Definition - Rolling circle replication is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication.
* can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA, such as plasmids.
* Eucaryotic also replicate.
* widely used in molecular biology & biomedical
nanotechnology, especially in the field of
biosensing (as a method of signal Amplification).
Steps:
Circular ds DNA will be “nicked”
3` end is elongated →Leading strand
5` end displaced → Lagging strand
made up of double stranded by OKAZAKI fragments.
4) Replication of both “ unnicked” and displaced ss DNA
5) Displaced DNA circulates and synthesis its own complementary strand.
Initation-- phosphate ends, by the action of:
a) Helicase
b) Topoisomerases
c) Single stranded binding proteins(SSBPs)
Elongation-OH group of broken strand, using the unbroken strand as a template. The polymerase will start to move in a circle for elongation, due to which it is named as Rolling Circle Model.
end will be displaced and will grow out like a waving thread.
Termination-* At the point of termination, the linear DNA molecule is cleaved from the circle resulting in a double stranded circular DNA molecule and a single- stranded linear DNA molecule.
* The linear single stranded molecule is circularized by the action of ligase and then replication to double stranded circular plasmid molecule.
Example- Conjugation of F+ and F- bacteria
Diagrammatic representation of Rolling circle
some Examples-Viral DNA
* Human herpes virus
* Human papilloma virus
* Geminivirus
Viral RNA
* pospiviridiae
* Avsunviridiae
Reference:- https://en. m. wikipedia.org
what- when- how.com
https//www.sciencedirect.com
www.slideshare.com
Genetics-notes.wikispace.com
you tube
Prescott 5th edition page.no: 236, 237
Brock biology of microorganism , page.no: 253,616
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)Jamil Ahmad
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Ribotyping
Introduction
History
Ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
Principle of ribotyping
16S rRNA
Procedure of ribotyping
Types of ribotyping
Use of ribotyping
Advantage and disadvantage of ribotyping
Reference
. Introduction
2. Cell / Plasma membrane
3. Transport across membrane
Passive transport
a.Osmosis
b. Simple diffusion
c. Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
a. Primary active transport
b. Secondary active transport
Example-
1. Na+/K+ ATPase
2. Ca+ ATPase
3. Proton pump
4. Transport of large molecule by plasma membrane
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
5. Transport of nutrients by membraneprotiens
Channel protein
Carrier proteins
6. Role of membrane Transport
7. Conclusion
8. Reference
Biochemistry serves as a fundamental discipline in the life sciences, exploring the chemical processes and biomolecules that underlie biological systems. It bridges the gap between biology and chemistry, investigating the molecular basis of life. Biochemistry delves into the study of macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the intricate interactions and reactions that occur within cells. It encompasses vital topics such as metabolism, energy production, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis. The field examines DNA, RNA, and gene expression to unravel the genetic information and molecular mechanisms that govern living organisms. Additionally, biochemistry explores the molecular structures, chemical bonds, and synthesis of biomolecules, as well as the diverse biochemical pathways and cellular functions they regulate. It also encompasses aspects of molecular genetics, protein synthesis, enzyme kinetics, biochemical regulation, and cell signaling. Biochemistry finds applications in various areas including biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, genetic engineering, and the study of metabolic diseases. It plays a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of life at the molecular level and holds significant implications for numerous scientific and medical advancements.
Definition - Rolling circle replication is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication.
* can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA, such as plasmids.
* Eucaryotic also replicate.
* widely used in molecular biology & biomedical
nanotechnology, especially in the field of
biosensing (as a method of signal Amplification).
Steps:
Circular ds DNA will be “nicked”
3` end is elongated →Leading strand
5` end displaced → Lagging strand
made up of double stranded by OKAZAKI fragments.
4) Replication of both “ unnicked” and displaced ss DNA
5) Displaced DNA circulates and synthesis its own complementary strand.
Initation-- phosphate ends, by the action of:
a) Helicase
b) Topoisomerases
c) Single stranded binding proteins(SSBPs)
Elongation-OH group of broken strand, using the unbroken strand as a template. The polymerase will start to move in a circle for elongation, due to which it is named as Rolling Circle Model.
end will be displaced and will grow out like a waving thread.
Termination-* At the point of termination, the linear DNA molecule is cleaved from the circle resulting in a double stranded circular DNA molecule and a single- stranded linear DNA molecule.
* The linear single stranded molecule is circularized by the action of ligase and then replication to double stranded circular plasmid molecule.
Example- Conjugation of F+ and F- bacteria
Diagrammatic representation of Rolling circle
some Examples-Viral DNA
* Human herpes virus
* Human papilloma virus
* Geminivirus
Viral RNA
* pospiviridiae
* Avsunviridiae
Reference:- https://en. m. wikipedia.org
what- when- how.com
https//www.sciencedirect.com
www.slideshare.com
Genetics-notes.wikispace.com
you tube
Prescott 5th edition page.no: 236, 237
Brock biology of microorganism , page.no: 253,616
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)Jamil Ahmad
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Ribotyping
Introduction
History
Ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
Principle of ribotyping
16S rRNA
Procedure of ribotyping
Types of ribotyping
Use of ribotyping
Advantage and disadvantage of ribotyping
Reference
. Introduction
2. Cell / Plasma membrane
3. Transport across membrane
Passive transport
a.Osmosis
b. Simple diffusion
c. Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
a. Primary active transport
b. Secondary active transport
Example-
1. Na+/K+ ATPase
2. Ca+ ATPase
3. Proton pump
4. Transport of large molecule by plasma membrane
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
5. Transport of nutrients by membraneprotiens
Channel protein
Carrier proteins
6. Role of membrane Transport
7. Conclusion
8. Reference
Biochemistry serves as a fundamental discipline in the life sciences, exploring the chemical processes and biomolecules that underlie biological systems. It bridges the gap between biology and chemistry, investigating the molecular basis of life. Biochemistry delves into the study of macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the intricate interactions and reactions that occur within cells. It encompasses vital topics such as metabolism, energy production, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis. The field examines DNA, RNA, and gene expression to unravel the genetic information and molecular mechanisms that govern living organisms. Additionally, biochemistry explores the molecular structures, chemical bonds, and synthesis of biomolecules, as well as the diverse biochemical pathways and cellular functions they regulate. It also encompasses aspects of molecular genetics, protein synthesis, enzyme kinetics, biochemical regulation, and cell signaling. Biochemistry finds applications in various areas including biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, genetic engineering, and the study of metabolic diseases. It plays a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of life at the molecular level and holds significant implications for numerous scientific and medical advancements.
Phosphorylation and Types of Phosphorylation.pdfChloe Cheney
Phosphorylation is a complex process that's studied in Chemistry & Biology. We've made it easy for you to understand phosphorylation & types of Phosphorylation.
prof . dr. ihsan edan alsaimary
department of microbiology - college of medicine - university of basrah - basrah -IRAQ
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
00964 7801410838
Solute uptake, Group Translocation, Phosphotransferase system, PTS NileshVadnere1
This presentation explain Phosphotransferase system as a method of group translocation for bacterial solute uptake mechanism. It explain uptake of Glucose by bacteria using Phosphotransferase system.
Which of the following protons would you NOT expect to find embedded .pdfSIGMATAX1
Which of the following protons would you NOT expect to find embedded in the cytoplasmic
membrane of any bacteria? Primary active transport proteins. ATP synthase. Enzyme I complex
of the Group translocation system. Basel body protein rings of flagella. Which of the following is
true? Both photosystem I and photosystem II rely on light bombarding chlorophyll. Photosystem
II donates electrons to photosystem I in a linear electron transport chain. Photosystem I only (not
photosystem II) directly produces NADPH utilized for the Calvin cycle. All of the above are
true. None of the above are true. Which one of these prokaryotic characteristics can\'t co-exist in
a single cell? Mesospheric and acidophil. Aero-tolerant and basophilic. Thermophiles and
psychrophilic. Fermentative and Anaerobic. If a population of 4 bacterial cells in log phase, how
many cells can we expect to see in an hour\'s time if the cell has a generation time of 30 minutes?
8 cells. 16 cells. 64 cells. 128 cells. The classification of ribosomes in bacteria would be:
Ribosomes are proteins and bacteria contain 70s versions. Ribosomes are proteins and bacteria
contain 80s versions. Ribosomes are membrane lipids and bacteria contain 70s versions.
Ribosomes are membrane lipids and bacteria contain 80s versions. Where do The Calvin Cycle
and Glycolysis converge? Only after the \"prep step\" once acetyl CoA is formed, leading to the
Calvin Cycle Only when NADH is utilized in the electron transport chain At Glyceraldehyde 3
Phosphate. None of the above are correct.
Solution
8.a primary active transport proteins
The basal body of a bacterial flagellum is a rod and a system of rings embedded in the cell
envelope.Gram-negative flagella usually have an L ring in the plane of the lipopolysaccharide in
the outer membrane,a periplasmic P ring in the plane of the peptidoglycan around the flagellar
rod and a M S ring that is located within and above the cytoplasmic membrane.A ,C ring extends
into the cytoplasm.
Enzyme I transfers phosphate from PEP to HPr.PEP group translocation is a distinct method
used by bacteria for sugar uptake where the source of energy is from phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP).It is known as multicomponent system that always involves enzymes of the plasma
membrane and those in the cytoplasm.
ATP synthase is located within the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane
in bacteria.
9.d all are true.
In photosystem I energy is absorbed by a pair of P700 chlrophyll a molecules raise to an excited
energy level.From there they pass onto FeS4,then onto ferrodoxin,and finally onto ferrodoxin-
NADP reductase.After 2 electrons have reduced ferrodoxin-NADP reductase they are transferred
to NADP+ reducing it to NADPH and a H+.Photosystem II works with Photosystem I and two
series of enzymes imbedded in the thylakoid membrane to transfer energy from the form of light
to that stored in chemical bands and gradients which the plant can use in a process called
noncyclic photophosph.
PPT presentation is on HMP Shunt and regulations of microbial metabolism.
The Hexose Monophosphate Pathway also called the Phosphogluconate Pathway and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway.
This pathway parallel to glycolysis.
This pathway is important for formation of NADPH and Pentose as well as ribose-5-phosphate.
If a protein is destined to be a part of the cell membrane or to lea.pdfarihantplastictanksh
If a protein is destined to be a part of the cell membrane or to leave a cell, describe how the
protein is processed and transported to the cell membrane.
Solution
The cellmembrane is chemically made of phospholipoprotein that is combination of
phospholipid and protein. Though protein is an integral part of plasma membrane, it allows
certain protein to enter into the cell through p.m.. The protein is known as membrane transport
protein..which is of two types that\'s carrier protein and channel protein. Carrier protein may be
open or closed to both external environment or extracellular fluid and internal environment or
intra cellular fluid but channel protein is always open to both the environment allowing entery of
ions, molecules and solutes and solvent. Due to this reason p.m. is selectively permeable
allowing some proteins in to the cell and restricting others. The carrier protein is either open or
closed to both external environment and internal environment. Active transport is done by
sodium potassium transport mechanism. ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) is needed for active
transport. Active transport occurs against the concentration gradient. Lipid bilayer is generally
not permeable. So active transport occurs with utilisation of ATP against concentration gradient.
Another type of transportation is facilitated diffusion. It doesn\'t require any energy. Generally
the polar bodies, the charged bodies and dissolve molecules pass through the membrane by this
mechanism. The hydrophobic tail of lipid molecules opposes the movement of soluble
molecules..
Enzymes are biological molecules (typically proteins) that significantly speed up the rate of virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells. They are vital for life and serve a wide range of important functions in the body, such as aiding in digestion and metabolism
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. What is Group Translocation?
• In active transport,solute molecules move across a membrane without
modification. Group Translocation is a type of transport where chemically
modifies the molecule as it is brought into the cell.
• Group translocation is a type of active transport because metabolic energy is
used during uptake of the molecule.
3. • This is clearly demonstrated by the best- known group translocation system,
the phosphoenol pyruvate : Sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS), which is
observed in many bacteria.
• The PTS transports a variety of sugars while phosphorylating them, using
phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) as the phosphate donor.
PEP + sugar (outside) ---- pyruvate + sugar-phosphate ( inside)
PEP is an important intermediate of a biochemical pathway used by many
chemoorganoheterotrophs to extract energy from organic energy sources.
4. • PEP is a high-energy molecule that can be used to synthesize ATP, the cell’s
energy currency. However, when it is used in PTS reactions, the energy present
in PEP is used to energize uptake rather than ATP synthesis.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. • The transfer of phosphate from PEP to the incoming molecule involves several
proteins and is an example of a Phosphorelay system.
In E.coli and B.subtilis, the PTS consists of two enzymes and low molecular
weight heat-stable protein (HPr).
• HPr and enzyme I (EI) are cytoplasmic.
• Enzyme II (EII) is more Variable in structure and often composed of three
subunits or domains.
10. • EIIA is cytoplasmic and soluble. EIIB also is hydrophilic and frequently is
attached to EIIC, a hydrophobic protein that is embedded in the membrane.
• A phosphate is transferred from PEP to enzyme II with the help of enzyme I
and HPr.
• Then, a sugar molecule is phosphorylated as it is carried across the
membrane by Enzyme II.
• Enzyme II transports only specific sugars and varies with the PTS , whereas
enzyme I and HPr are common to all PTSs.
11.
12. • PTS are widely distributed in bacteria. Most members of the genera
Escherichia, Salmonella, staphylococcus as well as many other facultatively
anaerobic (bacteria that grows either in presence or absence of O2) have
phosphotransferase systems.
• Some obligately anaerobic bacteria (eg. Clostridium) also have PTSs.
• However, most aerobic bacteria, with the exception of some species of
Bacillus, seem to lack PTSs. Many carbohydrates are transported by PTSs.
• E.coli takes up Glucose, fructose, mannitol, sucrose,N
acetylglucosamine,cellobiose and other carbohydrates by group
Translocation.
