2. Chapter 13- Revolutions Revolution 1685-1730 When King Charles II died in 1685 his other brother Duke of York ruled as James II. He told the Governors to bully, and disperse any of the colonial protesters. He increased takes taxes on Chesapeake tobacco. Dominion In protest Massachusetts defined the new laws.” The laws of England are bound within fower seas, and does not reach America. The King tried to make a super colony out of 5 New England states, and N.Y., and all of Jersey, and call it “The Dominion”, The Dominion was to enforce the Navigation Acts. War of Spanish Succession The peace of 1697 lasted 5 yrs. By 1702, Louis XIV rebuilt his military to fill the throne of Spain with his grandson Philip de Bourbon. The English war effort failed in the colonies. In 1702 the Carolina colonist attack San Agustin, the capital of Florida, but the Spanish forces held the fort. The English abandoned treaties with France or Spain at Utrecht. The English commit the empire to a maritime commerce, the shift elevated the American Colonies to a new importance.
3. Chapter 14- The Atlantic The Atlantic Despite growing British shipping emigrants declined in the 18th century as compared to the 17th. New recruitment invented America as an asylum from landlords, religious, and political oppression all over Europe, with the impression immigrants needed to be Protestants. The new emigration now had fewer Brits, but more Scots, Germans, and because of slavery, more Africans. The colonial population became more and more less British, and there was an increased gap between those who had freedom, to those who were in slavery. Trade The British empire now has a multilateral trading system, with a system of billing . The merchants in London used “Bills of Exchange” to balance their books of Credit & Debits. The “Navigation Acts” locked the Chesapeake *& West Indies into shipping tobacco & sugar directly to England. In Value the Chesapeake grain exports swelled from 11,500 pounds in 1740 to 130,000 pounds in 1770. The free colonists enjoyed more disposable income than most British subjects, they paid less than ¼ unlike other English tax payer. Goods 1770’s the American colonies took in about 10% of British exports, by 1772 it would increase to 37%. Now there was a two way buying front with the working class wanting goods that the upper class had. As consumers it was the insulting line between wealthy & a commoner. The compunction made both the elite and common people live beyond their means and acquire a great amount of debit to England and abroad.
4. Chapter 15- Awakening During the Mid-Eighteenth Century, British colonial American experienced a dramatic and sweeping set of religious revivals known as the “Great Awakening”. Revivals In the 18th century most Congregational and Presbyterian churches had evangelical periods, called “revival” causing an increase in fervor and members. Revivals offered the opportunity for sinners to convert and devote their life to god in hopes of eternal salvation. Energetic preachers gave loud and enthusiastic sermons that were supposed to make the listener realize their evil ways and make a change or they were going to hell. The conversion process called the New Birth goes from despair, as the person realizes they are worthless without God, to divine grace, when the person gives up to God. Old Lights & New Lights This was the name given to rationalists who believed that religion should follow scriptural traditions and learned sermons. They consisted of older men that were well established in their career and had gone to English Universities. The old lights preferred dispassionate religion that lacked emotional & physical outburst. They believed that grace was something that happened over time as a result of bible study, morality, and through a cautious minister. The felt that Christianity was a stable religion that needed defending against modern outside influences. New lights-This was the name given to evangelists who believed that religion should be spontaneous and emotional. They consisted of younger zealous preachers that had been educated in American Universities. At revivals there was often weeping, crying, twitching, and falling during worship service. The New Lights were supporters of women, children, and sinners. They felt that religion should be uninhibited to bring about the flow of a New Birth to it’s congregation.
5. Chapter 17-Great Plains Comanche & Apache In the 18th century, The great Plains became the battleground of the native people as they competed for land and buffalo. As the Comanche spread into Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas, they acquired horses, which allowed them more opportunities to delve into new lands. The Apache and Comanche fought over the river Valleys, which had more water, grass, wood, and shelter. The Comanche bands were normally fluid and nomadic, but would often come together to raid Apache Villages to take horses, women and children, and buffalo territory. The extra horses, buffalo, and captives were traded to the French for guns and ammunition. The Comanche allied with the Wichita to keep the Apache from trading with the French. Apache bands fled from the Comanche into new Mexico and Texas getting closer to the Hispanics. Since, the Apache could no longer hunt buffalo, they would raid the Hispanic ranches and missions stealing and eating buffalo and horses. Some Apache sought refuge with the Hispanic mission system, such Lipan Apache who made a peace treaty with a ceremony signifying their submission. This caused the Hispanics to be party to the dispute between the Apache and the Comanche and Wichita. This lead to attacks and counterattacks which killed both Indians and Hispanics.
6. Chapter 18- Imperial Wars and Crisis Balance & Power Between 1689 and 1763, The British Empire waged four wide ranging wars with the French. The wars came in two cycles 1689-1713, featured the Nine Years War (1689-97) and the war of the Spanish Succession (1702-13). The Indians controlled the balance of power between the French and English colony. The Indians were divided in tribes and subdivide into smaller villages that could obstruct trade and destroy outlying settlements. The Six Nation Iroquois had the best advantage because of their location between French Canada and New York. Both the French and English wanted the Indians as their allies. In 1701, the Iroquois built a neutrality in order to keep competition in the fur trade and keep invading settlers away. Despite having less colonists, the French realized the importance of having the Indians as allies and treated them with respect and diplomacy. The English had one advantage over the French better trade goods in larger quantities at cheaper prices. Indian Rebellions The collapse of new France was a huge blow to the Indians as they could no longer pit the French and the British against each other. Traders moved into the Ohio and Great lakes countries, then swindled and abused the Indians. The new British military commander, Jeffrey Amherst, cut off all presents to the Indians. This caused too many different bands to come together in cooperation to find a way to deal with the colonist. The first rebellion was the Cherokee fighting with their former allies in South Carolina as a result of the colonist invading Cherokee lands in the face of the French defeat. In 1760, the Cherokee ravaged South Carolina and captures a British fort, but the British retaliated in 1761 by destroying fifteen Indian towns and their crops. The Cherokee had to make peace with the English colonies. This defeat united 13 different nations of Indians in the common goal of defeating the British.
7. Chapter 19- The Pacific During the 1700s the officials of New Spain heard alarming rumors of Russians and British advances toward the West coast of North America. Russians During the 16th and 17th centuries, as western Europeans headed westward across the Atlantic to colonize North America. By subduing the native peoples and erecting fortified towns,Russians fur traders worked their way east to the Pacific Ocean 1639. Islands To Europeans, the pacific ocean long remained the most mysterious part of the temperate earth. The Pacific was especially distant and hard to reach from Europe. During the early 16th century the Spanish Magellan discovered the western route into the pacific via the strait that bears his name. The Spanish wanted to keep the oceans secrets from other Europeans, least Pacific information benefit their privacy During the 1760s the British and French governments became serious about probing the Pacific Ocean. Officially publishing Captain James Cook’s maps and journals, the British government reaped European credit for discovering much of the Pacific northwest in 1778. In fact, secretive Spanish expeditions had already visited that coast in 1774.
