This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing technique for wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) called REFER that utilizes Kautz graphs. The researchers first analyze Kautz graphs theoretically to evaluate their suitability for meeting WSAN requirements like real-time communication, fault tolerance, and energy efficiency. They then propose REFER, which embeds Kautz graphs into the physical WSAN topology for persistent communication and uses lookup tables for high adaptability. REFER is said to improve on past work by not requiring an imperative energy-consuming tradition to find the next shortest path. The goal of REFER is to provide reliable, energy-efficient routing to enable sensor data to quickly reach actuators.
SINK RELOCATION FOR NETWORK LIFETIME ENHANCEMENT METHOD IN WSNEditor IJMTER
The document proposes an energy-aware sink relocation (EASR) method to enhance the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The EASR method uses information on the residual battery energy of sensor nodes to adaptively change their transmission ranges and determine where the sink should relocate to. It incorporates an energy-aware transmission range adjustment that sets smaller ranges for nodes with lower battery levels, and a sink relocation mechanism that moves the sink to alleviate energy consumption at hotspot nodes nearing energy depletion. Analysis and simulations show the EASR method can significantly extend network lifetime compared to traditional strategies.
The Energy hole problem is a major problem of
data collection in wireless sensor networks. The sensors near the
static sink serve as relays for remote sensors, which reduce their
energy rapidly, causing energy holes in the sensor field. This
project has proposed a customizable mobile sink based adaptive
protected energy efficient clustering protocol (MSAPEEP) for
improvement of the problem of energy holes along with that we
also characterize and made comparison with the previous
existing protocols. A MSAPEEP uses the adaptive protected
method (APM) to discover the best possible number of cluster
heads (CHs) to get better life span and constancy time of the
network. The effectiveness of MSAPEEP is compared with
previous protocols; specifically, low energy adaptive clustering
hierarchy (LEACH) and mobile sink enhanced energy efficient
PEGASIS based routing protocol using network simulator(NS2).
Examples of simulation result show that MSAPEEP is more
reliable and removes the potential of energy hole and enhances
the stability and life span of the wireless sensor network(WSN).
IRJET-Multipath based Routing and Energy Efficient Multicasting for Wireless ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the Real-Time, Fault Tolerant and Energy-Efficient (REFER) protocol for wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs). It proposes embedding Kautz graphs into the physical topology of a WSAN to enable real-time communication and connecting the graphs using a distributed hash table for scalability. The REFER protocol also includes an efficient fault-tolerant routing mechanism that allows nodes to quickly identify alternate paths upon failures based on node IDs rather than retransmissions. Simulation results show REFER outperforms existing WSAN approaches in terms of real-time performance, energy-efficiency, fault-tolerance and scalability.
This document discusses improving the performance of mobile wireless sensor networks using a modified DBSCAN clustering algorithm. It first provides background on wireless sensor networks and discusses challenges related to mobility. It then reviews several existing works related to clustering, mobility, and extending network lifetime. The paper proposes using a modified DBSCAN algorithm that takes into account mobility, remaining energy, and distance to base station to select cluster heads. It evaluates the performance of this approach based on throughput, delay, and packet delivery ratio, finding improvements over other methods.
Single Sink Repositioning Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks for Network L...IRJET Journal
This document presents a technique called single sink repositioning to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Sensor nodes have limited battery power, so energy consumption must be managed carefully. In typical static sink networks, nodes farther from the sink expend more energy transmitting data and drain their batteries quicker, shortening network lifetime. The proposed approach tracks the distance of each node to the sink and calculates an optimal sink position to minimize distances. It simulates moving the sink to this position using an algorithm in NS-2. Simulation results show repositioning the sink achieves significant energy savings compared to static sinks, helping improve overall network lifetime.
Energy efficient routing used for wireless sensor networks exploitation in ge...eSAT Publishing House
The document proposes an Energy Efficient Routing and Fault Node Replacement (EERFNR) algorithm to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The algorithm uses Hierarchical Gradient Diffusion (HGD) routing to balance node loading and reduce energy consumption. When the number of non-functioning nodes exceeds a threshold, a genetic algorithm is used to replace the faulty nodes with functioning nodes and select the most efficient routing paths. The HGD routing creates gradient values, routing tables, and payload values for each node. If routing fails due to node failure, backup nodes and genetic algorithms are used to find new routes and replace minimum number of nodes.
Computational Analysis of Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document discusses an energy-efficient routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) proposed by the authors. It begins with background on WSNs and challenges related to limited energy. Then, it discusses prior work on routing protocols like LEACH and proposes a new algorithm. The key contributions are formulating control node selection as an optimization problem considering energy and distance, and using particle swarm optimization to solve this problem. This aims to improve energy efficiency for multi-tasking in software-defined WSNs compared to traditional protocols.
IRJET- Studies on Lifetime Enhancement Techniques for Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
1) Wireless sensor networks consist of small autonomous sensor nodes that monitor environmental conditions and communicate wirelessly. Battery power is limited so increasing node lifetime is important.
2) Techniques to enhance lifetime include clustering nodes so cluster heads can aggregate data and reduce transmissions, relocating the data sink to balance energy usage, and using energy-efficient routing protocols.
3) Neural networks can also be used to help manage the fuzzy nature of wireless sensor networks and account for various factors that influence node operations.
SINK RELOCATION FOR NETWORK LIFETIME ENHANCEMENT METHOD IN WSNEditor IJMTER
The document proposes an energy-aware sink relocation (EASR) method to enhance the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The EASR method uses information on the residual battery energy of sensor nodes to adaptively change their transmission ranges and determine where the sink should relocate to. It incorporates an energy-aware transmission range adjustment that sets smaller ranges for nodes with lower battery levels, and a sink relocation mechanism that moves the sink to alleviate energy consumption at hotspot nodes nearing energy depletion. Analysis and simulations show the EASR method can significantly extend network lifetime compared to traditional strategies.
The Energy hole problem is a major problem of
data collection in wireless sensor networks. The sensors near the
static sink serve as relays for remote sensors, which reduce their
energy rapidly, causing energy holes in the sensor field. This
project has proposed a customizable mobile sink based adaptive
protected energy efficient clustering protocol (MSAPEEP) for
improvement of the problem of energy holes along with that we
also characterize and made comparison with the previous
existing protocols. A MSAPEEP uses the adaptive protected
method (APM) to discover the best possible number of cluster
heads (CHs) to get better life span and constancy time of the
network. The effectiveness of MSAPEEP is compared with
previous protocols; specifically, low energy adaptive clustering
hierarchy (LEACH) and mobile sink enhanced energy efficient
PEGASIS based routing protocol using network simulator(NS2).
Examples of simulation result show that MSAPEEP is more
reliable and removes the potential of energy hole and enhances
the stability and life span of the wireless sensor network(WSN).
IRJET-Multipath based Routing and Energy Efficient Multicasting for Wireless ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the Real-Time, Fault Tolerant and Energy-Efficient (REFER) protocol for wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs). It proposes embedding Kautz graphs into the physical topology of a WSAN to enable real-time communication and connecting the graphs using a distributed hash table for scalability. The REFER protocol also includes an efficient fault-tolerant routing mechanism that allows nodes to quickly identify alternate paths upon failures based on node IDs rather than retransmissions. Simulation results show REFER outperforms existing WSAN approaches in terms of real-time performance, energy-efficiency, fault-tolerance and scalability.
This document discusses improving the performance of mobile wireless sensor networks using a modified DBSCAN clustering algorithm. It first provides background on wireless sensor networks and discusses challenges related to mobility. It then reviews several existing works related to clustering, mobility, and extending network lifetime. The paper proposes using a modified DBSCAN algorithm that takes into account mobility, remaining energy, and distance to base station to select cluster heads. It evaluates the performance of this approach based on throughput, delay, and packet delivery ratio, finding improvements over other methods.
Single Sink Repositioning Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks for Network L...IRJET Journal
This document presents a technique called single sink repositioning to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Sensor nodes have limited battery power, so energy consumption must be managed carefully. In typical static sink networks, nodes farther from the sink expend more energy transmitting data and drain their batteries quicker, shortening network lifetime. The proposed approach tracks the distance of each node to the sink and calculates an optimal sink position to minimize distances. It simulates moving the sink to this position using an algorithm in NS-2. Simulation results show repositioning the sink achieves significant energy savings compared to static sinks, helping improve overall network lifetime.
Energy efficient routing used for wireless sensor networks exploitation in ge...eSAT Publishing House
The document proposes an Energy Efficient Routing and Fault Node Replacement (EERFNR) algorithm to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The algorithm uses Hierarchical Gradient Diffusion (HGD) routing to balance node loading and reduce energy consumption. When the number of non-functioning nodes exceeds a threshold, a genetic algorithm is used to replace the faulty nodes with functioning nodes and select the most efficient routing paths. The HGD routing creates gradient values, routing tables, and payload values for each node. If routing fails due to node failure, backup nodes and genetic algorithms are used to find new routes and replace minimum number of nodes.
Computational Analysis of Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document discusses an energy-efficient routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) proposed by the authors. It begins with background on WSNs and challenges related to limited energy. Then, it discusses prior work on routing protocols like LEACH and proposes a new algorithm. The key contributions are formulating control node selection as an optimization problem considering energy and distance, and using particle swarm optimization to solve this problem. This aims to improve energy efficiency for multi-tasking in software-defined WSNs compared to traditional protocols.
IRJET- Studies on Lifetime Enhancement Techniques for Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
1) Wireless sensor networks consist of small autonomous sensor nodes that monitor environmental conditions and communicate wirelessly. Battery power is limited so increasing node lifetime is important.
2) Techniques to enhance lifetime include clustering nodes so cluster heads can aggregate data and reduce transmissions, relocating the data sink to balance energy usage, and using energy-efficient routing protocols.
3) Neural networks can also be used to help manage the fuzzy nature of wireless sensor networks and account for various factors that influence node operations.
The document discusses clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks. It describes four categories of clustering algorithms: 1) identity-based, which select cluster heads based on node identifiers, 2) neighborhood-based, which select heads based on number of neighbors, 3) probabilistic, which assign selection probabilities, and 4) biologically-inspired. Example algorithms described include the Linked Cluster Algorithm, Highest Connectivity Algorithm, and Weighted Clustering Algorithm. Clustering helps optimize energy usage and extend network lifetime by reducing transmissions and aggregating data at cluster heads.
IRJET- Energy Efficient Dynamic Cluster Head Selection with Differential Evol...IRJET Journal
This document presents a proposed energy efficient dynamic cluster head selection algorithm called EEDCHS-DEBO for wireless sensor networks. The algorithm uses a combination of differential evolution and bat optimization techniques to select cluster heads in a way that minimizes energy consumption and maximizes network lifetime. It considers factors like average communication distance, waiting energy, and optimal cluster head to node ratio to distribute workload evenly among sensors and avoid early node death. The algorithm aims to produce an energy efficient clustering structure and routing scheme for gathering sensor data over a long period of time in environmental monitoring and other wireless sensor network applications.
Application of Weighted Centroid Approach in Base Station Localization for Mi...IJMER
A Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consisting of sensor with strategic locations, and a base-stations (BSs) whose locations are relatively flexible. A sensor cluster consists of many small sensor nodes (SNs) that capture, encode, and transmit relevant information from a designated area. This article is focused on the topology of positioning process for BSs in WSNs. Heterogeneous SNs are battery-powered and energy-constrained, their node lifetime directly affects the network lifetime of WSNs. We have proposed an algorithmic approach to locate BSs optimally such that we can maximize the topological network lifetime of WSNs deterministically, even when the initial energy provisioning for SNs is no longer always proportional to their average bit-stream rate. The obtained optimal BS locations are under different length of area field and number of nodes according to the mission criticality of WSNs. By studying energy consumption due to space loss and amplification losses in WSNs, we establish the upper and lower bounds of maximal topological parameters of area and number of nodes, which enable a quick assessment of energy provisioning feasibility and topology necessity. Numerical results and surface plot are given to demonstrate the efficiency and optimality of the proposed topology of BSs positioning approaches designed for maximizing network lifetime of WSNs.
A Predetermined Position-Wise Node Deployment for Optimizing Lifetime in Visu...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a node deployment strategy for optimizing the lifetime of a visual sensor network (VSN). It aims to balance energy usage across nodes by considering factors like Rayleigh fading and routing. The strategy involves predetermined placement of heterogeneous sensor nodes based on their energy levels. Simulation results show the strategy improves network lifetime by balancing energy usage while still achieving energy transmission goals, compared to previous approaches. Key contributions are developing a location-aware deployment method and evaluating it through simulation to validate it enhances network lifetime.
A novel energy efficient routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks using...ijwmn
There are numerous applications for wireless sensor networks which are inevitable now a day in our daily
life. Majority of such applications which use wireless sensor networks will be in areas where the direct
human intervention is impossible. So the limited energy available in such sensors is a threat for prolonging
the life of the entire network. The need of energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks is a hot research
topic in which lot of new strategies for improvement in energy efficiency has been sought after. As
communication process consumes more energy, an energy efficient routing strategy can probably reduce
the energy consumption to a great extend. This paper gives an overview of the different routing techniques
in which mobile sinks are used to facilitate the routing process which can effectively reduce the energy use.
A new routing strategy with mobile sinks and a static sink is proposed and is compared based on the
matrices life time and average energy of the nodes with the existing Shortest Hop path (SH) algorithm. The
simulation results shows the proposed algorithm is more energy efficient than the existing one.
A Survey on routing protocols for mobile sink based WSNIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks. It discusses how introducing mobility to nodes in a wireless sensor network, such as mobile sinks, can improve the lifetime of the network. Several approaches to modeling node mobility are described, including homogeneous/group mobility models and heterogeneous/individual mobility models. The document then reviews various routing protocols that have been developed specifically for mobile sink-based wireless sensor networks and compares their performance. It finds that elastic routing protocols, which adapt routes in response to topology changes caused by node mobility, generally perform better than other protocols for mobile sink wireless sensor networks.
A Novel Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Using Particle Swarm O...IOSR Journals
This summary provides the key details about a novel routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks using particle swarm optimization:
1. The paper proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based routing protocol (PSOR) that uses energy efficiency as the major criteria for routing and finding optimized paths for data transmission to the base station.
2. Simulation results show that the PSOR generates whole new routing paths by using energy as the fitness value to evaluate different paths and select the most optimized path with the lowest energy consumption compared to other routing paths.
3. Experiments comparing PSOR to a genetic algorithm (GROUP) routing protocol show that PSOR achieves better results in terms of energy consumption and extends the lifetime of the wireless sensor
Comprehensive Review on Base Energy Efficient Routing ProtocolIJRES Journal
With the faster growing in electronics industry, small inexpensive battery powered wireless sensors have made an impact on the communications with the physical world. The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of hundreds of sensor nodes which are resource constrained. WSN nodes monitor various physical and environmental conditions very cooperatively. WSN uses various nodes for the communication. WSN has become one of the interested areas in the field of research from last few years. To enhance the lifetime of the whole networks energy reduction is the necessary consideration for design and analyse of the clustering and routing protocols. This paper describes the study of various energy efficient routing protocols in WSNs which are important for their designing purpose so as to meet the various resource constraints.
Review on Energy Efficient Routing Protocols Based on Clustering in WSNIRJET Journal
This document reviews and compares several energy efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that utilize clustering techniques. It first provides background on WSNs and clustering approaches. It then describes several popular clustering-based routing protocols, including LEACH, HEED, DWEHC and PEGASIS. For each protocol, it explains the key mechanisms and goals. The document also reviews related work comparing these protocols. Finally, it provides a comparison table contrasting aspects of the different energy efficient routing protocols discussed.
Throughput analysis of energy aware routing protocol for real time load distr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless sensor network (WSNs) are self-organized systems that depend on highly distributed and scattered low cost tiny devices. These devices have some limitations such as processing capability, memory size, communication distance coverage and energy capabilities. In order to maximize the autonomy of individual nodes and indirectly the lifetime of the network, most of the research work is done on power saving techniques. Hence, we propose energy-aware load distribution technique that can provide an excellent data transfer of packets from source to destination via hop by hop basis. Therefore, by making use of the cross-layer interactions between the physical layer and the network layer thus leads to an improvement in energy efficiency of the entire network when compared with other protocols and it also improves the response time in case of network change. Keywords:- wireless sensor network, energy-aware, load distribution, power saving, cross layer interactions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Energy Efficient Data Transmission through Relay Nodes in Wireless Sensor Net...IDES Editor
In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) having a single
sink, information is given to the distant nodes from beacons
by overhearing. Since it is out of the communication range,
information is not sent directly to the static sink (SS). If a
distant node is not able to communicate directly, then it should
send its own packet to another node which is closer to the
Base Station (BS) so that the received packets are relayed to
the BS by this node. In this paper, we propose a relay node
selection algorithm to reduce contention and improve energy
efficiency. In this algorithm, each data packet of direct
communication should include the received signal strength
(RSS) of the beacon packet. The distant node selects a node
with the maximum RSS value as a relay. The algorithm also
assigns transmitting intervals to each relay node. By our
simulation results, we show that our proposed algorithm
improves the packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency.
ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER HEAD ELECTION USING EXPONENTIAL DECAY F...ijwmn
This document summarizes an article that proposes an improved algorithm for selecting cluster heads in wireless sensor networks. The algorithm uses an exponential decay function to predict the average energy of sensor nodes and selects cluster heads based on both the probabilistic LEACH algorithm and predicted energy levels. The algorithm was tested in MATLAB simulations of a homogeneous sensor network and showed improvements in stability, average energy dissipation per round, and lifespan over the baseline LEACH protocol.
Report on Enhancing the performance of WSNDheeraj Kumar
This seminar report discusses enhancing the performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It describes WSNs and their architecture. It discusses key performance parameters like energy consumption, delay, and throughput. It also covers challenges in WSNs like congestion control and routing/energy problems. It presents approaches to address these challenges, including a Priority Based Congestion Control Protocol and the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. Finally, it outlines several applications of WSNs such as healthcare monitoring, environmental sensing, and forest fire detection.
IRJET- Improving Network Life Time using High Populated Harmony Search Al...IRJET Journal
This document discusses improving network lifetime in underwater acoustic sensor networks using a multi-population harmony search algorithm. It proposes using the algorithm to elect leader nodes which can efficiently route data from sensor nodes to a base station, avoiding collisions. The document describes the network architecture, implementation of AODV routing combined with a round robin scheduling method, and analyzing results showing reduced delay when using the multi-population search algorithm. Improving underwater sensor network lifetime, reliability and efficiency through optimized routing techniques is the overall goal.
Messch protocol an energy efficient routing protocol for wsneSAT Journals
Abstract
The rapid development in the diversified sensor based devices with the communicating module through unguided media has led
the researchers to extend their research works in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The WSN contains large number of nodes that
can be deployed in an area to monitor and then the nodes send their sense data somehow to the base station or Sink Node. The
nodes run on button cell (3 volt) and are deployed in varied environments, so to maximize their operability and lifetime of the
whole WSN network; the routing is an important issue. In this paper I have developed and analysed Maximum Energy Selection
Static Clustering Hierarchy (MESSCH), Protocol architecture for WSN. The proposed protocol inherits the traits of an Energy
Efficient there by increasing the network lifetime and minimizing the latency of the network. MESSCH is an static clustering
hierarchy protocol where the cluster heads are rotated among the nodes in the respective cluster there by uniformly Expending
the Energy among all the nodes. The proposed MESSCH protocol is simulated in the MatLab and is analysed accordingly which
shows that the life time of the network increased compared to the LEACH protocol.
Keywords: Lifetime, Latency, Static Clustering Hierarchy Routing, Wireless Sensor Network
An Authenticated Trust and Reputation Calculation and Management System for C...1crore projects
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Survey on Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Underwater Wireless Sensor ...Editor IJCATR
In underwater environment, for retrieval of information the routing mechanism is used. In routing mechanism there are three to four types of nodes are used, one is sink node which is deployed on the water surface and can collect the information, courier/super/AUV or dolphin powerful nodes are deployed in the middle of the water for forwarding the packets, ordinary nodes are also forwarder nodes which can be deployed from bottom to surface of the water and source nodes are deployed at the seabed which can extract the valuable information from the bottom of the sea. In underwater environment the battery power of the nodes is limited and that power can be enhanced through better selection of the routing algorithm. This paper focuses the energy-efficient routing algorithms for their routing mechanisms to prolong the battery power of the nodes. This paper also focuses the performance analysis of the energy-efficient algorithms under which we can examine the better performance of the route selection mechanism which can prolong the battery power of the node
IRJET- An Hybrid Approach for Enhancement of Energy and Network Life Time...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an hybrid approach to enhance energy efficiency and network lifetime in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using the PEGASIS routing protocol along with artificial neural networks. PEGASIS is a chain-based protocol that forms chains between sensor nodes to transmit data to the base station, with nodes taking turns acting as the leader to transmit to the base station. The proposed approach uses an improved ant colony algorithm instead of a greedy algorithm to build more optimized chains, and utilizes neural networks to select chain leaders in a way that balances energy consumption between nodes. Simulation results using MATLAB Simulink show the proposed method significantly improves energy efficiency and prolongs network lifetime compared to the original PEGASIS protocol.
This documentation is on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. It deals majorly with two protocols, LEACH and Rumor Routing. Both the protocols were simulated in NS2 in the linux environment and have the images of the simulation.
A Review on Virtual Grid Based Dynamic Routes Adjustment in WSNIRJET Journal
This document discusses a virtual grid based dynamic routes adjustment (VGDRA) scheme for wireless sensor networks with a mobile sink. The VGDRA scheme aims to minimize the energy cost for sensor nodes to reconstruct their data delivery routes to the mobile sink location while maintaining near-optimal routes. It partitions the sensor field into a virtual grid with cell headers forming a virtual backbone network. Communication rules govern the route reconstruction process, requiring only a subset of cell headers to adjust routes to the new sink location. Simulation results show the VGDRA scheme reduces route reconstruction costs and improves network lifetime compared to existing approaches. The document reviews related work on virtual infrastructure based data dissemination for mobile sinks and their limitations.
IRJET- A Novel Approach of Balancing Routing using Hop Selection using Cluste...IRJET Journal
This document presents a novel approach for balancing routing and extending network lifetime in wireless sensor networks using fuzzy logic-based clustering. It proposes using Type-2 fuzzy logic to select cluster heads based on three parameters: remaining battery power, node density, and distance to the base station. Simulations show that this Type-2 fuzzy logic approach achieves better energy efficiency and longer network lifetime compared to other routing algorithms like LEACH and its variants. The key contribution is applying Type-2 fuzzy logic, which handles uncertainties better than Type-1 fuzzy logic, to distribute energy load more evenly among sensor nodes through adaptive cluster head selection.
The document discusses clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks. It describes four categories of clustering algorithms: 1) identity-based, which select cluster heads based on node identifiers, 2) neighborhood-based, which select heads based on number of neighbors, 3) probabilistic, which assign selection probabilities, and 4) biologically-inspired. Example algorithms described include the Linked Cluster Algorithm, Highest Connectivity Algorithm, and Weighted Clustering Algorithm. Clustering helps optimize energy usage and extend network lifetime by reducing transmissions and aggregating data at cluster heads.
IRJET- Energy Efficient Dynamic Cluster Head Selection with Differential Evol...IRJET Journal
This document presents a proposed energy efficient dynamic cluster head selection algorithm called EEDCHS-DEBO for wireless sensor networks. The algorithm uses a combination of differential evolution and bat optimization techniques to select cluster heads in a way that minimizes energy consumption and maximizes network lifetime. It considers factors like average communication distance, waiting energy, and optimal cluster head to node ratio to distribute workload evenly among sensors and avoid early node death. The algorithm aims to produce an energy efficient clustering structure and routing scheme for gathering sensor data over a long period of time in environmental monitoring and other wireless sensor network applications.
Application of Weighted Centroid Approach in Base Station Localization for Mi...IJMER
A Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consisting of sensor with strategic locations, and a base-stations (BSs) whose locations are relatively flexible. A sensor cluster consists of many small sensor nodes (SNs) that capture, encode, and transmit relevant information from a designated area. This article is focused on the topology of positioning process for BSs in WSNs. Heterogeneous SNs are battery-powered and energy-constrained, their node lifetime directly affects the network lifetime of WSNs. We have proposed an algorithmic approach to locate BSs optimally such that we can maximize the topological network lifetime of WSNs deterministically, even when the initial energy provisioning for SNs is no longer always proportional to their average bit-stream rate. The obtained optimal BS locations are under different length of area field and number of nodes according to the mission criticality of WSNs. By studying energy consumption due to space loss and amplification losses in WSNs, we establish the upper and lower bounds of maximal topological parameters of area and number of nodes, which enable a quick assessment of energy provisioning feasibility and topology necessity. Numerical results and surface plot are given to demonstrate the efficiency and optimality of the proposed topology of BSs positioning approaches designed for maximizing network lifetime of WSNs.
A Predetermined Position-Wise Node Deployment for Optimizing Lifetime in Visu...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a node deployment strategy for optimizing the lifetime of a visual sensor network (VSN). It aims to balance energy usage across nodes by considering factors like Rayleigh fading and routing. The strategy involves predetermined placement of heterogeneous sensor nodes based on their energy levels. Simulation results show the strategy improves network lifetime by balancing energy usage while still achieving energy transmission goals, compared to previous approaches. Key contributions are developing a location-aware deployment method and evaluating it through simulation to validate it enhances network lifetime.
A novel energy efficient routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks using...ijwmn
There are numerous applications for wireless sensor networks which are inevitable now a day in our daily
life. Majority of such applications which use wireless sensor networks will be in areas where the direct
human intervention is impossible. So the limited energy available in such sensors is a threat for prolonging
the life of the entire network. The need of energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks is a hot research
topic in which lot of new strategies for improvement in energy efficiency has been sought after. As
communication process consumes more energy, an energy efficient routing strategy can probably reduce
the energy consumption to a great extend. This paper gives an overview of the different routing techniques
in which mobile sinks are used to facilitate the routing process which can effectively reduce the energy use.
A new routing strategy with mobile sinks and a static sink is proposed and is compared based on the
matrices life time and average energy of the nodes with the existing Shortest Hop path (SH) algorithm. The
simulation results shows the proposed algorithm is more energy efficient than the existing one.
A Survey on routing protocols for mobile sink based WSNIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks. It discusses how introducing mobility to nodes in a wireless sensor network, such as mobile sinks, can improve the lifetime of the network. Several approaches to modeling node mobility are described, including homogeneous/group mobility models and heterogeneous/individual mobility models. The document then reviews various routing protocols that have been developed specifically for mobile sink-based wireless sensor networks and compares their performance. It finds that elastic routing protocols, which adapt routes in response to topology changes caused by node mobility, generally perform better than other protocols for mobile sink wireless sensor networks.
A Novel Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Using Particle Swarm O...IOSR Journals
This summary provides the key details about a novel routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks using particle swarm optimization:
1. The paper proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based routing protocol (PSOR) that uses energy efficiency as the major criteria for routing and finding optimized paths for data transmission to the base station.
2. Simulation results show that the PSOR generates whole new routing paths by using energy as the fitness value to evaluate different paths and select the most optimized path with the lowest energy consumption compared to other routing paths.
3. Experiments comparing PSOR to a genetic algorithm (GROUP) routing protocol show that PSOR achieves better results in terms of energy consumption and extends the lifetime of the wireless sensor
Comprehensive Review on Base Energy Efficient Routing ProtocolIJRES Journal
With the faster growing in electronics industry, small inexpensive battery powered wireless sensors have made an impact on the communications with the physical world. The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of hundreds of sensor nodes which are resource constrained. WSN nodes monitor various physical and environmental conditions very cooperatively. WSN uses various nodes for the communication. WSN has become one of the interested areas in the field of research from last few years. To enhance the lifetime of the whole networks energy reduction is the necessary consideration for design and analyse of the clustering and routing protocols. This paper describes the study of various energy efficient routing protocols in WSNs which are important for their designing purpose so as to meet the various resource constraints.
Review on Energy Efficient Routing Protocols Based on Clustering in WSNIRJET Journal
This document reviews and compares several energy efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that utilize clustering techniques. It first provides background on WSNs and clustering approaches. It then describes several popular clustering-based routing protocols, including LEACH, HEED, DWEHC and PEGASIS. For each protocol, it explains the key mechanisms and goals. The document also reviews related work comparing these protocols. Finally, it provides a comparison table contrasting aspects of the different energy efficient routing protocols discussed.
Throughput analysis of energy aware routing protocol for real time load distr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless sensor network (WSNs) are self-organized systems that depend on highly distributed and scattered low cost tiny devices. These devices have some limitations such as processing capability, memory size, communication distance coverage and energy capabilities. In order to maximize the autonomy of individual nodes and indirectly the lifetime of the network, most of the research work is done on power saving techniques. Hence, we propose energy-aware load distribution technique that can provide an excellent data transfer of packets from source to destination via hop by hop basis. Therefore, by making use of the cross-layer interactions between the physical layer and the network layer thus leads to an improvement in energy efficiency of the entire network when compared with other protocols and it also improves the response time in case of network change. Keywords:- wireless sensor network, energy-aware, load distribution, power saving, cross layer interactions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Energy Efficient Data Transmission through Relay Nodes in Wireless Sensor Net...IDES Editor
In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) having a single
sink, information is given to the distant nodes from beacons
by overhearing. Since it is out of the communication range,
information is not sent directly to the static sink (SS). If a
distant node is not able to communicate directly, then it should
send its own packet to another node which is closer to the
Base Station (BS) so that the received packets are relayed to
the BS by this node. In this paper, we propose a relay node
selection algorithm to reduce contention and improve energy
efficiency. In this algorithm, each data packet of direct
communication should include the received signal strength
(RSS) of the beacon packet. The distant node selects a node
with the maximum RSS value as a relay. The algorithm also
assigns transmitting intervals to each relay node. By our
simulation results, we show that our proposed algorithm
improves the packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency.
ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER HEAD ELECTION USING EXPONENTIAL DECAY F...ijwmn
This document summarizes an article that proposes an improved algorithm for selecting cluster heads in wireless sensor networks. The algorithm uses an exponential decay function to predict the average energy of sensor nodes and selects cluster heads based on both the probabilistic LEACH algorithm and predicted energy levels. The algorithm was tested in MATLAB simulations of a homogeneous sensor network and showed improvements in stability, average energy dissipation per round, and lifespan over the baseline LEACH protocol.
Report on Enhancing the performance of WSNDheeraj Kumar
This seminar report discusses enhancing the performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It describes WSNs and their architecture. It discusses key performance parameters like energy consumption, delay, and throughput. It also covers challenges in WSNs like congestion control and routing/energy problems. It presents approaches to address these challenges, including a Priority Based Congestion Control Protocol and the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. Finally, it outlines several applications of WSNs such as healthcare monitoring, environmental sensing, and forest fire detection.
IRJET- Improving Network Life Time using High Populated Harmony Search Al...IRJET Journal
This document discusses improving network lifetime in underwater acoustic sensor networks using a multi-population harmony search algorithm. It proposes using the algorithm to elect leader nodes which can efficiently route data from sensor nodes to a base station, avoiding collisions. The document describes the network architecture, implementation of AODV routing combined with a round robin scheduling method, and analyzing results showing reduced delay when using the multi-population search algorithm. Improving underwater sensor network lifetime, reliability and efficiency through optimized routing techniques is the overall goal.
Messch protocol an energy efficient routing protocol for wsneSAT Journals
Abstract
The rapid development in the diversified sensor based devices with the communicating module through unguided media has led
the researchers to extend their research works in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The WSN contains large number of nodes that
can be deployed in an area to monitor and then the nodes send their sense data somehow to the base station or Sink Node. The
nodes run on button cell (3 volt) and are deployed in varied environments, so to maximize their operability and lifetime of the
whole WSN network; the routing is an important issue. In this paper I have developed and analysed Maximum Energy Selection
Static Clustering Hierarchy (MESSCH), Protocol architecture for WSN. The proposed protocol inherits the traits of an Energy
Efficient there by increasing the network lifetime and minimizing the latency of the network. MESSCH is an static clustering
hierarchy protocol where the cluster heads are rotated among the nodes in the respective cluster there by uniformly Expending
the Energy among all the nodes. The proposed MESSCH protocol is simulated in the MatLab and is analysed accordingly which
shows that the life time of the network increased compared to the LEACH protocol.
Keywords: Lifetime, Latency, Static Clustering Hierarchy Routing, Wireless Sensor Network
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Survey on Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Underwater Wireless Sensor ...Editor IJCATR
In underwater environment, for retrieval of information the routing mechanism is used. In routing mechanism there are three to four types of nodes are used, one is sink node which is deployed on the water surface and can collect the information, courier/super/AUV or dolphin powerful nodes are deployed in the middle of the water for forwarding the packets, ordinary nodes are also forwarder nodes which can be deployed from bottom to surface of the water and source nodes are deployed at the seabed which can extract the valuable information from the bottom of the sea. In underwater environment the battery power of the nodes is limited and that power can be enhanced through better selection of the routing algorithm. This paper focuses the energy-efficient routing algorithms for their routing mechanisms to prolong the battery power of the nodes. This paper also focuses the performance analysis of the energy-efficient algorithms under which we can examine the better performance of the route selection mechanism which can prolong the battery power of the node
IRJET- An Hybrid Approach for Enhancement of Energy and Network Life Time...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an hybrid approach to enhance energy efficiency and network lifetime in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using the PEGASIS routing protocol along with artificial neural networks. PEGASIS is a chain-based protocol that forms chains between sensor nodes to transmit data to the base station, with nodes taking turns acting as the leader to transmit to the base station. The proposed approach uses an improved ant colony algorithm instead of a greedy algorithm to build more optimized chains, and utilizes neural networks to select chain leaders in a way that balances energy consumption between nodes. Simulation results using MATLAB Simulink show the proposed method significantly improves energy efficiency and prolongs network lifetime compared to the original PEGASIS protocol.
This documentation is on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. It deals majorly with two protocols, LEACH and Rumor Routing. Both the protocols were simulated in NS2 in the linux environment and have the images of the simulation.
A Review on Virtual Grid Based Dynamic Routes Adjustment in WSNIRJET Journal
This document discusses a virtual grid based dynamic routes adjustment (VGDRA) scheme for wireless sensor networks with a mobile sink. The VGDRA scheme aims to minimize the energy cost for sensor nodes to reconstruct their data delivery routes to the mobile sink location while maintaining near-optimal routes. It partitions the sensor field into a virtual grid with cell headers forming a virtual backbone network. Communication rules govern the route reconstruction process, requiring only a subset of cell headers to adjust routes to the new sink location. Simulation results show the VGDRA scheme reduces route reconstruction costs and improves network lifetime compared to existing approaches. The document reviews related work on virtual infrastructure based data dissemination for mobile sinks and their limitations.
IRJET- A Novel Approach of Balancing Routing using Hop Selection using Cluste...IRJET Journal
This document presents a novel approach for balancing routing and extending network lifetime in wireless sensor networks using fuzzy logic-based clustering. It proposes using Type-2 fuzzy logic to select cluster heads based on three parameters: remaining battery power, node density, and distance to the base station. Simulations show that this Type-2 fuzzy logic approach achieves better energy efficiency and longer network lifetime compared to other routing algorithms like LEACH and its variants. The key contribution is applying Type-2 fuzzy logic, which handles uncertainties better than Type-1 fuzzy logic, to distribute energy load more evenly among sensor nodes through adaptive cluster head selection.
A Survey of Various Data Communication Schemes in WSNIRJET Journal
This document summarizes various data communication schemes used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It discusses key issues in WSNs like energy efficiency, data aggregation, and network lifetime. It then summarizes several common routing protocols used in WSNs to address these issues, including LEACH, PEGASIS, HEED, DEEC, TEEN, and SEP. LEACH uses randomized clustering to distribute energy load among sensors. PEGASIS forms chains to reduce transmissions. HEED allows energy-aware cluster head selection. DEEC handles heterogeneity. TEEN and SEP aim to improve responsiveness and support multi-level heterogeneity. The document concludes with a brief introduction to using fuzzy logic in WSN routing
IRJET- Energy Efficiency and Security based Multihop Heterogeneous Trusted Th...IRJET Journal
The document discusses an energy efficient and secure data aggregation protocol for wireless sensor networks called the Trusted Third Party (TTP) protocol. It aims to overcome Byzantine attacks, where compromised nodes inject false data. The key aspects are:
1) Sensor nodes are clustered, with each cluster having an aggregator node to collect and aggregate data from members.
2) When a malicious node tries to inject false data or steal real data, a trusted third party (TTP) detects this and changes the authentication IDs for that cluster quickly, confusing the malicious node.
3) The protocol has three phases - cluster formation, data transmission using a distance-based routing protocol to minimize energy, and using the TTP to provide
IRJET-Energy aware Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for WSNS using GatewayIRJET Journal
The document proposes an energy-aware multi-hop routing protocol called M-GEAR for wireless sensor networks that uses a gateway node. The network is divided into four logical regions based on sensor node locations and a threshold distance. Sensor nodes closer to the base station or gateway node use direct communication, while nodes further away are organized into clusters with cluster heads. The gateway node aggregates data from cluster heads and nearby sensors to transmit to the base station, reducing energy consumption compared to existing protocols. Performance analysis shows M-GEAR improves network lifetime and energy efficiency.
IRJET- Securing the Reliable Connectivity among Wireless Body Area Networks w...IRJET Journal
This document presents a proposed approach for securing reliable connectivity and quality of service (QoS) among wireless body area networks (WBANs) using an alliance game theoretic method. It first describes the issues that mobility and increased traffic from multiple WBANs can cause interference and degradation of connectivity and QoS. The proposed method dynamically selects an access point for reliable connectivity between WBANs and the AP. It then forms alliances among WBANs near the AP to schedule packets cooperatively and minimize delay while maximizing throughput using a game theoretic approach. Simulation results show the proposed approach outperforms current methods in terms of various performance metrics.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN FILE TRANSFER ACROSS WIRELESS COMMUNICATION Editor IJCATR
The key idea of our Energy Efficiency management is to use the exchange between energy consumption vs the gain in responsibility, timeliness, and security to maximize the system helpful time period. we tend to formulate the exchange as Associate in Nursing optimization downside for dynamically crucial the most effective redundancy level to use to multipath routing for intrusion tolerance so the question response success likelihood is maximized whereas prolonging the helpful time period. Moreover, we think about this optimization downside for the case during which a voting-based distributed intrusion detection formula is applied to sight and evict malicious nodes during a HWSN. we over see to develop a novel likelihood model to investigate the most effective redundancy level in terms of path redundancy and supply redundancy, further because the best intrusion detection settings in terms of the amount of voters and the intrusion invocation interval below that the time period of a HWSN is maximized. we over see to then apply the analysis results obtained to the planning of a dynamic redundancy management formula to identify and apply the most effective style parameter settings at runtime in response to environmental changes, to maximize the HWSN lifetime.
IRJET- Study on Hierarchical Cluster-Based Energy-Efficient Routing in Wi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses energy-efficient hierarchical cluster-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing wireless sensor networks and explaining that energy efficiency is a key challenge due to limited battery power. It then discusses clustering structures commonly used in wireless sensor networks, including hierarchical clustering where clusters form larger clusters in a tree structure. The document goes on to describe several hierarchical cluster-based routing protocols - LEACH, PEGASIS and TEEN - and compares their approaches to routing data to extend network lifetime. It concludes that these protocols each have advantages and disadvantages depending on the network topology, and that cluster formation and communication between clusters requires further research.
This document discusses an energy-efficient multi-disjoint path opportunistic node connection routing protocol (EMOR) for wireless sensor networks deployed in neighborhood area networks for smart grids. EMOR utilizes the residual energy, availability of sensor node's buffer size, working-sleeping cycle, and link quality factor to calculate optimal path connectivity for both real-time and non-real-time traffic in order to improve packet delivery rate, network lifetime, end-to-end delay and reduce total energy consumption. The document provides background on wireless sensor networks, smart grids, opportunistic routing, and discusses related work on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks in smart grids and other applications.
IRJET- Energy Consumption Analysis of Direction Multimedia Access Control ...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on analyzing the energy consumption of a directional media access control protocol for short-distance optical communication between sensor nodes. The protocol uses a 5-channel, 2-receiver model. The number of synchronization frames and overall network energy consumption are simulated and plotted under different traffic rates. The number of transmissions, collisions, and successful transmissions are calculated to analyze performance. A random access protocol is proposed to mitigate the problem of collisions when multiple transmissions occur through a single channel. The research proposes assigning priority nodes that can send data through an additional channel, reducing overall energy consumption compared to general transmission models.
Performance Analysis of Sensor Node Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks A Pers...ijtsrd
Theoretical In the previous many years, Wireless Sensor Network WSN has become a wide territory of exploration. In WSN, various sensor hubs are arbitrarily arrangement with various energy level. Energy goes about as force source and is accessible to every sensor hub in restricted amount. The restricting element is that sensor hubs are energy compelled and reviving or supplanting battery is exorbitant and complex cycle. This paper investigates the distinctive energy utilization factors which impact the lifetime and execution of the WSNs. The primary variables which impact the energy utilization in WSNs are versatility, load adjusting, dependability, correspondence, crash, over hearing, ideal posting and inactivity. Specialists have demonstrated that the hub close to sink hub release fastly. Aside from these, a large portion of the energy is expended during the exchange of information from sender to recipient. In this paper exertion is made to dissect the impact of various variables on energy utilization in WSNs. Pramod Gujre | Prof. Avinash Sharma "Performance Analysis of Sensor Node Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Perspective Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33681.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/33681/performance-analysis-of-sensor-node-energy-in-wireless-sensor-networks-a-perspective-analysis/pramod-gujre
IRJET-A Brief Study of Leach based Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor NetworksIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study of the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. It discusses how LEACH is an energy-efficient clustering-based protocol that helps improve the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The document also reviews several other routing protocols and concludes that using a round robin schedule could help improve clustering in routing protocols for wireless sensor networks to balance energy usage across nodes.
This research looks about a counsel structure that uses degree-supervised snitch to consider allocated sensor networks. Level managed snitch is a proposed process that combines evening out and invading together. This
strategy reduces the number of possible messages by delivering them via the base station mechanism, hence increasing the sensor neighborhood’s
presence time. The sensor district, which contains numerous sensor centers,
is dynamically assigned into phases of extended clear by the use of various energy ranges at the base station. The game design divides the entire sensor
neighborhood into distinct concentric zones based on distance from the base station, with the group being routed from high-capacity center to center locations within the lower-capacity zone. The transmission of information
proximity of the forest fire to the base station will increase the opportunity. The primary benefit of the display is that it sends a basic event with a higher probability while also conserving the presence time of the neighborhood destiny noticing.
IRJET- Spectrum Availability based Routing with Security Consideration fo...IRJET Journal
The document proposes routing algorithms for cognitive sensor networks that take into account spectrum availability and reliability. It discusses challenges for routing in cognitive sensor networks due to the dynamic availability of spectrum bands and the need for secondary users to vacate bands when primary users are detected. The document introduces two new routing metrics - one that measures the probability of successful transmission and another that measures average transmission delay. It also outlines two routing algorithms that aim to find paths with the highest probability of delivery success or lowest average delay. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms compared to existing approaches for cognitive sensor networks.
ENERGY OPTIMISATION SCHEMES FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKcscpconf
A sensor network is composed of a large number of sensor nodes, which are densely
deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it. Sensor nodes have
sensing, processing and transmitting capability . They however have limited energy
and measures need to be taken to make op- timum usage of their energy and save
them from task of only receiving and transmitting data without processing. Various
techniques for energy utilization optimisation have been proposed Ma jor players are
however clustering and relay node placement. In the research related to relay node
placement, it has been proposed to deploy some relay nodes such that the sensors
can transmit the sensed data to a nearby relay node, which in turn delivers the data
to the base stations. In general, the relay node placement problems aim to meet
certain connectivity and/or survivabil- ity requirements of the network by deploying a
minimum number of relay nodes. The other approach is grouping sensor nodes into
clusters with each cluster having a cluster head (CH). The CH nodes aggregate the
data and transmit them to the base station (BS). These two approaches has been
widely adopted by the research community to satisfy the scala- bility objective and generally achieve high energy efficiency and prolong network lifetime in large-scale WSN environments and hence are discussed here along with single hop and multi hop characteristic of sensor node
IRJET- Sink Mobility based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sen...IRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed sink mobility based energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. The protocol uses both a static centralized sink and a mobile sink that follows a predetermined path with 4 sojourn locations. This is aimed to improve network lifetime by balancing energy load across nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed approach with a mobile sink performs better than the Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network (TEEN) protocol alone in terms of number of alive nodes, number of cluster heads, and number of packets sent to the base station over multiple rounds. Using a mobile sink helps scatter the energy load in the network and extends lifetime compared to only using a static sink.
Analysis on Data Transmission in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network for Compl...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes data transmission in underwater acoustic sensor networks for complex environments. It discusses the challenges posed by the underwater environment, including limited bandwidth, high propagation delays, and high bit error rates. It proposes a clustering-based routing protocol called EGRC that partitions the 3D environment into blocks and selects cluster heads based on residual energy and location to optimize energy efficiency and reliability of data transmission. Simulation results demonstrate that EGRC performs better than other protocols in terms of energy efficiency, reliability, and end-to-end delay. The protocol aims to improve network lifetime by reducing redundant data and optimizing energy usage across the entire network.
A Virtual Grid-Based Dynamic Routes Adjustment (VGDRA) Scheme for Wireless ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a virtual grid-based dynamic routes adjustment (VGDRA) scheme for wireless sensor networks with a mobile sink. The scheme aims to conserve network energy while dynamically routing information towards the moving sink. It divides the sensor field into a virtual grid with cell header nodes. These cell header nodes participate in adjusting routes according to the latest location of the mobile sink, reducing communication costs and energy consumption compared to having all nodes participate. The VGDRA scheme balances energy expenditure of nodes and allows data to be efficiently disseminated to the mobile sink as it changes locations through dynamic routing reconstruction using the virtual grid structure.
This document presents a virtual grid-based dynamic routes adjustment (VGDRA) scheme for wireless sensor networks with a mobile sink. The scheme aims to minimize the energy consumed when sensor nodes adjust their routes to the sink's new location. It divides the sensor field into a virtual grid with cell headers. When the sink moves, only the cell headers participate in rerouting to the new location, reducing the communication cost compared to all nodes adjusting routes. The VGDRA scheme maintains nearly optimal routes to the mobile sink while minimizing the cost of route reconstruction as the sink moves.
A Review on Various Energy Efficient Routing Protocols in WSNIRJET Journal
This document reviews various energy efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It begins with an introduction to WSNs, describing their basic components and characteristics. It then discusses homogeneous and heterogeneous WSNs, as well as clustering techniques commonly used in WSNs to reduce energy consumption. The paper reviews several popular energy efficient routing protocols for WSNs, including Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed clustering (HEED), Distributed Weight-based Energy-efficient Hierarchical Clustering protocol (DWEHC), and Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System (PEGASIS). It also briefly discusses multipath routing and compares these various routing techniques based on network category
Similar to Extension of Parametric Evaluation of WSN Utilizing Kautz Technique (20)
This document presents a study that uses linear regression to predict university freshmen's academic performance (GPA) based on their scores on the Joint Matriculation Examination (JME). The study finds a weak positive correlation (R=0.137) between GPA and JME scores, with the regression model only explaining 1.9% of variability in GPA. Statistical tests show no significant relationship between JME score and university GPA (p>0.05). The study concludes that JME score is not a strong predictor of freshmen academic performance.
This document describes a school bus tracking and security system that uses face recognition, GPS, and notification technologies. The system uses a camera to identify students as they board and exit the bus. A GPS module tracks the bus location and uploads coordinates to a database. Parents and school administrators can access this information through a mobile app to track students. When a student's face is recognized, a notification is sent to the parents. The system aims to increase student safety by monitoring their locations and notifying parents when they enter or exit the bus.
BigBasket encashing the Demonetisation: A big opportunityIJSRED
1. BigBasket is India's largest online grocery retailer, launched in 2011 when online grocery shopping was still nascent.
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Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Plant Leaf DiseaseIJSRED
This document discusses a technique for detecting plant leaf diseases using image processing. It begins with an introduction to plant pathology and the importance of identifying plant diseases. Common plant leaf diseases like Alternaria Alternata, Anthracnose, Bacterial blight, and Cercospora Leaf Spot are described along with their symptoms. The existing methods of disease identification are discussed. The proposed method uses various image processing techniques like filtering, histogram equalization, k-means clustering, and Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) feature extraction to detect diseases. Image quality is then assessed to identify the affected regions of the leaf.
DC Fast Charger and Battery Management System for Electric VehiclesIJSRED
This document discusses the development of a DC fast charger and battery management system for electric vehicles. It aims to reduce charging times for EVs by designing an efficient charging mechanism. A PIC microcontroller controls the charging voltage and a battery management system monitors battery temperature, voltage, current and provides notifications. The system uses a step-down transformer, rectifier, voltage regulators and temperature sensor to charge lithium-ion batteries safely and quickly, while the battery management system protects the batteries from overcharging or overheating. Faster charging times through more charging stations could encourage greater adoption of electric vehicles.
France has experienced steady economic growth through policies that develop human capital and innovation. It has a highly organized education system that has increased enrollments over time, particularly in tertiary education. France also invests heavily in research and development, ranking highly in patents and innovative organizations. Infrastructure investment has also increased tangible capital stock. Additionally, factors like political stability, rule of law, and low corruption create an environment conducive to business investment and growth. Major events like the French Revolution helped shape France culturally, legally and technologically in ways that still influence its growth path today.
This document describes an acquisition system designed to make the examination process more efficient. The system uses a Raspberry Pi to control various hardware components including an RFID reader, rack and pinion assembly, and motor. It is intended to reduce the time and effort required of staff to distribute exam materials by automating the process. When examiners scan their RFID tags, the system verifies their identity and allows them to retrieve the appropriate exam bundles via a motorized rack and pinion assembly. The goal is to minimize manual labor and speed up exam distribution using an automated hardware and software solution controlled by a Raspberry Pi microcontroller.
Parallelization of Graceful Labeling Using Open MPIJSRED
This document summarizes research on parallelizing the graceful graph labeling problem using OpenMP on multi-core processors. It introduces the concepts of parallelization, multi-core architecture, and OpenMP. An algorithm is designed to parallelize graceful labeling by distributing graph vertices across processor cores. Execution time and speedup are measured for graphs of increasing size, showing improved speedup and reduced time with parallelization. Results show consistent performance gains as graph size increases due to better utilization of the multi-core architecture.
Study of Phenotypic Plasticity of Fruits of Luffa Acutangula Var. AmaraIJSRED
This study examines the phenotypic plasticity of fruits in the plant Luffa acutangula var. amara across different locations in Sindhudurg district, Maharashtra, India. The study found that the plant exhibited plasticity in growth cycle, flowering season, leaf shape, and fruit size depending on location. Maximum fruit weights and sizes were recorded at Talebazar village, while minimum sizes were found at Dahibav village. The variation in fruit morphology is an adaptation to the different environmental conditions at each site.
Understanding Architecture of Internet of ThingsIJSRED
The document discusses the architecture of the Internet of Things (IoT). It begins by introducing IoT and its key components. It then discusses three traditional IoT architectures: (1) a three-layer architecture consisting of a perception, network and application layer; (2) the TCP/IP four-layer model; and (3) the Telecommunications Management Network's five-layer logical layered architecture. The document proposes a new five-layer IoT architecture combining aspects of these models. The five layers are the business, application, processing, transport and perception layers. The perception layer collects data via sensors while the business layer manages the overall enterprise.
This document describes a project report submitted by three students for their bachelor's degree. The report outlines the development of a smart shopping cart system that utilizes RFID and Zigbee technologies. The smart cart is intended to enhance the shopping experience for customers by automatically billing items as they are added to the cart, providing real-time stock levels, and reducing checkout times. The system aims to benefit both customers through a more personalized shopping experience and retailers by improving stock management and reducing shoplifting. The document includes sections on requirements, system design, implementation, results and discussion, and conclusions.
An Emperical Study of Learning How Soft Skills is Essential for Management St...IJSRED
This document discusses an empirical study on the importance of soft skills for management students' careers. It finds that while hard skills and academic performance were once prioritized by employers, soft skills like communication, teamwork, and emotional intelligence are now essential for success. The study surveyed 50 management students and faculty in Bangalore to understand how well soft skills training is incorporated and its benefits. It determined that soft skills like communication are crucial as they influence interactions and job performance. However, older teaching methods do not sufficiently develop these skills. Integrating soft skills training into courses could better prepare students for today's work challenges.
The document describes a proposed smart canteen management system that uses various technologies like a web application, barcode scanner, and thermal printer to automate the food ordering process. The system aims to reduce wait times for students and avoid food wastage by allowing online ordering and monitoring stock. A barcode scanner will be used to identify students during ordering and payment. Thermal printers will generate receipts. The system is expected to reduce workload for staff and provide detailed sales reports for management.
This document discusses Gandhi's concept of trusteeship as an alternative economic system. It summarizes that Gandhi did not distinguish between economics and ethics, and based trusteeship on religious ideas like non-possession and truth as well as Western ideas like stewardship. Trusteeship aimed to persuade wealthy property owners to hold wealth in trust for the benefit of society rather than personal gain. It was meant as a non-violent alternative to capitalism and communism that eliminated class conflict through cooperation and trust between rich and poor. The document provides background on the philosophical and religious influences on Gandhi's views before explaining the key aspects of his theory of trusteeship.
Impacts of a New Spatial Variable on a Black Hole Metric SolutionIJSRED
This document discusses the impacts of introducing a new spatial variable in black hole metrics. It begins by summarizing Einstein and Rosen's 1935 paper which introduced a variable ρ = r - 2M in the Schwarzschild metric to remove the singularity. The document then introduces a similar new variable p = r - 2√M and analyzes how this impacts the Schwarzschild metric. Specifically, it notes that this new variable allows for negative radii values and multiple asymptotic regions beyond just two, introducing concepts of probability and imaginary spatial coordinates. Overall, the document explores how different mathematical variables can impact theoretical physics concepts like wormholes.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledg...IJSRED
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effectiveness of a planned teaching program on mothers' knowledge of preventing acute respiratory infections in children under 5. 50 mothers were surveyed before and after the program. Before, 36% had moderate knowledge, 62% had inadequate knowledge, and 2% had adequate knowledge. After, 34% had moderate knowledge, 0% had inadequate knowledge, and 66% had adequate knowledge, showing the program improved mothers' knowledge. The study found no significant association between mothers' knowledge and factors like age, education, or family type.
This document describes a proposed ingenuous Trafalgar contrivition system to improve traffic flow and emergency vehicle access. The system uses embedded technologies like a Raspberry Pi, RF transmitter and receiver, and an Android app. When an emergency vehicle is detected approaching a traffic light, the system will open the lights on its path without disrupting other signals. The app will also help identify hit-and-run vehicles through a brief tracking period. The goal is to reduce traffic congestion and response times to save lives.
This document discusses a proposed system called the Farmer's Analytical Assistant, which aims to help farmers in India maximize crop yields through predictive analysis and recommendations. It analyzes agricultural data on factors like soil properties, rainfall, and past crop performance using machine learning techniques to predict optimal crops for different regions based on the environmental conditions. The proposed system would allow farmers to input local data, receive personalized yield predictions and crop suggestions, and get advice from experts online. The methodology section describes how climate/rainfall and soil data is collected and analyzed using machine learning models to provide crop recommendations. The goal is to improve upon traditional crop selection methods and help increase farmers' incomes.
Functions of Forensic Engineering Investigator in IndiaIJSRED
Forensic engineering involves applying engineering principles and methodologies to answer legal questions, especially regarding accidents and failures. A forensic engineer investigates failures through failure analysis and root cause analysis to determine how and why something failed. The engineer must be familiar with relevant codes and standards, understand eyewitness testimony, apply the scientific method to reconstruct events, and report findings clearly to assist courts. A forensic engineering investigation follows the scientific method to methodically analyze evidence and test hypotheses to determine the cause and circumstances of a failure or accident.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network