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![Labeled as “promising” for the past 50 years
• “For a long time now there has been a great need for a means of recording where
people are looking while they work at particular tasks. A whole series of unsolved
problems awaits such a technique” (Mackworth & Thomas, 1962, p.713).
• “...[T]he eyetracking system has a promising future in usability engineering” (Benel,
Ottens & Horst, 1991, p.465).
• “...[A]ggregating, analyzing, and visualizing eye tracking data in conjunction with
other interaction data holds considerable promise as a powerful tool for designers
and experimenters in evaluating interfaces” (Crowe & Narayanan, 2000, p.35).
• “Eye-movement analysis does appear to be a promising new tool for evaluating
visually administered questionnaires” (Redline & Lankford, 2001).
• “Another promising area is the use of eye-tracking techniques to support interface
and product design. Continual improvements in ... eye-tracking systems ... have
increased the usefulness of this technique for studying a variety of interface issues”
(Merwin, 2002, p.39).
Labeled as promising for 40 years
Good news or bad news?
Technology Improvement](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/eyetrackingtechnologypresentationv12-0-130429010457-phpapp02/85/Eye-tracking-and-its-economic-feasibility-12-320.jpg){kind=tracking}
![Technology Improvement
• Improvement in Computers
(Processing Power)
Koomey, Jonathan G., Stephen Berard, Marla Sanchez, and Henry Wong.
Implications of Historical Trends in The Electrical Efficiency of Computing. [Online]
Available from: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MAHC.2010.28
As devices shrink in size, energy
consumption can be made more
efficient. Allow miniaturization of eye
tracking and computing devices to
support it](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/eyetrackingtechnologypresentationv12-0-130429010457-phpapp02/85/Eye-tracking-and-its-economic-feasibility-36-320.jpg){kind=tracking}
Uploaded byJeffrey Funk
Eye tracking and its economic feasibility
The document analyzes advancements in eye-tracking technology, detailing its historical development and current capabilities, including the use of corneal reflection technology. It highlights ongoing improvements in accuracy, precision, and cost-effectiveness while identifying challenges that have historically hindered the technology's adoption. Future opportunities for application are explored across various sectors, such as retail, machines, military, and human-computer interaction.
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Eye tracking and its economic feasibility
- 1. MT5009 – AnalyzingHi-Tech Opportunities Opportunities in Eye-Tracking For information on other new technologies that are becoming economically feasible, see http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations
- 2. Group Introduction • AdrianusMradipta A0033067 • Desmond Wong A0082079 • Koh Kian Hong A0082082 • Ong Fu Lin A0098508 • Peh Tiong Seng A0098563
- 3. Before we begin… ReebokAdvertisement
- 4. Before we begin… Notehow men didn’t notice the shoes AT ALL!!
- 5. • Introduction – BriefHistory – Underlying Technology • Technology Improvements – What was holding the technology back? – How has it improved? – Will it improve further? • Future Opportunities Content
- 6. • What iseye tracking? – Technique of measuring and monitoring the point of gaze (where someone is looking) • Identifies: – first fixations – fixation order – gaze time Introduction
- 7. Brief History • 1870s- Scientific Study of Eye Movement Began • 1900s - Photography Improvement Non-Invasive Techniques • 1940s - Head-Mounted Eye Trackers First Developed • 1970s - High Speed Data Processing & Cognitive Science • 1980s - Human Computer Interface Developed • 1990s - Commercial Applications Made Practical
- 8. Underlying Technology • Currenteye-tracking technology uses: corneal reflection technology – Infrared diodes generate reflection from the cornea – Reflections are collected by infrared image sensors (cameras) – Image analysis + mathematical algorithms determine where the user is looking
- 9. Underlying Technology Current eye-trackingtechnology uses: corneal reflection technology
- 10. Underlying Technology • Whyinfrared is used? – To distinguish pupil shape from the iris. – Pupils become clear in infrared vision Normal Vision Infrared Vision How corneal reflection determines the line of sight
- 11. Infrared capable camera InfraredLED Mechanical Housing Computer (processing power) Components of the modern eye tracking system: Underlying Technology
- 12. Labeled as “promising”for the past 50 years • “For a long time now there has been a great need for a means of recording where people are looking while they work at particular tasks. A whole series of unsolved problems awaits such a technique” (Mackworth & Thomas, 1962, p.713). • “...[T]he eyetracking system has a promising future in usability engineering” (Benel, Ottens & Horst, 1991, p.465). • “...[A]ggregating, analyzing, and visualizing eye tracking data in conjunction with other interaction data holds considerable promise as a powerful tool for designers and experimenters in evaluating interfaces” (Crowe & Narayanan, 2000, p.35). • “Eye-movement analysis does appear to be a promising new tool for evaluating visually administered questionnaires” (Redline & Lankford, 2001). • “Another promising area is the use of eye-tracking techniques to support interface and product design. Continual improvements in ... eye-tracking systems ... have increased the usefulness of this technique for studying a variety of interface issues” (Merwin, 2002, p.39). Labeled as promising for 40 years Good news or bad news? Technology Improvement
- 13. • Both goodnews & bad news! – Good news: it must be really promising, else it would have been set aside – Bad news: something is holding it back! Technology Improvement What had been holding the technology back? How far has the technology gone? Will technology improvements drive new applications & opportunities?
- 14. • What washolding the technology back? – Technical Difficulties • Ease of use • Tolerance to variations • Constrained head movements • Not portable – Labor-Intensive Data Extraction • Often requires labor-intensive frame-by-frame decoding of videotape – Difficulties in Data Interpretation • Making sense out of the data Technology Improvement
- 15. • Introduction – BriefHistory – Underlying Technology • Technology Improvements – What was holding the technology back? – How has it improved? – Will it improve further? • Future Opportunities Outline
- 16. • How haseye tracking improved? Technology Improvement
- 17. • Accuracy &Precision – The difference: Technology Improvement
- 18. • Accuracy &Precision – Improved over the years Technology Improvement Source: Tobii Accuracy and Precision Test Reports One degree corresponds to half an inch (1.2 cm) on a computer monitor viewed at a distance of 27 inches (68.6 cm)
- 19. Note: Measurements weredone at a 25 Degree Gaze Angle where one degree corresponds to half an inch (1.2 cm) on a computer monitor viewed at a distance of 27 inches (68.6 cm)
- 20. • Accuracy &Precision – How has it been improved? • Increasing sampling rate Modern eye trackers: 25-2000 Hz http://www.healio.com/ophthalmology/journals/JRS/%7BB9C9AF4C-7BEC-47D2-9E2F-36D59FBD2447%7D/One-Kilohertz-Eye-Tracker-and- Active-Intraoperative-Torsion-Detection-in-the-NIDEK-CXIII-and-Quest-Excimer-Lasers http://www.journalofoptometry.org/en/analysis-of-the-effects-of/articulo/90102629/ Technology Improvement Increasing sampling rate reduces error
- 21. • Tolerance tohead movement: – Trade-off between precision/accuracy & tolerance for head movement – Head movement will shift distance to eye-tracker from the optimal point http://www.docstoc.com/docs/93864026/Specification-of-Gaze-Precision-and-Gaze-Accuracy Technology Improvement Optimum distance Optimum distance Optimum distanceAt 50 cm Optimum distanceAt 50 cm
- 22. • Tolerance tohead movement: – How this has been improved while keeping accuracy/precision constant? • Higher resolution cameras – By increasing megapixels • Use multiple cameras Technology Improvement T. Suzuki, “Challenges of Image-Sensor Development”, ISSCC, 2010
- 23. 2013 $5,000 2000s $30,000 2010 $18,000 http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21567195- computer-interfaces-ability-determine-location-persons-gaze Technology Improvement • Cost Reductionsdue to decrease in cost of components, which will be discussed later
- 24. More Noise & point-of-gazedoes not move smoothly Lower Cost System Medium Cost System High Cost System Accuracy Cost Hundreds Thousands Tens of thousands Technology Improvement • Accuracy vs Cost
- 25. The image showsthe left (yellow) and right (green) pupil diameter for all systems. Lower and Medium cost system showing instability in the tracking of the pupil. Hundreds Thousands Tens of thousands Performance Cost Technology Improvement • Performance vs Cost Noise
- 26. • Improvements invarious aspects of the eye tracker: – Have allowed improvements in size & intrusiveness Raymond Dodge’s Photochronograph 1950s Today’s eye trackers can be non-intrusive & relatively small Technology Improvement 21st Century1871 – 1942 WARNING! AUDIENCE ATTENTIVENESS LOW
- 27. What do yousee?
- 28. How many noticedthe gorilla at the right hand side? What do you see?
- 29. • Will Performance& Cost continue to improve? Technology Improvement
- 30. • Interest inthe field: – increase in the number of academic papers related to the field http://imotionsglobal.com/blog/exponential-growth-in-academic-eye-tracking-papers-over-the-last-40-years/ Technology Improvement
- 31. Technology Improvement Increasing numberof Eye Tracking Products
- 32. Technology Improvement Infrared capablecamera Infrared LED Mechanical Housing Computer (processing power) • Improvement in Components Improvement trends in components in the field gives us confidence that this technology will continue to improve
- 33. Technology Improvement • Improvementin Cameras Reducing pixel-size (green square) miniaturized cameras without reducing quality T. Suzuki, “Challenges of Image-Sensor Development”, ISSCC, 2010
- 34. Technology Improvement • Improvementin Cameras T. Suzuki, “Challenges of Image-Sensor Development”, ISSCC, 2010 Resolution increases, the price of a corresponding camera comes down more and more quickly over time
- 35. Technology Improvement • Improvementin Computers (Processing Power) http://homepages.cwi.nl/~steven/vandf/2012-11-teneuro.html Improvement in integrated circuits (Moore’s Law) enhances processing power to decode the raw data obtained from eye tracking. Potential improvement gives confidence that eye-tracking will continue to improve
- 36. Technology Improvement • Improvementin Computers (Processing Power) Koomey, Jonathan G., Stephen Berard, Marla Sanchez, and Henry Wong. Implications of Historical Trends in The Electrical Efficiency of Computing. [Online] Available from: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MAHC.2010.28 As devices shrink in size, energy consumption can be made more efficient. Allow miniaturization of eye tracking and computing devices to support it
- 37. Technology Improvement $1000 $4000 Business Cost +R&D Cost Hardware Cost Kumar, M. Reducing the Cost of Eye Tracking Systems, Stanford Tech Report CSTR 2006-08, April 2006 Typical eye-tracker cost: $5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 10, 000s Units 100, 000s Units Total Cost USD$ Hardware Cost Business Cost + R&D Cost
- 38. Technology Improvement Confidence thateye-tracking system will improve A killer application is required to propel this technology!
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- 42. Future in Retail EyeTracking Technology Tracks customer interest through the eyes Interactive displays that projects visual information through Augmented Reality
- 43. Opportunities • Retail Shops –Better customer experience leads to better sales • Marketing Consultancy Companies – Provides solution for retailers to connect with shoppers – Eye Tracking collects unique information of shoppers • Point of display heat maps • Items of interest to shoppers Future in Retail
- 44. Opportunities • Software – Providescustomization service for retail business – Offers processing software to analyze collected data Future in Retail
- 45. ΩΩFuture in Machines Dangerof Drivers/ Machine Operators • Fatigue • Drowsiness • Inattentive
- 46. Severe consequence fromaccidents • Health, Safety and Environment • Insurance Costs • Operation downtime Future in Machines Offshore Drilling Mining Machines Monitor Fatigue and Attention Level
- 47. Future in Machines TrainingCenters • Eye Tracking to monitor and correct Line of sight Visual angle
- 48. Opportunities Mining and DrillingCompanies • Safer work environment • Lead to less operation downtime Training Centers • Measurement of competency • Training programs for effective learning Machineries/Automobile Manufacturers • Provide customized eye trackers for new machineries or vehicles ΩΩFuture in Machines
- 49. ΩΩFuture in theMilitary The traditional way we aim weapons has always been about Manually adjusting the weapons to our eyes Applications:
- 50. ΩΩFuture in theMilitary Applications: Soldier of the future is about automatically adjusting the weapons to the line of sight
- 51. ΩΩFuture in theMilitary Opportunities: Weapon Manufacturers • New weapon with automatic aiming can be developed • Maintenance Services Eye Trackers Manufacturers • High specification eye tracker for military use – Accurate and precise aim – Suitable for rugged condition Software and System Providers • Connect eye tracker to weapons • Seamless connection between eye tracker and weapons
- 52. ΩΩFuture in HCI Simpleinteraction with Google Glass through VOICE
- 53. In the future,users will be able to retrieve information from the Glasses. If life is simple, that’s Great. Future in HCI
- 54. But often, Lifeis a little more complicated. There will be an Information Overload. How do we filter the Information that are meaningful to us? Future in HCI
- 55. ΩΩFuture in HCI EyeTracking Technology Identifies objects of interest by tracking the eyes
- 56. ΩΩ Eye Tracking Technology Identifies objects of interest by tracking the eyes Information will be presented to the user triggered by eye gaze Future in HCI
- 57. ΩΩ Eye Tracking Technology Combination with other Interaction interfaces is possible Voice Interaction Sixth Sense Future in HCI
- 58. ΩΩFuture in HCI Opportunities: ComponentsManufacturers • Light and wearable • Miniaturization of Eye Tracker Augmented Reality Providers • Opportunity for user interaction with Augmented Reality • Eg. Google Glass HCI Providers • More holistic interaction interface • Eg. Integration with Microsoft Kinect and Leap motion control
- 59. ΩΩConclusions • Technology improvementacross components • Reduction in Cost through Increasing technological efficiencies & Greater adoption New Applications Retail Machines Military HCI Opportunities Component Manufacturers Augmented Reality Providers HCI Providers Weapon ManufacturersEye Tracker Manufacturers Software Providers Hardware Integrators Consultancy Training Centers Inspection and Maintenance Retailers
- 60.