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Uploaded byCaroline Chua
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External Threats

External threats faced by India, China, and Southeast Asia included foreign invasions and rivalry between kingdoms. Their responses involved building physical barriers like walls and forts, maintaining large armies, developing diplomatic relationships through tribute systems and alliances, and integrating foreigners by accepting them into their societies. China built the Great Wall and had large armies with advanced weapons like gunpowder. Kingdoms in Southeast Asia formed diplomatic ties but their technologies were sometimes useless against European invaders. Overall, the regions defended themselves through military and diplomatic strategies while also integrating outsiders over time.

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External ThreatsIndia, China, Southeast Asia
External Threats - IndiaForeign InvasionRivalry between Indian Kingdoms
Foreign Invasions - IndiaKhyber Pass – gateway to India
Foreign InvasionsArrival of the Aryans via the Khyber PassArrival of Cyrus, the emperor of Persia conquered lands to the west of Indus RiverArrival of Alexander the GreatArrival of the Hunas (Huns) in the northern part of India during the Gupta period
Rivalry between Indian KingdomsKingdoms fought for then control of wealthy Southern India Pallava Kingdom won against the Chalukya KingdomChola Kingdom (under Rajaraja the Great) later defeated the Pallava , Chera and Pandya kingdoms, conquered the northern part of Ceylon
Response against External threatsThrough defenseBuilding physical barriers and armiesBuilding diplomatic relationshipIntegration of foreigners
ResponsesBuilding physical barriers and armiesTall walls in Pataliputra with 64 gates and 572 watch towersUse of armies for self –defence during Harsha’s rule (use of 100 000 calvary and 60 000 war elephantWeaknessIneffective armies led them to being defeated by Alexander the Great
ResponsesBuilding diplomatic relationship through alliancesInvade common enemiesMauryan kings sent ambassadors to other kingdoms
ResponsesIntegrationAccepting foreigners into their societyGiving a class ranking (kshatriyas)Kushans (Central Asian Nomads) adopted Indian way of life and practised Hinduism n BuddhismThe Kushans minted coins that featured Hindu gods, helped spread Hinduism
ChinaExposed to the vast plains of Central AsiaExposed to fierce nomadic tribes (Xiongnus)Xiongnus invaded northwest China during the Han periodJurchen from Manchuria attacked the Song dynasty, and set up the Jin dynasty
ResponsesTribute systemHan Wudi allowed kings to continue ruling the kingdoms he conquered.Promised to help them if they were attacked by rival tribes and kingdomsIn return, the kings will give regular gifts or tribute to WudiSend their sons to receive Chinese education (hostage)Tribes also paid tributes to Wudi in exchange for trade along the Silk Road
ResponsesBuilding physical barriers and armiesGreat Wall of ChinaKeep nomadic tribes out of ChinaMaintained large armiesPeasant infantrymenDeveloping advanced weaponsInvention of flame throwerUse of gunpowder for rockets n grenadesCannon
ResponsesIntegrationAcceptance of Chinese cultureAdopted Chinese names, customs, dressing, Chinese language and scriptMarried Chinese womenWith the exception of Mongols
South East AsiaRivalry between kingdoms4 major trading kingdoms (Funan, Srivijaya, Khmer, Melaka)Srivijaya attacked by rival states (Siam Kingdom, Javanese Kingdom)
South East AsiaForeign InvasionsNorth Vietnam was conquered by Han WudiMelaka was attacked by Portuguese
ResponsesDiplomacyForming friendships with neighboursExchanged letters and giftsSent ambassadorsTribute system against attacks
ResponsesBuilding physical barriers and armiesPortuguese built a strong fort called A Famosa after capturing MelakaSecured 12 attacks by rivalsWeaponsMatchlock, cannonsNew naval technologiesHowever useless against Europeans
ResponsesPatriotic rebellionsTrung sisters tried to push the Chinese out of north Vietnam