead and normalized MAC
overhead by using the NS-2 simulator. The performance comparison is conducted by varying mobility
speed, number of nodes and data rate. The comparison results show that AODV performs optimally well
not the best among all the studied protocols.
Impact of Variable Transmission Range and Scalability With Respect To Mobilit...Jitender Grover
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the impact of variable transmission range and scalability with respect to mobility and zone size on the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for mobile ad hoc networks. The paper simulates ZRP performance under different transmission ranges, zone radii, node speeds and network sizes. Results show that packet delivery ratio increases with transmission range for 25 nodes but decreases for 50 nodes. Packet delivery also decreases with higher node mobility and is highest when the zone radius is maximum.
A Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc NetworksIJERA Editor
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes in which the wireless links are frequently broken down due to mobility and dynamic infrastructure. Routing is a significant issue and challenge in ad hoc networks. Many routing protocols have been proposed like OLSR, AODV so far to improve the routing performance and reliability. In this paper, we describe the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) and the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV). We evaluate their performance through exhaustive simulations using the Network Simulator 2 (ns2) by varying conditions (node mobility, network density).
Packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, routing overhead etc are the strict quality of service requirements
for applications in Ad hoc networks. So, the routing protocol not only finds a suitable path but also the path
should satisfy the QoS constraints also. Quality of services (QoS) aware routing is performed on the basis
of resource availability in the network and the flow of QoS requirement. In this paper we developed a
source routing protocol which satisfying the link bandwidth and end –to- end delay factor. Our protocol
will find multiple paths between the source and the destination, out of those one will be selected for data
transfer and others are reserve at the source node those can be used for route maintenance purpose. The
path selection is strictly based on the bandwidth and end-to-end delay in case two or more then two paths
are having the same values for QoS constraints then we will use hop as a parameter for path selection.
Comparison of routing protocols with performance parameters for different num...ijctet
This document compares the performance of three reactive routing protocols (Bellman-Ford, DSR, and WRP) in mobile ad hoc networks under different numbers of nodes. It analyzes the protocols based on four performance metrics: end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, drop ratio, and normalized routing load. The document finds that Bellman-Ford and WRP have lower delay than DSR, DSR has a higher delivery ratio and lower drop ratio than the other protocols, and DSR and Bellman-Ford have lower routing overhead than WRP. Increasing the number of nodes generally causes delay and routing overhead to increase, and the packet delivery ratio to decrease.
EFFECT OF PAUSE TIME AND NODES ON PERFORMANCE OF AODV AND DSR ROUTING PROTOCO...Editor IJMTER
A central challenge in designing of wireless ad hoc networks is the development of dynamic
routing protocols that can efficiently find routes between two communication nodes when nodes are
mobile. To accomplish this, a number of ad hoc routing protocols had been proposed and implemented.
In wireless ad hoc network the selected protocol should find best route which can insure packet delivery
and packet integrity. Performance evolution of the protocols is the key step before selecting a particular
protocol. In this paper, the performance is compared on Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)
and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) at application layer by varying the pause time and number of nodes
using QualNet 5.0.2 simulator. The average jitter, end-to-end delay, throughput and packet delivery
fraction (PDF) are the four common measures used for the comparison of the performance of above
protocols. The experimental results show that DSR perform better in low load and high pause time but
in case of high load and less pause time AODV outperform DSR.
IMPROVED QUALITY OF SERVICE PROTOCOL FOR REAL TIME TRAFFIC IN MANETIJCNCJournal
This document proposes an improved quality of service protocol for real-time traffic in mobile ad hoc networks. It presents a modified version of the AODV routing protocol that provides two key improvements: 1) A balanced best-effort traffic aware route discovery mechanism that selects paths with lower ratios of best-effort packets to minimize their impact on real-time traffic. 2) A packet forwarding procedure that gives transmission priority to real-time packets by transmitting them immediately from the queue while best-effort packets have to wait, improving throughput for real-time applications. Simulation results show the proposed protocol performs better than basic AODV in terms of throughput and delay for real-time traffic.
A Load Aware Proposal for Maximum Available Bandwidth Routing in Wireless Mes...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a load aware proposal for maximum available bandwidth routing in wireless mesh networks. It first introduces wireless mesh networks and discusses that seeking maximum available bandwidth paths is a fundamental routing issue. It then analyzes several existing routing techniques that provide bandwidth guarantees, including ETX, AVAIL, EED, and CAB. ETX considers packet loss ratios, AVAIL models 802.11 MAC behavior to predict throughput and delay, EED accounts for queuing delay, and CAB satisfies consistency requirements through hop-by-hop routing. The document identifies problems with these existing methods and proposes a load aware routing protocol to route through maximum available bandwidth paths while satisfying optimality and consistency requirements. It will plot throughput and delay graphs
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF IMPROVED DSR WITH DSR, AODV AND DSDV R...ijp2p
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are categorized by multi-hop wireless connectivity and numbers of nodes are connecting each other through wireless network. It includes several routing protocols specifically designed for ad-hoc routing. The most widely used ad hoc routing protocols are Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). In this paper, we present an analysis of DSR protocol and propose our algorithm to improve the performance of DSR protocol by using small delay applied on last route ACK path when an original route fails in Mobile Ad Hoc networks. Past researchers the MANET have focused on simulation study by varying network parameters, such as network size, number of nodes. The simulation results shows that the M-DSR protocol
having some excellent performance Metrics then other protocols. We have taken different performance parameters over the comparison of Modified -DSR with other three protocols in mobility as well as Nonmobility scenario up to 300 nodes in MANETs using NS2 simulator. To achieve this goal DSR is modified by using modified algorithm technique in order to load balancing, to avoid congestion and lower packet
delivery.
Our area of interest for the paper is the improvement of performance of DSR routing protocol by
changing in algorithm and this Improved DSR protocol should compare with remaining protocols
taken in this research paper.
2. In this paper we made changesin traditional DSR protocol and generation of new improved DSR the
different performance parameters and compare with AODV/DSR/DSDV protocols in mobility and
non- mobility scenarios nodes up to 300.
3. We can plot the graphs throughput, End to end Delay, Packet delivery Ratio, Dropping Ratio, and
average energy consumption on Mobility and Non-Mobility scenario by using Network Simulator
version 2.34 for Modified DSR protocols. M-DSR, DSDV perform well when Mobility is low.
Analysis of FSR, LANMAR and DYMO under MANETidescitation
A movable ad hoc system (MANET) is a self-configuring communications set of
connections of mobile procedure associated by wireless. Each mechanism in a MANET is
free to move independently in some way, and will therefore modify its relations to other
devices frequently [2]. The primary purpose of any ad-hoc network routing protocol is to
meet the challenges of the dynamically changing topology and establish an efficient route
connecting every two nodes. In this paper three protocols FSR, LANMAR and DYMO are
compared by using random waypoint mobility in few nodes with varying packet sizes in
CBR traffic. The parameters or metrics are used to assess the performance of protocols with
and without Black Hole attack, that are data Packet Delivery ratio and Average Jitter with
varying data traffic CBR (Constant Bit Ratio) using Qual Net 5.0.2 simulator.
ECA MODEL BASED QOS AODV ROUTING FOR MANETSIJCNCJournal
Applications like banking, interactive multimedia, movie on demand, VOIP, etc., are delay sensitive by
nature. The QoS given to users will be affected by network delay, which can be mitigated by employing
QoS routing and efficient data transfer. To build routing table, normal AODV routing uses flooding
technique, which will not consider QoS requirements. Hence QoS based routing which is stable for the
entire application is essential, which understands the dynamic nature of the MANET and establishes the
required route, in minimum possible time. We have proposed an intelligent routing protocol based ECA
model and AODV for establishing QoS route.
The simulation results shows that the ECA model gives better results, while considering the local
connectivity time, source to destination connectivity time, number of data packets successfully delivered to
the destination, local and global error correction time, compared to AODV.
Improvement of QoS Contained by AODV Routing Protocol On the Basis of Varying...IOSR Journals
The document proposes improvements to the AODV routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks to enhance quality of service. It introduces two techniques: 1) Using a dynamic time-to-live value rather than a fixed value to establish connections over longer routes. 2) Implementing a varying queue length technique where the queue size increases instead of dropping packets if the node buffer is full, to minimize packet loss. The performance of the improved AODV protocol is evaluated based on metrics like packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, and throughput, and shows better results compared to the normal AODV protocol.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Analyzing the impact of the number of nodes on the performance of the routing...journalBEEI
The document analyzes the performance of five routing protocols - AOMDV, DSDV, AODV, DSR, and OLSR - in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) environment based on the variable number of nodes. The protocols were simulated and their performance was evaluated based on three metrics: throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay. The results showed that AODV outperformed the other protocols in most scenarios, achieving higher throughput and packet delivery ratio. AODV was able to establish stronger paths between source and destination nodes, reducing packet loss.
Concurrent Multi - Path Real Time Communication Control Protocol (Cmprtcp)IRJET Journal
The document proposes a new transport protocol called Concurrent Multi-Path Real Time Communication Control Protocol (CMPRTCP) to handle real-time streams like video and audio over IP networks. CMPRTCP intelligently uses multiple paths between multi-homed hosts to concurrently transmit synchronized streams. It describes CMPRTCP's architecture and operation in detail. Experiments show CMPRTCP performs better than other protocols by maximizing timely data delivery under varying network conditions.
Bandwidth aware on demand multipath routing in manetsijwmn
The document proposes a modification to the AOMDV routing protocol to utilize available bandwidth in MANETs. It describes enhancing AOMDV to select multiple paths during route discovery based on available bandwidth, and using periodic detector packets to monitor bandwidth on alternate paths. Simulation results showed this bandwidth-aware multipath approach improves end-to-end throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay compared to the original AOMDV protocol.
Fuzzy Controller Based Stable Routes with Lifetime Prediction in MANETsCSCJournals
In ad hoc networks, the nodes are dynamically and arbitrary located in a manner that the interconnections between nodes are changing frequently. Thus, designing an effective routing protocol is a critical issue. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy based routing method that selects the most stable route (FSRS) considering the number of intermediate nodes, packet queue occupancy, and internodes distances. Also it takes the produced cost of the selected route as an input to another fuzzy controller predicts its lifetime (FRLP), the evaluation of the proposed method is performed using OMNet++4.0 simulator in terms of packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and normalized routing load.
Performance analysis of routing protocols and tcp variants under http and ftp...IJCNCJournal
MANET stands for mobile ad-hoc network that has multi-hop and dynamic nature, where each station changes its location frequently and automatically configures itself. In this paper, four routing protocols
that areOLSR,GRP,DSR, and AODV are discussed along with three TCP variants that are SACK, New Reno and Reno. The main focus of this paper is to study the impact
scalability, mobility and traffic loads on routing protocols and TCP variants. Thepaper results shows that the proactive protocols OLSR and GRP outperform the reactive protocols AODV and DSR with the same nodes size, nodes speed, and traffic load. On the other hand, the TCP variants research reveal the superiority of the TCP SACK variant over the other two variants in case of adapting to varying network size, while the TCP Reno variant acts more
robustly in varying mobility speeds and traffic loads.
EVALUATION OF PROACTIVE, REACTIVE AND HYBRID AD HOC ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR IEEE...cscpconf
This document evaluates the performance of proactive, reactive, and hybrid ad hoc routing protocols (OLSR, AODV, DYMO, ZRP) for IEEE 802.11 MAC and 802.11 DCF in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) simulation using Qualnet. It discusses the characteristics and operations of these four routing protocols. The simulation varies VANET parameters like speed and altitude. The results show that in real traffic scenarios, the proactive OLSR protocol performs more efficiently for IEEE 802.11 MAC and DCF compared to the reactive and hybrid protocols.
ON THE SUPPORT OF MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS OVER WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS ijwmn
This document summarizes research on supporting multimedia applications over wireless mesh networks. It proposes an efficient routing algorithm and a QoS approach at the MAC layer. The routing algorithm aims to transport multimedia traffic with QoS requirements. The MAC layer approach improves 802.11e to better facilitate video transport over the mesh network. Related work on routing protocols, QoS solutions at the network and MAC layers, and clustering approaches are also reviewed.
Token Based Packet Loss Control Mechanism for NetworksIJMER
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new congestion control mechanism using tokens. It begins with background on congestion control and modern IP networks. The proposed approach uses edge and core routers to write quality of service measures in packet headers as tokens. Tokers are interpreted by routers to gauge congestion, especially at edge routers. Based on tokens, edge routers can shape traffic from sources to reduce congestion. The mechanism aims to provide fairness while controlling packet loss. Key aspects discussed include stable token limit congestion control, core routers, edge routers, and how the approach compares to related work like CSFQ.
The document proposes an enhanced version of the Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol called Multicost Parameter Based DSDV (MPB-DSDV) that incorporates additional cost parameters like interference, residual energy, and transmission power to improve energy efficiency and network performance for wireless ad hoc networks. The MPB-DSDV protocol is simulated and evaluated based on performance metrics like end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, and throughput, and shown to outperform the standard DSDV protocol by taking energy constraints into consideration for path selection.
DESARROLLO DE CONGLOMERADOS COMERCIALES POPULARES LEYAUTOEMPLEO
El documento describe la estrategia de conglomerados comerciales populares como una alternativa para el pequeño comercio frente a la competencia de los megamerados. Propone la organización y gestión colectiva de comerciantes a nivel local para mejorar su oferta comercial, generar dinamismo económico en la zona y enfrentar las nuevas condiciones del mercado impuestas por los supermercados. Los conglomerados buscan integrar a cientos o miles de comerciantes de una zona para competir de manera colectiva mediante una oferta integrada de
Este documento presenta la Ley de Educación de Andalucía. Explica que la ley se basa en el derecho a la educación reconocido en la Constitución Española y en el Estatuto de Autonomía de Andalucía. Describa los avances que se han logrado en el sistema educativo andaluz desde 1981, como la escolarización obligatoria hasta los 16 años. La ley busca mejorar la calidad de la educación y cumplir con los retos de una sociedad del conocimiento, formando a los ciudadanos de acuerdo con los objet
Green Bay Business Expo 2011 - 12 Steps of Social Media StrategyDana Vanden Heuvel
The document outlines steps for developing an effective social media strategy, including defining objectives, assessing risks, understanding target audiences, and aligning social media channels with customers' purchase paths. It emphasizes taking a strategic long-term view rather than quick tactical experiments and matching social content and interactions to different phases of the customer journey.
This document discusses digital marketing and its impacts. It defines digital marketing and outlines some common types of digital presences like e-commerce, services, and social media sites. It also discusses how digital marketing includes more than just websites and social media, and how companies can use a hybrid strategy of digital and traditional marketing. Key impacts of digital marketing include its influence on customer behavior, the rise of mobile usage, and how marketing is evolving to include more participation. The document also provides examples of companies that are using digital marketing well and outlines considerations for developing an integrated digital marketing strategy.
Comparison of routing protocols with performance parameters for different num...ijctet
This document compares the performance of three reactive routing protocols (Bellman-Ford, DSR, and WRP) in mobile ad hoc networks under different numbers of nodes. It analyzes the protocols based on four performance metrics: end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, drop ratio, and normalized routing load. The document finds that Bellman-Ford and WRP have lower delay than DSR, DSR has a higher delivery ratio and lower drop ratio than the other protocols, and DSR and Bellman-Ford have lower routing overhead than WRP. Increasing the number of nodes generally causes delay and routing overhead to increase, and the packet delivery ratio to decrease.
EFFECT OF PAUSE TIME AND NODES ON PERFORMANCE OF AODV AND DSR ROUTING PROTOCO...Editor IJMTER
A central challenge in designing of wireless ad hoc networks is the development of dynamic
routing protocols that can efficiently find routes between two communication nodes when nodes are
mobile. To accomplish this, a number of ad hoc routing protocols had been proposed and implemented.
In wireless ad hoc network the selected protocol should find best route which can insure packet delivery
and packet integrity. Performance evolution of the protocols is the key step before selecting a particular
protocol. In this paper, the performance is compared on Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)
and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) at application layer by varying the pause time and number of nodes
using QualNet 5.0.2 simulator. The average jitter, end-to-end delay, throughput and packet delivery
fraction (PDF) are the four common measures used for the comparison of the performance of above
protocols. The experimental results show that DSR perform better in low load and high pause time but
in case of high load and less pause time AODV outperform DSR.
IMPROVED QUALITY OF SERVICE PROTOCOL FOR REAL TIME TRAFFIC IN MANETIJCNCJournal
This document proposes an improved quality of service protocol for real-time traffic in mobile ad hoc networks. It presents a modified version of the AODV routing protocol that provides two key improvements: 1) A balanced best-effort traffic aware route discovery mechanism that selects paths with lower ratios of best-effort packets to minimize their impact on real-time traffic. 2) A packet forwarding procedure that gives transmission priority to real-time packets by transmitting them immediately from the queue while best-effort packets have to wait, improving throughput for real-time applications. Simulation results show the proposed protocol performs better than basic AODV in terms of throughput and delay for real-time traffic.
A Load Aware Proposal for Maximum Available Bandwidth Routing in Wireless Mes...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a load aware proposal for maximum available bandwidth routing in wireless mesh networks. It first introduces wireless mesh networks and discusses that seeking maximum available bandwidth paths is a fundamental routing issue. It then analyzes several existing routing techniques that provide bandwidth guarantees, including ETX, AVAIL, EED, and CAB. ETX considers packet loss ratios, AVAIL models 802.11 MAC behavior to predict throughput and delay, EED accounts for queuing delay, and CAB satisfies consistency requirements through hop-by-hop routing. The document identifies problems with these existing methods and proposes a load aware routing protocol to route through maximum available bandwidth paths while satisfying optimality and consistency requirements. It will plot throughput and delay graphs
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF IMPROVED DSR WITH DSR, AODV AND DSDV R...ijp2p
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are categorized by multi-hop wireless connectivity and numbers of nodes are connecting each other through wireless network. It includes several routing protocols specifically designed for ad-hoc routing. The most widely used ad hoc routing protocols are Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). In this paper, we present an analysis of DSR protocol and propose our algorithm to improve the performance of DSR protocol by using small delay applied on last route ACK path when an original route fails in Mobile Ad Hoc networks. Past researchers the MANET have focused on simulation study by varying network parameters, such as network size, number of nodes. The simulation results shows that the M-DSR protocol
having some excellent performance Metrics then other protocols. We have taken different performance parameters over the comparison of Modified -DSR with other three protocols in mobility as well as Nonmobility scenario up to 300 nodes in MANETs using NS2 simulator. To achieve this goal DSR is modified by using modified algorithm technique in order to load balancing, to avoid congestion and lower packet
delivery.
Our area of interest for the paper is the improvement of performance of DSR routing protocol by
changing in algorithm and this Improved DSR protocol should compare with remaining protocols
taken in this research paper.
2. In this paper we made changesin traditional DSR protocol and generation of new improved DSR the
different performance parameters and compare with AODV/DSR/DSDV protocols in mobility and
non- mobility scenarios nodes up to 300.
3. We can plot the graphs throughput, End to end Delay, Packet delivery Ratio, Dropping Ratio, and
average energy consumption on Mobility and Non-Mobility scenario by using Network Simulator
version 2.34 for Modified DSR protocols. M-DSR, DSDV perform well when Mobility is low.
Analysis of FSR, LANMAR and DYMO under MANETidescitation
A movable ad hoc system (MANET) is a self-configuring communications set of
connections of mobile procedure associated by wireless. Each mechanism in a MANET is
free to move independently in some way, and will therefore modify its relations to other
devices frequently [2]. The primary purpose of any ad-hoc network routing protocol is to
meet the challenges of the dynamically changing topology and establish an efficient route
connecting every two nodes. In this paper three protocols FSR, LANMAR and DYMO are
compared by using random waypoint mobility in few nodes with varying packet sizes in
CBR traffic. The parameters or metrics are used to assess the performance of protocols with
and without Black Hole attack, that are data Packet Delivery ratio and Average Jitter with
varying data traffic CBR (Constant Bit Ratio) using Qual Net 5.0.2 simulator.
ECA MODEL BASED QOS AODV ROUTING FOR MANETSIJCNCJournal
Applications like banking, interactive multimedia, movie on demand, VOIP, etc., are delay sensitive by
nature. The QoS given to users will be affected by network delay, which can be mitigated by employing
QoS routing and efficient data transfer. To build routing table, normal AODV routing uses flooding
technique, which will not consider QoS requirements. Hence QoS based routing which is stable for the
entire application is essential, which understands the dynamic nature of the MANET and establishes the
required route, in minimum possible time. We have proposed an intelligent routing protocol based ECA
model and AODV for establishing QoS route.
The simulation results shows that the ECA model gives better results, while considering the local
connectivity time, source to destination connectivity time, number of data packets successfully delivered to
the destination, local and global error correction time, compared to AODV.
Improvement of QoS Contained by AODV Routing Protocol On the Basis of Varying...IOSR Journals
The document proposes improvements to the AODV routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks to enhance quality of service. It introduces two techniques: 1) Using a dynamic time-to-live value rather than a fixed value to establish connections over longer routes. 2) Implementing a varying queue length technique where the queue size increases instead of dropping packets if the node buffer is full, to minimize packet loss. The performance of the improved AODV protocol is evaluated based on metrics like packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, and throughput, and shows better results compared to the normal AODV protocol.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Analyzing the impact of the number of nodes on the performance of the routing...journalBEEI
The document analyzes the performance of five routing protocols - AOMDV, DSDV, AODV, DSR, and OLSR - in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) environment based on the variable number of nodes. The protocols were simulated and their performance was evaluated based on three metrics: throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay. The results showed that AODV outperformed the other protocols in most scenarios, achieving higher throughput and packet delivery ratio. AODV was able to establish stronger paths between source and destination nodes, reducing packet loss.
Concurrent Multi - Path Real Time Communication Control Protocol (Cmprtcp)IRJET Journal
The document proposes a new transport protocol called Concurrent Multi-Path Real Time Communication Control Protocol (CMPRTCP) to handle real-time streams like video and audio over IP networks. CMPRTCP intelligently uses multiple paths between multi-homed hosts to concurrently transmit synchronized streams. It describes CMPRTCP's architecture and operation in detail. Experiments show CMPRTCP performs better than other protocols by maximizing timely data delivery under varying network conditions.
Bandwidth aware on demand multipath routing in manetsijwmn
The document proposes a modification to the AOMDV routing protocol to utilize available bandwidth in MANETs. It describes enhancing AOMDV to select multiple paths during route discovery based on available bandwidth, and using periodic detector packets to monitor bandwidth on alternate paths. Simulation results showed this bandwidth-aware multipath approach improves end-to-end throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay compared to the original AOMDV protocol.
Fuzzy Controller Based Stable Routes with Lifetime Prediction in MANETsCSCJournals
In ad hoc networks, the nodes are dynamically and arbitrary located in a manner that the interconnections between nodes are changing frequently. Thus, designing an effective routing protocol is a critical issue. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy based routing method that selects the most stable route (FSRS) considering the number of intermediate nodes, packet queue occupancy, and internodes distances. Also it takes the produced cost of the selected route as an input to another fuzzy controller predicts its lifetime (FRLP), the evaluation of the proposed method is performed using OMNet++4.0 simulator in terms of packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and normalized routing load.
Performance analysis of routing protocols and tcp variants under http and ftp...IJCNCJournal
MANET stands for mobile ad-hoc network that has multi-hop and dynamic nature, where each station changes its location frequently and automatically configures itself. In this paper, four routing protocols
that areOLSR,GRP,DSR, and AODV are discussed along with three TCP variants that are SACK, New Reno and Reno. The main focus of this paper is to study the impact
scalability, mobility and traffic loads on routing protocols and TCP variants. Thepaper results shows that the proactive protocols OLSR and GRP outperform the reactive protocols AODV and DSR with the same nodes size, nodes speed, and traffic load. On the other hand, the TCP variants research reveal the superiority of the TCP SACK variant over the other two variants in case of adapting to varying network size, while the TCP Reno variant acts more
robustly in varying mobility speeds and traffic loads.
EVALUATION OF PROACTIVE, REACTIVE AND HYBRID AD HOC ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR IEEE...cscpconf
This document evaluates the performance of proactive, reactive, and hybrid ad hoc routing protocols (OLSR, AODV, DYMO, ZRP) for IEEE 802.11 MAC and 802.11 DCF in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) simulation using Qualnet. It discusses the characteristics and operations of these four routing protocols. The simulation varies VANET parameters like speed and altitude. The results show that in real traffic scenarios, the proactive OLSR protocol performs more efficiently for IEEE 802.11 MAC and DCF compared to the reactive and hybrid protocols.
ON THE SUPPORT OF MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS OVER WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS ijwmn
This document summarizes research on supporting multimedia applications over wireless mesh networks. It proposes an efficient routing algorithm and a QoS approach at the MAC layer. The routing algorithm aims to transport multimedia traffic with QoS requirements. The MAC layer approach improves 802.11e to better facilitate video transport over the mesh network. Related work on routing protocols, QoS solutions at the network and MAC layers, and clustering approaches are also reviewed.
Token Based Packet Loss Control Mechanism for NetworksIJMER
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new congestion control mechanism using tokens. It begins with background on congestion control and modern IP networks. The proposed approach uses edge and core routers to write quality of service measures in packet headers as tokens. Tokers are interpreted by routers to gauge congestion, especially at edge routers. Based on tokens, edge routers can shape traffic from sources to reduce congestion. The mechanism aims to provide fairness while controlling packet loss. Key aspects discussed include stable token limit congestion control, core routers, edge routers, and how the approach compares to related work like CSFQ.
The document proposes an enhanced version of the Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol called Multicost Parameter Based DSDV (MPB-DSDV) that incorporates additional cost parameters like interference, residual energy, and transmission power to improve energy efficiency and network performance for wireless ad hoc networks. The MPB-DSDV protocol is simulated and evaluated based on performance metrics like end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, and throughput, and shown to outperform the standard DSDV protocol by taking energy constraints into consideration for path selection.
DESARROLLO DE CONGLOMERADOS COMERCIALES POPULARES LEYAUTOEMPLEO
El documento describe la estrategia de conglomerados comerciales populares como una alternativa para el pequeño comercio frente a la competencia de los megamerados. Propone la organización y gestión colectiva de comerciantes a nivel local para mejorar su oferta comercial, generar dinamismo económico en la zona y enfrentar las nuevas condiciones del mercado impuestas por los supermercados. Los conglomerados buscan integrar a cientos o miles de comerciantes de una zona para competir de manera colectiva mediante una oferta integrada de
Este documento presenta la Ley de Educación de Andalucía. Explica que la ley se basa en el derecho a la educación reconocido en la Constitución Española y en el Estatuto de Autonomía de Andalucía. Describa los avances que se han logrado en el sistema educativo andaluz desde 1981, como la escolarización obligatoria hasta los 16 años. La ley busca mejorar la calidad de la educación y cumplir con los retos de una sociedad del conocimiento, formando a los ciudadanos de acuerdo con los objet
Green Bay Business Expo 2011 - 12 Steps of Social Media StrategyDana Vanden Heuvel
The document outlines steps for developing an effective social media strategy, including defining objectives, assessing risks, understanding target audiences, and aligning social media channels with customers' purchase paths. It emphasizes taking a strategic long-term view rather than quick tactical experiments and matching social content and interactions to different phases of the customer journey.
This document discusses digital marketing and its impacts. It defines digital marketing and outlines some common types of digital presences like e-commerce, services, and social media sites. It also discusses how digital marketing includes more than just websites and social media, and how companies can use a hybrid strategy of digital and traditional marketing. Key impacts of digital marketing include its influence on customer behavior, the rise of mobile usage, and how marketing is evolving to include more participation. The document also provides examples of companies that are using digital marketing well and outlines considerations for developing an integrated digital marketing strategy.
El efecto pigmalión. (en situaciones de discapacidad).José María
El documento describe el efecto Pigmalión, que ocurre cuando transmitimos expectativas positivas a otra persona, lo que puede mejorar su autoestima y rendimiento. Según el mito, Pigmalión se enamoró de una estatua que cobró vida. De forma similar, al proyectar esperanza en alguien, pueden cumplirse nuestras expectativas positivas sobre ellos.
El documento describe el Consejo Técnico Escolar como una oportunidad para el desarrollo profesional docente y la mejora de la escuela. Los Consejos Técnicos Escolares permitirán el intercambio de experiencias entre maestros, el apoyo en la toma de decisiones de la escuela, y pensar colectivamente en mejorar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes. El objetivo es asegurar la eficacia del servicio educativo en cada escuela a través de un enfoque colaborativo.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SNR/RP Aware Routing Algorithm: Cross-Layer Design for MANETSijwmn
Routing in MANET is complex due to the fact that the network graph is episodically connected and nodes get only intermittently connected because of nodes mobility, terrain, weather, and jamming that change topology rapidly. In this paper, we propose cross-layer design to achieve a reliable data transmission in MANET. A key challenge is to create a mechanism that can provide good delivery performance and high quality of service in intermittent networks. The key components of our approach include a cross-layer design (CLD) to improve information sharing between different protocol layers. In order to improve the end-to-end performance of MANET, we present mechanism that allows the network layer to adjust its routing protocol dynamically based on SNR and Received Power along the end-to-end routing path for each transmission link. We evaluate our approach using one of common MANET routing protocols, DSR, to illustrate that our CLD improved the performance of DSR.
SNR/RP Aware Routing Algorithm: Cross-Layer Design for MANETSijwmn
Routing in MANET is complex due to the fact that the network graph is episodically connected and nodes get only intermittently connected because of nodes mobility, terrain, weather, and jamming that change topology rapidly. In this paper, we propose cross-layer design to achieve a reliable data transmission in MANET. A key challenge is to create a mechanism that can provide good delivery performance and high quality of service in intermittent networks. The key components of our approach include a cross-layer design (CLD) to improve information sharing between different protocol layers. In order to improve the end-to-end performance of MANET, we present mechanism that allows the network layer to adjust its routing protocol dynamically based on SNR and Received Power along the end-to-end routing path for each transmission link. We evaluate our approach using one of common MANET routing protocols, DSR, to illustrate that our CLD improved the performance of DSR
Performance evaluation of MANET routing protocols based on QoS and energy p...IJECEIAES
Routing selection and supporting Quality of Service (QoS) are fundamental problems in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). Many different protocols have been proposed in the literature and some performance simulations are made to address this challenging task. This paper discusses the performance evaluation and comparison of two typical routing protocols; Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Destination-Sequenced DistanceVector (DSDV) based on measuring the power consumption in network with varing of the QoS parameters. In this paper, we have studied and analyzed the impact of variations in QoS parameter combined with the choice of routing protocol, on network performance. The network performance is measured in terms of average throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), average jitter and energy consumption. The simulations are carried out in NS-3. The simulation results show that DSDV and AODV routing protocols are less energy efficient. The main aim of this paper is to highlight the directions for the future design of routing protocol which would be better than the existing ones in terms of energy utilization and delivery ratio.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF IMPROVED DSR WITH DSR, AODV AND DSDV R...ijp2p
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are categorized by multi-hop wireless connectivity and numbers of nodes are
connecting each other through wireless network. It includes several routing protocols specifically designed
for ad-hoc routing. The most widely used ad hoc routing protocols are Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector
(AODV), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). In this
paper, we present an analysis of DSR protocol and propose our algorithm to improve the performance of
DSR protocol by using small delay applied on last route ACK path when an original route fails in Mobile
Ad Hoc networks. Past researchers the MANET have focused on simulation study by varying network
parameters, such as network size, number of nodes. The simulation results shows that the M-DSR protocol
having some excellent performance Metrics then other protocols. We have taken different performance
parameters over the comparison of Modified -DSR with other three protocols in mobility as well as Nonmobility scenario up to 300 nodes in MANETs using NS2 simulator. To achieve this goal DSR is modified
by using modified algorithm technique in order to load balancing, to avoid congestion and lower packet
delivery.
ENHANCING STUDENTS’ LEARNING AND SATISFACTION THROUGH THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIAIJITE
Communication in and out the classroom is an essential component for education. As the technology
emerges, there is a need to adopt to the new technologies to enhance students’ learning experience. Social
media technologies provide informal communication methods that promote student engagement and
satisfaction by removing communication barriers. In this paper, we report our experience in using different
social media technologies to enhance students’ learning experience and satisfaction with the course. We
perform our experiment in software project management course and conduct a survey to assess the
students’ perspective towards using these different social media technologies in enhancing their learning
and satisfaction. Results show that students are satisfied and feel that their learning experience has
improved when using social media for class communication.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF IMPROVED DSR WITH DSR, AODV AND DSDV R...ijp2p
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are categorized by multi-hop wireless connectivity and numbers of nodes are
connecting each other through wireless network. It includes several routing protocols specifically designed
for ad-hoc routing. The most widely used ad hoc routing protocols are Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector
(AODV), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). In this
paper, we present an analysis of DSR protocol and propose our algorithm to improve the performance of
DSR protocol by using small delay applied on last route ACK path when an original route fails in Mobile
Ad Hoc networks. Past researchers the MANET have focused on simulation study by varying network
parameters, such as network size, number of nodes. The simulation results shows that the M-DSR protocol
having some excellent performance Metrics then other protocols. We have taken different performance
parameters over the comparison of Modified -DSR with other three protocols in mobility as well as Nonmobility scenario up to 300 nodes in MANETs using NS2 simulator. To achieve this goal DSR is modified
by using modified algorithm technique in order to load balancing, to avoid congestion and lower packet
delivery.
This document presents a comparative analysis of three routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs): AODV, DSR, and OLSR. It analyzes the performance of these protocols under different scenarios varying node mobility, network load, and node density. The key metrics examined are throughput, end-to-end delay, routing overhead, and network load. The analysis found that OLSR generally had the highest throughput and AODV and OLSR introduced less delay than DSR. DSR introduced the highest routing overhead, while protocols performed similarly under varying network loads.
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the performance of the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) routing protocol for Variable Bit Rate (VBR) multimedia traffic in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using the Network Simulator 2 (NS-2). The paper conducts simulations of DSR under different scenarios by varying the terrain size, connection rate, and data send rate. It compares the performance of DSR and an enhanced version of DSR based on packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, and optimal path length. The results show that the enhanced DSR performs better in terms of packet delivery but worse in terms of delay and path length compared to the original DSR protocol.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF PROACTIVE, REACTIVE AND HYBRID ROUTING...ijwmn
Wireless Sensor networks are a challenging task due to the lack of resources in the network as well as the frequent changes in network topology. Various routing protocols are designed basically to establish correct and efficient paths between source and destination. In the recent years, several routing protocols
have been proposed in literature and many of them studied through extensive simulation at different network characteristics. In this paper, we compare the performance of three most common routing protocols of wireless sensor networks i.e. AODV, DSDV and ZRP. These protocols have been simulated
using NS2 Package. This study investigates the routing protocols corresponding to packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio, average throughput, dropped packets and end-to-end delay. Hence, evaluation and comparison between routing protocols is required because performance of any routing protocol can be changed with various parameters such as speed of nodes, pause times and number of nodes.
Performance Comparison and Analysis of Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing...ijwmn
Wireless Sensor networks are a challenging task due to the lack of resources in the network as well as the frequent changes in network topology. Various routing protocols are designed basically to establish correct and efficient paths between source and destination. In the recent years, several routing protocols have been proposed in literature and many of them studied through extensive simulation at different network characteristics. In this paper, we compare the performance of three most common routing protocols of wireless sensor networks i.e. AODV, DSDV and ZRP. These protocols have been simulated using NS2 Package. This study investigates the routing protocols corresponding to packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio, average throughput, dropped packets and end-to-end delay. Hence, evaluation and comparison between routing protocols is required because performance of any routing protocol can be changed with various parameters such as speed of nodes, pause times and number of nodes.
Performance Comparison and Analysis of Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing...ijwmn
Wireless Sensor networks are a challenging task due to the lack of resources in the network as well as the frequent changes in network topology. Various routing protocols are designed basically to establish correct and efficient paths between source and destination. In the recent years, several routing protocols have been proposed in literature and many of them studied through extensive simulation at different network characteristics. In this paper, we compare the performance of three most common routing protocols of wireless sensor networks i.e. AODV, DSDV and ZRP. These protocols have been simulated using NS2 Package. This study investigates the routing protocols corresponding to packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio, average throughput, dropped packets and end-to-end delay. Hence, evaluation and comparison between routing protocols is required because performance of any routing protocol can be changed with various parameters such as speed of nodes, pause times and number of nodes.
TRANSMISSION POWER AND QUALITY OF SERVICE IN MANET ROUTING PROTOCOLSijwmn
The document discusses how transmission power impacts the quality of service (QoS) in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols. It investigates four routing protocols - AODV, DSR, DSDV, and OLSR using the NS3 simulator. The analysis shows that AODV generally has the best performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet loss, jitter, and delay across different transmission power levels. Increasing transmission power improves the performance for all protocols, with AODV maintaining consistent high performance regardless of power level.
TRANSMISSION POWER AND QUALITY OF SERVICE IN MANET ROUTING PROTOCOLSijwmn
Wireless communication is significantly influenced by the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), which consists of nodes like mobile phones, tablets, computers, or other devices that can connect with one another. MANET is a decentralized network that communicates without using any specified infrastructure. The lack of battery power in this multihop network with no infrastructure is problematic. As a result, proper transmission power utilization must be considered. Transmission power significantly impacts the data dissemination of different routing protocols used in this MANET environment. By taking this issue into account, the performance of routing protocols is examined based on different transmission power settings. The packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss (PL), jitter, and Dealy all play a role in determining network service quality. This study investigates how transmission power impacts MANET routing protocols’ quality of Service (QoS). The MANET routing protocols investigated in this study include AODV, OLSR, DSDV, and DSR. NS3 is used to create the simulation env
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON ROUTING PROTOCOLS OF MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKijcseit
In this modern era, Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is widely used for its mobility and self-configuring
features. Hence, a better security approach is needed for maintaining high level network performance in
mobile ad hoc network. This paper presents the comparative analysis of quality of service (QoS) of MANET
protocols. In this regard, three types of most widely used protocols, named, Ad hoc On-demand Distance
Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) have
been used to analyze. Therefore, AODV is selected in distributed ad hoc setting for the path discovery.
Also, AODV is a reactive improvement of Dynamic Destination Sequence Vector (DSDV) protocol. On the
other hand, the number of route broadcast is decreased by source routes on demand in AODV, which is
opposite of DSDV algorithm. In this research, the quality of service parameters of network paths are also
included to develop trust in the links to defend from various attacks. Moreover, a comparative analysis of
delay, congestion, packet losses, transit time between source and destination is illustrated on AODV and
DSR. In simulation time, packet drop-outs and link failures for probe packets are examined and analyzed
under network attack.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON ROUTING PROTOCOLS OF MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKijcseit
In this modern era, Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is widely used for its mobility and self-configuring
features. Hence, a better security approach is needed for maintaining high level network performance in
mobile ad hoc network. This paper presents the comparative analysis of quality of service (QoS) of MANET
protocols. In this regard, three types of most widely used protocols, named, Ad hoc On-demand Distance
Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) have
been used to analyze. Therefore, AODV is selected in distributed ad hoc setting for the path discovery.
Also, AODV is a reactive improvement of Dynamic Destination Sequence Vector (DSDV) protocol. On the
other hand, the number of route broadcast is decreased by source routes on demand in AODV, which is
opposite of DSDV algorithm. In this research, the quality of service parameters of network paths are also
included to develop trust in the links to defend from various attacks. Moreover, a comparative analysis of
delay, congestion, packet losses, transit time between source and destination is illustrated on AODV and
DSR. In simulation time, packet drop-outs and link failures for probe packets are examined and analyzed
under network attack.
Design and implementation of new routingIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is a key element in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) design. Indeed, sensor nodes are really constrained by energy supply. Hence, how to improve the network lifetime is a crucial and challenging task. Several techniques are available at different levels of the OSI model to maximize the WSN lifetime and especially at the network layer which uses routing strategies to maintain the routes in the network and guarantee reliable communication. In this paper we intend to propose a new protocol called
Combined Energy and Distance Metrics Dynamic Routing Protocol (CEDM-DR). Our new approach considers not only the distance between wireless sensors but also the energy of node acting as a router in order to find the optimal path and achieve a dynamic and adaptive routing.
The performance metrics exploited for the evaluation of our protocol are average energy consumed, network lifetime and packets lost. By comparing our proposed routing strategy to protocol widely used in WSN namely Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector(AODV), simulation results show that CEDM-DR strategy might effectively balance the sensor power consumption and permits accordingly to enhance the network
lifetime. As well, this new protocol yields a noticeable energy saving compared to its counterpart.
Simulation based comparison of routing protocols in wireless multihop ad hoc ...IJECEIAES
Routing protocols are responsible for providing reliable communication between the source and destination nodes. The performance of these protocols in the ad hoc network family is influenced by several factors such as mobility model, traffic load, transmission range, and the number of mobile nodes which represents a great issue. Several simulation studies have explored routing protocol with performance parameters, but few relate to various protocols concerning routing and quality of service (QoS) metrics. This paper presents a simulation-based comparison of proactive, reactive, and multipath routing protocols in mobile adhoc networks (MANETs). Specifically, the performance of AODV, DSDV, and AOMDV protocols are evaluated and analyzed in the presence of varying the number of mobile nodes, pause time, and traffic connection numbers. Moreover, Routing and QoS performance metrics such as normalized routing load, routing packet, packet delivery ratio, packet drop, end-to-end delay, and throughput are measured to conduct a performance comparison between three routing protocols. Simulation results indicate that AODV outperforms the DSDV and AOMDV protocols in most of the metrics. AOMDV is better than DSDV in terms of end-to-end delay. DSDV provides lower throughput performance results. Network topology parameters have a slight impact on AODV performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
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1. Jitender Grover et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.918-926
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
Impact of Connectionless & Connection Oriented Communication
with Variable Transmission Range and Mobility on Routing
Protocols Over Manets
Jitender Grover*, Jony and Jitender**
*(Assistant Professor, Computer Science & Engineering Department M. M. University, Sadopur, Ambala,India)
** (M.Tech Student, Computer Science & Engineering Department M. M. University, Sadopur, Ambala, India)
ABSTRACT
Effective transmission power control is a critical issue in the design and performance of wireless ad hoc
networks. Today, the design of packet radios and protocols for wireless ad hoc networks are primarily based on
common-range transmission control. Connection oriented (TCP) and Connectionless (UDP) transmission also
affects the performance of the networks. In this paper, we have analyzed AODV, DSDV & DSR with varying
transmission range, connection type, number of nodes & different mobility speeds in a collective environment.
We analyzed QoS parameters such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, routing overhead and throughput.
The proposed work has been simulated using NS-2.34.
Keywords - MANETs, QoS, Transmission range, TCP, UDP.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a
collection of wireless mobile nodes and connected in
dynamic manner. Nodes forming a temporary & shortlived network without any fixed infrastructure where
all nodes are free to move. Nodes must behave as
routers; take part in discovery and maintenance of
routes for other nodes in the network [1]. The goal of
QoS provisioning is to achieve a more deterministic
network behaviors, so that information carried by the
network can be better delivered and network resources
can be better utilized. The QoS parameters differ from
application to application e.g. in case of multimedia
application bandwidth, jitter and delay are the key
QoS parameters [2].
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is
one of the most widely used end -to-end transport
layer protocol in the Internet today. The TCP ensure
reliable data transfer over unreliable networks. The
TCP is a complex protocol and it performs congestion
and flow control algorithms. The TCP establishes a
connection between two applications and once
connection is established between two applications, it
provides many useful services to the application layer
such as reliable delivery of data packets, end-to-end
connection [3]. On the other hand, User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless protocol. UDP has
less complex mechanism than TCP because there in
no connection establishment phase in UDP. Generally
UDP is used to send less number packets to the
destination like one or two. Packets in UDP do not
follow a fixed path from source to destination so
congestion control in UDP is not very easy. UDP is
less reliable than TCP in the absence of
acknowledgement.
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Power control affects the performance of the network
layer. A high transmission power increases the
connectivity of the network by increasing the number
of direct links seen by each node but this is at the
expense of reducing network capacity. The type of
power control used can also affects the connectivity
and performance of the network layer. Choosing a
higher transmission power increases the connectivity
of the network. In addition, power control affects the
signalling overhead of routing protocols used in
mobile wireless ad hoc networks. Higher transmission
power decreases the number of forwarding hops
between source-destination pairs, therefore reducing
the signalling load necessary to maintain routes when
nodes are mobile. Existing routing protocols discussed
in the mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) working
group of the IETF [5] are designed to discover routes
using flooding techniques at common-range maximum
transmission power. These protocols are optimized to
minimize the number of hops between source
destination pairs. Modifying existing MANET routing
protocols to promote lower transmission power levels
in order to increase network capacity and potentially
higher throughput seen by applications, is neither a
trivial nor viable solution [6]. For example, lowering
the common transmission power forces MANET
routing protocols to generate a prohibitive amount of
signalling overhead to maintain routes in the presence
of node mobility. Similarly, there is a minimum
transmission power beyond which nodes may become
disconnected from other nodes in the network.
Because of these characteristics MANET routing
protocols do not provide a suitable foundation for
capacity-aware and power-aware routing in emerging
wireless ad hoc networks.
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II.
RELATED WORK
In [7], authors compared AODV, DSDV and
DSR using NS-2 simulator. It is observed that because
of high mobility speed, frequent link failures occurred
and the overhead in updating all the nodes with new
routing information also increases. AODV performed
best out of all three protocols compared. Evaluation of
four routing protocol DSDV, AODV, TORA and DSR
is done in [8] using NS-2 with varying pause time.
Performance proactive routing protocol DSDV is
poor, indicating that it is not suitable for adhoc
network. DSR on demand use of cache memory
performs better than all the remaining protocols. In
[9], authors analyzed the performance of AODV,
DSDV and DSR with varying pause time and
scalability in the network using NS-2. On the basis of
scalability, for smaller networks DSR performed best
but for bigger networks DSDV outperformed DSR and
AODV. In [10], authors compared the performance of
AODV, DSDV and DSR with varying pause time and
number of connections in the network using NS-2. It
is observed that the DSR and AODV protocol
performed well because of the reactive nature of these
protocols having less routing overhead. The
performance of AODV and DSR routing protocols in
wireless sensor network with varying load by varying
number of sources and mobility speeds on 50 and 100
nodes scenario has been simulated in [11]. Their
results indicate AODV perform better than DSR when
node density and traffic load is low otherwise DSR
delivers good performance. In [12] a simulation based
performance comparison of DSDV and DSR routing
protocols with variation in number of nodes with fixed
transmission range 250m has been analyzed and it has
observed from their results that DSR outperforms
DSDV. The throughput and delay comparison of
AODV, FISHEYE, DYMO and STAR routing
protocols with varying number of nodes has been
simulated in [13]. Their results show that AODV,
DYMO and Bellman ford protocols are having higher
end to end delays than others. A simulation based
performance analysis on AODV, TORA, OLSR and
DSR routing protocols for voice communication
support over hybrid MANETs has been conducted in
[14]. The result shows that overall performance of
OLSR is best as all QoS parameters has favorable
results. The performance of TORA is less than OLSR
and AODV but its performance is better than the
performance of DSR. DSR protocol has minimum
throughput and maximum end-to-end-delay with
highest jitter and all these factors make this protocol
unsuitable for voice transmission. The impact of
mobility with all parameters on DSR and DSDV by
varying mobility speeds and number of nodes with
250m transmission range has been analyzed in [15].
The result shows that DSR outperforms DSDV in all
QoS parameters. The performance of AODV, DSDV
and DSR routing protocols by varying pause time and
mobility speed is analyzed in [16]. The observations
of simulation analysis show that AODV is preferred
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over DSR and DSDV. In [17] impact of scalability on
QoS Parameters such as packet delivery ratio, end to
end delay, routing overhead, throughput and jitter has
been analyzed by varying number of nodes, packet
size, time interval between packets and mobility rates
on AODV,DSR and DSDV has been analyzed.
The performance of AODV, DSDV and DSR
routing protocols in different mobility speeds with
fixed nodes has been analyzed in [18]. After analyzing
in different situations of network, it is observed that
AODV performs better than DSDV and DSR. In [19]
the performance of AODV and DSDV routing
protocols by varying transmission range and
simulation time has been analyzed. It is observed that
the transmission range as a system parameter affects
the overall energy consumption of wireless ad hoc
networks. In [20] the performance comparison of
AODV, DSDV and DSR routing protocols by varying
number of nodes, pause time, mobility speed and fixed
transmission range 250m has been evaluated. The
result shows that AODV and DSR are proved to be
better than DSDV. In [21] the performance of
transport layer protocols TCP and UDP on AODV,
DSDV, TORA and DSR routing protocols in multicast
environment by varying pause time with 50 nodes
scenario has been simulated. The result indicates that
TCP is not appropriate transport protocol for highly
mobile multi hop networks and UDP is preferred. In
this paper, we have analyzed the impact on certain
QoS parameters by taking variation in transmission
range, mobility and number of nodes on routing
protocols (AODV, DSR and DSDV).The rest of this
paper is organized as follows. Section 2 covers an
overview of routing protocols, Section 3 describes
QoS based performance metrics, Section 4, simulation
analysis and result discussion is presented and Section
5 concludes this paper with discussions.
III.
OVERVIEW OF ZONE ROUTING
PROTOCOLS
Routing protocols for MANETs have been
classified according to the strategies of discovering
and maintaining routes into three classes: proactive,
reactive and Hybrid [22].
Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV):
DSDV [23] is a proactive or table-driven routing
protocol. In DSDV, each node maintains a routing
table that has an entry for each destination in the
network. The attributes for each destination are the
next hop ID, hop count metric and a sequence number
which is originated by the destination node. DSDV
uses both periodic and triggered routing updates and
guarantees loop freedom. Upon receiving a route
update packet, each node compares it to the existing
information regarding the route. Routes with old
sequence numbers are simply discarded.
Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR): The
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [24] protocol is an
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on-demand routing protocol based on source routing.
In the source routing technique, a sender determines
the exact sequence of nodes through which to
propagate a packet. The list of intermediate nodes for
routing is explicitly contained in the packet’s header.
In DSR, every mobile node in the network needs to
maintain a route cache where it caches source routes
that it has learned. When a host wants to send a packet
to some other host, it first checks its route cache for a
source route to the destination. In the case a route is
found, the sender uses this route to propagate the
packet. Otherwise the source node initiates the route
discovery process. In route discovery, the source
floods a query packet through the ad-hoc network, and
the reply is returned by either the destination or
another host that can complete the query from its route
cache. Upon reception of a query packet, if a node has
already seen this ID (i.e. it is a duplicate) or if it finds
its own address already recorded in the list, it discards
the copy and stops flooding; otherwise, it appends its
own address to the list and broadcasts the query to its
neighbours. For route maintenance when a route
failure is detected the node detecting the failure sends
an error packet to the source, which then uses the
route discovery protocol to find a new route.
Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing
(AODV): The AODV [25] is a reactive protocol,
which combines both DSR and DSDV characteristics.
AODV borrows the basic route discovery and routemaintenance of DSR as well as hop-by-hop routing,
sequence numbers and beacons of DSDV. When a
source node desires to establish a communication
session, it initiates a route discovery process by
generating a route request (RREQ) message, which
might be replied by the intermediate nodes in the path
to destination or the destination node itself with the
route reply (RREP) message contains the whole path
to destination. Failure of a link can be detected via
hello messages. Failure to receive three consecutive
HELLO messages from a neighbor is taken as an
indication that the link to the neighbor in question is
down.
IV.
QOS BASED PERFORMANCE METRICS
The performance metrics includes the QoS
parameters such as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR),
Throughput, End to End Delay, Routing Overhead and
Jitter.
Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR): PDR also known as
the ratio of the data packets delivered to the
destinations to those generated by the CBR sources.
This metric characterizes both the completeness and
correctness of the routing protocol.
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Average End to End Delay: Average End to End
delay is the average time taken by a data packet to
reach from source node to destination node. It is ratio
of total delay to the number of packets received.
(CBRrecetime CBRsenttime)
n
Avg _ End _ to _ End _ Delay
1
n
CBRrece
1
Throughput: Throughput is the ratio of total number
of delivered or received data packets to the total
duration of simulation time.
CBRrece
n
Throughput
1
simulationtime
Normalized Protocol Overhead/ Routing Load:
Routing Load is the ratio of total number of the
routing packets to the total number of received data
packets at destination.
Routing _ Load
V.
RTRPacket
CBRrece
SIMULATION RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
The performance of AODV, DSDV and DSR
has been analyzed with varying transmission range,
connection type (TCP, UDP), mobility and number of
nodes. The parameters used for simulation are
summarized in Table 1 and positioning of 75 and 100
nodes is illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The
performance metrics comprises of QoS parameters
such as packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, routing
overhead and throughput.
TABLE I.
Simulation Parameters
Parameters
Values
No of Node
75,100
Simulation Time
100 sec
Environment Size
1200x1200
Traffic Type
CBR (Constant Bit
Rate)
Queue Length
50
Source Node
Node 0
Destination Node
Node 7
Mobility Model
Random Waypoint
Antenna Type
Omni Directional
Connection Type
TCP, UDP
Simulator
NS-2.34
Mobility Speed
10,20, 30, 40 ,50 m/s
Transmission Range (in
200, 300 and 400
meters)
Operating System
Linux Enterprise
Edition-5
n
PDR
CBRrece
1
n
CBRsent
*100
1
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* 100
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4. Jitender Grover et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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Fig 4 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Packet Delivery Ratio for 300
Transmission Range with 75 nodes.
Fig 1 Initial Positioning of 75 Nodes
Fig 5 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Packet Delivery Ratio for 400
Transmission Range with 75 nodes.
Fig 2 Initial Positioning of 100 Nodes.
A Packet Delivery Ratio
Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of all routing
protocols is shown in Figure 3-5 for 75 nodes and in
Figure 6-8 for 100 nodes. It has been observed that
AODV with TCP & UDP both is having the highest
packet delivery ratio as compared to other protocols
DSR and DSDV. On the other hand DSDV shows
poorest PDR in the simulated environment. Result
shows that as Mobility speed is increasing PDR is
increasing for all the protocols. In most cases
performance of UDP is better than TCP for all three
protocols. DSR with UDP performed best when
transmission range and mobility speed is set to
maximum.
Fig 3 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Packet Delivery Ratio for 200
Transmission Range with 75 nodes.
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Fig 6 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Packet Delivery Ratio for 200
Transmission Range with 100 nodes.
Fig 7 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Packet Delivery Ratio for 300
Transmission Range with 100 nodes.
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Fig 8 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Packet Delivery Ratio for 400
Transmission Range with 100 nodes.
B End to End delay
End to End delay of all routing protocols is
shown in Figure 9-11 for 75 nodes and in Figure 1214 for 100 nodes. It has been observed that Average
End to End delay of DSDV with TCP & UDP protocol
remains very high for almost all transmission ranges
and mobility speeds in both 75 and 100 nodes
scenario. In AODV with TCP & UDP protocol it is
lower than the other protocols in both 75 and 100 node
scenario. For 75 nodes DSR with TCP protocol shows
high average end to end delay on range 200m. DSR
with TCP & UDP protocol shows low average end to
end delay on all ranges from 200m to 400m. In 100
nodes scenario DSR protocol shows very low average
end to end delay on range 400m in highly mobile
environment. It is observed that Average Delay with
TCP is better than UDP for all the protocols.
Fig 9 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Average End to End Delay for
200 Transmission Range with 75 nodes.
Fig 10 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Average End to End Delay for
300 Transmission Range with 75 nodes.
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Fig 11 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Average End to End Delay for
400 Transmission Range with 75 nodes.
Fig 12 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Average End to End Delay for
200 Transmission Range with 100 nodes.
Fig 13 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Average End to End Delay for
300 Transmission Range with 100 nodes.
Fig 14 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Average End to End Delay for
400 Transmission Range with 75 nodes.
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C Throughput
Throughput of all routing protocols is shown
in Figure 15-17 for 75 nodes and in Figure 18-20 for
100 nodes. The results analyzed indicate that with
highest mobility and 500m transmission range AODV
with TCP & UDP having the highest average
throughput as compared to DSDV and DSR routing
protocols in both 75 nodes and 100 nodes scenario. It
is analysed that in most cases DSDV performed worst
out of all three protocols compared. Figure 20 shows
that DSR with UDP performed best with maximum
transmission range. In most cases Throughput of
DSDV with UDP is poorest as compared to DSDV
with TCP otherwise in other two protocols
performance with UDP is better than TCP.
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Fig 18 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on Throughput for 200Transmission
Range with 100 nodes.
Fig 15 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Average End to End Delay for
500 Transmission Range with 75 nodes.
Fig 19 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on Throughput for 300Transmission
Range with 100 nodes.
Fig 16 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Average End to End Delay for
300 Transmission Range with 75 nodes.
Fig 20 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on Throughput for 400Transmission
Range with 100 nodes.
Fig 17 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on the Average End to End Delay for
400 Transmission Range with 75 nodes.
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D Routing Overhead
Routing Overhead of all routing protocols is
shown in Figure 21-23 for 75 nodes and in Figure 2426 for 100 nodes. The results analyzed indicate that in
both 75 nodes and 100 nodes scenario we can see that
DSDV TCP & UDP Protocol has highest routing
overhead unless it uses transmission range more than
400m. DSR is better than DSDV because it is reactive
but shows high routing overhead as compared to
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AODV. On different protocols the routing overhead
depending on their internal efficiency and thus
protocol efficiency may or may not directly affect data
routing performance. If control and data traffic share
the same channel and the channels capacity is limited,
then excessive control traffic often impacts data
routing performance. Routing overhead in AODV
Protocol is inversely proportional to transmission
range. When the transmission range is highest, routing
overhead is minimum and at lowest transmission
range routing overhead in maximum. In most cases we
can analyse that routing overhead with UDP is lesser
than TCP for AODV and DSDV but not in the case of
DSR.
Fig 21 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on Routing Overhead for 200
Transmission Range with 75 nodes.
Fig 22 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on Routing Overhead for 300
Transmission Range with 75 nodes.
Fig 24 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on Routing Overhead for 200
Transmission Range with 100 nodes.
Fig 25 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on Routing Overhead for 300
Transmission Range with 100 nodes.
Fig 26 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on Routing Overhead for 400
Transmission Range with 100 nodes.
VI.
Fig 23 Impact of Varying Transmission Range and
Mobility Rate on Routing Overhead for 400
Transmission Range with 75 nodes.
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CONCLUSION
The transmission range, connection type,
mobility and different number of nodes as a system
parameter affects the overall energy consumption and
performance of wireless ad-hoc networks. The
performance of these three routing protocols shows
some differences by varying transmission range,
mobility speed and number of nodes. From our
experimental analysis we conclude that AODV with
TCP & UDP has maximum packet delivery ratio and
maximum throughput and it is directly proportionate
to transmission range. AODV has lesser routing
overhead than DSR and DSDV but average end to end
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[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
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