The Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch all sought to colonize parts of Southeast Asia between the 15th-19th centuries. [1] The Portuguese colonized areas of Indonesia, Malacca, Timor, and the Moluccas. [2] They took control of Malacca in 1511 and the spice trade, but their rule was hampered by difficulties. [3] The Spanish colonized the Philippines for over 300 years after the Portuguese explorer Magellan arrived in 1521, establishing Manila as their capital in 1571. The Dutch controlled most of Indonesia as the Dutch East Indies, gradually conquering kingdoms through political influence and forced labor systems until independence in 1949.

1. Dean Ruffel R. Flandez
M. History - 1

3. CONTENTS
PORTUGUESE SPANISH DUTCH

4. PORTUGUESE

5. PORTUGUESE
 Portuguese colonization
reached Southeast Asia
particularly in some parts of
Indonesia, Malacca, Timor, and
Moluccas.

6. PORTUGUESE MALACCA
 The news of Malacca's wealth attracted the attention of Manuel
I, King of Portugal and he sent Admiral Diogo Lopes de
Sequeira to find Malacca, to make a trade compact with its ruler as
Portugal's representative east of India.

7. PORTUGUESE MALACCA
 Although he was initially well-received by Sultan Mahmud Shah
trouble however quickly ensued.
 The international Muslim trading community convinced Mahmud
that the Portuguese were a grave threat. Mahmud subsequently
captured several of his men, killed others and attempted to attack the
four Portuguese ships, although they escaped.

8. PORTUGUESE MALACCA
 In April 1511, Alfonso de Albuquerque
set sail from Goa to Malacca with a force of
some 1200 men and seventeen or eighteen
ships.
 Conflict was unavoidable, and after 40 days
of fighting, Malacca fell to the Portuguese on
24 August 1511.

9. PORTUGUESE MALACCA
 It soon became clear that
Portuguese control of Malacca did
not also mean they controlled
Asian trade centered there. Their
Malaccan rule was severely
hampered by administrative and
economic difficulties.

10. PORTUGUESE MALACCA
 In the early 17th century, the Dutch East India Company began contesting
Portuguese power in the East. At that time, the Portuguese had transformed
Malacca into an impregnable fortress, the Fortaleza de Malaca, controlling
access to the sea lanes of the Straits of Malacca and the spice trade there.
 The Dutch with their local allies assaulted and finally wrested Malacca
from the Portuguese in January 1641.

11. PORTUGUESE TIMOR

12. PORTUGUESE TIMOR
 The Portuguese first settled on Timor in 1520, and the Spanish
arrived in 1522. The Dutch took possession of the western portion
of the island in 1613. The British governed the island in 1812–15.
The Dutch and the Portuguese fought for supremacy over Timor;
Portuguese sovereignty over the island's eastern half was settled by
treaties in 1860 and 1893, although the latter became effective only in
1914.

13. PORTUGUESE TIMOR
 Japanese forces occupied Timor during World War II. East Timor
province, including the Ambeno enclave, thereafter remained in
Portuguese possession until 1975, when one of the major political
parties there, FRETILIN (Frente Revolucionária de Timor Leste
Independente [Revolutionary Front of Independent East
Timor]), gained control of much of the territory and declared its
independence (November) as the Democratic Republic of East
Timor.

14. PORTUGUESE MOLUCCAS
 Sought after by many
European nations because of
its famous spices. It is known
as the Spice Islands.

15. PORTUGUESE MOLUCCAS
 Apart from some relatively minor cultural influences the most
significant lasting effects of the Portuguese presence was the
disruption and reorganization of the Southeast Asian trade, and in
eastern Indonesia—including Maluku—the introduction of
Christianity.

16. PORTUGUESE MOLUCCAS
 After the Portuguese annexed Malacca in August 1511, one Portuguese
diary noted 'it is thirty years since they became Moors‗- giving a sense of
the competition then taking place between Islamic and European
influences in the region. Alfonso de Albuquerque learned of the route
to the Banda Islands and other 'Spice Islands', and sent an exploratory
expedition of three vessels under the command of António de
Abreu, Simão Alfonso Bisigudo and Francisco Serrão.

17. PORTUGUESE MOLUCCAS
 Allying himself with Ternate's
ruler, Serrão constructed a fortress on
that tiny island and served as the head
of a mercenary band of Portuguese
seamen under the service of one of the
two local feuding sultans who
controlled most of the spice trade.

18. PORTUGUESE MOLUCCAS
 Sometime in the 16th century, there had been encounters between
Spanish and Portuguese.
 The Dutch and British soon joined in the conflicts to try to gain a
monopoly over the trade and expel Portugal. The fighting for control over
these small islands became very intense in the 17th and 18th centuries
with the Dutch even giving the island of Manhattan to the British in
exchange for, among other things, the tiny island of Run which gave the
Dutch full control over the Banda archipelago's nutmeg production.

19. SPANISH

20. SPANISH
 Spanish colonization reached
Southeast Asia particularly in
Philippines, where they reign for
over 300 years.

21. SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 Spanish colonial motives were not, however, strictly commercial.
The Spanish at first viewed the Philippines as a stepping-stone to the
riches of the East Indies (Spice Islands), but, even after the
Portuguese and Dutch had foreclosed that possibility, the Spanish still
maintained their presence in the archipelago.

22. SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 The Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan
headed the first Spanish foray to the Philippines when he made
landfall on Cebu in March 1521; a short time later he met an untimely
death on the nearby island of Mactan. After King Philip II (for whom
the islands are named) had dispatched three further expeditions that
ended in disaster, he sent out Miguel López de Legazpi, who
established the first permanent Spanish settlement, in Cebu, in 1565.

23. SPANISH PHILIPPINES

24. SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 The Spanish city of Manila was founded in 1571, and by the end
of the 16th century most of the coastal and lowland areas from
Luzon to northern Mindanao were under Spanish control. Friars
marched with soldiers and soon accomplished the nominal conversion
to Roman Catholicism of all the local people under Spanish
administration. But the Muslims of Mindanao and Sulu, whom the
Spanish called Moros, were never completely subdued by Spain.

25. SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 Spanish rule for the first 100 years was exercised in most areas
through a type of tax farming imported from the Americas and
known as the encomienda. But abusive treatment of the local tribute
payers and neglect of religious instruction by encomenderos
(collectors of the tribute), as well as frequent withholding of revenues
from the crown, caused the Spanish to abandon the system by the end
of the 17th century.

26. SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 Manila dominated the islands not only as the political capital. The
galleon trade with Acapulco, Mex., assured Manila's commercial
primacy as well. The exchange of Chinese silks for Mexican silver not
only kept in Manila those Spanish who were seeking quick profit, but
it also attracted a large Chinese community.

27. SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 By the late 18th century, political and
economic changes in Europe were finally
beginning to affect Spain and, thus, the
Philippines. Important as a stimulus to
trade was the gradual elimination of the
monopoly enjoyed by the galleon to
Acapulco.

28. SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 The growth of commercial agriculture resulted in the appearance
of a new class. Alongside the landholdings of the church and the rice
estates of the pre-Spanish nobility there arose haciendas of
coffee, hemp, and sugar, often the property of enterprising Chinese-
Filipino mestizos.

29. SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 Not until 1863 was there public education in the Philippines, and
even then the church controlled the curriculum. Less than one-fifth
of those who went to school could read and write Spanish, and far
fewer could speak it properly. The limited higher education in the
colony was entirely under clerical direction, but by the 1880s many
sons of the wealthy were sent to Europe to study.

30. SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 There, nationalism and a passion for reform blossomed in the
liberal atmosphere. Out of this talented group of overseas Filipino
students arose what came to be known as the Propaganda Movement.
Magazines, poetry, and pamphleteering flourished. José Rizal, this
movement's most brilliant figure, produced two political novels—
Noli me tangere (1886; Touch Me Not) and El filibusterismo (1891;
The Reign of Greed)—which had a wide impact in the Philippines.

31. SPANISH PHILIPPINES

32. SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 Rizal was quickly arrested by the overly fearful Spanish, exiled to a
remote island in the south, and finally executed in 1896.
Meanwhile, within the Philippines there had developed a firm
commitment to independence among a somewhat less privileged
class.
 Shocked by the arrest of Rizal in 1892, these activists quickly
formed the Katipunan under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio, a
self-educated warehouseman.

33. SPANISH PHILIPPINES

34. SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 In August 1896, Spanish friars uncovered evidence of the
Katipunan's plans, and its leaders were forced into premature action.
Revolts broke out in several provinces around Manila. After months
of fighting, severe Spanish retaliation forced the revolutionary armies
to retreat to the hills. In December 1897 a truce was concluded with
the Spanish

35. SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 Emilio Aguinaldo, a municipal mayor and
commander of the rebel forces, was paid a
large sum and was allowed to go to Hong
Kong with other leaders; the Spanish promised
reforms as well. But reforms were slow in
coming, and small bands of rebels, distrustful
of Spanish promises, kept their arms; clashes
grew more frequent

36. SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 Meanwhile, war had broken out between Spain and the United
States (the Spanish-American War). After the U.S. naval victory in the
Battle of Manila Bay in May 1898, Aguinaldo and his entourage
returned to the Philippines with the help of Adm. George Dewey.
Confident of U.S. support, Aguinaldo reorganized his forces and soon
liberated several towns south of Manila.

37. SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 Independence was declared on June 12 (now celebrated as
Independence Day). In September a constitutional congress met in
Malolos, north of Manila, which drew up a fundamental law derived
from European and Latin American precedents. A government was
formed on the basis of that constitution in January 1899, with
Aguinaldo as president of the new country, popularly known as the
―Malolos Republic.‖

38. SPANISH PHILIPPINES

39. SPANISH PHILIPPINES

40. DUTCH

41. DUTCH
 Dutch colonization reached
Southeast Asia particularly all of
Indonesia and a part of
Cambodia.

42. DUTCH EAST INDIES
 From the arrival of the first Dutch ships in the late sixteenth
century, to the declaration of independence in 1945, Dutch control
over the Indonesian archipelago was always tenuous. Although Java
was dominated by the Dutch, many areas remained independent
throughout much of this time including Aceh, Bali, Lombok and
Borneo.

43. DUTCH EAST INDIES

44. DUTCH EAST INDIES
 In 1806, with the Netherlands
under French
domination, Napoleon appointed
his brother Louis Bonaparte to the
Dutch throne which led to the 1808
appointment of Marshall Herman
Willem Daendels to Governor
General of the Dutch East Indies.

45. DUTCH EAST INDIES
 In 1811, British forces occupied several Dutch East Indies ports
including Java and Thomas Stamford Raffles became Lieutenant
Governor. Dutch control was restored in 1816. Under the 1824
Anglo-Dutch Treaty, the Dutch secured British settlements in
Indonesia, such as Bengkulu in Sumatra, in exchange for ceding
control of their possessions in the Malay Peninsula and Dutch India.

46. DUTCH EAST INDIES
 Kingdom by
kingdom, the Dutch
slowly conquered the
whole range that would
form the territory of the
Republic of Indonesia.

47. DUTCH EAST INDIES
 During World War II the entire Dutch
East Indies, excepting a part of southern
Netherlands New Guinea, was occupied by
Japan. The years 1945–49 formed a transition
period in which The Netherlands
unsuccessfully tried to regain control of the
islands; the islands achieved independence as
the new nation of Indonesia in 1949.

48. DUTCH EAST INDIES
 The Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) were administered by the
Dutch East India Company and later the Dutch government. The
Netherlands developed its empire without challenge due to winning
concessions and political influence from local rulers, placing Chinese
in positions of authority and imposing systems of forced labor.

49. ARIGATOUGOZAIMASU !
Thank You!