This document discusses pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), including:
1. PID is inflammation of the female reproductive organs that can be caused by several bacteria and results from infection spreading from the vagina or cervix.
2. Risk factors include young age, multiple sexual partners, douching, and IUD use. Symptoms are often mild or absent.
3. Complications of PID include infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and preterm delivery. Screening and treatment of cervical infections can prevent PID.
This document discusses acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). It defines PID as an infection of the upper female genital tract that occurs from ascending infection from the lower tract. PID affects approximately 1 million women in the US annually and can cause hospitalization or even death. Risk factors include age, sexual activity, affected male partners, IUD use, and douching. Causative organisms are often sexually transmitted, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Mycoplasma species. Diagnosis can be difficult as symptoms are vague, and delay leads to more serious complications. Treatment involves broad-spectrum antibiotics, sometimes requiring hospitalization, while prevention focuses on partner treatment and
PID is an inflammatory condition of the female upper genital tract caused by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Risk factors include young age, multiple sexual partners, and IUD insertion within 6 weeks. Symptoms include lower abdominal and pelvic pain. Treatment involves broad spectrum antibiotics as soon as possible to prevent long term complications like infertility. Sexual partners also need treatment to prevent reinfection. Follow up is needed to ensure clinical response and partner treatment.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammatory condition of the pelvic cavity that is usually caused by bacteria like gonorrhea and chlamydia. It begins with cervicitis and can spread to the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and pelvic peritoneum. Risk factors include young age, multiple sexual partners, history of STDs, and procedures like IUD insertion. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain and vaginal discharge. Diagnosis involves history, exam noting cervical motion tenderness, and tests. Treatment is hospitalization, IV antibiotics, and educating partners to prevent reinfection. Complications can include infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.
Medicine (non resp) treatment guidelines Govt of India Dr Jitu Lal Meena
This document provides guidelines for the treatment of endocervicitis (mucopurulent cervicitis). It describes the signs and symptoms of endocervicitis as well as its typical causative organisms. It recommends presumptive treatment with cefixime and azithromycin or ceftriaxone and doxycycline. It stresses educating and treating patients and partners, promoting condom use, and follow up after one week to ensure compliance and check test results. For recurrent or persistent cervicitis, it recommends reevaluating for possible reexposure or infection and considering alternative treatment courses.
PID and its newer concepts.This presentation is done after grouping information from a variety of textbooks,journals and of course our professors.will definitely enlighten you
Acute pelvic inflammatory disease by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjeealka mukherjee
1) Acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common infection in women of reproductive age that results from bacteria ascending from the cervix into the uterus, fallopian tubes, and surrounding pelvic structures.
2) PID is usually caused by sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhea and chlamydia spreading from the cervix. Risk factors include young age, multiple sexual partners, douching, and recent procedures.
3) Treatment involves antibiotics to relieve symptoms and prevent long-term complications like infertility. Regimens include ofloxacin/metronidazole or ceftriaxone followed by doxycycline/metronidazole for mild disease, and intravenous antibiotics
This document provides an overview of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). It defines PID as an inflammatory disorder of the upper female genital tract caused by infectious microorganisms, most commonly sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea and chlamydia. Risk factors include prior STDs, younger age of first intercourse, and multiple sexual partners. Symptoms can include lower abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal discharge. Treatment involves antibiotics to treat the underlying infection. Left untreated, PID can lead to long-term complications like infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Prevention emphasizes sexual health education and barrier methods to reduce sexually transmitted infections.
This document contains a medical case report for a 25-year-old married Hindu housewife who presented with lower abdominal pain, foul smelling vaginal discharge, and fever for several days following an incomplete abortion and medical vacuum aspiration (MVA) procedure two weeks prior. On examination, she displayed cervical motion tenderness and was diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). She was admitted and treated with intravenous and oral antibiotics, became afebrile after two days, and was discharged on oral antibiotics.
This document discusses acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). It defines PID as an infection of the upper female genital tract that occurs from ascending infection from the lower tract. PID affects approximately 1 million women in the US annually and can cause hospitalization or even death. Risk factors include age, sexual activity, affected male partners, IUD use, and douching. Causative organisms are often sexually transmitted, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Mycoplasma species. Diagnosis can be difficult as symptoms are vague, and delay leads to more serious complications. Treatment involves broad-spectrum antibiotics, sometimes requiring hospitalization, while prevention focuses on partner treatment and
PID is an inflammatory condition of the female upper genital tract caused by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Risk factors include young age, multiple sexual partners, and IUD insertion within 6 weeks. Symptoms include lower abdominal and pelvic pain. Treatment involves broad spectrum antibiotics as soon as possible to prevent long term complications like infertility. Sexual partners also need treatment to prevent reinfection. Follow up is needed to ensure clinical response and partner treatment.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammatory condition of the pelvic cavity that is usually caused by bacteria like gonorrhea and chlamydia. It begins with cervicitis and can spread to the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and pelvic peritoneum. Risk factors include young age, multiple sexual partners, history of STDs, and procedures like IUD insertion. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain and vaginal discharge. Diagnosis involves history, exam noting cervical motion tenderness, and tests. Treatment is hospitalization, IV antibiotics, and educating partners to prevent reinfection. Complications can include infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.
Medicine (non resp) treatment guidelines Govt of India Dr Jitu Lal Meena
This document provides guidelines for the treatment of endocervicitis (mucopurulent cervicitis). It describes the signs and symptoms of endocervicitis as well as its typical causative organisms. It recommends presumptive treatment with cefixime and azithromycin or ceftriaxone and doxycycline. It stresses educating and treating patients and partners, promoting condom use, and follow up after one week to ensure compliance and check test results. For recurrent or persistent cervicitis, it recommends reevaluating for possible reexposure or infection and considering alternative treatment courses.
PID and its newer concepts.This presentation is done after grouping information from a variety of textbooks,journals and of course our professors.will definitely enlighten you
Acute pelvic inflammatory disease by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjeealka mukherjee
1) Acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common infection in women of reproductive age that results from bacteria ascending from the cervix into the uterus, fallopian tubes, and surrounding pelvic structures.
2) PID is usually caused by sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhea and chlamydia spreading from the cervix. Risk factors include young age, multiple sexual partners, douching, and recent procedures.
3) Treatment involves antibiotics to relieve symptoms and prevent long-term complications like infertility. Regimens include ofloxacin/metronidazole or ceftriaxone followed by doxycycline/metronidazole for mild disease, and intravenous antibiotics
This document provides an overview of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). It defines PID as an inflammatory disorder of the upper female genital tract caused by infectious microorganisms, most commonly sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea and chlamydia. Risk factors include prior STDs, younger age of first intercourse, and multiple sexual partners. Symptoms can include lower abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal discharge. Treatment involves antibiotics to treat the underlying infection. Left untreated, PID can lead to long-term complications like infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Prevention emphasizes sexual health education and barrier methods to reduce sexually transmitted infections.
This document contains a medical case report for a 25-year-old married Hindu housewife who presented with lower abdominal pain, foul smelling vaginal discharge, and fever for several days following an incomplete abortion and medical vacuum aspiration (MVA) procedure two weeks prior. On examination, she displayed cervical motion tenderness and was diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). She was admitted and treated with intravenous and oral antibiotics, became afebrile after two days, and was discharged on oral antibiotics.
This document provides an overview of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). It discusses the definition, epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology, pathogenesis, stages, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, investigations, management, complications, prevention of reinfection, and follow up of PID. PID is caused by the ascending spread of microorganisms from the cervix to the upper genital tract organs. It is commonly caused by sexually transmitted organisms like N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis. Clinical features include lower abdominal and pelvic pain, fever, abnormal vaginal discharge. Management involves antibiotic therapy based on CDC guidelines to treat infection and prevent complications like infertility.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is caused by bacterial infections such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea that enter the reproductive tract. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, fever, unusual discharge, painful intercourse and urination. Treatment involves antibiotics for both patients and partners to prevent further damage. Without treatment, PID can cause long-term complications like infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pain due to scar tissue and fallopian tube damage.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper genital tract including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It is usually caused by ascending infection with bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis that spread from the vagina or cervix. Risk factors include multiple sex partners and prior STDs. Symptoms can include lower abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal discharge. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and treatment involves antibiotics targeting the common causative agents. Complications may include infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain if left untreated. Prevention focuses on screening and treatment of STDs, partner management, and education.
This document discusses pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), including risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and sequelae. Some key points:
- PID is commonly caused by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It occurs via an ascending infection from the cervix to the endometrium, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
- Symptoms range from mild to severe, including uterine or adnexal tenderness. Diagnosis involves minimum criteria of uterine or adnexal tenderness plus additional criteria like abnormal discharge or positive STI tests.
- Treatment involves antibiotics to cover common causative agents. Oral
PID is a common gynecologic infection that is often difficult to diagnose and can have serious complications if not treated properly. It is caused by a polymicrobial infection that frequently involves Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Risk factors include young age, multiple sexual partners, IUD use, and previous PID episodes. Symptoms are often nonspecific but may include pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and fever. Diagnosis involves clinical examination along with tests like ultrasound and labs. Treatment involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection. Surgery may be needed for complications like tubo-ovarian abscesses. Recurrent PID can lead to long term issues like infertility, ectopic pregnancy
This document provides information on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), including its definition, epidemiology, microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, staging, and management. PID is an inflammatory condition of the female upper genital tract that is usually caused by sexually transmitted pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It is commonly associated with sexually transmitted infections and can lead to long-term complications if not properly treated. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria established by the CDC and may involve imaging and laboratory tests. Treatment involves antibiotics according to CDC guidelines.
The document discusses pelvic infections including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID is caused by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It presents as endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, or pelvic peritonitis. Treatment depends on severity but includes antibiotics. Surgery is reserved for severe cases like tubo-ovarian abscess or failure to improve with antibiotics. Surgical site infections are also discussed and may require drainage or antibiotics.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is caused by ascending infections from the cervix by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It causes inflammation of the female reproductive organs within the pelvis. Symptoms include pelvic pain and abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and confirmed through tests and imaging. Treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes surgery to drain abscesses. Untreated PID can lead to serious long-term complications like infertility.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - Case study, patterns and associationRichin Koshy
This document provides information on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) in a curriculum format. It covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, patient management, and prevention of PID. The learning objectives are to describe various aspects of PID including the epidemiology in the US, clinical criteria for diagnosis, CDC treatment guidelines, and prevention strategies. The curriculum contains 7 lessons that cover these topics in detail with examples and illustrations to enhance understanding of PID.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a spectrum of inflammatory disorders involving the female reproductive organs including the endometrium, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. PID can cause tubal blocks, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Risk factors include sexually transmitted diseases, young age of first intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and intrauterine devices. Diagnosis involves examining for lower abdominal pain, cervical motion tenderness, and uterine or adnexal tenderness. Treatment follows CDC guidelines and involves inpatient intravenous antibiotics like doxycycline or clindamycin before continuing oral antibiotics for 14 days.
PID is an infection of the upper female genital tract that is usually caused by sexually transmitted organisms like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Risk factors include young age, multiple sexual partners, and IUD use. Left untreated, PID can lead to long-term complications like infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and physical exam findings. Treatment involves broad-spectrum antibiotics to eliminate the infection as well as prevent complications. Hospital admission is recommended for severe cases, pregnant women, or when there is no response to oral antibiotics.
Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea that spread from the cervix to the fallopian tubes and other female reproductive organs. Left untreated, it can cause tubal scarring and blockages leading to ectopic pregnancy or infertility. Symptoms include abdominal and pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and discharge. Treatment involves antibiotics to treat the infection. For severe cases, patients may need to be hospitalized.
PID is an infection of the female upper genital tract including the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and pelvic tissue. It can be acute or chronic. Acute PID is usually caused by sexually transmitted infections like Chlamydia or gonorrhea. It presents with lower abdominal pain and can lead to complications like infertility if not treated properly with antibiotics. Chronic PID occurs after inadequate treatment of acute PID and presents with recurrent infections, infertility, or tubal damage. Proper diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics can help prevent long-term complications.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a major health issue that results from sexually transmitted infections ascending into the female reproductive tract. It can cause long-term complications like infertility and chronic pelvic pain. While antibiotics can treat PID, prevention through education and screening programs may help reduce its prevalence and impact. More comprehensive sex education programs in schools as well as screening and partner treatment initiatives could potentially further curb PID cases.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper genital tract caused by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It is treated with antibiotics targeting the primary pathogens. Treatment regimens depend on disease severity, with mild to moderate disease treated with oral antibiotics as outpatients. More severe disease requires hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics. Without treatment, PID can lead to long-term complications like infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection and inflammation of the female reproductive organs. It can scar the tubes that carry eggs from the ovary to the uterus which can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic pain and other problems. PID is the most common preventable cause of infertility in the United States. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are the most common causes, but other bacteria can also cause PID.
This document discusses reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), their causes and spread, high-risk groups, and the syndromic approach to diagnosis and management. The syndromic approach involves identifying consistent groups of symptoms and signs to diagnose common conditions like vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, and genital ulcers. Patients are treated for the most likely causes, educated on prevention, and partners also receive treatment. While it has advantages like low cost and integrating care, limitations include overtreatment and potential antibiotic resistance. Color-coded drug kits are available for different syndromes.
This document provides an overview of the management of triplet pregnancies. Key points include:
- Triplet pregnancies are higher risk than twins or singletons due to higher rates of preterm birth and associated complications.
- Management involves frequent ultrasounds and office visits to monitor growth and complications like preeclampsia.
- Chorionicity determines specific monitoring protocols due to risks like twin-twin transfusion syndrome.
- Most triplet pregnancies are delivered via c-section before 37 weeks due to risks of prematurity.
- Maternal and fetal complications include growth restriction, cord accidents, and preterm birth. Close monitoring aims to reduce risks.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper genital tract that can cause long-term complications like infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Common causes are sexually transmitted bacteria like Chlamydia and gonorrhea. Diagnosis involves examining for cervical tenderness and confirming with tests like endometrial biopsy or laparoscopy. Treatment aims to eliminate the infections with antibiotics and prevent complications through follow up testing and partner treatment. Long term risks counseling is important due to potential issues like chronic pelvic pain.
This document discusses acute pelvic infections in females. It defines pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and lists its causes such as sexually transmitted infections. PID can range from mild to severe, with severe cases sometimes requiring hospitalization. Imaging plays a role in diagnosis and assessing complications. Findings on ultrasound, CT, and MRI are described for various stages of PID as well as other pelvic infections like tuberculosis, actinomycosis, and appendicitis that can mimic PID. Treatment involves antibiotics, with severe cases sometimes needing drainage procedures.
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Vaginitis and Cervicitis in Clinic...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Comparative Study of Visual, Clinical and Microbiological Diagnosis of White ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document provides an overview of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). It discusses the definition, epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology, pathogenesis, stages, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, investigations, management, complications, prevention of reinfection, and follow up of PID. PID is caused by the ascending spread of microorganisms from the cervix to the upper genital tract organs. It is commonly caused by sexually transmitted organisms like N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis. Clinical features include lower abdominal and pelvic pain, fever, abnormal vaginal discharge. Management involves antibiotic therapy based on CDC guidelines to treat infection and prevent complications like infertility.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is caused by bacterial infections such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea that enter the reproductive tract. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, fever, unusual discharge, painful intercourse and urination. Treatment involves antibiotics for both patients and partners to prevent further damage. Without treatment, PID can cause long-term complications like infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pain due to scar tissue and fallopian tube damage.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper genital tract including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It is usually caused by ascending infection with bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis that spread from the vagina or cervix. Risk factors include multiple sex partners and prior STDs. Symptoms can include lower abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal discharge. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and treatment involves antibiotics targeting the common causative agents. Complications may include infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain if left untreated. Prevention focuses on screening and treatment of STDs, partner management, and education.
This document discusses pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), including risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and sequelae. Some key points:
- PID is commonly caused by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It occurs via an ascending infection from the cervix to the endometrium, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
- Symptoms range from mild to severe, including uterine or adnexal tenderness. Diagnosis involves minimum criteria of uterine or adnexal tenderness plus additional criteria like abnormal discharge or positive STI tests.
- Treatment involves antibiotics to cover common causative agents. Oral
PID is a common gynecologic infection that is often difficult to diagnose and can have serious complications if not treated properly. It is caused by a polymicrobial infection that frequently involves Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Risk factors include young age, multiple sexual partners, IUD use, and previous PID episodes. Symptoms are often nonspecific but may include pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and fever. Diagnosis involves clinical examination along with tests like ultrasound and labs. Treatment involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection. Surgery may be needed for complications like tubo-ovarian abscesses. Recurrent PID can lead to long term issues like infertility, ectopic pregnancy
This document provides information on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), including its definition, epidemiology, microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, staging, and management. PID is an inflammatory condition of the female upper genital tract that is usually caused by sexually transmitted pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It is commonly associated with sexually transmitted infections and can lead to long-term complications if not properly treated. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria established by the CDC and may involve imaging and laboratory tests. Treatment involves antibiotics according to CDC guidelines.
The document discusses pelvic infections including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID is caused by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It presents as endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, or pelvic peritonitis. Treatment depends on severity but includes antibiotics. Surgery is reserved for severe cases like tubo-ovarian abscess or failure to improve with antibiotics. Surgical site infections are also discussed and may require drainage or antibiotics.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is caused by ascending infections from the cervix by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It causes inflammation of the female reproductive organs within the pelvis. Symptoms include pelvic pain and abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and confirmed through tests and imaging. Treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes surgery to drain abscesses. Untreated PID can lead to serious long-term complications like infertility.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - Case study, patterns and associationRichin Koshy
This document provides information on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) in a curriculum format. It covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, patient management, and prevention of PID. The learning objectives are to describe various aspects of PID including the epidemiology in the US, clinical criteria for diagnosis, CDC treatment guidelines, and prevention strategies. The curriculum contains 7 lessons that cover these topics in detail with examples and illustrations to enhance understanding of PID.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a spectrum of inflammatory disorders involving the female reproductive organs including the endometrium, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. PID can cause tubal blocks, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Risk factors include sexually transmitted diseases, young age of first intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and intrauterine devices. Diagnosis involves examining for lower abdominal pain, cervical motion tenderness, and uterine or adnexal tenderness. Treatment follows CDC guidelines and involves inpatient intravenous antibiotics like doxycycline or clindamycin before continuing oral antibiotics for 14 days.
PID is an infection of the upper female genital tract that is usually caused by sexually transmitted organisms like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Risk factors include young age, multiple sexual partners, and IUD use. Left untreated, PID can lead to long-term complications like infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and physical exam findings. Treatment involves broad-spectrum antibiotics to eliminate the infection as well as prevent complications. Hospital admission is recommended for severe cases, pregnant women, or when there is no response to oral antibiotics.
Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea that spread from the cervix to the fallopian tubes and other female reproductive organs. Left untreated, it can cause tubal scarring and blockages leading to ectopic pregnancy or infertility. Symptoms include abdominal and pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and discharge. Treatment involves antibiotics to treat the infection. For severe cases, patients may need to be hospitalized.
PID is an infection of the female upper genital tract including the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and pelvic tissue. It can be acute or chronic. Acute PID is usually caused by sexually transmitted infections like Chlamydia or gonorrhea. It presents with lower abdominal pain and can lead to complications like infertility if not treated properly with antibiotics. Chronic PID occurs after inadequate treatment of acute PID and presents with recurrent infections, infertility, or tubal damage. Proper diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics can help prevent long-term complications.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a major health issue that results from sexually transmitted infections ascending into the female reproductive tract. It can cause long-term complications like infertility and chronic pelvic pain. While antibiotics can treat PID, prevention through education and screening programs may help reduce its prevalence and impact. More comprehensive sex education programs in schools as well as screening and partner treatment initiatives could potentially further curb PID cases.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper genital tract caused by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It is treated with antibiotics targeting the primary pathogens. Treatment regimens depend on disease severity, with mild to moderate disease treated with oral antibiotics as outpatients. More severe disease requires hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics. Without treatment, PID can lead to long-term complications like infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection and inflammation of the female reproductive organs. It can scar the tubes that carry eggs from the ovary to the uterus which can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic pain and other problems. PID is the most common preventable cause of infertility in the United States. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are the most common causes, but other bacteria can also cause PID.
This document discusses reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), their causes and spread, high-risk groups, and the syndromic approach to diagnosis and management. The syndromic approach involves identifying consistent groups of symptoms and signs to diagnose common conditions like vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, and genital ulcers. Patients are treated for the most likely causes, educated on prevention, and partners also receive treatment. While it has advantages like low cost and integrating care, limitations include overtreatment and potential antibiotic resistance. Color-coded drug kits are available for different syndromes.
This document provides an overview of the management of triplet pregnancies. Key points include:
- Triplet pregnancies are higher risk than twins or singletons due to higher rates of preterm birth and associated complications.
- Management involves frequent ultrasounds and office visits to monitor growth and complications like preeclampsia.
- Chorionicity determines specific monitoring protocols due to risks like twin-twin transfusion syndrome.
- Most triplet pregnancies are delivered via c-section before 37 weeks due to risks of prematurity.
- Maternal and fetal complications include growth restriction, cord accidents, and preterm birth. Close monitoring aims to reduce risks.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper genital tract that can cause long-term complications like infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Common causes are sexually transmitted bacteria like Chlamydia and gonorrhea. Diagnosis involves examining for cervical tenderness and confirming with tests like endometrial biopsy or laparoscopy. Treatment aims to eliminate the infections with antibiotics and prevent complications through follow up testing and partner treatment. Long term risks counseling is important due to potential issues like chronic pelvic pain.
This document discusses acute pelvic infections in females. It defines pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and lists its causes such as sexually transmitted infections. PID can range from mild to severe, with severe cases sometimes requiring hospitalization. Imaging plays a role in diagnosis and assessing complications. Findings on ultrasound, CT, and MRI are described for various stages of PID as well as other pelvic infections like tuberculosis, actinomycosis, and appendicitis that can mimic PID. Treatment involves antibiotics, with severe cases sometimes needing drainage procedures.
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Vaginitis and Cervicitis in Clinic...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Comparative Study of Visual, Clinical and Microbiological Diagnosis of White ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF LEUCORRHOEA IN SEXUALLY ACTIVE FEMALESElu Malai
This study evaluated the various causes of leucorrhea in 100 sexually active females aged 15-45 years in India. Candida was found to be the most common cause of leucorrhea (24% of cases), followed by bacterial vaginosis (20% of cases). Trichomoniasis was found in 8% of cases. No cause was found for 48% of cases, likely representing physiological discharge. Maintaining proper perineal hygiene and using condoms were recommended to reduce prevalence of infectious leucorrhea and reproductive tract infections.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a disease of the upper genital tract seen in women between 15 – 45 years of age and involves uterus (womb), fallopian tubes, ovaries and other areas within the pelvis. The infection affects the surface lining in all the above organs leading to damage with short and long term health implications.
Know More: http://www.fortisfertilitycentre.com/leading-fertility-doctors-bangalore
This document provides information on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), including its definition, epidemiology, microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and staging. PID is defined as an inflammatory process involving the upper female genital tract, including the endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and pelvic peritoneum. Sexually transmitted infections such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common causes. Clinical presentation can vary from asymptomatic to severe symptoms like pelvic pain and fever. Diagnosis is based on patient history, physical exam findings, and ruling out other potential causes through tests and imaging. Untreated PID can lead
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a major clinical problem globally that is caused by ascending infections of the female upper genital tract. It accounts for 5-20% of gynecological hospital admissions worldwide. Risk factors include young age, multiple sexual partners, and sexually transmitted infections. Clinically, PID presents with abdominal pain, abnormal discharge, and fever. Management involves history, exam, testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia, and treating with antibiotics to prevent complications like infertility.
Pelvic inflammatory disease is a spectrum of infection and inflammation in the upper genital tract organ, typically involving the uterus fallopian tube,ovaries, pelvic peritoneum and surrounding structures
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract that is usually caused by the ascending spread of bacteria from the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and surrounding structures. Common causative organisms include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Mycoplasma hominis. Patients present with lower abdominal and pelvic pain, fever, abnormal vaginal discharge, and cervical motion tenderness. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and can be confirmed with laparoscopy, ultrasound, or blood tests. Untreated PID can cause serious complications like tubal scarring and infertility.
For DH Theory III, students must give a presentation on a specific module in the class. The purpose of these presentations is to inform students on how treat patients in a dental setting who may be compromised by a certain medical condition. I was tasked with presenting on sexually transmitted diseases, as well as on chronic kidney disease and dialysis. This is the presentation that I modified on sexually transmitted diseases.
This document provides an outline and overview of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). It begins by defining PID as an inflammatory syndrome caused by the ascending spread of microorganisms from the vagina or cervix into the upper female genital tract. Risk factors include sexually transmitted infections, multiple partners, and douching. Symptoms can include abdominal and pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and discharge. Treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes surgery. Without treatment, PID can lead to long-term complications like infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.
This covers PID a female infection, typically for nurses, clinical officers and nurse assistants.
It will help prepare nurses in inter grated reproductive health and gynaecology.
This document discusses Candida infections in the ICU, including epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Candida species are the most common fungal pathogens in hospitals and ICUs, responsible for 17% of healthcare-associated infections. Non-albicans Candida species now account for around 50% of infections.
- Risk factors for invasive Candida infections include prolonged ICU stay, broad-spectrum antibiotic use, surgery, and underlying conditions like diabetes that impair immunity. Heavy Candida colonization is an independent risk factor.
- Diagnosis is challenging as symptoms mimic bacterial infections. Culture-based methods are slow. Biomarkers like beta-D-
Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. It primarily infects the urogenital tract of females and males. Symptoms can range from an acute inflammatory infection with symptoms like abnormal discharge to an asymptomatic infection. Diagnosis is made through nucleic acid amplification tests or visualizing the motile trichomonads on a wet mount sample. Treatment involves oral metronidazole or tinidazole to cure the infection. Prevention focuses on limiting sexual partners, condom use, and treatment of infected individuals to reduce transmission.
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PID update 2024 treatment and disposition in hospital settingrigomontejo
This document discusses pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), including its classification, epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology, clinical features, investigations, and differential diagnosis. PID is an infection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract caused by the ascending spread of microorganisms from the cervix. It is commonly caused by sexually transmitted organisms like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Clinical features include lower abdominal and pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, fever, and tenderness on pelvic examination. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and confirmed through investigations and sometimes laparoscopy. Treatment aims to resolve infection and prevent long term complications like infertility.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper genital tract including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and surrounding pelvic structures. It is usually caused by bacteria ascending from the cervix, such as Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. PID can cause tubal scarring and blockages leading to ectopic pregnancy or infertility. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria including cervical motion tenderness and may include ultrasound or laparoscopy. Complications include tubo-ovarian abscesses, pelvic adhesions, and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.
This is a poster about TORCH infections, which u need to present it in order to clarifiy the whole idea. It is created by Shnyar Atta, Senior Medical laboratory student.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female upper genital tract that is usually caused by sexually transmitted pathogens ascending from the vagina and cervix. Common symptoms include lower abdominal pain and tenderness. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria including pelvic pain and tenderness on examination. Treatment involves antibiotics to cover common causative organisms like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Complications of untreated PID can include tubal factor infertility and chronic pelvic pain. Prevention focuses on barrier protection during sex and treatment of sexually transmitted infections.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract involving the fallopian tubes and ovaries. It is usually caused by ascending infection from the cervix or vagina, often due to bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis. Risk factors include multiple sexual partners and IUD use. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain and tenderness. Diagnosis involves clinical examination and testing for sexually transmitted infections. Treatment aims to cover common causative bacteria with antibiotic regimens. Without treatment, PID can cause long-term complications like infertility or ectopic pregnancy.
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Current notions
1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 3 Issue 8 ‖ August 2014 ‖ PP.39-42
www.ijpsi.org 39 | Page
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Current notions 1,MurtazaMustafa , 2,Bendaman B Yanggau 3,HelenLasimbang 4,Raihana Musawwir Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,University Malaysia Sabah,Kota Kinabalu Sabah,Malaysia. ABSTRACT : Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is the clinical syndrome represents inflammation of the female,cervix,endometrium,fallopiantubes,pelvicstructure,salpingitis,pelvic peritonitis and tub ovarian abscess.PID results from the spread of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydial trachomatis, anaerobes, Haemophilusinfluenza,G.vaginalis,Streptococcuspyogenes,gramnegative bacteria, and others. PID sequelae include: ectopic pregnancy, infertility, tubo-ovarian abscess, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, premature rupture of membranes, preterm, delivery, and amnionitis. Most PID patients are treated as outpatients hospitalization for very ill patients and those meet hospitalization criteria. CDC guidelines for antibiotic treatment of PID patients are useful. Fluoroquinilones alone are no longer recommended due to emergence of resistant N.gonorrhoeae.Screening for cervical chlamydia and gonorrhea infection can prevent PID. KEYWODS: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), Risk factors, Management, Sequelae.
I. INTRODUCTION
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) refers to clinical syndrome that represents a continuum of inflammationfromthecervixtotheendometrium,fallopiantubes,andcontiguous,pelvicstructure:cervicitis, endometritis,salpingitis,pelvic peritonitis,andtuboovarianabcess[I].Each year, approximately 1 million women in the United States experience an episode of symptomatic PID.Many women with PID have minimal or no symptoms [2].PID results from direct canalicular spread of microorganisms from the vagina or endocervix to the endometrium and fallopian tube mucosa[3].Both Neisseria gonorrhoeae and C.trachomatis commonly cause endocervitis.and clinical symptoms of acute PID develop in 10% to 40% of women with these infections who do not receive adequate treatment [4].In addition to N.gonorrhoeae and C.trachomatis.a wide variety of bacteria have been isolated from the upper genital tracts of women with acute symptomatic PID,including anaerobes,gram negative rods, streptococci, and mycoplasma[5].Many of these are the same microorganisms that are found in increased concentrations in the vaginas of women with bacterial vaginosis [6].Moreover, approximately one of four women with presumed uncomplicated lower genital tract gonococcal or chlamydial infection or bacterial vaginosis, or both, is found to have histological endometritis (subclinical PID) when evaluated by endometrial biopsy[3].Uncommonly, respiratory pathogens including Haemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pyogenes have also been isolated from the upper genital tracts of women with symptomatic PID[7,8].Gold standards for PID diagnosis often impractical to achieve in the outpatient setting. Endometrial biopsy showing changes consistent with PID,transvaginal ultrasound showing thickened fluid- filled tubes, and laproscopic evidence of PID [9].Treatment regimens should be effective against gonorrhea chlamydial and anaerobes[10].The paper reviews the risk factors, diagnosis and management of PID. II. RISK FACTORS Age is inversely related to the rate of PID.Sexually experienced teenagers are three times likely to be diagnosed with PID than are women 25 to 29 years of age. A history of multiple sexual partners, an increased rate of acquisition of new partners within the previous 30 days, and frequent sexual intercourse with a single partner are associated with increased risk of PID[11].Women with confirmed PID commonly have concurrent bacterial vaginosis [12].Contraceptive choice modifies PID risk in a complex manner. Mechanical and chemical barriers decrease risk. Oral contraceptives have a variable effect, decreasing the clinical diagnosis but having no effect on the rate of infertility or endometrial inflammation. Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) confer a slightly increased risk of non-sexually transmitted PID in the first month after insertion [13].Other suggested association with PID include douching, menses, cigarette smoking and substance abuse [14].Although an association between the use of an IUD and increased risk of PID was documented for many years, newer studies suggest that magnitude of this association was overestimated.
Contamination of the endometrial cavity at insertion apparently results in a slightly increased risk of acute PID that is limited to the first 4 months of IUD use. Infections occurring after 4 months are believed to be
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the result of acquired sexually transmitted pathogens and not the IUD itself [15].A unique role for Actinomyces organisms in IUD associated PID has been suggested, but this relationship remains unclear. Although as many as 4% to 8% of IUD users have Actinomyces-like organisms identified on Papanicolaou(Pap)smear, their presence has not been equated with pelvic actinomycosis, nor has the risk of subsequent pelvic infection been identified. In patients with cytology showing Actinomyces colonization [16].Bonacho and associates showed that removal of the IUD was associated with resolution of colonization [17].
II. DIAGNOSIS OF PID
Many episodes of PID go unrecognized. Although some cases are asymptomatic, others are underdiagnosed because the patient or the healthcare provider fail to recognize the implications of mild or nonspecific symptoms or signs(e.g. Abnormal bleeding ,dyspareunia, vaginal discharge).In one study,chlamydial infection was noted in 29% of women experiencing persistent intermenstrual bleeding while taking oral contraceptives, suggesting the presence of endometritis[18].Given the often subtle presentation of this disease and the significant reproductive sequelae associated with(infertility, topic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain),clinicians should maintain a low threshold for the diagnosis of PID[19].Empirical treatment for PID should be considered in sexually active young women and other women at risk of sexually transmitted infections if the following minimum criteria met and no other cause for illness can be identified:(1)pelvic organ tenderness noted on bimanual examination or without manipulation of cervix and(2)microscopy showing the presence of white blood cells in the vaginal secretions. Most women with PID have either mucopurulent cervical discharge or evidence of white cells on a microscopic evaluation of the vaginal secretions. If cervical discharge appears normal and no white blood cells are found during microscopic, the diagnosis of PID is unlikely and alternative causes of pain should be investigated [20].Additional criteria that support a diagnosis of PID include bacterial vaginosis, mucopurulent cervicitis, laboratory documentation of cervical infection with N.gonorrhoeaeor,C.trachomatis,oral temperature higher than38oC,and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation or C- reactive protein level. Definitive criteria for PID include histologic evidence of endometritis on endometrial biopsy;transvaginal sonography or other imaging techniques showing thickened, fluid-filled tubes with or without free pelvic fluid or tuboovarian complex; and laproscopic abnormalities showing tubal purulent exudate,erythema, and edema [19]. Clinical diagnosis and grading of PID have poor specificity. In fact, women with PID associated with moderate to severe pelvic adhesions or tubal occlusion were found to have less tenderness on abdominopelvic examination and therefore to appear less ill than women with limited or no adhesion [21].Diagnostic laparoscopic should be considered in patients for empirical therapy has failed and in patients with a history of recurrent PID and negative tests for Chlamydia, gonorrhea ,and bacterial vaginosis .Endometriosis is a common alternative diagnosis in these women. Although rare, acute salpingitis can occur in the proximal stamp of patients who have undergone surgical sterilization and in women in the first semester of pregnancy [19].
III. MANAGEMENT OF PID
In the past, many specialist recommended hospitalization for all patients with PID so that bed rest and supervised treatment with parenteral antibiotics could be initiated[22].Other suggest hospitalization if patients meet the criteria that include:(1)Tuboovarian abscess(2)Peritonitis(cannot rule out other abdominal processes)(3)pregnant patients (because of high rates of preterm labor ,stillbirths,and maternal morbidity)(4)Immunocompromised patients(including HIV patients, who often have more severe presentations(5)patients cannot tolerate oral medications, and(6)possibly in young adolescents when compliance is in question[10]]. Today, most women with PID are treated as outpatients, reflecting the preponderance of patients only mild to moderate symptoms and signs. A recent prospective, randomized clinical trial compared outpatient treatment with a single dose of cefoxitin intramuscularly and multidose oral doxycycline with inpatient treatment with intravenous cefoxitin and doxycycline in women with clinical symptoms and signs of mild to moderate PID.There were no differences in response to therapy or reproductive outcome between inpatient and outpatient regimens [23].These data suggest that hospitalization can be reserved for those patients with clinically severe disease(severe illness, nausea and vomiting or high fever[19].
Treatment : Treatment consists of pelvic test and antibiotics. Antibiotic regimens must provide empirical broad- spectrum coverage of likely pathogens, including N.gonorrhoeae, C.trachomatis, anaerobes, gram negative facultative bacteria and streptococci. Several antimicrobial regimens have been effective in achieving clinical and microbiologic cure in randomized clinical trials with short term follow up. The need to eradicate anaerobes from women with PID has not been determined definitively. However, anaerobic bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis have been isolated from the upper reproductive tract of women with PID, and those bacteria have been shown to cause tubal and epithelial destruction. One method of determining the
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appropriateness of metronidazole therapy in women with PID is to determine the presence of concurrent vaginosis [19] The fluroquinolone alone are no longer recommended in the treatment of PID due to emergence of quinolone resistant N.gonorrhoeae. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have updated the published antibiotic treatment guidelines for acute PID [24].If parental cephalosporin therapy is not feasible, use of fluroquinolones (levofloxacin 500 mg PO once daily or ofloxacin 400 mg twice daily for 14 days)usually with metronidazole(500 mg PO twice daily for 14 days) may be considered if the community prevalence and individual risk is low. Tests for gonorrhea must be performed before instituting therapy. If the nucleic acid amplification test result is positive for gonorrhea, a parental cephalosporin is recommended. If culture for gonorrhea is positive, treatment should be based on results of antimicrobial susceptibility. If isolate is quinolone- resistant N.gonorrhoeae or antimicrobial susceptibility cannot be assessed, parenteral cephalosporin is recommended. Although information regarding other outpatient regimens is limited, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and doxycycline or azithromycin with metronidazole have demonstrated short-term clinical cure [25]. Optimal outpatient management includes a follow-up examination performed within 72 hours after initiation of therapy. May patients may not return for this visit if they are symptomatically improved. Substantial clinical improvement with lysis of fever. Reduction in direct or rebound abdominal tenderness and reduction in pelvic organ tenderness with bimanual examination should be noted. If there is no response to therapy within 72 hours patient should be reevaluated and possibly hospitalized to confirm the diagnosis and for consideration of parenteral antibiotic therapy if they are on an oral regimen. All male sex partners of women with acute PID should be evaluated for sexually transmitted diseases, and those who had sexual contact with the patient during 60 days preceding the onset of symptoms in the patient should be empirically treated with regimens effective against C.trachomatis and N.gonorrhoeae.In many circumstances the male sex partner tests positive for chlamydia or gonorrhea,but the patient receiving the therapy is negative; such results shed light on the pathogenesis of infection[26]. Actinomycoticsalpingitis : Actinomycesisraelii is an anaerobic gram-positive branching, on-acid fast rod. Colonization of the lower genital tract occurs most often in the settings of IUDs(especially in long term users)and colonization portends an increased risk of PID.Colonization is usually recognized on Pap smears showing characteristic ―sulfurgranules‖.Patients can be followed expectantly with repeat Pap smears or treated for 10 to 214 days with oral penicillin. Rarely does PID need to be removed for colonization[26].Infection ensues in a small percentage of colonized women. Clinical presentation may be irregular vaginal bleeding or mild pelvic discomfort. Pathology can reveal significant destruction,fibrosis,and structuring of pevic/ retroperitoneal structures. If there is a concern of active actinomycotic endometritis/ salpingitis in an IUD user, the patient should receive intravenous penicillin ( plus the intravenous therapy for PID),the IUD should be removed, and surgery may be required.The tetracyclines, erythromycin,and clindamycin are also effective against Actinomycetes [26]. Tuboovarian abscess: Patients with suspected tuboovarian abscess should be hospitalized and given broad – spectrum antimicrobial drugs that include adequate coverage for gram- negative anaerobes. Failure to respond to medical therapy is suggested by lack of defervescence within 72 hours or an increase in size of mass.Eighty– five percent of abscesses with a diameter of 4 to 6 cm respond to antibiotics alone, but only 40% of those 10 cm or larger respond. Triple-agent therapy with ampicillin.clindamycin,and gentamycin would seem to be the regimen of choice, although other combination regimens have been used effectively [27,28].Surgical intervention for tuboovarian abscess that does not respond to antimicrobial therapy can be performed laproscopically,percutaneously,or transvaginally or by laparotomy. A patient with a suspected leaking or ruptured abscess should undergo immediate surgical exploration after rapid stabilization and institution of broad spectrum antibiotics [29]. Genital tract tuberculosis :Genital tract tuberculosis most common in the developing countries. Usually results from hematogenous spread from pulmonary infection, rarely from contiguous intraperitoneal disease or direct sexual intercourse.Clinically, an indolent infection.Chief presentation is infertility and also vaginal bleeding or chronic pelvicpain, Diagnosis by hysterosalpingogram may show characteristic changes, however endodermal or fallopian tube histology, which demonstrates granulomas, positive acid-fast stains, or positive culture of endometrial aspirates,isrequired.Therapy by antituberculousdrugs, and surgery if symptoms persists [26].
IV. PID SEQUELAE
After one episode of PID,a woman’s risk of ectopic pregnancy increases seven times. Approximately 13% of women are infertile after single episode of PID,25% to 35% after two episodes, and 50% to 75 % after three or more episodes. If a true tuboovarian abscess is present, only 7% to 14% of patients able to conceive after treatment. After treatment for a tuboovarian complex (a less restrictive diagnostic category than tuboovarian abscess)approximately two
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thirds of women attempting pregnancy are unable to conceive. Other sequelae associated with PID include dyspareunia, pelvic adhesions, and chronic pelvic pain[30].PID is also associated with premature rupture of membranes, preterm delivery, and ammonites [31].Screening for cervical chlamydia infection can prevent PID[32].
V. CONCLUSION
PID represents inflammation of female cervix to the endometrium; fallopian tubes and contiguous pelvic structure. Many cases are asymptomatic and go unrecognized or not diagnosed. Clinicians need to be aware of the implications of unrecognized PID in clinical practice. REFERENCES
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