International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses factors that influence human and cultural geography. It covers topics like population growth, distribution, and movement. Three key points:
1) The world's population has grown rapidly in the last 200 centuries due to decreasing death rates and increasing birth rates. Most population growth is occurring in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
2) Population distribution is uneven, with many people preferring to live in areas with fertile soil, mild climates, resources, and access to cities/jobs. Population density varies significantly between different parts of the world.
3) Migration, both within and between countries, is common. People migrate due to "push" factors like lack of jobs or conflict, and "pull
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the determinants of internal migration in Tanzania. It finds that demographic characteristics like gender, age, marital status, education level, skills level, and household characteristics like family size and income are significant factors influencing migration based on human capital models and previous research. The determinants of migration differ based on destination within Tanzania. Policymakers need to consider destination preferences and migrant characteristics when addressing the impacts of migration.
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluated approaches to post-conflict reconstruction in northern Uganda that incorporated creative arts like music, dance, drama, and visual art. The paper categorized the approaches into three groups: indigenous initiatives based on traditional Acholi arts, hybrid initiatives that blended local and international styles, and transplanted initiatives introduced by foreigners. It analyzed the cultural origins and resonance of the approaches, their appeal among the community based on factors like gender and location, and their sustainability. The paper concluded with recommendations for future arts-based programs in post-conflict regions.
Factors influencing spatial distribution and density of populationMithun Ray
This document discusses factors that influence population distribution and density. It identifies physical factors like terrain, climate, soil, water supply and vegetation that impact where people live. Terrain like plains encourage density while mountains restrict it. A moderate climate and fertile soil support more people. Water supply and some vegetation types also influence settlement. Additionally, human factors like industrialization, transportation, urbanization, and policies shape population patterns. Areas with industries, infrastructure, and cities exhibit higher densities. Wars, conflicts and political instability can decrease populations in affected regions.
This document summarizes a journal article about analyzing time allocation in rural Tanzania households. It discusses how:
1) The time spent on wage and non-wage activities is almost equal for rural Tanzanians, while women have less leisure time due to housework and childcare duties. Men spend more time in wage work and women in unpaid domestic duties.
2) Time use patterns vary by season. Girls do more housework than boys. There are statistically significant gender differences in time use patterns.
3) Previous studies have found that women account for most domestic travel and transportation work, while men's transport work is more for agriculture. Girls have heavier work burdens than boys. The opportunity cost of girls
Mass deportations and killings of Ottoman Armenians during WWI and the Greek-Turkish population exchange after the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922 were the two major events of the early 20th century that permanently changed the ethno-religious landscape of Anatolia. These events marked the end of centuries-long coexistence of the Muslim populations with the two biggest Christian communities of the region. These communities played a dominant role in craftsmanship, manufacturing, commerce and trade in the Empire. In this paper, we empirically investigate the long-run contribution of the Armenian and Greek communities in the Ottoman period on regional development in modern Turkey. We show that districts with greater presence of Greek and Armenian minorities at the end of the 19th century are systematically more densely populated, more urbanized and exhibit greater economic activity today. These results are qualitatively robust to accounting for an extensive set of geographical and historical factors that might have in influenced long-run development on the one hand and minority settlement patterns on the other. We explore two potential channels of persistence. First, we provide evidence that Greeks and Armenians might have contributed to long-run economic development through their legacy on human capital accumulation at the local level. This finding possibly reflects the role of inter-group spillovers of cultural values, technology and know-how as well as the self-selection of skilled labor into modern economic sectors established by Armenian and Greek entrepreneurs. Second, we show some evidence supporting the hypothesis that minority assets were also instrumental in the development of a modern national economy in Turkey.
Read more at: https://www.hhs.se/site
Ambicultural perspective as an economic development strategy. the case of zim...prjpublications
This summary provides an overview of the key points from the document:
1) The document discusses the role of culture as it pertains to business and economic development in Zimbabwe. It argues that culture plays an important role as both an endogenous and exogenous factor influencing economic outcomes.
2) Zimbabwe has a rich culture influenced by both indigenous African culture and the culture introduced during colonialism, resulting in an "ambicultural" perspective. However, culture has been overlooked as a transmission mechanism for innovation, technology, and wealth creation.
3) For Zimbabwe's economic growth to improve, leaders must better manage culture and recognize the role of culture in building innovation and technology over time. Embracing the country's ambicultural perspective
This document discusses factors that influence human and cultural geography. It covers topics like population growth, distribution, and movement. Three key points:
1) The world's population has grown rapidly in the last 200 centuries due to decreasing death rates and increasing birth rates. Most population growth is occurring in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
2) Population distribution is uneven, with many people preferring to live in areas with fertile soil, mild climates, resources, and access to cities/jobs. Population density varies significantly between different parts of the world.
3) Migration, both within and between countries, is common. People migrate due to "push" factors like lack of jobs or conflict, and "pull
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the determinants of internal migration in Tanzania. It finds that demographic characteristics like gender, age, marital status, education level, skills level, and household characteristics like family size and income are significant factors influencing migration based on human capital models and previous research. The determinants of migration differ based on destination within Tanzania. Policymakers need to consider destination preferences and migrant characteristics when addressing the impacts of migration.
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluated approaches to post-conflict reconstruction in northern Uganda that incorporated creative arts like music, dance, drama, and visual art. The paper categorized the approaches into three groups: indigenous initiatives based on traditional Acholi arts, hybrid initiatives that blended local and international styles, and transplanted initiatives introduced by foreigners. It analyzed the cultural origins and resonance of the approaches, their appeal among the community based on factors like gender and location, and their sustainability. The paper concluded with recommendations for future arts-based programs in post-conflict regions.
Factors influencing spatial distribution and density of populationMithun Ray
This document discusses factors that influence population distribution and density. It identifies physical factors like terrain, climate, soil, water supply and vegetation that impact where people live. Terrain like plains encourage density while mountains restrict it. A moderate climate and fertile soil support more people. Water supply and some vegetation types also influence settlement. Additionally, human factors like industrialization, transportation, urbanization, and policies shape population patterns. Areas with industries, infrastructure, and cities exhibit higher densities. Wars, conflicts and political instability can decrease populations in affected regions.
This document summarizes a journal article about analyzing time allocation in rural Tanzania households. It discusses how:
1) The time spent on wage and non-wage activities is almost equal for rural Tanzanians, while women have less leisure time due to housework and childcare duties. Men spend more time in wage work and women in unpaid domestic duties.
2) Time use patterns vary by season. Girls do more housework than boys. There are statistically significant gender differences in time use patterns.
3) Previous studies have found that women account for most domestic travel and transportation work, while men's transport work is more for agriculture. Girls have heavier work burdens than boys. The opportunity cost of girls
Mass deportations and killings of Ottoman Armenians during WWI and the Greek-Turkish population exchange after the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922 were the two major events of the early 20th century that permanently changed the ethno-religious landscape of Anatolia. These events marked the end of centuries-long coexistence of the Muslim populations with the two biggest Christian communities of the region. These communities played a dominant role in craftsmanship, manufacturing, commerce and trade in the Empire. In this paper, we empirically investigate the long-run contribution of the Armenian and Greek communities in the Ottoman period on regional development in modern Turkey. We show that districts with greater presence of Greek and Armenian minorities at the end of the 19th century are systematically more densely populated, more urbanized and exhibit greater economic activity today. These results are qualitatively robust to accounting for an extensive set of geographical and historical factors that might have in influenced long-run development on the one hand and minority settlement patterns on the other. We explore two potential channels of persistence. First, we provide evidence that Greeks and Armenians might have contributed to long-run economic development through their legacy on human capital accumulation at the local level. This finding possibly reflects the role of inter-group spillovers of cultural values, technology and know-how as well as the self-selection of skilled labor into modern economic sectors established by Armenian and Greek entrepreneurs. Second, we show some evidence supporting the hypothesis that minority assets were also instrumental in the development of a modern national economy in Turkey.
Read more at: https://www.hhs.se/site
Ambicultural perspective as an economic development strategy. the case of zim...prjpublications
This summary provides an overview of the key points from the document:
1) The document discusses the role of culture as it pertains to business and economic development in Zimbabwe. It argues that culture plays an important role as both an endogenous and exogenous factor influencing economic outcomes.
2) Zimbabwe has a rich culture influenced by both indigenous African culture and the culture introduced during colonialism, resulting in an "ambicultural" perspective. However, culture has been overlooked as a transmission mechanism for innovation, technology, and wealth creation.
3) For Zimbabwe's economic growth to improve, leaders must better manage culture and recognize the role of culture in building innovation and technology over time. Embracing the country's ambicultural perspective
This study examines the causal relationship between urbanization and economic growth in the United States from 1960 to 2017 using the Toda-Yamamoto causality approach. The empirical findings suggest there is a unidirectional causality running from urbanization to economic growth, but no causality in the opposite direction. In other words, urbanization Granger causes economic growth but not vice versa. The results indicate urbanization is a driving force of economic growth in the long run for the US. The study uses real GDP growth as a proxy for economic development and the ratio of urban to total population as a proxy for urbanization rate. Time series techniques, including unit root and Granger causality tests, are employed to analyze the data
Migrations and the Net: new virtual spaces to build a cultural identityeLearning Papers
Author: Linda J. Castañeda, Paz Prendes, Francisco Martínez-Sánchez.
This paper presents some of the reflections, projects and results around the topics of multiculturalism and migration attained by the Educational Technology Research Group at the University of Murcia, some of them integrated in the Interuniversity Cooperation programmes promoted by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation (AECI).
sprawl developments measurement indicator and projections in selected nigeri...IJAEMSJORNAL
Sprawl development is commonly attributed to the unprecedented rate of urbanization and city spatial growth. Large cities are not necessarily sprawling but are determined by characteristic compactness and connectedness of the metropolitan development and services including infrastructure and amenities. The understanding of the sprawl phenomenon is enhanced by some characteristic measurement of sprawl making use of certain development parameters. This paper therefore highlights an aspect of the measurement of sprawl utilizing the results from remote sensing data sourced from records of satellite images (from various Landsat and Nigeriasat) documented in research literatures. Also, the population census figures for each of the cities were sourced and projected as required for analysis and used in conjunction with their respective urban built-up land coverage. Results reveal varying pattern of relationship between progressions of urban spatial coverage changes and growth of population over a specified period of time. Intrinsic values from the computation such as urban population density and land consumption rate evolve as indicators for sprawl development and measurements.
READY EXPLORING THE POTENTIALS OF THEATRE AND THE MEDIA FOR NATION BUILDINGchijindu Daniel Mgbemere
This document discusses the potential roles of theatre and media in nation building in Nigeria. It argues that theatre and media can play crucial roles in psychological re-engineering and developing civic virtues among citizens to support nation building. The document examines various theories that explain how theatre and media act as mirrors that reflect society and can shape national consciousness. It proposes using theatre of necessity that addresses society's challenges and promotes equity, democracy, and good governance to strengthen nations. The conclusion is that theatre and media have important roles to play in nation building in Nigeria and other African countries through education, social mobilization, and fostering national integration.
Ethnicity And Space In The Global City A New FrontierAlvaroMier
This document discusses how globalization has contributed to new geographies of centrality and marginality in cities. Some key points:
1) Large cities have become strategic sites for global economic processes, with some cities strengthening in economic power while others decline. Within cities, highly educated workers see high incomes while low-skilled workers see declining wages.
2) Cities concentrate both corporate economic power and growing populations of disadvantaged groups. The informal economy and immigrant communities represent marginalized urban forms, yet are intertwined with mainstream sectors.
3) Globalization is constituted not just by capital and corporations, but also by the people and cultures within cities. There is a complex interplay between advanced and marginalized economic
The 2016 Human Development Report examines human development for everyone. It discusses both the progress that has been made in human development over the past 25 years, as well as the challenges that remain in ensuring opportunities for a better life are available to all. While extreme poverty and hunger have declined globally, inequalities persist and some groups remain marginalized. The Report emphasizes the need to reach universal human development as called for in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by addressing barriers faced by disadvantaged populations and adopting inclusive policies at both national and global levels.
Urbanization and the Politics of Identity in Buea A Sociological Perspectiveijtsrd
Urbanization plays a distinct and important role in producing political relationships. Identity politics which is strongly linked to sense of belonging is an important dimension of political relationships in urban areas. This study examines the relationship between urbanization and the politics of identity in Buea. The research is a descriptive documentary research with data collected from secondary sources former studies and reports, newspapers, archival records and internet publications with few interviews. Data collection procedures included reading and note taking. Data was analyzed using thematic content analysis whereby concepts and ideas were grouped together under umbrella key words to appreciate the trends in them. The Instrumentalist Theory of Ethnicity was the framework that guided the study. The themes were geared towards outlining how ethnicity has been a tool of political control. Data was gathered from the different epochs that have marked urbanization in Buea, from the Native Authority to the present Buea Rural Council, demonstrating how this has influenced relationships between natives and non natives. Results show that, starting as a colonial town, and most especially with her changing status as the capital successively of German Cameroon, British Southern Cameroons, and West Cameroon, coupled with the fact that she has had to harbour several institutions, Buea has experienced rapid urbanization. It also reveals that, just as colonialism is responsible for rapid urbanization in Buea, it has constructed differences between “us” and the “other” aimed at protecting indigenous minorities. In essence, the thesis demonstrates how the transition of Buea from a rural to an urban settlement has led to several types of relations across identity division, especially between insiders and outsiders as well as among native segments as each strives to dominate the political milieu. Although the non natives are in a demographic majority, they occupy a minority position within the Council. Most especially, the recruitment policy of the Councilfavours natives, to the detriment of non natives. Land restitution and re alienation has ushered in a paradigm shift from tensions between natives and non natives to an era of peaceful co existence. Fanny Jose Mbua "Urbanization and the Politics of Identity in Buea: A Sociological Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33078.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33078/urbanization-and-the-politics-of-identity-in-buea-a-sociological-perspective/fanny-jose-mbua
Conceptualisation of adolescent sexual and reproductive health promotion for ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the conceptual linkage between adolescent sexual and reproductive health promotion and human capital development. It provides a two-stage conceptual framework showing how individual, social and environmental factors can promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health, which then improves human capital through investments in knowledge, skills, health, self-esteem and values. The analysis indicates that sexual and reproductive health promotion is fundamental to developing human capital. Sustainable investments that promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health can improve human capital development in the long run.
This document provides an overview of required readings and core concepts for Week 19 of a course on media transnationalism. It includes a list of required and additional readings from various authors on topics like globalization, cultural imperialism, and media flows. It summarizes key ideas from the readings such as Appadurai's five dimensions of global cultural flow and the disjunctures created by uneven global flows. It also briefly outlines concepts discussed in readings by Tunstall on Anglo-American and Euro-American media and Schlesinger on the contradictory communicative space in Europe. The document concludes by noting questions for seminar discussion and announcing readings for the following week.
This document discusses several key concepts related to culture and society, including cultural diversity, multiculturalism, communalism, secularism, cultural pluralism, cultural identity, and factors of socio-cultural change. It defines these terms and provides examples to illustrate important aspects of each concept. Some of the major factors discussed that can lead to socio-cultural changes include diffusion, acculturation, westernization, modernization, globalization, urbanization, and McDonaldization. The document also examines concepts like ethnocentrism and cultural relativism that are important to understanding cultural identity.
The impact of globalization on education policy of developing countries oman ...Ali Yah
This document discusses how globalization has impacted education policy in developing countries. It argues that education policy is no longer determined solely within nation states, but is shaped by global processes and actors like international organizations. Globalization has led to increased competition between countries to improve their labor forces and economic competitiveness through reforms to education curriculum, pedagogy and evaluation. While all countries are affected, developing countries experience less mediated impacts from globalization on their education policies than developed countries. The paper uses Oman as a case study to illustrate how globalization has driven changes to education policy in developing nations.
Examination passive defense role in spatial distribution of urban regionIJERA Editor
Cities due to the compact and densely populated urban context and diverse urban networks usually are considered in the wars against ground and air attacks as a barrier. And on the other hand, struggles wanted or unwanted wars have led to the cities and sometimes causing high civilian casualties and damage to the city. Expert and track record militaries believe that urban warfare is one of the hardest battles of the model because of the possibility of resistance in the cities due to high intensive residential context and use different weapons to militants in their application package is limited. However, the military forces moved in is very difficult and may well lead them to the attacker's losses also increase under these conditions. Research methodology in this study was a descriptive - analytical. In this paper, after introducing key items affecting the spatial distribution and role of each one in the establishment and development of urban areas first, it will pay the expression of passive defense and civil defense in Tehran metropolitan area and second, to analyze the role of passive defense and settlement of the spatial distribution of urban infrastructure deals and the strengths and weaknesses of the studies discussed and finally, after a review and analysis of all factors will pay conclusions and provide effective strategies taking into account the spatial distribution and effective passive defense will be the key factor.
The document discusses several classical studies on modernization, including McClelland's work on achievement motivation, Inkeles' research on how modernization affects individual attitudes and values, Bellah's study of how Tokugawa religion contributed to Japan's economic growth, and Lipset's analysis of the relationship between economic development and democracy. The studies used empirical methods to investigate factors like entrepreneurship, education, religion, and social class that influence the modernization process.
This document discusses the development of the Human Development Index (HDI) and its focus on measuring human development through indicators like health, education, and standard of living. It notes that while "human capital" addresses people's contributions to development, it does not capture development's goal of enhancing people's lives and freedoms. The HDI aims to do this through composite measures of life expectancy, education, and income that serve as proxies for people's overall capabilities. While limited, the HDI provides an alternative to measures like GNP that ignore human welfare. It represents a two-tiered approach using both detailed analyses and a summary index to assess progress.
Africa and the ascendancy of modern china in internationalAlexander Decker
This document discusses Africa's role in China's rise as a global power since 1971. It argues that Africa diplomatically supported China in important ways, including providing many of the votes that allowed China to replace Taiwan in the UN and secure a permanent seat on the UN Security Council. Africa also largely supported China's "One China" policy regarding sovereignty over Taiwan. The document asserts that Africa's diplomatic backing has been an important factor enabling China's increased international influence and status, though Africa's role is often overlooked in discussions of Sino-African relations.
This document summarizes Kent Wilkinson's lecture on social scientific and interpretive traditions in international communication research. It discusses two main traditions - effects research that focuses on how messages elicit responses, and political economy/interpretation research prevalent in Europe. It also outlines three paradigms in development communication - modernization, dependency, and alternative approaches emphasizing local participation. The document contrasts social scientific and humanistic approaches to theory and research.
The document discusses issues with development programs failing to empower rural communities. It argues current education and development paradigms do not meet the needs of rural people, who often lack opportunities for entrepreneurship or skills relevant to their lives. New approaches are needed that recognize each community's uniqueness and empower people through flexible, locally-adapted solutions instead of standardized models. Technology should be adapted to small-scale use to allow economic opportunities without forcing migration. Overall it calls for rethinking development to better suit rural realities and empower communities through culturally-sensitive, locally-driven solutions.
Issues of population explosion has evoked several images characterized by
emotional, value-laden and often paranoiac connotation that cannot be obviously
ignored considering its threatening challenges. It is against the foregoing that this
paper attempt to interrogate the relevance of Thomas Malthus theory on population and
the challenges of the bourgeoning population explosion in Nigeria. The core objective
of this paper is to investigate the relevance of the theory on Nigeria’s population. Other
objectives are to ascertain the effects of the population explosion on the Nigerian urban
areas; food security, crimes and security and poverty. In terms of methodology, the
paper relies on an explanatory design and some empirical data generated through
secondary sources and official documents were examined. The data were analysed using
a descriptive method of analysis. The paper identified the relevance of Malthus theory
on the bourgeoning population explosion on the following key areas: Food Security;
Poverty Rate; Urbanization; crimes and Security Threat. After examination of official
documents and secondary data, the paper concludes that population explosion has
continued to undermine the achievement of development’s goals in Nigeria. A
population growing faster than the output of modern goods and services not only
frustrates development goals; it undermines the credibility of promises made
This paper studies a unique historical experiment: the cotton revolution and its impact on the emergence of gender-equitable beliefs. The cotton revolution led to a prolonged phase (1300-1840 AD) of high productivity for women. I hypothesize that a substantial, long-standing increase in relative female income can erode a highly resilient cultural belief: women are less capable than men. Using variation across 1,489 counties in cotton spinning and weaving, I first show that the cotton revolution reduced prenatal sex selection in 2000. This result is complemented by survey evidence on gender-equitable beliefs and robust to instrumenting cotton weaving with the range of relative humidity within which cotton yarn can be smoothly woven into cloth. I then document an initial impact of the cotton revolution on widow suicides in the 17th century. To further isolate the channel of gender-equitable beliefs, I estimate the effects of the cotton revolution under post-1949 state socialism, where both genders had similar economic opportunities, political and legal rights, and show that pre-1840 cotton weaving predicts a higher probability for the wife to head the household. In addition, I find that high-value work has a distinctive role in shaping gender-equitable beliefs. Low-value work performed by women, such as cotton cultivation, does not correct prenatal sex selection.
The document analyzes trends in disabilities across India, the US, and Japan from 2001 to 2011 and beyond. It looks at disability rates by age, gender, area (rural vs. urban), and type of disability. Some key findings include that the disability rate is higher among males than females and in urban versus rural areas. The rate also tends to be highest among working age groups. The document also predicts that India's disabled population will reach 32.8 million by 2021 and 40.71 million by 2031 based on past trends. It discusses government policies aimed at improving access to education and healthcare for the disabled population over time.
Population policy in india since independence 1Ankita Sood
The document summarizes India's population policies since independence. It discusses the 1976 Population Policy which aimed to reduce birth rate to 25 per 1000 and allowed compulsory sterilization. The 1977 revised policy renamed family planning as family welfare and made implementation voluntary. The 2000 National Population Policy aims for zero population growth by 2045 and targets like reducing total fertility rate to 2.1 by 2010. It focuses on decentralization, women's empowerment, and increasing male participation in family welfare programs. The policy faces criticism for weak measures and pushing the population stability target date to 2045.
This study examines the causal relationship between urbanization and economic growth in the United States from 1960 to 2017 using the Toda-Yamamoto causality approach. The empirical findings suggest there is a unidirectional causality running from urbanization to economic growth, but no causality in the opposite direction. In other words, urbanization Granger causes economic growth but not vice versa. The results indicate urbanization is a driving force of economic growth in the long run for the US. The study uses real GDP growth as a proxy for economic development and the ratio of urban to total population as a proxy for urbanization rate. Time series techniques, including unit root and Granger causality tests, are employed to analyze the data
Migrations and the Net: new virtual spaces to build a cultural identityeLearning Papers
Author: Linda J. Castañeda, Paz Prendes, Francisco Martínez-Sánchez.
This paper presents some of the reflections, projects and results around the topics of multiculturalism and migration attained by the Educational Technology Research Group at the University of Murcia, some of them integrated in the Interuniversity Cooperation programmes promoted by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation (AECI).
sprawl developments measurement indicator and projections in selected nigeri...IJAEMSJORNAL
Sprawl development is commonly attributed to the unprecedented rate of urbanization and city spatial growth. Large cities are not necessarily sprawling but are determined by characteristic compactness and connectedness of the metropolitan development and services including infrastructure and amenities. The understanding of the sprawl phenomenon is enhanced by some characteristic measurement of sprawl making use of certain development parameters. This paper therefore highlights an aspect of the measurement of sprawl utilizing the results from remote sensing data sourced from records of satellite images (from various Landsat and Nigeriasat) documented in research literatures. Also, the population census figures for each of the cities were sourced and projected as required for analysis and used in conjunction with their respective urban built-up land coverage. Results reveal varying pattern of relationship between progressions of urban spatial coverage changes and growth of population over a specified period of time. Intrinsic values from the computation such as urban population density and land consumption rate evolve as indicators for sprawl development and measurements.
READY EXPLORING THE POTENTIALS OF THEATRE AND THE MEDIA FOR NATION BUILDINGchijindu Daniel Mgbemere
This document discusses the potential roles of theatre and media in nation building in Nigeria. It argues that theatre and media can play crucial roles in psychological re-engineering and developing civic virtues among citizens to support nation building. The document examines various theories that explain how theatre and media act as mirrors that reflect society and can shape national consciousness. It proposes using theatre of necessity that addresses society's challenges and promotes equity, democracy, and good governance to strengthen nations. The conclusion is that theatre and media have important roles to play in nation building in Nigeria and other African countries through education, social mobilization, and fostering national integration.
Ethnicity And Space In The Global City A New FrontierAlvaroMier
This document discusses how globalization has contributed to new geographies of centrality and marginality in cities. Some key points:
1) Large cities have become strategic sites for global economic processes, with some cities strengthening in economic power while others decline. Within cities, highly educated workers see high incomes while low-skilled workers see declining wages.
2) Cities concentrate both corporate economic power and growing populations of disadvantaged groups. The informal economy and immigrant communities represent marginalized urban forms, yet are intertwined with mainstream sectors.
3) Globalization is constituted not just by capital and corporations, but also by the people and cultures within cities. There is a complex interplay between advanced and marginalized economic
The 2016 Human Development Report examines human development for everyone. It discusses both the progress that has been made in human development over the past 25 years, as well as the challenges that remain in ensuring opportunities for a better life are available to all. While extreme poverty and hunger have declined globally, inequalities persist and some groups remain marginalized. The Report emphasizes the need to reach universal human development as called for in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by addressing barriers faced by disadvantaged populations and adopting inclusive policies at both national and global levels.
Urbanization and the Politics of Identity in Buea A Sociological Perspectiveijtsrd
Urbanization plays a distinct and important role in producing political relationships. Identity politics which is strongly linked to sense of belonging is an important dimension of political relationships in urban areas. This study examines the relationship between urbanization and the politics of identity in Buea. The research is a descriptive documentary research with data collected from secondary sources former studies and reports, newspapers, archival records and internet publications with few interviews. Data collection procedures included reading and note taking. Data was analyzed using thematic content analysis whereby concepts and ideas were grouped together under umbrella key words to appreciate the trends in them. The Instrumentalist Theory of Ethnicity was the framework that guided the study. The themes were geared towards outlining how ethnicity has been a tool of political control. Data was gathered from the different epochs that have marked urbanization in Buea, from the Native Authority to the present Buea Rural Council, demonstrating how this has influenced relationships between natives and non natives. Results show that, starting as a colonial town, and most especially with her changing status as the capital successively of German Cameroon, British Southern Cameroons, and West Cameroon, coupled with the fact that she has had to harbour several institutions, Buea has experienced rapid urbanization. It also reveals that, just as colonialism is responsible for rapid urbanization in Buea, it has constructed differences between “us” and the “other” aimed at protecting indigenous minorities. In essence, the thesis demonstrates how the transition of Buea from a rural to an urban settlement has led to several types of relations across identity division, especially between insiders and outsiders as well as among native segments as each strives to dominate the political milieu. Although the non natives are in a demographic majority, they occupy a minority position within the Council. Most especially, the recruitment policy of the Councilfavours natives, to the detriment of non natives. Land restitution and re alienation has ushered in a paradigm shift from tensions between natives and non natives to an era of peaceful co existence. Fanny Jose Mbua "Urbanization and the Politics of Identity in Buea: A Sociological Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33078.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33078/urbanization-and-the-politics-of-identity-in-buea-a-sociological-perspective/fanny-jose-mbua
Conceptualisation of adolescent sexual and reproductive health promotion for ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the conceptual linkage between adolescent sexual and reproductive health promotion and human capital development. It provides a two-stage conceptual framework showing how individual, social and environmental factors can promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health, which then improves human capital through investments in knowledge, skills, health, self-esteem and values. The analysis indicates that sexual and reproductive health promotion is fundamental to developing human capital. Sustainable investments that promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health can improve human capital development in the long run.
This document provides an overview of required readings and core concepts for Week 19 of a course on media transnationalism. It includes a list of required and additional readings from various authors on topics like globalization, cultural imperialism, and media flows. It summarizes key ideas from the readings such as Appadurai's five dimensions of global cultural flow and the disjunctures created by uneven global flows. It also briefly outlines concepts discussed in readings by Tunstall on Anglo-American and Euro-American media and Schlesinger on the contradictory communicative space in Europe. The document concludes by noting questions for seminar discussion and announcing readings for the following week.
This document discusses several key concepts related to culture and society, including cultural diversity, multiculturalism, communalism, secularism, cultural pluralism, cultural identity, and factors of socio-cultural change. It defines these terms and provides examples to illustrate important aspects of each concept. Some of the major factors discussed that can lead to socio-cultural changes include diffusion, acculturation, westernization, modernization, globalization, urbanization, and McDonaldization. The document also examines concepts like ethnocentrism and cultural relativism that are important to understanding cultural identity.
The impact of globalization on education policy of developing countries oman ...Ali Yah
This document discusses how globalization has impacted education policy in developing countries. It argues that education policy is no longer determined solely within nation states, but is shaped by global processes and actors like international organizations. Globalization has led to increased competition between countries to improve their labor forces and economic competitiveness through reforms to education curriculum, pedagogy and evaluation. While all countries are affected, developing countries experience less mediated impacts from globalization on their education policies than developed countries. The paper uses Oman as a case study to illustrate how globalization has driven changes to education policy in developing nations.
Examination passive defense role in spatial distribution of urban regionIJERA Editor
Cities due to the compact and densely populated urban context and diverse urban networks usually are considered in the wars against ground and air attacks as a barrier. And on the other hand, struggles wanted or unwanted wars have led to the cities and sometimes causing high civilian casualties and damage to the city. Expert and track record militaries believe that urban warfare is one of the hardest battles of the model because of the possibility of resistance in the cities due to high intensive residential context and use different weapons to militants in their application package is limited. However, the military forces moved in is very difficult and may well lead them to the attacker's losses also increase under these conditions. Research methodology in this study was a descriptive - analytical. In this paper, after introducing key items affecting the spatial distribution and role of each one in the establishment and development of urban areas first, it will pay the expression of passive defense and civil defense in Tehran metropolitan area and second, to analyze the role of passive defense and settlement of the spatial distribution of urban infrastructure deals and the strengths and weaknesses of the studies discussed and finally, after a review and analysis of all factors will pay conclusions and provide effective strategies taking into account the spatial distribution and effective passive defense will be the key factor.
The document discusses several classical studies on modernization, including McClelland's work on achievement motivation, Inkeles' research on how modernization affects individual attitudes and values, Bellah's study of how Tokugawa religion contributed to Japan's economic growth, and Lipset's analysis of the relationship between economic development and democracy. The studies used empirical methods to investigate factors like entrepreneurship, education, religion, and social class that influence the modernization process.
This document discusses the development of the Human Development Index (HDI) and its focus on measuring human development through indicators like health, education, and standard of living. It notes that while "human capital" addresses people's contributions to development, it does not capture development's goal of enhancing people's lives and freedoms. The HDI aims to do this through composite measures of life expectancy, education, and income that serve as proxies for people's overall capabilities. While limited, the HDI provides an alternative to measures like GNP that ignore human welfare. It represents a two-tiered approach using both detailed analyses and a summary index to assess progress.
Africa and the ascendancy of modern china in internationalAlexander Decker
This document discusses Africa's role in China's rise as a global power since 1971. It argues that Africa diplomatically supported China in important ways, including providing many of the votes that allowed China to replace Taiwan in the UN and secure a permanent seat on the UN Security Council. Africa also largely supported China's "One China" policy regarding sovereignty over Taiwan. The document asserts that Africa's diplomatic backing has been an important factor enabling China's increased international influence and status, though Africa's role is often overlooked in discussions of Sino-African relations.
This document summarizes Kent Wilkinson's lecture on social scientific and interpretive traditions in international communication research. It discusses two main traditions - effects research that focuses on how messages elicit responses, and political economy/interpretation research prevalent in Europe. It also outlines three paradigms in development communication - modernization, dependency, and alternative approaches emphasizing local participation. The document contrasts social scientific and humanistic approaches to theory and research.
The document discusses issues with development programs failing to empower rural communities. It argues current education and development paradigms do not meet the needs of rural people, who often lack opportunities for entrepreneurship or skills relevant to their lives. New approaches are needed that recognize each community's uniqueness and empower people through flexible, locally-adapted solutions instead of standardized models. Technology should be adapted to small-scale use to allow economic opportunities without forcing migration. Overall it calls for rethinking development to better suit rural realities and empower communities through culturally-sensitive, locally-driven solutions.
Issues of population explosion has evoked several images characterized by
emotional, value-laden and often paranoiac connotation that cannot be obviously
ignored considering its threatening challenges. It is against the foregoing that this
paper attempt to interrogate the relevance of Thomas Malthus theory on population and
the challenges of the bourgeoning population explosion in Nigeria. The core objective
of this paper is to investigate the relevance of the theory on Nigeria’s population. Other
objectives are to ascertain the effects of the population explosion on the Nigerian urban
areas; food security, crimes and security and poverty. In terms of methodology, the
paper relies on an explanatory design and some empirical data generated through
secondary sources and official documents were examined. The data were analysed using
a descriptive method of analysis. The paper identified the relevance of Malthus theory
on the bourgeoning population explosion on the following key areas: Food Security;
Poverty Rate; Urbanization; crimes and Security Threat. After examination of official
documents and secondary data, the paper concludes that population explosion has
continued to undermine the achievement of development’s goals in Nigeria. A
population growing faster than the output of modern goods and services not only
frustrates development goals; it undermines the credibility of promises made
This paper studies a unique historical experiment: the cotton revolution and its impact on the emergence of gender-equitable beliefs. The cotton revolution led to a prolonged phase (1300-1840 AD) of high productivity for women. I hypothesize that a substantial, long-standing increase in relative female income can erode a highly resilient cultural belief: women are less capable than men. Using variation across 1,489 counties in cotton spinning and weaving, I first show that the cotton revolution reduced prenatal sex selection in 2000. This result is complemented by survey evidence on gender-equitable beliefs and robust to instrumenting cotton weaving with the range of relative humidity within which cotton yarn can be smoothly woven into cloth. I then document an initial impact of the cotton revolution on widow suicides in the 17th century. To further isolate the channel of gender-equitable beliefs, I estimate the effects of the cotton revolution under post-1949 state socialism, where both genders had similar economic opportunities, political and legal rights, and show that pre-1840 cotton weaving predicts a higher probability for the wife to head the household. In addition, I find that high-value work has a distinctive role in shaping gender-equitable beliefs. Low-value work performed by women, such as cotton cultivation, does not correct prenatal sex selection.
The document analyzes trends in disabilities across India, the US, and Japan from 2001 to 2011 and beyond. It looks at disability rates by age, gender, area (rural vs. urban), and type of disability. Some key findings include that the disability rate is higher among males than females and in urban versus rural areas. The rate also tends to be highest among working age groups. The document also predicts that India's disabled population will reach 32.8 million by 2021 and 40.71 million by 2031 based on past trends. It discusses government policies aimed at improving access to education and healthcare for the disabled population over time.
Population policy in india since independence 1Ankita Sood
The document summarizes India's population policies since independence. It discusses the 1976 Population Policy which aimed to reduce birth rate to 25 per 1000 and allowed compulsory sterilization. The 1977 revised policy renamed family planning as family welfare and made implementation voluntary. The 2000 National Population Policy aims for zero population growth by 2045 and targets like reducing total fertility rate to 2.1 by 2010. It focuses on decentralization, women's empowerment, and increasing male participation in family welfare programs. The policy faces criticism for weak measures and pushing the population stability target date to 2045.
population promote economic developmentyasser poswal
Population growth can promote economic development in three key ways:
1. It increases the size of the labor market and workforce, providing more human capital for economic activity.
2. A larger population creates a larger domestic market for goods and services, attracting more investors.
3. Growing populations increase pressure on societies to innovate and develop new technologies to better serve more people, enhancing productivity over the long run.
1) Agriculture is the largest employer in rural India but has faced stagnant growth in recent years due to factors like small landholdings and monsoon dependence.
2) While India is a major global producer of many crops, smallholder farms remain uncompetitive and trapped in a cycle of low productivity and investment.
3) The government has implemented several programs to boost rural incomes, support prices, and develop agricultural infrastructure and markets. However, widespread poverty and farmer distress continue to be issues.
Thomas Malthus published his influential theory of population growth in 1798, proposing that human populations grow geometrically while the food supply grows arithmetically, inevitably leading to famine unless checks on population occur. Malthus suggested "positive checks" like famine and disease and "negative checks" like delayed marriage that reduce birth rates. While controversial, his theory inspired Darwin's concept of the struggle for survival and examined the relationship between population and resources. Malthusian catastrophe predicts population will be forced to return to subsistence levels once it outstrips agricultural production. His theory remains debated but influenced later thinkers exploring limits to economic and population growth.
Present status and performance of Agriculture & Allied fields and Industries ...Santo P Sam
Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and fisheries account for about 50% of employment in India but only contribute around 14% to GDP. Several key sectors are discussed including horticulture, food processing, animal husbandry, fishing, and contract farming. The document also summarizes the status of important industries such as textiles, chemicals, sugar, paper, machine tools and auto components. Overall the agriculture and industry sectors provide livelihood for much of the population but have potential for increased contribution to the economy.
The document outlines India's National Population Policy from 2000. It discusses the need for a population policy in India given the country's large and growing population. The objectives of the 2000 policy are to address immediate family planning and health needs, achieve replacement level fertility by 2010, and achieve population stability by 2045. The policy details strategic themes, national goals for 2010, new coordination structures, and operational strategies to implement the policy at the village level through integrated health services, expanded contraceptive access, and other initiatives.
1) The world population is currently around 7 billion and growing by 83 million people per year, projected to reach 9.3 billion by 2050.
2) Population growth contributes significantly to environmental problems through increased consumption of resources and production of waste.
3) Various factors influence population growth rates between countries, including development level, access to family planning, women's empowerment, and poverty levels. Promoting economic development, empowering women, reducing poverty, and increasing access to family planning can help slow population growth rates.
This document provides an overview of plantation agriculture and oil palm plantations in Malaysia. It describes the key characteristics of plantation agriculture, including large land sizes and commercial single crop production. The document then discusses the historical development and current ownership structures of plantations. It also outlines the distribution, importance and challenges of oil palm plantations in Malaysia, the largest global producer, including their processes from cultivation to processing.
About 75% people are living in rural areas and are still dependent on Agriculture.
About 43% of India’s geographical area is used for agricultural activity.
Agriculture continues to play a major role in Indian Economy.
Provides food to more than 1 billion people
Produces 51 major crops
Contributes to 1/6th of the Export Earnings
Population growth and economic development in indiaSharat Handa
This document discusses population growth and economic development in India. It provides background on global and Indian population trends, noting that India's population reached 1.21 billion in 2011 and is projected to surpass China's population by 2025. Rapid population growth has posed challenges for India's development by increasing demand for resources and impeding economic growth. However, India's large population has also helped power recent economic development by providing a huge workforce and consumer base. The document examines factors driving India's population growth like the declining death rate and persisting high birth rate. It also outlines some of the impacts of population growth on India's economy and development.
The document discusses poverty in India. It defines poverty as lack of basic needs like food, shelter, access to healthcare and education. It outlines different types of poverty measurements and discusses factors contributing to poverty in India like unemployment, population growth, social inequalities, and lack of industrialization under British rule. Several government programs are mentioned as trying to address poverty. Statistics show over 25% of Indians live below the poverty line, with some states having much higher rates.
The document discusses population growth trends and policies to manage population. It describes the 5 stages of demographic transition where birth and death rates change as countries develop. Rapid population growth can strain resources and the environment, so policies aim to slow growth through birth control, limiting family size (as in China's one-child policy), and redistributing populations (as Indonesia did). Ageing populations in developed countries require policies like raising retirement ages and taxes to support more retirees relying on fewer workers. Overall population policies aim to balance resources between generations for sustainable development.
Climate change poses serious threats to Indian agriculture that could undermine food security. Studies project cereal production may decrease 10-40% by 2100 due to increased temperatures, with wheat facing greater losses. Every 1°C rise in temperature could reduce wheat production by 4-5 million tons. Adaptation strategies like new crop varieties, water management, and insurance can help minimize impacts but require significant research and policy support. Immediate action is needed on low-cost adaptation options while determining costs and policies for long-term mitigation through practices like agroforestry and soil carbon sequestration. Failure to act risks substantial economic and social damages from climate impacts on India's agricultural sector and food system.
IB Geography - Population Trends and Patterns GraphsRichard Allaway
The document contains graphs showing population trends such as birth rates, death rates, infant mortality rates, fertility rates, and life expectancy across various world regions from 1950 to 2010. Overall, birth rates have declined globally while death rates have also fallen. Infant and child mortality rates have significantly decreased worldwide over this period as well. Life expectancy has risen substantially.
Thomas Malthus theorized that population grows exponentially while food production grows arithmetically, leading to periodic catastrophes from famine and disease. He argued this would keep population in check. The Club of Rome warned that at current growth rates, limits to growth from resource depletion would be reached within 100 years. Esther Boserup argued that population growth spurs technological innovation and higher agricultural productivity, increasing food supply. While their theories differ, all raised important issues around sustainability and limits to growth that remain relevant today.
This document provides an overview of demography as a subject area. It defines demography as the scientific study of human populations in terms of size, structure, and development. It discusses that demography encompasses both quantitative and qualitative aspects of population. The scope of demography is very broad, including the size and characteristics of populations, factors influencing birth and death rates, population composition and distribution, migration patterns, population policies, theoretical models, and more. Demography can be viewed from both micro and macro perspectives. It has characteristics of a science in that it involves systematic study, testing of theories, ability to make predictions, and universal principles. Demography is an important area of study for economies, societies, policymakers and more.
This document discusses urbanization trends in Sub-Saharan Africa and their impact on human security and sustainable development. It notes that while urban centers have existed for centuries, the rapid growth of urbanization in many developing countries has outstripped the provision of key services like housing, water, sanitation, education, health, employment, and transportation. This has resulted in various environmental, social, and economic problems associated with rapid urbanization, posing a threat to sustainable development and human security. The document provides background on concepts of urban crises, planning, and trends, and factors driving urbanization such as rural-to-urban migration due to poverty, lack of rural infrastructure and services, and availability of opportunities in cities.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND MULTILAYER DIMENSIONS OF EVOLVING CITIES FOR A SUSTAINAB...Sai Bhaskar Reddy Nakka
Cities are growing at a rapid phase, due to exponential growth of populations all over the world. The world population might stabilize by 2070 after reaching the peak population levels of about 9 billion. Already the urban population, living mostly in cities has reached 50% of the world population. Cities in the last few centuries have evolved coping with changes in social, economic, cultural, aesthetics, utility, historical, political, natural and environmental factors. There is always an interface between the interests of old and new generations of people sharing the same space. The buildings have more life than the people living in them. Each building is at least able to provide space for at least two generations. The comfort levels of one generation and the next are different in same space. There are often changes brought with time in any building. Similarly the infrastructure is also changing at a rapid phase as the transportation means and systems are changing. The access to power, drinking water, and open spaces for cultural and social events, educational institutions, markets, etc. also impacts the living space. The security and basic amenities are the main factors of consideration for not moving away from the congested cities. There is always an overlap of old and new adaptation factors, creating resilience for coexistence. The remembrance of a space and events in once own life time impact the people, and they love to continue in similar space. There is a kind of energy that one gets, while returning to the same space, it is often seen that the old people prefer living in the space they are used to and they often live longer too. There are emotions too acting up on the life of the people. Considering all the above factors, each city can be considered a single organism, having its own identity and also there are various diverse spaces within it. It is like a human body single living things, but various parts of the human body function for the happiness of the whole. There is a need to understand multifunctional and multilayer dimensions of the cities, for making a sustainable living in the cities.
1. Demography is the study of human populations and can be defined narrowly as focusing only on quantitative aspects like population size, or broadly to include qualitative factors as well.
2. The scope of demography is wide, encompassing topics like population size and composition, birth and death rates, migration, urbanization, and related social and economic issues. It can be studied from a micro or macro level.
3. Demography is considered a science as it systematically studies populations using observation, theories, and laws to analyze factors influencing population changes and make predictions. Population data and analysis are important for economic planning, administration, and other areas.
The document discusses theories of urbanization and the history of urbanization. It provides the following key points:
1) Cities first emerged around 6,000 years ago in Mesopotamia, with the earliest large cities being in China in the 13th century. Until the 19th century, urban populations remained low globally at less than 3% of the total population.
2) Major urbanization began during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, driven by industrialization and rural-urban migration for work. By 1950, about 25% of the global population lived in urban areas, concentrated in Europe, North America, and Australia.
3) Since the late 20th century, developing countries have urban
Reflection on Humanism, Citizenship, and the Digital Society (from Theory to ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:We do not intend to deal exhaustively with this subject, because it is broad and complex for the space of a
text. Our pretensions, which are much more modest, refer to documentary research for the understanding and development of
humanist thought and citizenship, and some of their multiple relationships.
Humanism was a movement that emerged in Italy during the Renaissance. It marked a move away from the medieval
emphasis on logic and theology, and led to the rediscovery of ancient texts, the advancement of scholarship, and the
transformation of art, culture, and society. The article analyzes the central ideas of Humanism, such as the importance of
human dignity, individuality and learning, and demonstrates how they have influenced various domains. Humanism is a key
concept in the history of human thought. There are several definitions of the concept ranging from rhetorical humanism, to the Christian
humanism of the Middle Ages, and from the literary humanism of the Renaissance, to the humanism of Compte. There are several
approaches to the relationship between humanism and religion.
Humanism in the age of globalization may be an elaborate form of humanism capable of crossing the boundaries between
the world's civilizations and overthrowing their hostile ways. Intercultural humanism must evolve as a result of the global
debate. Intercultural humanism can replace the current humanism, and thus confront and overcome the many tensions and
conflicts that exist between the world's divergent civilizations.
Keywords: Humanism, Renaissance, Christian Humanism, Civic Humanism, Digital Society
Population education covers how the world's population has quadrupled in the last century, changing how resources are used and how societies function. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes topics like ecology, geography, anthropology, economics, biology, public health, sociology, environmental studies, history, and civics. Population education aims to provide understanding of current population trends, create awareness of population and environment issues, and develop skills to evaluate the impacts of population growth on society.
The International Honors Program (IHP) is celebrating its 50th anniversary of providing college students opportunities to examine global issues in a comparative way across multiple countries. The IHP offers semester-long and year-long programs where students take interdisciplinary courses and visit several countries to study topics like public health, the environment, urban planning and more. Students interact with local experts and communities. The IHP aims to give students a unique understanding of these issues from different cultural perspectives and to consider their role in the global community.
Demography is the study of human populations and encompasses both quantitative and qualitative aspects. It analyzes the size, composition, and distribution of populations as well as changes over time through processes like fertility, mortality, migration, and social mobility. Demography can be studied from both micro and macro perspectives. As a field, it possesses the key characteristics of a science such as being a systematic body of knowledge, having testable theories, and the ability to make predictions. Demography is an important subject for economies, societies, policymakers, and administrators in addressing issues related to population growth, distribution, and development.
This document discusses the concept of human capital and its central role in sustainability. It argues that human capital, including knowledge, skills, social networks, and cultural values, is the primary determinant of how all other forms of capital (natural, financial, technological) are utilized. The development of human consciousness and capabilities through education is thus seen as critical for long-term sustainability, as human choices shape resource use and innovation.
1. Statistics has played a key role in India since the 1920s when Professor Mahalanobis conducted early statistical studies and analyses that had great impact in fields like agriculture and flood control.
2. Mahalanobis influenced many talented young scholars to take up statistics and helped establish the Indian Statistical Institute.
3. Statistics is a science, technology, and art that has techniques derived from principles but also relies on inductive reasoning and the skill of statisticians. It is evolving as a "meta-science" to understand other disciplines through its methodology.
● What Influences Family Migration Decision of China’s New Generation Rural-urban Migrants? A Multilevel Logistic Regression Analysis
● Mapping Vehicular Noise Pollution in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria: Implication for a Sustainable Urbanization
● Types, Distribution Characteristics, and Development Strategies of Rural Characteristic Industry in Xi’an Metropolitan Area
● Spatial Accessibility of Bakeries and Supermarkets in Belo Horizonte, Brazil
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to history and historical sources. It defines history as the study of the past based on written documents. It distinguishes between primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original materials created during the period under study by eyewitnesses or participants. Secondary sources are analyses and interpretations of primary sources created later. The document lists different types of primary sources like published documents, unpublished documents, oral histories, and visual artifacts. It provides guidelines for evaluating both primary and secondary sources. The document emphasizes that both types of sources are important for historical research but primary sources are more credible evidence.
This document provides an overview of key areas, concepts, and influential figures in human geography. It discusses the emergence of geography as an academic discipline in the 18th-19th centuries and various theoretical approaches that developed over time, including quantitative, critical, and radical geography. Some of the main subfields of human geography mentioned are cultural geography, economic geography, health geography, population geography, and urban geography. Influential geographers highlighted include David Harvey, Doreen Massey, Yi-Fu Tuan, and Nigel Thrift.
This document provides an overview of the discipline of demography. It discusses the historical foundations and development of demography as a social science. Key figures like John Graunt, Johan Sussmilch, and Thomas Malthus are mentioned as pioneering early works in demography. The document also outlines classical works in demography by scholars like Kingsley Davis and Timothy Dyson. It describes the fields of historical demography and social demography. Important concepts in demography around fertility, mortality, migration, urbanization and population are defined. Current applications of demography discussed include biodemography and population geography.
This document provides an overview of the discipline of demography. It discusses the historical foundations and development of demography as a social science. Key figures like John Graunt, Johan Sussmilch, and Thomas Malthus are mentioned as pioneering early works in demography. The document also outlines classical works in demography by scholars like Kingsley Davis and Timothy Dyson. It describes the fields of historical demography and social demography. Important concepts in demography around fertility, mortality, migration, urbanization and population are defined. Current applications of demography discussed include biodemography and population geography.
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Population Growth – Trends, Projections, Future Plan And Development
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 3 Issue 8 ǁ August. 2014 ǁ PP.30-42
www.ijhssi.org 30 | P a g e
Population Growth – Trends, Projections, Future Plan And Development P. Sujatha1 and P.V.S. Janardhanam2 1Asst. Professor, Dept. of Geography, Bharathi Women’s College (A), Chennai-108, TN, India 2GM-IT-Operations, PLINTRON Global Technologies Ltd., Chennai. ABSTRACT :Expressions like `teeming millions’, the population `bomb’, `overpopulation’, `the population problem’ have become commonplace in the media, at meetings and even during casual discussions over a cup of tea. Sometimes this discussion is about poverty, sometimes about the environment or even when there is a traffic jam or when railway reservations become difficult to obtain. These words and expressions are actually loaded, unconsciously drawing on theories and arguments put forward by some thinkers. Serious thinking about the issue of population started some two hundred years ago. Much of the general discussion on population (especially with regard to overpopulation) is based on the alarmist view that population is a threat to middle class survival. The opposite view – that population is not a serious problem -- is not so aggressively promoted and thus has not gained wide currency. In this paper will try to acquaint the reader with some of the debates, issues and terminology associated with population and demography. An attempt will also be made to place the issue of population and demography in the context of the present social reality in the country. Human population trends are centrally important to environmental science because they help to determine the environmental impact of human activities. Rising populations put increasing demands on natural resources such as land, water, and energy supplies. KEYWORDS :Demography, Environmental Impact, Over Population, Population, Population problem..
I. INTRODUCTION
Expressions like `teeming millions’, the population `bomb’, `overpopulation’, `the population problem’ have become commonplace in the media, at meetings and seminars and even during casual discussions over a cup of tea. Sometimes this discussion is about poverty, sometimes about the environment or even when there is a traffic jam or when railway reservations become difficult to obtain. These words and expressions are actually loaded, unconsciously drawing on theories and arguments put forward by some thinkers. Serious thinking about the issue of population started some two hundred years ago. Much of the general discussion on population (especially with regard to overpopulation) is based on the alarmist view that population is a threat to middle class survival. The opposite view – that population is not a serious problem -- is not so aggressively promoted and thus has not gained wide currency. The logic here is that people are a resource and the poor opt for larger families as part of their survival strategy. There is also a big debate about the role and position of women in entire population- related discussions, policies and programs. For the not-so-well-informed person, the entire issue becomes further clouded when statistics and studies are quoted or different technical terms used. For the present study an attempt will be made to place the growth of population and demography in the context of the present and future plan.Human population trends are centrally important to environmental science because they help to determine the environmental impact of human activities. Rising populations put increasing demands on natural resources such as land, water, and energy supplies. As human communities use more resources, they generate contaminants, such as air and water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, along with increasing quantities of waste. Population interacts with several other factors to determine a society’s environmental impact.
II. THE CHALLENGE OF DEMOGRAPHY
Demography, the study of the size, structure and development of human populations, is finally beginning to receive more attention among ancient historians (Scheidel 2001b). Yet we still have a long way to go, not only in establishing even the most basic features of ancient populations but even more so in applying this information to our interpretations of all aspects of the Greco-Roman world. Concerned with birth, death and migration and desperate to measure, model and quantify, populations studies may seem both forbiddingly technical and safely remote from the humanistic interests and skills of most students of antiquity. Moreover, usable evidence is scarce, and generally requires comparative and interdisciplinary approaches to make any sense at all. At the same time, however,
2. Population Growth – Trends…
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we must bear in mind that demography is much more than just numbers, and relevant to much of what we seek to know and understand about the distant past. In pre-modern societies, population size was the best indicator of economic performance; the distribution of people between town and country was instrumental in the creation of collective identity and may reflect the scale of division of labor and commerce; human mobility mediated information flows and culture change; mortality and morbidity were principal determinants of well- being and determined fertility (and thus gender relations), investment in human capital, and economic productivity, and more generally shaped people’s hopes and fears. The same is true of marriage customs and household structure. Classical civilization was the product of a thoroughly alien environment of frequent pregnancy and sudden death. Along with technological progress and scientific discovery, it was demographic change that separated the modern world from the more distant past. Archaic patterns of marriage, reproduction and death seemed as natural and immutable then as they are exotic to us, and we cannot hope to approach ancient history without a solid understanding of what these conditions were and how they permeated life. This is the true challenge of demography. AIM & OBJECTIVE IF THE STUDY AIM: Aim of the study in find out the existing population growth in Chennai city – a demographical study. OBJECTIVES: To fulfill the above mentioned aim the following objectives are selected. They are.
[1] To show the population growth in Chennai City.
[2] To show the existing population growth in Chennai City..
[3] To show the population projection and population planning for proposed years.
SCOPE : The scope of the study will be the past, present and future position of the population growth. Through the outcome of this study will helpful to allocate the infrastructure and planning to provide facilities for the people. STUDY AREA : Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu. It is largest city in south India and one of the four metropolitan cities in India. Chennai was established as a trading settlement of Chennai pitman extended along his coast from the mouth of River coeval up to the northern end of the present fort St. George completed. Chennai was made the capital of an independent presidency of east India Company. It is stated as port city and administrative city. Due to the natural growth of population and migrated population the city become metropolitan city. Because of population growth the land use and land cover changed. In this study deals with Chennai city’s existing land use pattern and how the lead land use determine the land values. METHODOLOGY : To study is based in the secondary data in Chennai profile. Such as physical, cultural and demographic characters are collected from Census Office. Methodology adopted, assumption made, estimate arrived. The data has been analyzed in a simple statistical techniques and cartographical techniques. The maps and graphical presentation has been used as well as the maps also prepared. III. PROFILE OF CHENNAI CITY HISTORY Chennai City has emerged as a composition city, playing an important role for historical, cultural and intellectual development of south India. The Chennai presidency then was third in population among the cities of the British Empire during 1871. For fifty yeas, the population growths in Chennai have been very low until 1921. There had been a rapid population growth from 1921 to 1971. Apart from natural increase of population in the city, immigration from time to time has been listed a chief contributing factor. The Chennai City came into being due to strategic necessity and historical events. Its symbolize the rise of British power ink south Indis by setting up and consolidation of the East India company in the 17th century with its headquarters at Fort St. Goorge as a trading centre. Within 350 years a few scattered villages (important being Mylapore, Triplicane and Chennai patnam) were developed into a modern metropolitan city without shedding its tradition custokms and religion.Chennai has been an important center historically for various purposes, specifically on strategic point of view , trade and commerce. Chennai was originally known as Chennai patnam, which was a part of Thondaimandalam. The formation of the institution of a Mayor and corporation of Chennai City was begins during 1687-1692, this status was given to this city after the Chennai patnam was brought under differentrules like Golkondas, Mughal, and Europeans. The status of government of Chennai in 1698 continued for 11 years in whose period was granted with the towns of Tondiarpet, Purasawalkam and Egmore the local Nawab. This period also gained remarkable development in trade and commerce,as Chennai was an important and historical place.
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From 1799 onwards and other places scattered around Chennai got agglomerated gradually with Chennai City. Consolidation and development of institutions in Chennai were held between 1803and 1827. To improve the litracy, various steps were taken [lace between 1820 and 1827. The educational institution of higher learning like school of industrial arts was begun in 1850. Civil Engineering college begun in 1834, Chennai Medical college in 1835 and Chennai Medical University in1857, while considering the growth of population and development, the Chennai High Court was established in 1862 to cater the needs of the public. Though the railway company was formed in 1845 , the actual cinstruction work in Chennai begun from 1853, with the moderate development of railway facilities and requirements in South India, Chennai city was facilitated with headquarter for South Indian Railway in 1858. Several important events took place between 1872 and 1875, while thje session of Indian National Congress held in 1887 at Chennai. From 1900 onwards several establishments of different nature started functrioning in Chennai, which helped for socio-economic development of the city. From time to time, the area under Chennai City kept extending due to population growth and expansion of industrial development. URBAN AGGLOMERATION : Continuous urban spread of a few intense urban areas where in the urban characteristic features has actually been extended could be considered under agglomeration. The urban area, which extended to the neighboring districts, which reported in 1991 census, is 612.11 sq.kms belongs to the Chengalpattu-MGR Districts. The total population of 7 urban Agglomiration areas including Chennai corporation in 1991 census returned as 5,421,985, 3,05,566 males and 2,616,419 females of the total population Chennai corporation shared major population (70.85%) and the rest of the population have read over in 56 urban areas belong to Chjengalpattu-MGR districts. Numbers of household urban agglomerated area are 1,139,438 while Chennai belong to Chennai corporation areas. LOCATION AND PHYSIOGRAPHY : Chennai City, one of the metropolis in India is the capital of Tamil Nadu, serves a gateway to the South Civilian culture. Chennai is situated on the Northeast corner of Tamil Nadu on the coast of Bay of Bengal. Lies between 12.9’ and 13.9’ Eastern Longitude. Chennai district or otherwise Chennai City has a stretch of seacoast of about 25 kms along the Bay of Bengal from Thiruvanmiyur in the south to Tjiruvottiyur in the North. The east by Bay of Bengal and other three sides by Chengalpattu- MGR Districts surround the district. The average elevation of the city is not more than 22 above the sea level while most of the localities are just above the sea level.Two Steams-the Cooum and Adyar, interest the city. The Cooum runs through the heart of the city and enters into sea. While the Adyar River passes through the Southern part of the city Buckingham canal runs through the city , almost parallel to Coromandel Coast, within the limit of 5 kms. From the coast AREA AND POPULATION : The population, according to 1991 Census, of Chennai District was 3,841,396; 1,986,278 males and 1,855,118 females which constitute 6.88% of the total urban population in the state , Chennai share 20,14%. In 1981 Census, the population in Chennai District was 3,276,622 (1,694,107 males and 1,5823,515 females) and the population growth rate for the decade returned higher (17.24%) than the state (15.339%). The sex ratio in Chennai District has been returned as 934 femnales per 1000 males against 974 females at state level. The population density in Chennai district numbered 22,077 persons per sq.km. Being a cosmopolitan center and urban agglomeration, education development among different sections of the population stated to be remarkable. The litracy rate, according to 1991 Census in Chennai district has been returned as 13.79% to the total population . The Scheduled Tribe population in the district reported very less (0.21% to the state population). Numbers of households in Chennai reported in 1991 census were an average of 4.8 persons in a households . The work percentage rate among type main and the marginal workers to the total population in the district returned as 30.5% . There has been a wide differentiation between men and women main and marginal woters. Men participate at 51.14 % while women participation reported to be only 8.4% in primary sectors (cultivation agricultural lanbour, livestocks, forestry, fishing , hunting , mininmg and quarrying), the main worker reported negligible. Main workers in secondary sector (manufacturing , processing, servicing and repairs in houwseholds industries and in other than households industries and construction) where relatively high compared to tertiary and primary and primary sectors. The secondary sector workers constitute 30.59% to the total main workers: 31.98% males and 21.53% females. A significant proportion oif main workers are reported from tertiary sectors (trade and commerce, transport, storage and communication and in other services). The major proportion (68.36%; 66.83% males and 78.32% females) of workers was engaged in terriary sectors.Chennai City w8ith its area of 174.0 has a population of 3,841,396 expressing the highest degree of urbanization and density mainly due to immigration and sporadic development of industries and the outskirts.
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GROWTH OF POPULATION IN CHENNAI CITY :The population of the city as per 1871 census was 3,97,552, which increased by more than 6 fold during a course of a century. The last two decades of the 19th century recorded a moderate growth of 11.55 and 22.185 respectively. During the last 60 decades from 1921 to 1982 interpreted growth in population is the striking future. The tremendous growth of population after 1941 is attributed to two major factors. Firstly, a large number of immigrants poured into the city from various places during the end of Second World War. Secondly the mortality rate declined considerably in the past independence area. The average density of Chennai City is in 1981 was 15,462 persons per sq.kms, which increase to 19,274 persons per sq.kms during 1991. In 2001,43,645person per sq.kms total population. IV. POPULATION GROWTH IN CHENNAI Demographical Aspects History of the world during the last century has shown that the process of urbanization and economic growth progress are mutually reinforcing. Cities are the loci and motors of economic and social change. According to United Nations Projections, the World's urban population will grow from 2.86 billion in 2000 to 4.98 billion by 2030 and the World's annual urban growth rate is projected as 1.8 per cent in contrast to the rural growth rate of 0.1 per cent. About 60 per cent of the World's population will live in cities1 by 2030.
Urbanisation in India India, the second largest populous country in the World has one of the longest urban traditions. By the year 2000 BC itself India had an extensive network of towns. Even before the British traders made contact with India (by AD 1600), there was broad regional distribution of towns. These towns were not just of administration, but also of trade and marketing, cultural activities and religious pilgrimage, defence and fortification. New cities - Madras, Calcutta and Bombay were founded by 17th Century. The early British settlements became the means of transforming urban system in India. During the 19th century, the Cities were to be for industrial activities and also became hub of the transport network.In a formerly rural economy country like India, because of the need to decrease the number of persons dependent on agriculture and to improve productivity in rural areas, urbanisation is viewed as a prerequisite of growth. The urban population in India has grown from 25.7 million in 1901 to 286.1 million in 2001. After Independence in 1947, the rate of growth of urban population increased from 2.64 percent in 1951 to 3.88 percent in 1981 and thereafter declined to 2.77 in 2001; but the share of urban population to the total population of the country constantly increased from 10.9 percent in 1901 to 15.92 percent in 1951, and thereafter to 27.81 per cent in 2001.
Urbanization in Tamilnadu :Tamilnadu has emerged as the third largest economy in India. Cities exist and grow because of economies of urban agglomeration associated with industrial and trade activities. In the recent past, liberalisation, rapidly growing IT sector, an educated, hardworking and disciplined work force etc, accelerating economic development also contributed to the growth of urban areas in Tamilnadu. The extent of the State is 130,058 sq.km. of which the urban area accounts for 12,525 sq.km. Tamilnadu is the most urbanised
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state in India. It is one of the few states in India with hierarchy of urban areas dispersed fairly uniformly through-out the State. Its urban population has grown from 12.46 million in 1971 to 27.48 million in 2001. Its percentage share of urban population to total population stood always much above the national average.
Growth of population in Chennai city and CMA : Chennai (earlier called as Madras) was established in 1639, as one of the East India Company's earliest trading Ports and later became the centre of the company's control over Southern India. By 1700, Madras had become a thriving city with about 3 lakhs inhabitants; most of them lived in the Black Town in the north of the British Fort St. George. By the end of the eighteenth century, according to Dupuis (1968), the north of the city had become profoundly different from the south. The north was densely populated, with Black Town, the heart of the city. To the south were the open spaces and scattered settlements of the Europeans. By the time of the first census in 1871, the city had reached over 4 lakh. The first railway line between Madras and Arcot was opened in 1856 and the Madras Port was improved in 1890, which had attracted industrial developments to the north of the black zones renamed as George Town in 1905². The growth of Chennai City continued in the twentieth century and it has grown to the fourth largest Metro City in India. An area about 67 Sq.km. containing 16 hamlets was constituted as the City of Madras in 1798 and subsequently enlarged from time to time. Its enlargement and growth of population since 1901 is given in table No. 3.04.
The city Corporation area recorded a higher growth of more than 2% per annum during the decades 1951-61 and 1961-71. The reasons for this rapid growth rate can be attributed to industrial developments and increase in economic activities and employment opportunities in the City and its suburbs attracting large migrant population. The negative growth arrived for a unit area during 1971-81 is due to the annexation of lesser dense (then) Panchayat areas around, to the City viz. Velacheri, Taramani, Kanagam, Thiruvanmiyur, Kodambakkam, Saligramam, Koyambedu, Senjery, Thirumangalam, Virugambakkam, Nesapakkam, Kolathur, Villivakkam, Konnur, Erukkanchery, Jambuli, Kodungaiyur, and Selaivoyal in 1978, comprising about 47 Sq.km. Chennai City Corporation area consists of 155 divisions within 10 zones (Zone No. I to X) presently. The number of these divisions and its extent varied over time. Hence, for the purpose of comparison, the demographic details have been arrived for the years 1971, 1981 and 1991 keeping the 155 Corporation division boundaries in 2001 as the basis. Spatial distribution of population growth in the City is given in the table no.3.05.
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Population growth in different zones within City Corporation area is found to benot uniform and its rate varied from 0.61% to 2.23%; Saidapet and Mylapore zones haverecorded growth rate exceeding 2% during 1991 - 2001. Migration : The cosmopolitan nature of Chennai was a reflection of its attractions to migrant groups from all over India. Migrants came not only predominantly from the surrounding Tamil and Telugu speaking areas but also from southern and northern India. These migrant groups from other states have made their distinctive mark on the patterns of residential and social organisations within this Chennai Metropolis. Chennai is a city of migrants like any other metropolitan city in India. According to 2001 Census, migrants to Chennai City from other parts of Tamil Nadu State constitute 74.5 % and the table no. 3.10 shows a downward trend in the migration to the City from 37.24% in 1961 to 21.57% in 2001. Migrants from other parts of Indiaconstitute 23.8% and the remaining 1.71 % of the migrants is from other countries.
According to 1991 Census migrants from the nearby districts of Chengalpattu District (now bifurcated as Kancheepuram and Thiruvallur Districts), North Arcot District (now renamed as Vellore District) and South Arcot District (now bifurcated as Villupuram and Thiruvannamalai Districts) alone constitute 33% and Thirunelveli and Thanjavur Districts constitute another 21% of total migrant population to Chennai City. From the table no. 3.11 it may also be seen that the proportion of migration from other districts have almost tripled.
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An interesting and important fact found is the out migration from Chennai City to its suburbs and other areas. The population of the Chennai City in 1991 was 38.43 lakhs which includes 9.18 lakhs migrant population and natural increase of 6.40 lakhs (for 1981-91) population; the net population increase works out to only 5.59 lakhs which shows that there was a net out migration of 10 lakhs (30.4% of 1981 population) from City mostly to the rest of CMA (during 1981-1991). 1991-2001. Though there were large scale building construction activities noted during the above periods, the out migration of resident population from Chennai City proves that considerable conversion of residential premises into non-residential mostly for office, shopping, hotels and other commercial purposes took place; this trend will continue in this metropolis. Birth rate, death rate and rate of Natural Increase Birth rates, death rates and rates of natural increase for the Chennai City aretabulated below: From the above two tables, it may be seen that the registered birth rate in Chennai City in 1971 was 38.6 and it was varying from 38.6 to 32.1 during 1971-76. It has now reduced to 22.62 in the year 2003. Similarly the death rate also reduced to a considerable extent from 13.1 in 1975 to 8.01 in 2003. The rate of natural increase declined from 26.3 in 1971 to 14.61 in 2003 as detailed in the tables above. 3.25 The factors which affect birth rate includes age structure of population, the average age of marriage, and the incidence of family planning, among others. Increase in longevity of life due to improved health facilities may also be a reason for reduction in the death rates in Chennai. Age Structure : Age structure of a population in a city / metropolis plays a major role in urban planning. It gives an idea about dependent population, working population, jobs to be created, the present and future requirements of educational, health and other facilities and amenities etc. It depends on natality (birth rate), mortality (death rate) and also migration. Age structure of population in CMA as per Census 1971 to 2001 is given in the table below:
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From the above, it may be seen that the proportion of primary school going children percentage has reduced from 12.39% in 1961 to 7.97% in 2001 and the proportion of Secondary school going age group has also reduced from 10.64 in 1961 to 8.95 in 2001. But the proportion of old age group has increased from 4.36 to 7.81% in the said period. Sex Composition : Sex ratio is denoted by number of females per 1000 males. In Chennai the ratio has improved over the decades, though it is lower than the Tamil Nadu average. However, it is much above the Indian National average of 900 in urban areas. Literacy Literacy is defined as the ability to read and write in any single language. The literacy levels in Chennai City and CMA were higher than the state average.
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Population projection for Chennai City and CMA had been made earlier on various occasions; the details of the same are given in the Table below summarising the earlier forecasts. As part of the Second Master Plan preparation exercise the following population estimate had been made in the 1995 draft Second Master Plan. It was stated in the report that the population with medium growth rate could be the more accurate population for the period up to 2011 and concluded that the (then) estimated population were as follows: As the Tables above illustrate, the population projections are not to be considered exact; rather they reflect the natural growth, migration trends and assumption made at the time of the estimates, including vision then for development in the city/CMA. Review of the population forecast made earlier shows that actually there were reductions in natural increase and migration, when comparing the assumptions made for the projections. However, it is seen that the population projected based on land use assignment and first Master Plan strategy is very close to the actual and it showed that the population increase was as anticipated / planned in the first Master Plan. V. POPULATION PROJECTION IN CHENNAI INTRODUCTION Now, for projecting the population up to 2026, the following methods have been adopted:
[1] Linear method
[2] Geometric growth method
[3] Exponential Curve method
[4] Urban-Urban Growth Difference (UUGD) method
[5] Urban-Urban and Rural Growth Difference (UURGD) method
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Methodology adopted, assumption made, estimate arrived are given in the Annexure to this Chapter. For projection of the population, UUGD method is found suitable for the City and UURGD method is found more appropriate for the CMA as a whole, with the assumption of growth rate based on history and judgment and also the future urbanization and population policies. For forecast of population of individual municipalities and other local bodies within CMA, the exponential curve method is found suitable (when considering also the trends in growth over the past decades).The population projections made for the CMA as a whole, Chennai City, 16 Municipalities, 20 Town Panchayats and for the villages in 10 Panchayat Unions in CMA are given in the Tables below:
FLOATING POPULATION: Arrival of passengers by the 92 intercity trains is estimated to be .125 lakhs per day. Similarly arrival of passengers in intercity buses (2028 arrivals) is estimated to be about 83,000 per day. In addition, there are people who commute every day for work, education, business and others from the adjoining and nearby districts and return home in the evening. These daily commuters estimated to be 20,000. Hence the people arriving in CMA through trains, buses and air is estimated to be about 2.25 lakhs and an equal number of persons may be departing from the metropolitan area. This floating population should also be taken into account in planning for infrastructure development in CMA appropriately.
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ASSUMPTIONS MADE TAMIL NADU POPULATION : 2. The historical pattern of annual growth rate of Tamil Nadu population was as detailed in Table A in Annexure III B. It varied from 0.85% to 3.72% in respect of urban, -0.52% to 1.53% in respect of rural, and 0.34% to 2.03% in respect of total population. 3. The annual rate of growth assumed for Tamil Nadu for population projection as low, medium and high category of growth rate, is 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% for urban, and 1.0%, 1.1% and 1.2% for the total population; the rural population growth rate has been arrived out of the total and urban population growth rates assumed. CMA/CITY POPULATION: 4. The annual growth rates of population in 1971-81, 1981-91, and 1991- 2001 were 2.76%, 2.37% and 1.93% respectively for CMA and 2.2%, 1.58% and 1.23% respectively for the Chennai City. The average rate of annual growth arrived for these three periods was 2.35% for CMA and 1.67% for City and the same was adopted for linear, geometric and exponential growth methods of projection. Projection of population for individual Corporation Division was made based on average annual growth rates. In respect of villages, Town Panchayats and Municipalities, future growth rates were assumed based on the past and judging the future trends. For UUGD and UURGD method, the assumption made based on the historical pattern is given below: VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION GROWTH OF POPULATION IN CMA : Chennai has a long history since 1639. The Chennai City Corporation was constituted in 1798. The City extending over an area of 68 sq.km in 1901 had a population of 5.40 lakhs. Since 1941, it had grown rapidly and the growth of population in Chennai City The Municipalities and Town Panchayats have experienced higher growth rate than that of the City. The density pattern indicates that the City has the highest gross density of 247 persons/ha, whereas the average gross density in CMA is only 59 persons/ha. The gross density in most of the municipal areas and Town Panchayatsis very low, indicating that these areas offer high potential for growth and would be the receiving residential nodes in future.
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BIRTH & DEATH RATES :The registered birth rates in Chennai City in 1981 were 31.20 and varied from 38.6 to 24.06 during 1981-91 and have reduced to 22.62 in the year 2003. Similarly the death rate also reduced to a considerable extent from 9.20 in 1981 to 8.01 in 2003. The rate of natural increase declined from 22.00 in 1981 to 14.61 in 2003. MIGRATION : Chennai is a city of migrants like any other metropolitan city in India. According to 2001 Census, migrants to Chennai City from other parts of Tamil Nadu State constitute 74.5 %, and the table below shows a downward trend in the migration to the City from 37.24% in 1961 to 21.57% in 2001. Migrants from other parts of India constitute 23.8% and the remaining 1.71 % of the migrants is from other countries. An interesting and important fact found is the out-migration from Chennai City to its suburbs and other areas. The population of the Chennai City in 1991 was 38.43 lakhs which include 9.18 lakh migrant population and natural increase of 6.40 lakh (for 1981-91) population; the net population increase works out to only 5.59 lakhs which shows that there was a net out-migration of 10 lakhs (30.4% of 1981 population) from City (during 1981-1991). Similarly, an out-migration of 10.19 lakhs (26.5% of the 1991 population) is noted during 1991-2001. Though there were large-scale building construction activities noted during the above periods, the out-migration of resident population from Chennai City proves that considerable conversion of residential premises into non- residential mostly for office, shopping, hotels and other commercial purposes took place; this trend will continue in this metropolis. SEX RATIO : Sex ratio is denoted by number of females per 1000 males. The sex ratio in CMA increased from 936 in 1991 to 956 in 2001. LITERACY : Census figures indicate that the literacy rates in Chennai City and the CMA are more or less equal and these figures compare favourably with the overall literacy rate in urban Tamil Nadu. AGE STRUCTURE : Age structure of a population in a city / metropolis plays a major role in urban planning. It gives an idea about dependent population, working population, jobs to be created, the present and future requirements of educational, health and other facilities and amenities. It depends on birth rate, death rate and also migration.From the above, it may be seen that the proportion of primary school going children percentage has reduced from 12.39% in 1961 to 7.97% in 2001, and the proportion of secondary school going age group has also reduced from 10.64 in 1961 to 8.95 in 2001. But the proportion of old age group has increased from 4.36 to 7.81% in the said period. POPULATION PROJECTION : Population projections have been carried out for Chennai City and CMA based on the past trends. The following assumptions have been made; (i) The declining trend in the growth rate will continue in the future years also. (ii) Past growth rates, existing density, potential for development, area available for development, accessibility to public transport system ( especially the rail system ), proximity to the employment generating centres etc. could be the basis for working out future projections and assignments. It is estimated that CMA would house a population of 126 lakhs by 2026, of which Chennai City alone would account for 58 lakhs. STRATEGIES : In order to realize the vision of making Chennai more livable and economically vibrant the following strategies are proposed in respect of this sector:
[1] to increase overall density of the Chennai Metropolitan Area from the present 59 persons per hectare to 105 persons per hect.; while doing so the density of Chennai will increase from 247 persons per hect. in 2001 to 333 persons per hect. in 2026, while in the rest of CMA the average density will go up from the present 27 persons per hect. to 67 persons per hectare.
[2] to encourage high rise development along wider roads and larger plots; to allow multi-storied buildings in the rest of CMA also in order to have planned development with large open spaces on ground.
[3] to allow higher FSI along the MRTS influence areas for residential developments with smaller dwelling sizes.
[4] to consider extension of the Transfer of Development Rights concept for lands taken over for development to solve problems of land acquisition for housing and infrastructure.
[5] to earmark adequate areas in the plan for employment generating activities.
[6] to provide better infrastructure facilities like roads, water supply, sewerage, etc. and provide better connectivity through rail and road transport network to the areas identified for development.
[7] to encourage development of Thiruvallur and Gummidipoondi as satellite towns as envisaged in the FMP by provision of adequate infrastructure like housing and other developments and providing better housing facilities at affordable cost; to develop new towns/ neighbourhoods near Tiruporur in the southern
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corridor along Rajiv Gandhi Salai and near Sriperumbudur, in the western corridor along GWT Road. viii) to take up housing development near Mahindra Park SEZ either by provision of plots or by regulating layout development by private entrepreneurs.
[8] to encourage green building concept
[9] to provide special facilities to take care of the needs of the elderly persons whose population is likely to go up, e.g. more old age homes, low-floor buses, special seats in buses, special seats in toilets and ramps in public buildings.
[10] to provide for preservation and conservation of ecologically sensitive areas in CMA and to create more parks and playgrounds for recreation purposes.
[11] to encourage social housing provision by private developers of large group developments / multi-storeyed developments through Development Regulations.
[12] to encourage LIG housing by allowing additional FSI of 0.25 to private developers for such developments.
THE PLAN : Action plans to achieve the strategies mentioned above have been indicated executed in the sectoral units especially economy, transportation, shelter, infrastructure. Development Regulations proposed for some of the strategies like Transfer of Development Rights, additional FSI for specific purposes and encouragement of green building concept. REFERENCES
[1] The state of the World’s cities 2004-05 Globalisation and Urban Culture, published
[2] by Earth scan in 2004
[3] Urbanisation in India by Robert W. Bradnock, 1984.